1
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Kong Y, Ji J, Zhan X, Yan W, Liu F, Ye P, Wang S, Tai J. Tet1-mediated 5hmC regulates hippocampal neuroinflammation via wnt signaling as a novel mechanism in obstructive sleep apnoea leads to cognitive deficit. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:208. [PMID: 39169375 PMCID: PMC11340128 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) that may cause cognitive dysfunction. However, the impact of IH on molecular processes involved in cognitive function remains unclear. METHODS C57BL / 6 J mice were exposed to either normoxia (control) or IH for 6 weeks. DNA hydroxymethylation was quantified by hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) sequencing. ten-eleven translocation 1 (Tet1) was knocked down by lentivirus. Specifically, cognitive function was assessed by behavioral experiments, pathological features were assessed by HE staining, the hippocampal DNA hydroxymethylation was examined by DNA dot blot and immunohistochemical staining, while the Wnt signaling pathway and its downstream effects were studied using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and Luminex liquid suspension chip analysis. RESULTS IH mice showed pathological changes and cognitive dysfunction in the hippocampus. Compared with the control group, IH mice exhibited global DNA hydroxylmethylation in the hippocampus, and the expression of three hydroxylmethylases increased significantly. The Wnt signaling pathway was activated, and the mRNA and 5hmC levels of Wnt3a, Ccnd2, and Prickle2 were significantly up-regulated. Further caused downstream neurogenesis abnormalities and neuroinflammatory activation, manifested as increased expression of IBA1 (a marker of microglia), GFAP (a marker of astrocytes), and DCX (a marker of immature neurons), as well as a range of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFa, IL3, IL9, and IL17A). After Tet1 knocked down, the above indicators return to normal. CONCLUSION Activation of Wnt signaling pathway by hippocampal Tet1 is associated with cognitive dysfunction induced by IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Kong
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100020, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Weiheng Yan
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100020, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100020, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Pengfei Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jun Tai
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
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2
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Ci X, Chen S, Zhu R, Zarif M, Jain R, Guo W, Ramotar M, Gong L, Xu W, Singh O, Mansouri S, Zadeh G, Wei GH, Xu W, Bristow R, Berlin A, Koritzinsky M, van der Kwast T, He HH. Oral pimonidazole unveils clinicopathologic and epigenetic features of hypoxic tumour aggressiveness in localized prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:744. [PMID: 38890593 PMCID: PMC11186205 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor hypoxia is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Pimonidazole (PIMO) is an investigational hypoxia probe used in clinical trials. A better understanding of the clinical significance and molecular alterations underpinning PIMO-labeled tumor hypoxia is needed for future clinical application. Here, we investigated the clinical significance and molecular alterations underpinning PIMO-labeled tumor hypoxia in patients with localized PCa, in order to apply PIMO as a prognostic tool and to identify potential biomarkers for future clinical translation. METHODS A total of 39 patients with localized PCa were recruited and administered oral PIMO before undergoing radical prostatectomy (RadP). Immunohistochemical staining for PIMO was performed on 37 prostatectomy specimens with staining patterns evaluated and clinical association analyzed. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was performed using laser-capture of microdissected specimen sections comparing PIMO positive and negative tumor areas. A hypoxia related methylation molecular signature was generated by integrating the differentially methylated regions with previously established RNA-seq datasets. RESULTS Three PIMO staining patterns were distinguished: diffuse, focal, and comedo-like. The comedo-like staining pattern was more commonly associated with adverse pathology. PIMO-defined hypoxia intensity was positively correlated with advanced pathologic stage, tumor invasion, and cribriform and intraductal carcinoma morphology. The generated DNA methylation signature was found to be a robust hypoxia biomarker, which could risk-stratify PCa patients across multiple clinical datasets, as well as be applicable in other cancer types. CONCLUSIONS Oral PIMO unveiled clinicopathologic features of disease aggressiveness in localized PCa. The generated DNA methylation signature is a novel and robust hypoxia biomarker that has the potential for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Ci
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sujun Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Present Address: West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mojgan Zarif
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahi Jain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wangyuan Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Ramotar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linsey Gong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenjie Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Olivia Singh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila Mansouri
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Bristow
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Christie NHS Trust and CRUK Manchester Institute and Cancer Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Alejandro Berlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Yi Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu Y. Targeting SIRT4/TET2 Signaling Alleviates Human Keratinocyte Senescence by Reducing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Loss. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100268. [PMID: 37898292 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is characterized by wrinkle formation and increased frailty and laxity, leading to the risk of age-related skin diseases. Keratinocyte is an important component of the epidermis in skin structure, and keratinocyte senescence has been identified as a pivotal factor in skin aging development. Because epigenetic pathways play a vital role in the regulation of skin aging, we evaluated human skin samples for DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethylcytosine; 5-hmC) and SIRT4 expressions. Results found that both 5-hmC and SIRT4 showed a significant decrease in aged human skin samples. To test the results in vitro, human keratinocytes were cultured in H2O2, which modulates skin aging in vivo. However, H2O2-induced keratinocytes showed senescence-associated protein expression and significant downregulation of 5-hmC and SIRT4 expressions. Moreover, 5-hmC-converting enzymes ten eleven translocation 2 (TET2) showed a decrease and enhanced TET2 acetylation level in H2O2-induced keratinocytes. However, the overexpression of SIRT4 in keratinocytes alleviates the senescence phenotype, such as senescence-associated protein expression, decreases the TET2 acetylation, but increases TET2 and 5-hmC expressions. Our results provide a novel relevant mechanism whereby the epigenetic regulation of keratinocytes in skin aging may be correlated with SIRT4 expression and TET2 acetylation in 5-hmC alteration. Our study may provide a potential strategy for antiskin aging, which targets the SIRT4/TET2 axis involving epigenetic modification in keratinocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yuchang Wang
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.
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Kołodziej-Wojnar P, Borkowska J, Domaszewska-Szostek A, Bujanowska O, Noszczyk B, Krześniak N, Stańczyk M, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 and 2 Enzymes Affect Human Skin Fibroblasts in an Age-Related Manner. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1659. [PMID: 37371754 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), first to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), then to 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and finally to 5-carboxycytosine (5caC). Evidence suggests that changes in TET expression may impact cell function and the phenotype of aging. Proliferation, apoptosis, markers of autophagy and double-strand DNA break repair, and the expression of Fibulin 5 were assessed by flow cytometry in TET1 and TET2-overexpressing fibroblasts isolated from sun-unexposed skin of young (23-35 years) and age-advanced (75-94 years) individuals. In cells derived from young individuals, TET1 overexpression resulted in the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis by 37% (p = 0.03) and 24% (p = 0.05), respectively, while the overexpression of TET2 caused a decrease in proliferation by 46% (p = 0.01). Notably, in cells obtained from age-advanced individuals, TETs exhibited different effects. Specifically, TET1 inhibited proliferation and expression of autophagy marker Beclin 1 by 45% (p = 0.05) and 28% (p = 0.048), respectively, while increasing the level of γH2AX, a marker of double-strand DNA breaks necessary for initiating the repair process, by 19% (p = 0.04). TET2 inhibited proliferation by 64% (p = 0.053) and increased the level of γH2AX and Fibulin 5 by 46% (p = 0.007) and 29% (p = 0.04), respectively. These patterns of TET1 and TET2 effects suggest their involvement in regulating various fibroblast functions and that some of their biological actions depend on the donor's age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kołodziej-Wojnar
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Borkowska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Domaszewska-Szostek
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Bujanowska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Noszczyk
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Krześniak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Stańczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery with Traumatic Unit, Wolski Hospital, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Vasconcelos S, Caniçais C, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Marques CJ, Dória S. The role of DNA hydroxymethylation and TET enzymes in placental development and pregnancy outcome. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 37095555 PMCID: PMC10127343 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary organ that is essential for supporting mammalian embryo and fetal development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying trophoblast differentiation and placental function may contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of obstetric complications. Epigenetics plays a significant role in the regulation of gene expression, particularly at imprinted genes, which are fundamental in the control of placental development. The Ten-Eleven-Translocation enzymes are part of the epigenetic machinery, converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). DNA hydroxymethylation is thought to act as an intermediate in the DNA demethylation mechanism and potentially be a stable and functionally relevant epigenetic mark on its own. The role of DNA hydroxymethylation during differentiation and development of the placenta is not fully understood but increasing knowledge in this field will help to evaluate its potential role in pregnancy complications. This review focuses on DNA hydroxymethylation and its epigenetic regulators in human and mouse placental development and function. Additionally, we address 5hmC in the context of genomic imprinting mechanism and in pregnancy complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia and pregnancy loss. The cumulative findings show that DNA hydroxymethylation might be important for the control of gene expression in the placenta and suggest a dynamic role in the differentiation of trophoblast cell types during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vasconcelos
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Caniçais
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - C Joana Marques
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Dória
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Heredia-Mendez AJ, Sánchez-Sánchez G, López-Camarillo C. Reprogramming of the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Landscape in Three-Dimensional Cancer Cell Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071991. [PMID: 37046652 PMCID: PMC10093594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last century, 2D cell cultures have been the tool most widely used to study cancer biology, drug discovery, genomics, and the regulation of gene expression at genetic/epigenetic levels. However, this experimental approach has limitations in faithfully recreating the microenvironment and cellular processes occurring in tumors. For these reasons, 3D cell cultures have recently been implemented to optimize the conditions that better recreate the biological and molecular features of tumors, including cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, growth kinetics, metabolic activities, and the development of gradients in the cellular microenvironment affecting the availability of oxygen and nutrients. In this sense, tumor cells receive stimuli from the local environment, resulting in significant changes in their signaling pathways, gene expression, and transcriptional and epigenetic patterns. In this review, we discuss how different types of 3D cell culture models can be applied to characterize the epigenetic footprints of cancer cell lines, emphasizing that DNA methylation patterns play an essential role in the emergence and development of cancer. However, how 3D cancer cell cultures remodel the epigenetic programs is poorly understood, with very few studies in this emerging topic. Here, we have summarized the studies on the reprogramming of the epigenetic landscape of DNA methylation during tumorigenesis and discuss how it may be affected by microenvironmental factors, specifically in 3D cell cultures.
