1
|
Liao Z, Cai X, Zheng Y, Lin J, Yang X, Lin W, Zhang Y, He X, Liu C. Sirtuin 1 in osteoarthritis: Perspectives on regulating glucose metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107141. [PMID: 38490314 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterised by articular cartilage destruction, and its complex aetiology contributes to suboptimal clinical treatment outcomes. A close association exists between glucose metabolism dysregulation and OA pathogenesis. Owing to the unique environment of low oxygen and glucose concentrations, chondrocytes rely heavily on their glycolytic capacity, exhibiting distinct spatiotemporal differences. However, under pathological stimulation, chondrocytes undergo excessive glycolytic activity while mitochondrial respiration and other branches of glucose metabolism are compromised. This metabolic change induces cartilage degeneration by reprogramming the inflammatory responses. Sirtuins, a highly conserved family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, regulate glucose metabolism in response to energy fluctuations in different cellular compartments,alleviating metabolic stress. SIRT1, the most extensively studied sirtuin, participates in maintaining glucose homeostasis in almost all key metabolic tissues. While actively contributing to the OA progression and displaying diverse biological effects in cartilage protection, SIRT1's role in regulating glucose metabolism in chondrocytes has not received sufficient attention. This review focuses on discussing the beneficial role of SIRT1 in OA progression from a metabolic regulation perspective based on elucidating the primary characteristics of chondrocyte glucose metabolism. We also summarise the potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies targeting SIRT1 in chondrocytes to guide clinical practice and explore novel therapeutic directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liao
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuepei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Weiyin Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chufeng Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren N, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zheng P, Cheng H, Luo D, Zhang J, Zhang H. Effect of hip dysplasia on the development of the femoral head growth plate. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1247455. [PMID: 37908967 PMCID: PMC10613681 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1247455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to observe whether developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) affects the development of the femoral head growth plate and to analyze the risk factors. Methods We selected female patients aged between 11 and 20 years with unilateral DDH and unclosed femoral head growth plate (s). The selected patients underwent anteroposterior radiography of the hip joint to compare the degree of development of the femoral head growth plate on both sides and to identify risk factors that affect the development of the growth plate in the femoral head. Results We included 48 female patients with unilateral DDH, with an average age of 14 years (range: 11.1-18.5 years) and an average BMI of 20.4 kg/m² (range: 15.5 kg/m²-27.9 kg/m²). Among them, 23 patients had earlier development of the femoral head growth plate on the affected side than on the healthy side, while the degree of development of the femoral head growth plate in 25 patients was the same as that on the contralateral side. When the Tönnis angle was greater than 29.5°C and/or the Reimers migration index was greater than 48.5%, there was a statistically significant difference in the acceleration of femoral head growth plate development. Conclusion An abnormal relative position of the acetabulum-femoral head caused by DDH can accelerate closure of the femoral head growth plate in immature female patients. The risk factors are a Tönnis angle greater than 29.5°C and/or Reimers migration index greater than 48.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningtao Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou No.2 General Hospital (Fuzhou No.2 Hospital), Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dianzhong Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Qiao X, Zhang Q. Primary cilium-mediated mechanotransduction in cartilage chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1279-1287. [PMID: 37897221 PMCID: PMC10625344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders associated with the degradation of articular cartilage and an abnormal mechanical microenvironment. Mechanical stimuli, including compression, shear stress, stretching strain, osmotic challenge, and the physical properties of the matrix microenvironment, play pivotal roles in the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage. The primary cilium, as a mechanosensory and chemosensory organelle, is important for detecting and transmitting both mechanical and biochemical signals in chondrocytes within the matrix microenvironment. Growing evidence indicates that primary cilia are critical for chondrocytes signaling transduction and the matrix homeostasis of articular cartilage. Furthermore, the ability of primary cilium to regulate cellular signaling is dynamic and dependent on the cellular matrix microenvironment. In the current review, we aim to elucidate the key mechanisms by which primary cilia mediate chondrocytes sensing and responding to the matrix mechanical microenvironment. This might have potential therapeutic applications in injuries and OA-associated degeneration of articular cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Lvliang 033099, Shanxi, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Janssen JN, Kalev-Altman R, Shalit T, Sela-Donenfeld D, Monsonego-Ornan E. Differential gene expression in the calvarial and cortical bone of juvenile female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1127536. [PMID: 