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7
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Awasthi P, Dwivedi M, Kumar D, Hasan S. Insights into intricacies of the Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP-1) in EBV-associated cancers. Life Sci 2023; 313:121261. [PMID: 36493876 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lymphomas, carcinomas, and other disorders have been associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. EBV's carcinogenic potential can be correlated to latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is essential for fibroblast and primary lymphocyte transformation. LMP1, a transmembrane protein with constitutive activity, belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. LMP1 performs number of role in the life cycle of EBV and the pathogenesis by interfering with, reprogramming, and influencing a vast range of host cellular activities and functions that are getting well-known but still poorly understood. LMP1, pleiotropically perturbs, reprograms and balances a wide range of various processes of cell such as extracellular vesicles, epigenetics, ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, cell proliferation and survival, and also promotes oncogenic transformation, angiogenesis, anchorage-independent cell growth, metastasis and invasion, tumour microenvironment. By the help of various experiments, it is proven that EBV-encoded LMP1 activates multiple cell signalling pathways which affect antigen presentation, cell-cell interactions, chemokine and cytokine production. Therefore, it is assumed that LMP1 may perform majorly in EBV associated malignancies. For the development of novel techniques toward targeted therapeutic applications, it is essential to have a complete understanding of the LMP1 signalling landscape in order to identify potential targets. The focus of this review is on LMP1-interacting proteins and related signalling processes. We further discuss tactics for using the LMP1 protein as a potential therapeutic for cancers caused by the EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prankur Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
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8
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Ruan B, Paulson RF. Metabolic regulation of stress erythropoiesis, outstanding questions, and possible paradigms. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1063294. [PMID: 36685181 PMCID: PMC9849390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1063294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steady state erythropoiesis produces new erythrocytes at a constant rate to replace the senescent cells that are removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen. However, infection and tissue damage disrupt the production of erythrocytes by steady state erythropoiesis. During these times, stress erythropoiesis is induced to compensate for the loss of erythroid output. The strategy of stress erythropoiesis is different than steady state erythropoiesis. Stress erythropoiesis generates a wave of new erythrocytes to maintain homeostasis until steady state conditions are resumed. Stress erythropoiesis relies on the rapid proliferation of immature progenitor cells that do not differentiate until the increase in serum Erythropoietin (Epo) promotes the transition to committed progenitors that enables their synchronous differentiation. Emerging evidence has revealed a central role for cell metabolism in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of stress erythroid progenitors. During the initial expansion stage, the immature progenitors are supported by extensive metabolic changes which are designed to direct the use of glucose and glutamine to increase the biosynthesis of macromolecules necessary for cell growth and division. At the same time, these metabolic changes act to suppress the expression of genes involved in erythroid differentiation. In the subsequent transition stage, changes in niche signals alter progenitor metabolism which in turn removes the inhibition of erythroid differentiation generating a bolus of new erythrocytes to alleviate anemia. This review summarizes what is known about the metabolic regulation of stress erythropoiesis and discusses potential mechanisms for metabolic regulation of proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiye Ruan
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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9
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Li X, Li L, Si X, Zhang Z, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Liu K, Xia W, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang J, Yin C, Shao A, Jiang L. The regulatory roles of circular RNAs via autophagy in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963508. [PMID: 36330428 PMCID: PMC9623297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe disease with a high disability, recurrence, and mortality rates. Autophagy, a highly conserved process that degrades damaged or aging organelles and excess cellular components to maintain homeostasis, is activated during IS. It influences the blood–brain barrier integrity and regulates apoptosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel non-coding RNAs involved in IS-induced autophagy and participate in various pathological processes following IS. In addition, they play a role in autophagy regulation. This review summarizes current evidence on the roles of autophagy and circRNA in IS and the potential mechanisms by which circRNAs regulate autophagy to influence IS injury. This review serves as a basis for the clinical application of circRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhumei Ni
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congguo Yin
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Congguo Yin
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China
- Anwen Shao
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Lin Jiang
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10
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Dubini RCA, Korytiaková E, Schinkel T, Heinrichs P, Carell T, Rovó P. 1H NMR Chemical Exchange Techniques Reveal Local and Global Effects of Oxidized Cytosine Derivatives. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:237-246. [PMID: 35637781 PMCID: PMC9137243 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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5-Carboxycytosine
(5caC) is a rare epigenetic modification found
in nucleic acids of all domains of life. Despite its sparse genomic
abundance, 5caC is presumed to play essential regulatory roles in
transcription, maintenance and base-excision processes in DNA. In
this work, we utilize nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
to address the effects of 5caC incorporation into canonical DNA strands
at multiple pH and temperature conditions. Our results demonstrate
that 5caC has a pH-dependent global destabilizing and a base-pair
mobility enhancing local impact on dsDNA, albeit without any detectable
influence on the ground-state B-DNA structure. Measurement of hybridization
thermodynamics and kinetics of 5caC-bearing DNA duplexes highlighted
how acidic environment (pH 5.8 and 4.7) destabilizes the double-stranded
structure by ∼10–20 kJ mol–1 at 37
°C when compared to the same sample at neutral pH. Protonation
of 5caC results in a lower activation energy for the dissociation
process and a higher barrier for annealing. Studies on conformational
exchange on the microsecond time scale regime revealed a sharply localized
base-pair motion involving exclusively the modified site and its immediate
surroundings. By direct comparison with canonical and 5-formylcytosine
(5fC)-edited strands, we were able to address the impact of the two
most oxidized naturally occurring cytosine derivatives in the genome.
These insights on 5caC’s subtle sensitivity to acidic pH contribute
to the long-standing questions of its capacity as a substrate in base
excision repair processes and its purpose as an independent, stable
epigenetic mark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo C. A. Dubini
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schellingstraße 4, 5th floor, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Korytiaková
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thea Schinkel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Heinrichs
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Rovó
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schellingstraße 4, 5th floor, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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11
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New Insights into TETs in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094909. [PMID: 35563298 PMCID: PMC9103987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are complex and heterogeneous disorders arising from the interaction of multiple factors based on neurobiology, genetics, culture, and life experience. Increasing evidence indicates that sustained abnormalities are maintained by epigenetic modifications in specific brain regions. Over the past decade, the critical, non-redundant roles of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenase enzymes have been identified in the brain during developmental and postnatal stages. Specifically, TET-mediated active demethylation, involving the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and subsequent oxidative derivatives, is dynamically regulated in response to environmental stimuli such as neuronal activity, learning and memory processes, and stressor exposure. Here, we review the progress of studies designed to provide a better understanding of how profiles of TET proteins and 5hmC are powerful mechanisms by which to explain neuronal plasticity and long-term behaviors, and impact transcriptional programs operative in the brain that contribute to psychiatric disorders.
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12
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Yang S, Huang Y, Zhao Q. Epigenetic Alterations and Inflammation as Emerging Use for the Advancement of Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878740. [PMID: 35514980 PMCID: PMC9066637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Nowadays, the most common lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), namely, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma. Epigenetic alterations that refer to DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression, are now suggested to drive the genesis and development of NSCLC. Additionally, inflammation-related tumorigenesis also plays a vital role in cancer research and efforts have been attempted to reverse such condition. During the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases, the immune component of inflammation may cause epigenetic changes, but it is not always certain whether the immune component itself or the stimulated host cells cause epigenetic changes. Moreover, the links between epigenetic alterations and cancer-related inflammation and their influences on the human cancer are not clear so far. Therefore, the connection between epigenetic drivers, inflammation, and NSCLC will be summarized. Investigation on such topic is most likely to shed light on the molecular and immunological mechanisms of epigenetic and inflammatory factors and promote the application of epigenetics in the innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Yang Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
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13
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Gerecke C, Egea Rodrigues C, Homann T, Kleuser B. The Role of Ten-Eleven Translocation Proteins in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861351. [PMID: 35386689 PMCID: PMC8977485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TET1-3) are dioxygenases that oxidize 5-methyldeoxycytosine, thus taking part in passive and active demethylation. TETs have shown to be involved in immune cell development, affecting from self-renewal of stem cells and lineage commitment to terminal differentiation. In fact, dysfunction of TET proteins have been vastly associated with both myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. Recently, there has been accumulating evidence suggesting that TETs regulate immune cell function during innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby modulating inflammation. In this work, we pursue to review the current and recent evidence on the mechanistic aspects by which TETs regulate immune cell maturation and function. We will also discuss the complex interplay of TET expression and activity by several factors to modulate a multitude of inflammatory processes. Thus, modulating TET enzymes could be a novel pharmacological approach to target inflammation-related diseases and myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, when their activity is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Caue Egea Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Homann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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14
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Besaratinia A, Caceres A, Tommasi S. DNA Hydroxymethylation in Smoking-Associated Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2657. [PMID: 35269796 PMCID: PMC8910185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) was first detected in mammalian DNA five decades ago. However, it did not take center stage in the field of epigenetics until 2009, when ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was found to oxidize 5-methylcytosine to 5-hmC, thus offering a long-awaited mechanism for active DNA demethylation. Since then, a remarkable body of research has implicated DNA hydroxymethylation in pluripotency, differentiation, neural system development, aging, and pathogenesis of numerous diseases, especially cancer. Here, we focus on DNA hydroxymethylation in smoking-associated carcinogenesis to highlight the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potentials of this epigenetic mark. We describe the significance of 5-hmC in DNA demethylation, the importance of substrates and cofactors in TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation, the regulation of TETs and related genes (isocitrate dehydrogenases, fumarate hydratase, and succinate dehydrogenase), the cell-type dependency and genomic distribution of 5-hmC, and the functional role of 5-hmC in the epigenetic regulation of transcription. We showcase examples of studies on three major smoking-associated cancers, including lung, bladder, and colorectal cancers, to summarize the current state of knowledge, outstanding questions, and future direction in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (A.C.); (S.T.)
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15
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Xu L, Zhou Y, Chen L, Bissessur AS, Chen J, Mao M, Ju S, Chen L, Chen C, Li Z, Zhang X, Chen F, Cao F, Wang L, Wang Q. Deoxyribonucleic Acid 5-Hydroxymethylation in Cell-Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a Novel Cancer Biomarker in the Era of Precision Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744990. [PMID: 34957093 PMCID: PMC8703110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant methylation has been regarded as a hallmark of cancer. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is recently identified as the ten-eleven translocase (ten-eleven translocase)-mediated oxidized form of 5-methylcytosine, which plays a substantial role in DNA demethylation. Cell-free DNA has been introduced as a promising tool in the liquid biopsy of cancer. There are increasing evidence indicating that 5hmC in cell-free DNA play an active role during carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether 5hmC could surpass classical markers in cancer detection, treatment, and prognosis. Here, we systematically reviewed the recent advances in the clinic and basic research of DNA 5-hydroxymethylation in cancer, especially in cell-free DNA. We further discuss the mechanisms underlying aberrant 5hmC patterns and carcinogenesis. Synergistically, 5-hydroxymethylation may act as a promising biomarker, unleashing great potential in early cancer detection, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Luqiao, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Luqiao, China
| | - Abdul Saad Bissessur
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jida Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Misha Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Ju
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lini Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqin Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feilin Cao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Luqiao, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Zhang C, Zhong T, Li Y, Li X, Yuan X, Liu L, Wu W, Wu J, Wu Y, Liang R, Xie X, Kang C, Liu Y, Lai Z, Xiao J, Tang Z, Jin R, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Q, Sun Z, Zhong J. The hepatic AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis regulates glucose homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:70672. [PMID: 34738906 PMCID: PMC8592569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) is involved in multiple biological functions in cell development, differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Tet1 deficient mice display the defects of murine glucose metabolism. However, the role of TET1 in metabolic homeostasis keeps unknown. Here, our finding demonstrates that hepatic TET1 physically interacts with silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) via its C-terminal and activates its deacetylase activity, further regulating the acetylation-dependent cellular translocalization of transcriptional factors PGC-1α and FOXO1, resulting in the activation of hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression that includes PPARGC1A, G6PC, and SLC2A4. Importantly, the hepatic gluconeogenic gene activation program induced by fasting is inhibited in Tet1 heterozygous mice livers. The adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators metformin or AICAR-two compounds that mimic fasting-elevate hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression dependent on in turn activation of the AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis. Collectively, our study identifies TET1 as a SIRT1 coactivator and demonstrates that the AMPK-TET1-SIRT1 axis represents a potential mechanism or therapeutic target for glucose metabolism or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chuanchuan Kang
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhonghong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhixian Tang
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Riqun Jin
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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17