37378024 PMCID: PMC10291685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1127536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both the calvarial and the cortical bones develop through intramembranous ossification, yet they have very different structures and functions. The calvaria enables the rapid while protected growth of the brain, whereas the cortical bone takes part in locomotion. Both types of bones undergo extensive modeling during embryonic and post-natal growth, while bone remodeling is the most dominant process in adults. Their shared formation mechanism and their highly distinct functions raise the fundamental question of how similar or diverse the molecular pathways that act in each bone type are. Methods To answer this question, we aimed to compare the transcriptomes of calvaria and cortices from 21-day old mice by bulk RNA-Seq analysis. Results The results revealed clear differences in expression levels of genes related to bone pathologies, craniosynostosis, mechanical loading and bone-relevant signaling pathways like WNT and IHH, emphasizing the functional differences between these bones. We further discussed the less expected candidate genes and gene sets in the context of bone. Finally, we compared differences between juvenile and mature bone, highlighting commonalities and dissimilarities of gene expression between calvaria and cortices during post-natal bone growth and adult bone remodeling. Discussion Altogether, this study revealed significant differences between the transcriptome of calvaria and cortical bones in juvenile female mice, highlighting the most important pathway mediators for the development and function of two different bone types that originate both through intramembranous ossification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Nicolas Janssen
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Kalev-Altman
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Ilana and Pascal Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murphy P, Rolfe RA. Building a Co-ordinated Musculoskeletal System: The Plasticity of the Developing Skeleton in Response to Muscle Contractions. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:81-110. [PMID: 37955772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body is sculpted through dynamic physical stimuli generated by muscle contraction, from early development, with onset of the first embryo movements, and through repair and remodelling in later life. The importance of muscle movement during development is shown by congenital abnormalities where infants that experience reduced movement in the uterus present a sequence of skeletal issues including temporary brittle bones and joint dysplasia. A variety of animal models, utilising different immobilisation scenarios, have demonstrated the precise timing and events that are dependent on mechanical stimulation from movement. This chapter lays out the evidence for skeletal system dependence on muscle movement, gleaned largely from mouse and chick immobilised embryos, showing the many aspects of skeletal development affected. Effects are seen in joint development, ossification, the size and shape of skeletal rudiments and tendons, including compromised mechanical function. The enormous plasticity of the skeletal system in response to muscle contraction is a key factor in building a responsive, functional system. Insights from this work have implications for our understanding of morphological evolution, particularly the challenging concept of emergence of new structures. It is also providing insight for the potential of physical therapy for infants suffering the effects of reduced uterine movement and is enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal tissue differentiation, with potential for informing regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tirado‐Cabrera I, Martin‐Guerrero E, Heredero‐Jimenez S, Ardura JA, Gortázar AR. PTH1R translocation to primary cilia in mechanically-stimulated ostecytes prevents osteoclast formation via regulation of CXCL5 and IL-6 secretion. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3927-3943. [PMID: 35933642 PMCID: PMC9804361 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes respond to mechanical forces controlling osteoblast and osteoclast function. Mechanical stimulation decreases osteocyte apoptosis and promotes bone formation. Primary cilia have been described as potential mechanosensors in bone cells. Certain osteogenic responses induced by fluid flow (FF) in vitro are decreased by primary cilia inhibition in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTH1R) modulates osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte effects upon activation by PTH or PTH-related protein (PTHrP) in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, some actions of PTH1R seem to be triggered directly by mechanical stimulation. We hypothesize that PTH1R forms a signaling complex in the primary cilium that is essential for mechanotransduction in osteocytes and affects osteocyte-osteoclast communication. MLO-Y4 osteocytes were stimulated by FF or PTHrP (1-37). PTH1R and primary cilia signaling were abrogated using PTH1R or primary cilia specific siRNAs or inhibitors, respectively. Conditioned media obtained from mechanically- or PTHrP-stimulated MLO-Y4 cells inhibited the migration of preosteoclastic cells and osteoclast differentiation. Redistribution of PTH1R along the entire cilium was observed in mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells. Preincubation of MLO-Y4 cells with the Gli-1 antagonist, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor (SQ22536), or with the phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), affected the migration of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis. Proteomic analysis and neutralizing experiments showed that FF and PTH1R activation control osteoclast function through the modulation of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CXCL5) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in osteocytes. These novel findings indicate that both primary cilium and PTH1R are necessary in osteocytes for proper communication with osteoclasts and show that mechanical stimulation inhibits osteoclast recruitment and differentiation through CXCL5, while PTH1R activation regulate these processes via IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tirado‐Cabrera