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Williamson SM, Ingelson-Filpula WA, Hadj-Moussa H, Storey KB. Epigenetic underpinnings of freeze avoidance in the goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 134:104298. [PMID: 34411584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goldenrod gall moth (Epiblema scudderiana) is a cold hardy insect that survives subzero temperatures during the winter by supercooling bodily fluids to approximately -40 °C, allowing the insect to remain unfrozen despite the freezing temperatures. This is characterized by a drastic increase of cryoprotectant glycerol along with widespread downregulation of non-essential genes and processes to conserve cellular energy. This study examined the role of epigenetic enzymes in regulating this freeze-avoidant process across a range of freezing temperatures experienced in nature. Cold and subzero temperature exposure in E. scudderiana resulted in upregulation of select DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes with concurrent decreases in DNMT activity and no change in activity of the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) demethylation enzyme activities. Levels of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity decreased during cold exposures. The increase in DNMT expression and concurrent decrease in HAT activity suggests a role for DNA methylation to assist with transcriptional suppression. These findings propose that epigenetic regulation of genes and histones underpin the winter survival strategies of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Williamson
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - W Aline Ingelson-Filpula
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hanane Hadj-Moussa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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18
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Faillace MP, Bernabeu RO. Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediate Nicotine-Induced Reward and Behaviour in Zebrafish. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:510-523. [PMID: 34279203 PMCID: PMC9608226 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210716112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine induces long-term changes in the neural activity of the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway structures. The mechanisms involved in this process have not been fully characterized. The hypothesis discussed here proposed that epigenetic regulation participates in the installation of persistent adaptations and long-lasting synaptic plasticity generated by nicotine action on the mesolimbic dopamine neurons of zebrafish. The epigenetic mechanisms induced by nicotine entail histone and DNA chemical modifications, which have been described to lead to changes in gene expression. Among the enzymes that catalyze epigenetic chemical modifications, histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histones, thereby facilitating DNA relaxation and making DNA more accessible to gene transcription. DNA methylation, which is dependent on DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) activity, inhibits gene expression by recruiting several methyl binding proteins that prevent RNA polymerase binding to DNA. In zebrafish, phenylbutyrate (PhB), an HDAC inhibitor, abolishes nicotine rewarding properties together with a series of typical reward-associated behaviors. Furthermore, PhB and nicotine alter long- and short-term object recognition memory in zebrafish, respectively. Regarding DNA methylation effects, a methyl group donor L-methionine (L-met) was found to dramatically reduce nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in zebrafish. Simultaneous treatment with DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (AZA) was found to reverse the L-met effect on nicotine-induced CPP as well as nicotine reward-specific effects on genetic expression in zebrafish. Therefore, pharmacological interventions that modulate epigenetic regulation of gene expression should be considered as a potential therapeutic method to treat nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Faillace
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Profesor Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay, CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramón O Bernabeu
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Profesor Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay, CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Tessier SN, Ingelson-Filpula WA, Storey KB. Epigenetic regulation by DNA methyltransferases during torpor in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3975-3985. [PMID: 34191233 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, is a mammal capable of lowering its Tb to almost 0 °C while undergoing deep torpor bouts over the winter. To decrease its metabolic rate to such a drastic extent, the squirrel must undergo multiple physiological, biological, and molecular alterations including downregulation of almost all nonessential processes. Epigenetic regulation allows for a dynamic range of transient phenotypes, allowing the squirrel to downregulate energy-expensive and nonessential pathways during torpor. DNA methylation is a prominent form of epigenetic regulation; therefore, the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes were studied by measuring expression and activity levels of the five major proteins during torpor bouts. Additionally, specific cytosine marks on genomic DNA were quantified to further elucidate DNA methylation during hibernation. A tissue-specific response was observed that highlighted variant degrees of DNA methylation and DNMT expression/activity, demonstrating that DNA methylation is a highly complex form of epigenetic regulation and likely one of many regulatory mechanisms that enables metabolic rate depression in response to torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Tessier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.,BioMEMS Resource Center & Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - W Aline Ingelson-Filpula
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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20
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DNA demethylase Tet2 suppresses cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:167. [PMID: 34226503 PMCID: PMC8257623 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Demethylase Tet2 plays a vital role in the immune response. Acute kidney injury (AKI) initiation and maintenance phases are marked by inflammatory responses and leukocyte recruitment in endothelial and tubular cell injury processes. However, the role of Tet2 in AKI is poorly defined. Our study determined the degree of renal tissue damage associated with Tet2 gene expression levels in a cisplatin-induced AKI mice model. Tet2-knockout (KO) mice with cisplatin treatment experienced severe tubular necrosis and dilatation, inflammation, and AKI markers' expression levels than the wild-type mice. In addition, the administration of Tet2 plasmid protected Tet2-KO mice from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, but not Tet2-catalytic-dead mutant. Tet2 KO was associated with a change in metabolic pathways like retinol, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathway in the cisplatin-induced mice model. Tet2 expression is also downregulated in other AKI mice models and clinical samples. Thus, our results indicate that Tet2 has a renal protective effect during AKI by regulating metabolic and inflammatory responses through the PPAR signaling pathway.
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21
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Zhang C, Li L, Zhang Y, Zeng C. Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer: Recent Insights Into Mechanisms and Systemic Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686556. [PMID: 34113573 PMCID: PMC8185197 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by a predisposition to cutaneous leiomyomas, uterine leiomyomas, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is known to be caused by germline mutations of the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene, which encodes an enzyme component of the citric acid cycle and catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to L-malate. Currently, there is no standardized treatment for HLRCC, which may be due in part to a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the inactivation of FH causes HLRCC are discussed. Additionally, potential therapeutic pharmacological strategies are also summarized to provide new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwang Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Department of Quality Control, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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23
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Li J, Zou Y, Pei M, Zhang Y, Jiang Y. Berberine inhibits the Warburg effect through TET3/miR-145/HK2 pathways in ovarian cancer cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:207-216. [PMID: 33391417 PMCID: PMC7738813 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Berberine, as an alkaloid, has a significant antitumor effect, but its mechanism in tumor metabolism, especially the Warburg effect has not been elucidated. Objectives: To study the molecular mechanism of berberine regulating the Warburg effect in ovarian cancer cells. Methods: Treatment by berberine in SKOV3 and 3AO cells or inhibited by miR-145 inhibitor transfection in berberine-treated cells to examine the changes in HK2 expression, glucose consumption and lactate production. The methylation status in the promoter region of pre-miR-145 gene was examined by bisulfite sequencing. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the direct binding of miR-145 to HK2. Finally, the expression of TET3 in ovarian cancer was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results: We found berberine inhibited the Warburg effect by up-regulating miR-145, miR-145 targeted HK2 directly. Berberine increased the expression of miR-145 by promoting the expression of TET3 and reducing the methylation level of the promoter region of miR-145 precursor gene. We further found that TET3 expression was negatively correlated with clinical stage and pathological grade. Conclusions: Our results revealed berberine increased the TET3-mediated demethylation and promoted the suppression of miR-145 on HK2 to antagonize the Warburg effect of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuliang Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meili Pei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Abstract
Keeping a balance between DNA methylation and demethylation balance is central for mammalian development and cell function, particularly in the hematopoietic system. In various mammalian cells, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (Tet2) catalyzes oxygen transfer to a methyl group of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), yielding 5-hydroxymethylcytocine (5hmC). Tet2 mutations drive tumorigenesis in several blood cancers as well as in solid cancers. Here I discuss recent studies that elucidate mechanisms and biological consequences of Tet2 dysregulation in blood cancers. I focus on recent findings concerning Tet2 involvement in lymphoid and myeloid cell development and its functional roles, which may be associated with tumorigenesis. I also discuss how Tet2 activities are modulated by microRNAs, metabolites, and other interactors, including vitamin C and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), and review the clinical relevance and potential therapeutic applications of Tet2 targeting. Finally, I propose key unanswered hypotheses regarding Tet2 in the cancer-immunity cycle.