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Martin‐Guerrero
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Sara Heredero‐Jimenez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Juan A. Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Arancha R. Gortázar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Z, Sa G, Zheng L, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yang X. Intraflagellar transport protein 88 interacts with polycystin 2 to regulate mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105548. [PMID: 36155344 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) was associated with polycystin 2 during mechanotransduction of mandibular condylar chondrocytes. METHODS Rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes isolated from the condylar bone-cartilage junction were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (0.1 Hz, 10% elongation). Overexpression of IFT88 was achieved by lentiviral vector-mediated transfection. Knockdown of IFT88 and polycystin 2 was achieved by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The prevalence and length of cilia were reflected by immunofluorescence staining. The activities of hedgehog signaling were evaluated by western blot analysis. The interaction between polycystin 2 and IFT88 was evaluated by conducting a co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. RESULTS Overexpression of IFT88 increased the length of cilia. Protein levels of polycystin 2, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Patched 1 (Ptch1), Smoothened (Smo), and Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) were elevated in IFT88-overexpressing mandibular condylar chondrocytes under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of the protein level of IFT88 reduced the prevalence and length of cilia, and protein levels of polycystin 2, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1. A co-IP assay showed that IFT88 formed a complex with polycystin 2 under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of polycystin 2 decreased the protein levels of IFT88, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the vital role of an interaction between IFT88 and polycystin 2 in mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain, which suggest that therapies regulating polycystin 2 may be considered for the disorders of temporomandibular joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwu Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zequan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical Collage, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coveney CR, Samvelyan HJ, Miotla-Zarebska J, Carnegie J, Chang E, Corrin CJ, Coveney T, Stott B, Parisi I, Duarte C, Vincent TL, Staines KA, Wann AK. Ciliary IFT88 Protects Coordinated Adolescent Growth Plate Ossification From Disruptive Physiological Mechanical Forces. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1081-1096. [PMID: 35038201 PMCID: PMC9304194 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared with our understanding of endochondral ossification, much less is known about the coordinated arrest of growth defined by the narrowing and fusion of the cartilaginous growth plate. Throughout the musculoskeletal system, appropriate cell and tissue responses to mechanical force delineate morphogenesis and ensure lifelong health. It remains unclear how mechanical cues are integrated into many biological programs, including those coordinating the ossification of the adolescent growth plate at the cessation of growth. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles tuning a range of cell activities, including signaling cascades activated or modulated by extracellular biophysical cues. Cilia have been proposed to directly facilitate cell mechanotransduction. To explore the influence of primary cilia in the mouse adolescent limb, we conditionally targeted the ciliary gene Intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88fl/fl ) in the juvenile and adolescent skeleton using a cartilage-specific, inducible Cre (AggrecanCreERT2 Ift88fl/fl ). Deletion of IFT88 in cartilage, which reduced ciliation in the growth plate, disrupted chondrocyte differentiation, cartilage resorption, and mineralization. These effects were largely restricted to peripheral tibial regions beneath the load-bearing compartments of the knee. These regions were typified by an enlarged population of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Although normal patterns of hedgehog signaling were maintained, targeting IFT88 inhibited hypertrophic chondrocyte VEGF expression and downstream vascular recruitment, osteoclastic activity, and the replacement of cartilage with bone. In control mice, increases to physiological loading also impair ossification in the peripheral growth plate, mimicking the effects of IFT88 deletion. Limb immobilization inhibited changes to VEGF expression and epiphyseal morphology in Ift88cKO mice, indicating the effects of depletion of IFT88 in the adolescent growth plate are mechano-dependent. We propose that during this pivotal phase in adolescent skeletal maturation, ciliary IFT88 protects uniform, coordinated ossification of the growth plate from an otherwise disruptive heterogeneity of physiological mechanical forces. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hasmik J Samvelyan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josephine Carnegie
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emer Chang
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Jonty Corrin
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trystan Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bryony Stott
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ida Parisi
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Duarte
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine A Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoyle DJ, Dranow DB, Schilling TF. Pthlha and mechanical force control early patterning of growth zones in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. Development 2022; 149:dev199826. [PMID: 34919126 PMCID: PMC8917414 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Secreted signals in patterning systems often induce repressive signals that shape their distributions in space and time. In developing growth plates (GPs) of endochondral long bones, Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) inhibits Indian hedgehog (Ihh) to form a negative-feedback loop that controls GP progression and bone size. Whether similar systems operate in other bones and how they arise during embryogenesis remain unclear. We show that Pthlha expression in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton precedes chondrocyte differentiation and restricts where cells undergo hypertrophy, thereby initiating a future GP. Loss of Pthlha leads to an expansion of cells expressing a novel early marker of the hypertrophic zone (HZ), entpd5a, and later HZ markers, such as ihha, whereas local Pthlha misexpression induces ectopic entpd5a expression. Formation of this early pre-HZ correlates with onset of muscle contraction and requires mechanical force; paralysis leads to loss of entpd5a and ihha expression in the pre-HZ, mislocalized pthlha expression and no subsequent ossification. These results suggest that local Pthlh sources combined with force determine HZ locations, establishing the negative-feedback loop that later maintains GPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92693, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A longitudinal cohort study of adolescent elite footballers and controls investigating the development of cam morphology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18567. [PMID: 34535729 PMCID: PMC8448877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cam morphology describes an asphericity of the femoral head that develops during adolescence, is highly prevalent in athletes, and predisposes individuals to future osteoarthritis. However, it’s aetiology remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to perform 3-year longitudinal follow-up of a control population and football club academy cohort to compare the change in hip and growth plate anatomy between athletes and controls. MRI and questionnaires were used to characterise change in hip and growth plate anatomy and quantify activity levels. 121 male academy footballers and 107 male and female controls participated at baseline. Footballers experienced significantly greater increases in femoral head asphericity (4.83 degrees (95% CI: 2.84 to 6.82), p < 0.001) than controls. A positive correlation existed between activity levels and change in femoral head morphology (coefficient 0.79, p ≤ 0.001). Greatest morphological change occurred in individuals aged 11–12 years at baseline, with no significant change in individuals aged 14 years and older at baseline. Cam morphology development was secondary to soft tissue hypertrophy and lateral growth plate extension. In conclusion, excessive loading of the hip joint through exercise prior to 14 years of age may result in growth plate adaptations causing cam morphology. Potential interventions may include training type and load modification in young adolescent football players.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li N, Hu P, Wang Y, Chen X, Wang S, Shi Y, Huang Z, Lin C, Zhang Y, Cong W, Xiao J, Liu C. Tissue interactions are indispensable for cavity formation and disc separation in the temporomandibular joint. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:351-358. [PMID: 31875727 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1709452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Our previous study found that in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mouse embryo, the morphogenesis of glenoid fossa was interrupted by the dislocated condyle. This observation suggested that the formation of the glenoid fossa required tissue interactions with condylar mesenchyme. The purpose of this study was to clarify if the interactions between other components are essential for TMJ morphogenesis.Materials and methods: We examined the gross morphology, histology, cell proliferation, and gene expression in the developing TMJ of K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mice by whole-mount bone and cartilage staining, Azon staining, BrdU labeling, and in situ hybridization, respectively.Results: In K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mice, the zygomatic arch was misconnected to the mandibular bone by ectopic bone formation, which disrupted the attachment of temporalis to the mandibular bone and joint capsule formation. Although the initiation and differentiation of the condylar cartilage were slightly impacted, the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f TMJ lacked joint cavities and separated disc, suggesting that the tissue interactions between the joint capsule and the TMJ were indispensable for the cavity formation and disc separation. The ectopic activation of Gli2 in the cells occupying the cavities, and the enhanced PTHrP transcription in the condylar perichondrium of the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f TMJ suggested that the disrupted interactions between the joint capsule and the TMJ impaired cavity formation and disc separation by altering Hh signaling.Conclusion: Joint capsule formation was essential for cavity formation and disc separation during TMJ development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shangqi Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiding Shi