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25
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Ke Q, Wang K, Fan M, Li M, Luo G, Wang D. Prognostic role of high TET1 expression in patients with solid tumors: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22863. [PMID: 33126331 PMCID: PMC7598857 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, increased expression of TET1 has been shown to inhibit tumor development in many studies. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the prognostic role of TET1 in solid tumors. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science (last updated on June 13, 2019) were searched and 16 eligible studies involving 3100 patients were eventually taken forward into the meta-analysis. RESULTS Pooled results indicated that higher TET1 expression in cancer tissues was associated with improved overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.736, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.542-0.998, P = .049]. In the subgroup analysis, higher TET1 expression in respiratory tumors (HR = 0.778, 95% CI = 0.639-0.946, P = .012) and breast cancer in Asian patients (HR = 0.326, 95% CI = 0.199-0.533, P < .001) were significantly associated with better OS. In addition, the association between high TET1 expression and prolonged OS was also statistically significant in the following subgroups; data source from samples (HR = 0.561, 95% CI = 0.384-0.819, P = .003), reported in text (HR = 0.539, 95% CI = 0.312-0.931, P = .027), TET1 protein (HR = 0.635, 95% CI = 0.409-0.984, P = .042), Asians (HR = 0.563, 95% CI = 0.376-0.844, P = .005). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis displays that high expression levels of TET1 in tissues is significantly associated with better survival in patients with solid tumors. This finding can be used as evidence to the tone that TET1 may be a useful target for the treatment of patients with solid tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Ke
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou 213003
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100
| | | | - Mengchao Li
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou 213003
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daming Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou 213003
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26
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Chen Y, Liu M, Niu Y, Wang Y. Romance of the three kingdoms in hypoxia: HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming. Cancer Lett 2020; 495:211-223. [PMID: 32931886 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer. To cope with hypoxic conditions, tumor cells alter their transcriptional profiles mainly through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and epigenetic reprogramming. Hypoxia, in part through HIF-dependent mechanisms, influences the expression or activity of epigenetic regulators to control epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, which regulate hypoxia-responsive gene expression in cells. Conversely, epigenetic regulators and chromatin architecture can modulate the expression, stability, or transcriptional activity of HIF. Understanding the complex networks between HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming in response to hypoxia will provide insight into the fundamental mechanism of transcriptional adaptation to hypoxia, and may help identify novel targets for future therapies. In this review, we will discuss the comprehensive relationship between HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yanling Niu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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27
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Dubini RCA, Schön A, Müller M, Carell T, Rovó P. Impact of 5-formylcytosine on the melting kinetics of DNA by 1H NMR chemical exchange. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8796-8807. [PMID: 32652019 PMCID: PMC7470965 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Formylcytosine (5fC) is a chemically edited, naturally occurring nucleobase which appears in the context of modified DNA strands. The understanding of the impact of 5fC on dsDNA physical properties is to date limited. In this work, we applied temperature-dependent 1H Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) NMR experiments to non-invasively and site-specifically measure the thermodynamic and kinetic influence of formylated cytosine nucleobase on the melting process involving dsDNA. Incorporation of 5fC within symmetrically positioned CpG sites destabilizes the whole dsDNA structure-as witnessed from the ∼2°C decrease in the melting temperature and 5-10 kJ mol-1 decrease in ΔG°-and affects the kinetic rates of association and dissociation. We observed an up to ∼5-fold enhancement of the dsDNA dissociation and an up to ∼3-fold reduction in ssDNA association rate constants, over multiple temperatures and for several proton reporters. Eyring and van't Hoff analysis proved that the destabilization is not localized, instead all base-pairs are affected and the transition states resembles the single-stranded conformation. These results advance our knowledge about the role of 5fC as a semi-permanent epigenetic modification and assist in the understanding of its interactions with reader proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo C A Dubini
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Schön
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Rovó
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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28
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Xu Y. TET2 expedites coronary heart disease by promoting microRNA-126 expression and inhibiting the E2F3-PI3K-AKT axis. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 98:698-708. [PMID: 32818384 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA demethylases of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family serve as tumor suppressors in various human cancers, but their pathogenic effects in coronary heart disease (CHD) remain unclear. Here we report that TET2 is transcriptionally upregulated in CHD patients, where it shows potential as a diagnostic tool. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TET2 facilitates inflammatory responses and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats through demethylation of microRNA-126 (miR-126) promoter. This interaction leads to sequestration of miR-126 from its target E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3), contributing to E2F3 suppression in CHD. Upregulation of miR-126 when TET2 was silenced restored levels of inflammatory factors and aggravated the degree of cardiac injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats. By contrast, simultaneous overexpression of E2F3 and miR-126 reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, cardiac injury, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats. Also, TET2 was found to regulate the activity of the PI3K-AKT pathway through the miR-126-E2F3 axis. Our findings uncover a novel function for TET2 in facilitating the progression of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, the People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao 276800, Shandong, P.R. China.,Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, the People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao 276800, Shandong, P.R. China
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29
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Nie X, Chen Y, Li W, Lu Y. Anti-aging properties of Dendrobium nobile Lindl.: From molecular mechanisms to potential treatments. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112839. [PMID: 32268205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dendrobium Nobile Lindl. (DNL) is one of the central herbs in traditional Chinese medicine which mainly distributes in Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi and other sub-tropical areas south of the Yangtze River. In the past decades, it has been used to treat tumors, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and diseases of the nervous system that may be caused by aging. AIM OF THE REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the anti-aging information of DNL from the molecular mechanism level, including classic theories related to aging, main chemical components, pharmacological research and anti-aging theory based on traditional Chinese medicine theory, for exploring the future development and clinical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information in this paper has been collected from the scientific literature databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, published books, Ph.D. and M.S. dissertations systematically. RESULTS In this paper, we have reviewed the several mechanisms underlying the potential effects of DNL on the prevention of aging, including the scavenging of free radicals for oxidation, delaying of DNA impairment, inhibition of apoptosis, and alteration of DNA methylation. Together with the theory of telomeres, this review also has summarized recent research progress in the use of DNL and its traditional efficacy. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that "strengthening Yin and benefiting the spirit", "thickening the intestine and stomach", "lightning the body and prolonging the life-span", and delaying aging, are key effects of DNL that can be used to combat age-related diseases (ARDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. This review provides a reference for future study of ARDs and the clinical application of DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yanliu Lu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
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30
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(+)4-Cholesten-3-one promotes differentiation of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons through TET1 and FoxA2. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135239. [PMID: 32650052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the results of treating cells with an effective small molecule, (+)4-cholesten-3-one (PubChem CID: 91477), which can promote neural stem cell(NSC) differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. This study used rat neural stem cells stimulated with two different concentrations (7.8 μM and 78 μM) of (+)4-cholesten-3-one. Cell phenotypic analysis showed that (+)4-cholesten-3-one induced NSC differentiation into dopaminergic neurons, and the level of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), which is specific for dopaminergic cells, was significantly increased compared with that of the drug-free control group. Furthermore, in this study, we found that this effect may be related to the transcription factor fork-head box a2 (FoxA2) and ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1). The expression of TET1 and FoxA2 was upregulated after treatment with (+)4-cholesten-3-one. To verify the relationship between (+)4-cholesten-3-one and these genes, we found that the binding rate of TET1 and FoxA2 increased after the application of (+)4-cholesten-3-one, as confirmed by a coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. With a small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiment, we found that only when Tet1 and Foxa2 were not silenced was the mRNA level of Th increased after (+)4-cholesten-3-one treatment. Taken together, these data show that (+)4-cholesten-3-one can promote the differentiation of NSCs into dopaminergic neurons by upregulating the expression of TET1 and FoxA2 and by increasing their binding. Thus, (+)4-cholesten-3-one may help address the application of neural stem cell replacement therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Interplay between Metabolism, Nutrition and Epigenetics in Shaping Brain DNA Methylation, Neural Function and Behavior. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070742. [PMID: 32635190 PMCID: PMC7397264 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression in the brain is dramatically regulated by a variety of stimuli. While the role of neural activity has been extensively studied, less is known about the effects of metabolism and nutrition on transcriptional control mechanisms in the brain. Extracellular signals are integrated at the chromatin level through dynamic modifications of epigenetic marks, which in turn fine-tune gene transcription. In the last twenty years, it has become clear that epigenetics plays a crucial role in modulating central nervous system functions and finally behavior. Here, we will focus on the effect of metabolic signals in shaping brain DNA methylation, both during development and adulthood. We will provide an overview of maternal nutrition effects on brain methylation and behavior in offspring. In addition, the impact of different diet challenges on cytosine methylation dynamics in the adult brain will be discussed. Finally, the possible role played by the metabolic status in modulating DNA hydroxymethylation, which is particularly abundant in neural tissue, will be considered.