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Cong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thompson CL, McFie M, Chapple JP, Beales P, Knight MM. Polycystin-2 Is Required for Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction and Traffics to the Primary Cilium in Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4313. [PMID: 33919210 PMCID: PMC8122406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport are essential for skeletal development, joint homeostasis, and the response to mechanical stimuli, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a member of the transient receptor potential polycystic (TRPP) family of cation channels, and together with Polycystin-1 (PC1), it has been implicated in cilia-mediated mechanotransduction in epithelial cells. The current study investigates the effect of mechanical stimulation on the localization of ciliary polycystins in chondrocytes and tests the hypothesis that they are required in chondrocyte mechanosignaling. Isolated chondrocytes were subjected to mechanical stimulation in the form of uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in order to examine the effects on PC2 ciliary localization and matrix gene expression. In the absence of strain, PC2 localizes to the chondrocyte ciliary membrane and neither PC1 nor PC2 are required for ciliogenesis. Cartilage matrix gene expression (Acan, Col2a) is increased in response to 10% CTS. This response is inhibited by siRNA-mediated loss of PC1 or PC2 expression. PC2 ciliary localization requires PC1 and is increased in response to CTS. Increased PC2 cilia trafficking is dependent on the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) activation. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that polycystins are required for chondrocyte mechanotransduction and highlight the mechanosensitive cilia trafficking of PC2 as an important component of cilia-mediated mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Megan McFie
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - J. Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Philip Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu BY, Jin Y, Ma XH, Wang CY, Guo Y, Zhou D. The potential role of mechanically sensitive ion channels in the physiology, injury, and repair of articular cartilage. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 28:2309499020950262. [PMID: 32840428 DOI: 10.1177/2309499020950262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical factors play an extremely important role in regulating the function of articular chondrocytes. Understanding the mechanical factors that drive chondrocyte biological responses is at the heart of our interpretation of cascade events leading to changes in articular cartilage osteoarthritis. The mechanism by which mechanical load is transduced into intracellular signals that can regulate chondrocyte gene expression remains largely unknown. The mechanically sensitive ion channel (MSC) may be one of its specific mechanisms. This review focuses on four ion channels involved in the mechanotransduction of chondrocytes, exploring their properties and the main factors that activate the associated pathways. The upstream and downstream potential relationships between the protein pathways were also explored. The specific biophysical mechanism of the chondrocyte mechanical microenvironment is becoming the focus of research. Elucidating the mechanotransduction mechanism of MSC is essential for the research of biophysical pathogenesis and targeted drugs in cartilage injury-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Chinese Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- School of Culture and Health Communication, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Yu Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 1438University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salinas EY, Aryaei A, Paschos N, Berson E, Kwon H, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Shear stress induced by fluid flow produces improvements in tissue-engineered cartilage. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045010. [PMID: 32640430 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to create implantable biomaterials for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. In vitro tissue engineering is generally based on static culture, which limits access to nutrients and lacks mechanical signaling. Using shear stress is controversial because in some cases it can lead to cell death while in others it promotes tissue regeneration. To understand how shear stress works and how it may be used to improve neotissue function, a series of studies were performed. First, a tunable device was designed to determine optimal levels of shear stress for neotissue formation. Then, computational fluid dynamics modeling showed the device applies fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress spanning three orders of magnitude on tissue-engineered cartilage (neocartilage). A beneficial window of FIS stress was subsequently identified, resulting in up to 3.6-fold improvements in mechanical properties of neocartilage in vitro. In vivo, neocartilage matured as evidenced by the doubling of collagen content toward native values. Translation of FIS stress to human derived neocartilage was then demonstrated, yielding analogous improvements in mechanical properties, such as 168% increase in tensile modulus. To gain an understanding of the beneficial roles of FIS stress, a mechanistic study was performed revealing a mechanically gated complex on the primary cilia of chondrocytes that is activated by FIS stress. This series of studies places FIS stress into the arena as a meaningful mechanical stimulation strategy for creating robust and translatable neotissues, and demonstrates the ease of incorporating FIS