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32
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Wen Y, Rattan S, Flaws JA, Irudayaraj J. Multi and transgenerational epigenetic effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115123. [PMID: 32628958 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous industrial pollutant, is a known endocrine disrupter implicated in metabolic diseases. Prenatal DEHP exposure promotes epigenetic multi- and transgenerational inheritance of adult onset disease in subsequent generations (F1-F3). However, the epigenetic toxicity is less understood in the liver. In this study, CD-1 mice were prenatally exposed to 20 μg/kg/day, 200 μg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, or 750 mg/kg/day DEHP from gestational day (GD) 10.5 until birth of pups. Following prenatal exposure, the multigenerational and transgenerational effects of mRNA expression of epigenetic regulators were evaluated in F1, F2, and F3 generation mouse livers at postnatal days (PNDs) 8 and 60. Results showed that DEHP exposed mice livers exhibited significant changes in global DNA methylation levels in all three generations, with the effect being different in F2 after high dosage exposure. Histopathology indicated that DEHP exposure could induce mild damage in F1 livers. The expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) were significantly changed in both the F1 and F2 generations at PND 8, suggesting that maintenance Dnmt1 plays a major role in the multigenerational effect that occur in the early developmental stages. Additionally, DEHP exposure caused significant changes in ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine (Tet) dioxygenases encoding Tet1 expression in all three generations and Tet2 expression in F3 at PND 60, implicating their contributions in inducing both multi- and transgenerational effects after DEHP exposure in mouse liver. Overall, our results establish that prenatal and ancestral DEHP exposure are critical for epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation in female mouse livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Bioengineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Biomedical Research Center in Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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33
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Mungala Lengo A, Guiraut C, Mohamed I, Lavoie JC. Relationship between redox potential of glutathione and DNA methylation level in liver of newborn guinea pigs. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1348-1360. [PMID: 32594836 PMCID: PMC7678935 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1781024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of DNA methylation is reported to be sensitive to oxidant molecules or oxidative stress. Hypothesis: early-life oxidative stress characterized by the redox potential of glutathione influences the DNA methylation level. The in vivo study aimed at the impact of modulating redox potential of glutathione on DNA methylation. Newborn guinea pigs received different nutritive modalities for 4 days: oral nutrition, parenteral nutrition including lipid emulsion Intralipid (PN-IL) or SMOFLipid (PN-SF), protected or not from ambient light. Livers were collected for biochemical determinations. Redox potential (p < 0.001) and DNA methylation (p < 0.01) were higher in PN-infused animals and even higher in PN-SF. Their positive correlation was significant (r2 = 0.51; p < 0.001). Methylation activity was higher in PN groups (p < 0.01). Protein levels of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1 were lower in PN groups (p < 0.01) while those of both DNMT3a isoforms were increased (p < 0.01) and significantly correlated with redox potential (r2 > 0.42; p < 0.001). The ratio of SAM (substrate) to SAH (inhibitor) was positively correlated with the redox potential (r2 = 0.36; p < 0.001). In conclusion, early in life, the redox potential value strongly influences the DNA methylation metabolism, resulting in an increase of DNA methylation as a function of increased oxidative stress. These results support the notion that early-life oxidative stress can reprogram the metabolism epigenetically. This study emphasizes once again the importance of improving the quality of parenteral nutrition solutions administered early in life, especially to newborn infants. Abbreviation of Title: Parenteral nutrition and DNA methylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mungala Lengo
- Department of Nutrition, Université De Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Guiraut
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université De Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Nutrition, Université De Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université De Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Nutrition, Université De Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université De Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
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Yang Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang X, Wang L. Tanshinone IIA prevents rifampicin-induced liver injury by regulating BSEP/NTCP expression via epigenetic activation of NRF2. Liver Int 2020; 40:141-154. [PMID: 31571363 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Rifampicin (RFP)-induced cholestatic liver injury is characterized by impaired hepatic bile acid (BA) transport. Bile salt efflux pump (BSEP) and Na+/taurocholate cotransporter (NTCP) are the major BA transporters. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these transporters. METHODS The role of tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) in preventing RFP-induced liver injury was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, based on the regulatory mechanism of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-BSEP/NTCP signalling. The epigenetic induction of NRF2 by TAN IIA was investigated as well as the influence on BSEP and NTCP transcriptional activation and NRF2 DNA-binding ability. RESULTS TAN IIA strongly induced BSEP and NTCP expression in hepatocytes. NRF2 knockdown abrogated the induction. We found two NRF2 binding sites on the human BSEP promoter, called musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma recognition elements (MAREs), and one MARE on the NTCP promoter. Human BSEP and NTCP promoter luciferase reporter gene plasmids were stimulated by NRF2. Mutations of the predicted MAREs abolished NRF2 transcriptional activation. TAN IIA induced the expression of ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) to mediate the demethylation of NRF2, which promoted NRF2 DNA-binding on the BSEP and NTCP promoters and their transcriptional activation. Finally, in vivo, Nrf2 played an important role in RFP-induced liver injury (more serious liver injury in Nrf2-/- mice), and TAN IIA prevented it. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NRF2 regulates the target transporters BSEP and NTCP, depending on the DNA demethylation by TET2. Pharmacological activation of NRF2 by TAN IIA may be beneficial for RFP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mahmood AM, Dunwell JM. Evidence for novel epigenetic marks within plants. AIMS GENETICS 2019; 6:70-87. [PMID: 31922011 PMCID: PMC6949463 DOI: 10.3934/genet.2019.4.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation in patterns of gene expression can result from modifications in the genome that occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA; such modifications include methylation of cytosine to generate 5-methylcytosine (5mC) resulting in the generation of heritable epimutation and novel epialleles. This type of non-sequence variation is called epigenetics. The enzymes responsible for generation of such DNA modifications in mammals are named DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) including DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3. The later stages of oxidations to these modifications are catalyzed by Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins, which contain catalytic domains belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase family. In various mammalian cells/tissues including embryonic stem cells, cancer cells and brain tissues, it has been confirmed that these proteins are able to induce the stepwise oxidization of 5-methyl cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and finally 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Each stage from initial methylation until the end of the DNA demethylation process is considered as a specific epigenetic mark that may regulate gene expression. This review discusses controversial evidence for the presence of such oxidative products, particularly 5hmC, in various plant species. Whereas some reports suggest no evidence for enzymatic DNA demethylation, other reports suggest that the presence of oxidative products is followed by the active demethylation and indicate the contribution of possible TET-like proteins in the regulation of gene expression in plants. The review also summarizes the results obtained by expressing the human TET conserved catalytic domain in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaad M Mahmood
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kalar, KRG/Iraq
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Alam MA, Datta PK. Epigenetic Regulation of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 in Neurological Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1510. [PMID: 31920679 PMCID: PMC6927272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the predominant astrocyte glutamate transporter involved in the reuptake of the majority of the synaptic glutamate in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Gene expression can be altered without changing DNA sequences through epigenetic mechanisms. Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, include DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histones, chromatin remodeling, and small non-coding RNAs. This review is focused on neurological disorders, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), bipolar disorder (BD), and neuroHIV where there is evidence that epigenetics plays a role in the reduction of EAAT2 expression. The emerging field of pharmaco-epigenetics provides a novel avenue for epigenetics-based drug therapy. This review highlights findings on the role of epigenetics in the regulation of EAAT2 in different neurological disorders and discusses the current pharmacological approaches used and the potential use of novel therapeutic approaches to induce EAAT2 expression in neurological disorders using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afaque Alam
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Comprehensive NeuroAIDS, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Comprehensive NeuroAIDS, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Methylation Dynamics of RASSF1A and Its Impact on Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070959. [PMID: 31323949 PMCID: PMC6678546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
5-methyl cytosine (5mC) is a key epigenetic mark entwined with gene expression and the specification of cellular phenotypes. Its distribution around gene promoters sets a barrier for transcriptional enhancers or inhibitor proteins binding to their target sequences. As a result, an additional level of regulation is added to the signals that organize the access to the chromatin and its structural components. The tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A is a microtubule-associated and multitasking scaffold protein communicating with the RAS pathway, estrogen receptor signaling, and Hippo pathway. RASSF1A action stimulates mitotic arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis, and controls the cell cycle and cell migration. De novo methylation of the RASSF1A promoter has received much attention due to its increased frequency in most cancer types. RASSF1A methylation is preceded by histones modifications and could represent an early molecular event in cell transformation. Accordingly, RASSF1A methylation is proposed as an epigenetic candidate marker in many cancer types, even though an inverse correlation of methylation and expression remains to be fully ascertained. Some findings indicate that the epigenetic abrogation of RASSF1A can promote the alternative expression of the putative oncogenic isoform RASSF1C. Understanding the complexity and significance of RASSF1A methylation is instrumental for a more accurate determination of its biological and clinical role. The review covers the molecular events implicated in RASSF1A methylation and gene silencing and provides a deeper view into the significance of the RASSF1A methylation patterns in a number of gastrointestinal cancer types.