stress in tissue culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3131 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America. Authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva Madaleno C, Jatzlau J, Knaus P. BMP signalling in a mechanical context - Implications for bone biology. Bone 2020; 137:115416. [PMID: 32422297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are extracellular multifunctional signalling cytokines and members of the TGFβ super family. These pleiotropic growth factors crucially promote bone formation, remodeling and healing after injury. Additionally, bone homeostasis is systematically regulated by mechanical inputs from the environment, which are incorporated into the bone cells' biochemical response. These inputs range from compression and tension induced by the movement of neighboring muscle, to fluid shear stress induced by interstitial fluid flow in the canaliculi and in the vascular system. Although BMPs are widely applied in a clinic context to promote fracture healing, it is still elusive how mechanical inputs modulate this signalling pathway, hindering an efficient and side-effect free application of these ligands in bone healing. This review aims to summarize the current understanding in how mechanical cues (tension, compression, shear force and hydrostatic pressure) and substrate stiffness modulate BMP signalling. We highlight the time-dependent effects in modulating immediate early up to long-term effects of mechano-BMP crosstalk during bone formation and remodeling, considering the interplay with other already established mechanosensitive pathways, such as MRTF/SRF and Hippo signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Silva Madaleno
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome Jatzlau
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Ciliary Machinery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020278. [PMID: 31979260 PMCID: PMC7072529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle involved in cellular signalling. Mutations affecting proteins involved in cilia assembly or function result in diseases known as ciliopathies, which cause a wide variety of phenotypes across multiple tissues. These mutations disrupt various cellular processes, including regulation of the extracellular matrix. The matrix is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis through influencing cell behaviour and providing structural support; therefore, the matrix changes observed in ciliopathies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Whilst many studies have associated the cilium with processes that regulate the matrix, exactly how these matrix changes arise is not well characterised. This review aims to bring together the direct and indirect evidence for ciliary regulation of matrix, in order to summarise the possible mechanisms by which the ciliary machinery could regulate the composition, secretion, remodelling and organisation of the matrix.
Collapse
|
19
|
Intraflagellar transport 20: New target for the treatment of ciliopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118641. [PMID: 31893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The formation and assembly of cilia depend on the normal functioning of the ciliary transport system. In recent years, various proteins involved in the intracellular transport of the cilium have attracted attention, as many diseases are caused by disorders in cilia formation. Intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) is a subunit of IFT complex B, which contains approximately 20 protein particles. Studies have shown that defects in IFT20 are associated with numerous system -related diseases, such as those of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system, and respiratory system. This review summarizes current research on IFT20.We describe studies related to the role of IFT20 in cilia formation and discuss new targets for treating diseases associated with ciliary dysplasia.
Collapse
|
20
|
Moore ER, Yang Y, Jacobs CR. Primary cilia are necessary for Prx1-expressing cells to contribute to postnatal skeletogenesis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217828. [PMID: 30002136 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Prx1 (also known as PRRX1)-expressing cells and their primary cilia are critical for embryonic development, they have yet to be studied in the context of postnatal skeletogenesis owing to the lethality of mouse models. A tamoxifen-inducible Prx1 model has been developed, and we determined that expression directed by this promoter is highly restricted to the cambium layers in the periosteum and perichondrium after birth. To determine the postnatal role of these cambium layer osteochondroprogenitors (CLOPs) and their primary cilia, we developed models to track the fate of CLOPs (Prx1CreER-GFP;Rosa26tdTomato) and selectively disrupt their cilia (Prx1CreER-GFP;Ift88fl/fl). Our tracking studies revealed that CLOPs populate cortical and trabecular bone, the growth plate and secondary ossification centers during the normal program of postnatal skeletogenesis. Furthermore, animals lacking CLOP cilia exhibit stunted limb growth due to disruptions in endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Histological examination indicates that growth is stunted due to limited differentiation, proliferation and/or abnormal hypertrophic differentiation in the growth plate. Collectively, our results suggest that CLOPs are programmed to rapidly populate distant tissues and produce bone via a primary cilium-mediated mechanism in the postnatal skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christopher R Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moore ER, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium as a signaling nexus for growth plate function and subsequent skeletal development. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:533-545. [PMID: 28901584 PMCID: PMC5839937 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, antenna-like sensory organelle with many important roles in cartilage and bone development, maintenance, and function. The primary cilium's potential role as a signaling nexus in the growth plate makes it an attractive therapeutic target for diseases and disorders associated with bone development and maintenance. Many signaling pathways that are mediated by the cilium-such as Hh, Wnt, Ihh/PTHrP, TGFβ, BMP, FGF, and Notch-are also known to influence endochondral ossification, primarily by directing growth plate formation and chondrocyte behavior. Although a few studies have demonstrated that these signaling pathways can be directly tied to the primary cilium, many pathways have yet to be evaluated in context of the cilium. This review serves to bridge this knowledge gap in the literature, as well as discuss the cilium's importance in the growth plate's ability to sense and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using the appropriate mechanism to study the cilium in vivo and suggest IFT88 deletion is the best available technique. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:533-545, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the musculoskeletal system develops while containing within itself a force generator in the form of the musculature. This generator becomes functional relatively early in development, exerting an increasing mechanical load on neighboring tissues as development proceeds. A growing body of evidence indicates that such mechanical forces can be translated into signals that combine with the genetic program of organogenesis. This unique situation presents both a major challenge and an opportunity to the other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, namely bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and the tissues connecting them. Here, we summarize the involvement of muscle-induced mechanical forces in the development of various vertebrate musculoskeletal components and their integration into one functional unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang I, Gottliebsen M, Martinkevich P, Schindeler A, Little DG. Guided Growth: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges. JBJS Rev 2017; 5:e1. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.16.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
24
|
Martin L, Kaci N, Estibals V, Goudin N, Garfa-Traore M, Benoist-Lasselin C, Dambroise E, Legeai-Mallet L. Constitutively-active FGFR3 disrupts primary cilium length and IFT20 trafficking in various chondrocyte models of achondroplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 27:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
25
|
Rothrauff BB, Pauyo T, Debski RE, Rodosky MW, Tuan RS, Musahl V. The Rotator Cuff Organ: Integrating Developmental Biology, Tissue Engineering, and Surgical Considerations to Treat Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:318-335. [PMID: 28084902 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The torn rotator cuff remains a persistent orthopedic challenge, with poor outcomes disproportionately associated with chronic, massive tears. Degenerative changes in the tissues that comprise the rotator cuff organ, including muscle, tendon, and bone, contribute to the poor healing capacity of chronic tears, resulting in poor function and an increased risk for repair failure. Tissue engineering strategies to augment rotator cuff repair have been developed in an effort to improve rotator cuff healing and have focused on three principal aims: (1) immediate mechanical augmentation of the surgical repair, (2) restoration of muscle quality and contractility, and (3) regeneration of native enthesis structure. Work in these areas will be reviewed in sequence, highlighting the relevant pathophysiology, developmental biology, and biomechanics, which must be considered when designing therapeutic applications. While the independent use of these strategies has shown promise, synergistic benefits may emerge from their combined application given the interdependence of the tissues that constitute the rotator cuff organ. Furthermore, controlled mobilization of augmented rotator cuff repairs during postoperative rehabilitation may provide mechanotransductive cues capable of guiding tissue regeneration and restoration of rotator cuff function. Present challenges and future possibilities will be identified, which if realized, may provide solutions to the vexing condition of chronic massive rotator cuff tears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Rothrauff
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thierry Pauyo
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E Debski
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark W Rodosky
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Volker Musahl
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Duran I, Taylor SP, Zhang W, Martin J, Forlenza KN, Spiro RP, Nickerson DA, Bamshad M, Cohn DH, Krakow D. Destabilization of the IFT-B cilia core complex due to mutations in IFT81 causes a Spectrum of Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34232. [PMID: 27666822 PMCID: PMC5035930 DOI: 10.1038/srep34232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS) and Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) or Jeune Syndrome are recessively inherited skeletal ciliopathies characterized by profound skeletal abnormalities and are frequently associated with polydactyly and multiorgan system involvement. SRPS are produced by mutations in genes that participate in the formation and function of primary cilia and usually result from disruption of retrograde intraflagellar (IFT) transport of the cilium. Herein we describe a new spectrum of SRPS caused by mutations in the gene IFT81, a key component of the IFT-B complex essential for anterograde transport. In mutant chondrocytes, the mutations led to low levels of IFT81 and mutant cells produced elongated cilia, had altered hedgehog signaling, had increased post-translation modification of tubulin, and showed evidence of destabilization of additional anterograde transport complex components. These findings demonstrate the importance of IFT81 in the skeleton, its role in the anterograde transport complex, and expand the number of loci associated with SRPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), University of Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - S Paige Taylor
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Kimberly N Forlenza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Rhonda P Spiro
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Bamshad
- University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yuan X, Yang S. Primary Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Proteins in Bone and Cartilage. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1341-1349. [PMID: 27250654 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516652383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of human pleiotropic syndromes called Ciliopathies. Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Yang
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,2 Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strain-induced mechanotransduction through primary cilia, extracellular ATP, purinergic calcium signaling, and ERK1/2 transactivates CITED2 and downregulates MMP-1 and MMP-13 gene expression in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:892-901. [PMID: 26687824 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the strain-induced signaling pathways involved in regulating the transactivation of the transcription regulator Cbp/p300 Interacting Transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2) and downstream targets in chondrocytes. METHODS Primary human chondrocytes or C28/I2 chondrocytic cells were subjected to various strain regimes. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to treadmill running. Loss-of-function was carried out using siRNA or inhibitors specific for targeted molecules. mRNA levels were assayed by RT-qPCR, and proteins by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and/or immunohistochemical staining. CITED2 promoter activity was assayed in chondrocytes using wild-type or mutant constructs. RESULTS Cyclic strain at 5%, 1 Hz induced CITED2 expression and suppressed expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -13 at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in human chondrocytes. Abolishing primary cilia through knockdown of intraflagellar transport protein (IFT88) attenuated CITED2 gene expression and decreased protein levels. Similar effects were observed with inhibitors of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or P2 purinergic receptors, or antagonists of Ca(2+) signaling. Knockdown of IFT88 in articular chondrocytes in vivo diminished treadmill induced-CITED2 expression and upregulated MMPs. Knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, specificity protein 1 (Sp1), or deletion of the shear stress response element (SSRE) in the CITED2 promoter limited cyclic strain-induced transactivation of CITED2. However, the strain induced-transactivation of CITED2 was abolished only on knockdown of HIF1α, Sp1, and SSRE or by loss-of-function of IFT88 or extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. CONCLUSIONS CITED2 transactivation is a critical event in signaling generated by strain and transduced by primary cilia, extracellular ATP, P2 purinergic receptors, and Ca(2+) signaling. Strain-induced CITED2 transactivation requires HIF1α, Sp1, and an intact SSRE and leads to the downregulation of MMPs such as MMP-1 and MMP-13.
Collapse
|
29
|
Geister KA, Brinkmeier ML, Cheung LY, Wendt J, Oatley MJ, Burgess DL, Kozloff KM, Cavalcoli JD, Oatley JM, Camper SA. LINE-1 Mediated Insertion into Poc1a (Protein of Centriole 1 A) Causes Growth Insufficiency and Male Infertility in Mice. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005569. [PMID: 26496357 PMCID: PMC4619696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a common, genetically heterogeneous cause of short stature that can result from disruptions in many cellular processes. We report the identification of the lesion responsible for skeletal dysplasia and male infertility in the spontaneous, recessive mouse mutant chagun. We determined that Poc1a, encoding protein of the centriole 1a, is disrupted by the insertion of a processed Cenpw cDNA, which is flanked by target site duplications, suggestive of a LINE-1 retrotransposon-mediated event. Mutant fibroblasts have impaired cilia formation and multipolar spindles. Male infertility is caused by defective spermatogenesis early in meiosis and progressive germ cell loss. Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation studies revealed that Poc1a is essential for normal function of both Sertoli cells and germ cells. The proliferative zone of the growth plate is small and disorganized because chondrocytes fail to re-align after cell division and undergo increased apoptosis. Poc1a and several other genes associated with centrosome function can affect the skeleton and lead to skeletal dysplasias and primordial dwarfisms. This mouse mutant reveals how centrosome dysfunction contributes to defects in skeletal growth and male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista A. Geister
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leonard Y. Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Wendt
- Roche NimbleGen, Inc., Research and Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Oatley
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Burgess
- Roche NimbleGen, Inc., Research and Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James D. Cavalcoli
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Oatley
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Camper
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|