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of studies implicate abnormal DNA methylation in cancer and many non-malignant diseases. This is consistent with numerous findings about differentiation-associated changes in DNA methylation at promoters, enhancers, gene bodies, and sites that control higher-order chromatin structure. Abnormal increases or decreases in DNA methylation contribute to or are markers for cancer formation and tumour progression. Aberrant DNA methylation is also associated with neurological diseases, immunological diseases, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis. In this review, I discuss DNA hypermethylation in disease and its interrelationships with normal development as well as proposed mechanisms for the origin of and pathogenic consequences of disease-associated hypermethylation. Disease-linked DNA hypermethylation can help drive oncogenesis partly by its effects on cancer stem cells and by the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP); atherosclerosis by disease-related cell transdifferentiation; autoimmune and neurological diseases through abnormal perturbations of cell memory; and diverse age-associated diseases by age-related accumulation of epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ehrlich
- Tulane Cancer Center and Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
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39
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Liu Y, Xu S, Zu T, Li F, Sang S, Liu C, An Y, Mi B, Orgill DP, Murphy GF, Lian CG. Reversal of TET-mediated 5-hmC loss in hypoxic fibroblasts by ascorbic acid. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1193-1202. [PMID: 30837678 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia resulting in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) induction is known to drive scar formation during cutaneous wound healing, and may be responsible for excessive fibrosis inherent to hypertrophic scars and keloids. Because epigenetic pathways play an important role in regulation of fibrosing processes, we evaluated patient scars for DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethylcytosine; 5-hmC) status and documented a significant decrease in scar fibroblasts. To test this finding in vitro, human fibroblasts were cultured with cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a known stimulant of HIF-1α. HIF-1α induced so resulted in loss of 5-hmC similar to that seen in naturally occurring scars and was associated with significant downregulation of one of the 5-hmC converting enzymes-ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3)-as well as increased expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), which is important in wound contracture. These changes were partially reversed by exposure to ascorbic acid, a recognized epigenetic regulator potentially capable of minimizing excessive scar formation and promoting a more regenerative healing response. Our results provide a novel and translationally relevant mechanism whereby epigenetic regulation of scar formation may be manipulated at the level of fibroblast DNA hydroxymethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tingjian Zu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang An
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bobin Mi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Han C, Cui C, Xing X, Lu Z, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang Y. Functions of intrinsic disorder in proteins involved in DNA demethylation during pre-implantation embryonic development. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:962-979. [PMID: 31229544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA demethylation is involved in many biological processes during pre-implantation embryonic development in mammals. To date, the complicated mechanism of DNA demethylation is still not fully understood. Ten-eleven translocation family (TET3, TET1 and TET2), thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) are considered the major protein enzymes of DNA demethylation in pre-implantation embryos. TET3, TET1, TET2, TDG, and DNMT1 contain abundant levels of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs), which contribute to increasing the functional diversity of proteins. Thus we tried to explore the complicated DNA demethylation in pre-implantation embryos from the intrinsic disorder perspective. These five biological macromolecules all have DNA demethylation-related functional domains. They can work together to fulfill DNA demethylation in pre-implantation embryos through complex protein-protein interaction networks. Intrinsic disorder analysis results showed these proteins were partial intrinsically disordered proteins. Many identifiable disorder-based DNA-binding sites, protein-binding sites and post-translational modification sites located in the intrinsically disordered regions, and DNA demethylation deficiency point mutations in the IDPRs could significantly change the local disorder propensity of these proteins. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides a new viewpoint for studying the mechanism of DNA methylation reprogramming during mammalian pre-implantation embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenchen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xupeng Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Elmallah MIY, Micheau O. Epigenetic Regulation of TRAIL Signaling: Implication for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060850. [PMID: 31248188 PMCID: PMC6627638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of carcinogenesis relies on genetic alterations in DNA and epigenetic changes in histone and non-histone proteins. At the chromatin level, gene expression is tightly controlled by DNA methyl transferases, histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and acetyl-binding proteins. In particular, the expression level and function of several tumor suppressor genes, or oncogenes such as c-Myc, p53 or TRAIL, have been found to be regulated by acetylation. For example, HATs are a group of enzymes, which are responsible for the acetylation of histone proteins, resulting in chromatin relaxation and transcriptional activation, whereas HDACs by deacetylating histones lead to chromatin compaction and the subsequent transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor genes. Direct acetylation of suppressor genes or oncogenes can affect their stability or function. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have thus been developed as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. While these inhibitors display anticancer properties in preclinical models, and despite the fact that some of them have been approved by the FDA, HDACi still have limited therapeutic efficacy in clinical terms. Nonetheless, combined with a wide range of structurally and functionally diverse chemical compounds or immune therapies, HDACi have been reported to work in synergy to induce tumor regression. In this review, the role of HDACs in cancer etiology and recent advances in the development of HDACi will be presented and put into perspective as potential drugs synergizing with TRAIL's pro-apoptotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Y Elmallah
- INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21079 Dijon, France.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Olivier Micheau
- INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21079 Dijon, France.
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Duraisamy AJ, Mishra M, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Epigenetics and Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4831-4840. [PMID: 30347077 PMCID: PMC6181189 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and in the pathogenesis of this blinding disease, activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-mediated cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production precedes mitochondrial damage. The multicomponent cytosolic Nox2 has an obligatory component, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1); in diabetes, Rac1 is functionally and transcriptionally active. Diabetes also facilitates many epigenetic modifications, and activates both DNA methylating (Dnmts) and hydroxymethylating (Tets) enzymes. Our aim was to investigate the role of epigenetics in Rac1 regulation in diabetes. Methods Using human retinal endothelial cells, exposed to high glucose, 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxy methyl cytosine (5hmC) levels, and binding of Dnmt and Tets were quantified at the Rac1 promoter. The effect of inhibition of Dnmts/Tets (pharmacological inhibitors or short interfering RNA [siRNA]) on glucose-induced activation of Rac1-ROS production was evaluated. Results were confirmed in retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice receiving intravitreally Dnmt1-siRNA. Results Despite high glucose-induced increased binding of Dnmt1, 5mC levels remained subnormal at Rac1 promoter. But, at the same site, 5hmC levels and transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB binding were increased. Inhibition of Dnmts/Tets prevented increase in 5hmC and NF-kB binding, and attenuated Rac1 activation. Similarly, in mouse retinal microvessels, Dnmt1-siRNA ameliorated diabetes-induced increase in Rac1 transcripts and activity, and decreased ROS levels. Conclusions Thus, despite Dnmts activation, concomitant increase in Tets rapidly hydroxymethylates 5mC, allowing NF-κB to bind and activate Rac1. These results imply a critical role of an active DNA methylation in cytosolic ROS regulation in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul J Duraisamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Shi F, Zhou M, Shang L, Du Q, Li Y, Xie L, Liu X, Tang M, Luo X, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Qiu S, Wu W, Zhang X, Bode AM, Cao Y. EBV(LMP1)-induced metabolic reprogramming inhibits necroptosis through the hypermethylation of the RIP3 promoter. Theranostics 2019; 9:2424-2438. [PMID: 31131045 PMCID: PMC6525991 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV infection is a recognized epigenetic driver of carcinogenesis. We previously showed that EBV could protect cancer cells from TNF-induced necroptosis. This study aims to explore the epigenetic mechanisms allowing cancer cells with EBV infection to escape from RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Methods: Data from the TCGA database were used to evaluate the prognostic value of RIP3 promoter methylation and its expression. Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunochemistry were conducted to investigate the relationship between LMP1 and RIP3 in cell lines and NPC tissues. BSP, MSP and hMeDIP assays were used to examine the methylation level. Induction of necroptosis was detected by cell viability assay, p-MLKL, and Sytox Green staining. Results: RIP3 promoter hypermethylation is an independent prognostic factor of poorer disease-free and overall survival in HNSCC patients, respectively. RIP3 is down-regulated in NPC (a subtype of HNSCC). EBV(LMP1) suppresses RIP3 expression by hypermethylation of the RIP3 promoter. RIP3 protein expression was inversely correlated with LMP1 expression in NPC tissues. Restoring RIP3 expression in EBV(LMP1)-positive cells inhibits xenograft tumor growth. The accumulation of fumarate and reduction of α-KG in EBV(LMP1)-positive cells led to RIP3 silencing due to the inactivation of TETs. Decreased FH activity caused fumarate accumulation, which might be associated with its acetylation. Incubating cells with fumarate protected NPC cells from TNF-induced necroptosis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a pathway by which EBV(LMP1)-associated metabolite changes inhibited necroptosis signaling by DNA methylation, and shed light on the mechanism underlying EBV-related carcinogenesis, which may provide new options for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Hinohara K, Polyak K. Intratumoral Heterogeneity: More Than Just Mutations. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:569-579. [PMID: 30987806 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most human tumors are composed of genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cell populations, which poses a major challenge for the clinical management of cancer patients. Advances of single-cell technologies have allowed the profiling of tumors at unprecedented depth, which, in combination with newly developed computational tools, enable the dissection of tumor evolution with increasing precision. However, our understanding of mechanisms that regulate intratumoral heterogeneity and our ability to modulate it has been lagging behind. Recent data demonstrate that epigenetic regulators, including histone demethylases, may control the cell-to-cell variability of transcriptomes and chromatin profiles and they may modulate therapeutic responses via this function. Thus, the therapeutic targeting of epigenetic enzymes may be used to decrease intratumoral cellular heterogeneity and treatment resistance, when used in combination with other types of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Lamadema N, Burr S, Brewer AC. Dynamic regulation of epigenetic demethylation by oxygen availability and cellular redox. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:282-298. [PMID: 30572012 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chromatin structure of the mammalian genome must facilitate both precisely-controlled DNA replication together with tightly-regulated gene transcription. This necessarily involves complex mechanisms and processes which remain poorly understood. It has long been recognised that the epigenetic landscape becomes established during embryonic development and acts to specify and determine cell fate. In addition, the chromatin structure is highly dynamic and allows for both cellular reprogramming and homeostatic modulation of cell function. In this respect, the functions of epigenetic "erasers", which act to remove covalently-linked epigenetic modifications from DNA and histones are critical. The enzymatic activities of the TET and JmjC protein families have been identified as demethylases which act to remove methyl groups from DNA and histones, respectively. Further, they are characterised as members of the Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. This provides the intriguing possibility that their enzymatic activities may be modulated by cellular metabolism, oxygen availability and redox-based mechanisms, all of which are likely to display dynamic cell- and tissue-specific patterns of flux. Here we discuss the current evidence for such [O2]- and redox-dependent regulation of the TET and Jmjc demethylases and the potential physiological and pathophysiological functional consequences of such regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermina Lamadema
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Burr
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Brewer
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom.
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Walport LJ, Schofield CJ. Adventures in Defining Roles of Oxygenases in the Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1760-1781. [PMID: 30151867 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases were first identified as having roles in the post-translational modification of procollagen in animals. Subsequently in plants and microbes, they were shown to have roles in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites, including signalling molecules and the penicillin/cephalosporin antibiotics. Crystallographic studies of microbial 2OG oxygenases and related enzymes, coupled to DNA sequence analyses, led to the prediction that 2OG oxygenases are widely distributed in aerobic biology. This personal account begins with examples of the roles of 2OG oxygenases in antibiotic biosynthesis, and then describes efforts to assign functions to other predicted 2OG oxygenases. In humans, 2OG oxygenases have been found to have roles in small molecule metabolism, as well as in the epigenetic regulation of protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and function. The roles and functions of human 2OG oxygenases are compared, focussing on discussion of their substrate and product selectivities. The account aims to emphasize how scoping the substrate selectivity of, sometimes promiscuous, enzymes can provide insights into their functions and so enable therapeutic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Walport
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Gelinne A, Brown L, Ko NL, Osol G, Brown S. Pregnancy-Induced Physiologic Adaptation of the Abdominal Aorta Is Associated with Changes in Gene Expression and Genomic Methylation. J Vasc Res 2018; 55:319-327. [PMID: 30347403 DOI: 10.1159/000493682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ten-eleven translocation 2 (Tet2), a DNA demethylase enzyme, has been identified as a master epigenetic regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity. We hypothesized that pregnancy will induce significant adaptive changes in aortic biomechanics that correlate with the Tet family gene expression. METHODS Abdominal aortas from pregnant and nonpregnant mice were dissected and cannulated. Intraluminal pressure was adjusted using a pressure-servo system while using a video dimension analyzer to measure the lumen diameter. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot was used to analyze the expression of Tet genes. Global genomic methylation was assessed with the luminometric methylation assay. RESULTS Compared to the nonpregnant (NP, 706 ± 8 µm) control group, the aortic luminal diameter was significantly increased in both E18.5 (836 ± 14 µm) and PP30 (889 ± 16 µm) mice. Distensibility was reduced in E18.5 (90 ± 4%) mice and returned to NP values (108 ± 2%) in PP30 (108 ± 3%) mice. Tet2 transcription decreased at the beginning of pregnancy and subsequently increased in late gestation, inversely corresponding to changes in global methylation. CONCLUSION Physiologic changes in the aorta were accompanied by changes in gene expression and genomic methylation, suggesting an epigenetic component to maternal vascular remodeling during pregnancy.
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Araos J, Sleeman JP, Garvalov BK. The role of hypoxic signalling in metastasis: towards translating knowledge of basic biology into novel anti-tumour strategies. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:563-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vitamin C promotes decitabine or azacytidine induced DNA hydroxymethylation and subsequent reactivation of the epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor CDKN1A in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32822-32840. [PMID: 30214687 PMCID: PMC6132357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes is a key hallmark of colorectal carcinogenesis. Despite this, the therapeutic potential of epigenetic agents capable of reactivating these silenced genes remains relatively unexplored. Evidence has shown the dietary antioxidant vitamin C (ascorbate) acts as an inducer of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, an enzyme family that catalyses a recently described mechanism of DNA demethylation linked to gene re-expression. In this study, we set out to determine whether vitamin C can enhance the known anti-neoplastic actions of the DNA-demethylating agents decitabine (DAC) and azacytidine (AZA) in colorectal cancer cells. Administration of vitamin C alone significantly enhanced global levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC), without altering 5-methyl-2’-deoxycytidine (5-mdC), as would be expected upon the activation of TET dioxygenases. Concomitant treatment of vitamin C with either AZA or DAC resulted in an unexpectedly high increase of global 5-hmdC levels, one that administration of any these compounds alone could not achieve. Notably, this was also accompanied by increased expression of the tumour suppressor p21 (CDKN1A), and a significant increase in apoptotic cell induction. Our in vitro data leads us to hypothesize that the reactivation of genes in colorectal cancer cells by AZA or DAC can be improved when the 5-hmdC levels are simultaneously increased by the TET activator vitamin C. The dual administration of demethylating agents and vitamin C to colorectal cancer patients, a demographic in which vitamin C deficiencies are common, may improve responses to epigenetic therapies.
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Laukka T, Myllykoski M, Looper RE, Koivunen P. Cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate analogues modify histone methylation by inhibiting histone lysine demethylases. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3081-3092. [PMID: 29981745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDDs) that regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Their dysregulation has been associated with many cancers. We set out to study the catalytic and inhibitory properties of human KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5B, KDM6A and KDM6B, aiming in particular to reveal which of these enzymes are targeted by cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues. We used affinity-purified insect cell-produced enzymes and synthetic peptides with trimethylated lysines as substrates for the in vitro enzyme activity assays. In addition, we treated breast cancer cell lines with cell-permeable forms of 2-OG analogues and studied their effects on the global histone methylation state. Our data show that KDMs have substrate specificity. Among the enzymes studied, KDM5B had the highest affinity for the peptide substrate but the lowest affinity for the 2-OG and the Fe2+ cosubstrate/cofactors. R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG) was the most efficient inhibitor of KDM6A, KDM4A and KDM4B, followed by S-2HG. This finding was supported by accumulations of the histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks in cells treated with the cell-permeable forms of these compounds. KDM5B was especially resistant to inhibition by R-2HG, while citrate was the most efficient inhibitor of KDM6B. We conclude that KDM catalytic activity is susceptible to inhibition by tumorigenic 2-OG analogues and suggest that the inhibition of KDMs is involved in the disease mechanism of cancers in which these compounds accumulate, such as the isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Laukka
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Myllykoski
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ryan E Looper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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