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Shaffer Z, Romero R, Tarca AL, Galaz J, Arenas-Hernandez M, Gudicha DW, Chaiworapongsa T, Jung E, Suksai M, Theis KR, Gomez-Lopez N. The vaginal immunoproteome for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth: A retrospective longitudinal study. eLife 2024; 13:e90943. [PMID: 38913421 PMCID: PMC11196114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most cases of preterm birth occur spontaneously and result from preterm labor with intact (spontaneous preterm labor [sPTL]) or ruptured (preterm prelabor rupture of membranes [PPROM]) membranes. The prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) remains underpowered due to its syndromic nature and the dearth of independent analyses of the vaginal host immune response. Thus, we conducted the largest longitudinal investigation targeting vaginal immune mediators, referred to herein as the immunoproteome, in a population at high risk for sPTB. Methods Vaginal swabs were collected across gestation from pregnant women who ultimately underwent term birth, sPTL, or PPROM. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides in the samples were quantified via specific and sensitive immunoassays. Predictive models were constructed from immune mediator concentrations. Results Throughout uncomplicated gestation, the vaginal immunoproteome harbors a cytokine network with a homeostatic profile. Yet, the vaginal immunoproteome is skewed toward a pro-inflammatory state in pregnant women who ultimately experience sPTL and PPROM. Such an inflammatory profile includes increased monocyte chemoattractants, cytokines indicative of macrophage and T-cell activation, and reduced antimicrobial proteins/peptides. The vaginal immunoproteome has improved predictive value over maternal characteristics alone for identifying women at risk for early (<34 weeks) sPTB. Conclusions The vaginal immunoproteome undergoes homeostatic changes throughout gestation and deviations from this shift are associated with sPTB. Furthermore, the vaginal immunoproteome can be leveraged as a potential biomarker for early sPTB, a subset of sPTB associated with extremely adverse neonatal outcomes. Funding This research was conducted by the Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS) under contract HHSN275201300006C. ALT, KRT, and NGL were supported by the Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Shaffer
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of EngineeringDetroitUnited States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State UniversityDetroitUnited States
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS)BethesdaUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State UniversityDetroitUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
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Ceylan HK, Kırbay FÖ, Yazgan İ, Elibol M. A colorimetric immunoassay for the detection of human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF 165) based on anti-VEGF-iron oxide nanoparticle conjugation. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:133. [PMID: 38353782 PMCID: PMC10867064 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an indispensable element in many physiological processes, while alterations in its level in the circulating system are signs of pathology-associated diseases. Therefore, its precise and selective detection is critical for clinical applications to monitor the progression of the pathology. In this study, an optical immunoassay biosensor was developed as a model study for detecting recombinant VEGF165. The VEGF165 sample was purified from recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis GG799 yeast cells. Indirect ELISA was used during the detection, wherein iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) were utilized to obtain optical signals. The FeNPs were synthesized in the presence of lactose p-amino benzoic acid (LpAB). VEGF165 antibody was conjugated to the LpAB-FeNPs through EDC/NHS chemistry to convert the iron oxide nanoparticles into VEGF165 specific probes. The specificity of the prepared system was tested in the presence of potential serum-based interferents (i.e., glucose, urea, insulin, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A), and validation studies were performed in a simulated serum sample. The proposed immunoassay showed a wide detection range (0.5 to 100 ng/mL) with a detection limit of 0.29 ng/mL. These results show that the developed assay could offer a sensitive, simple, specific, reliable, and high-throughput detection platform that can be used in the clinical diagnostics of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Kuduğ Ceylan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Öztürk Kırbay
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - İdris Yazgan
- Center for Biosensors and Material Science, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kastamonu University, 37100, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Murat Elibol
- Bioengineering Department, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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Bruschi M, Biancucci F, Masini S, Piacente F, Ligi D, Bartoccini F, Antonelli A, Mannello F, Bruzzone S, Menotta M, Fraternale A, Magnani M. The influence of redox modulation on hypoxic endothelial cell metabolic and proteomic profiles through a small thiol-based compound tuning glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Biofactors 2023; 49:1205-1222. [PMID: 37409789 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in oxygen levels is a key feature in the physiology of the bone marrow (BM) niche where hematopoiesis occurs. The BM niche is a highly vascularized tissue and endothelial cells (ECs) support and regulate blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While in vivo studies are limited, ECs when cultured in vitro at low O2 (<5%), fail to support functional HSC maintenance due to oxidative environment. Therefore, changes in EC redox status induced by antioxidant molecules may lead to alterations in the cellular response to hypoxia likely favoring HSC self-renewal. To evaluate the impact of redox regulation, HUVEC, exposed for 1, 6, and 24 h to 3% O2 were treated with N-(N-acetyl-l-cysteinyl)-S-acetylcysteamine (I-152). Metabolomic analyses revealed that I-152 increased glutathione levels and influenced the metabolic profiles interconnected with the glutathione system and the redox couples NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H. mRNA analysis showed a lowered gene expression of HIF-1α and VEGF following I-152 treatment whereas TRX1 and 2 were stimulated. Accordingly, the proteomic study revealed the redox-dependent upregulation of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxins that, together with the glutathione system, are the main regulators of intracellular ROS. Indeed, a time-dependent ROS production under hypoxia and a quenching effect of the molecule were evidenced. At the secretome level, the molecule downregulated IL-6, MCP-1, and PDGF-bb. These results suggest that redox modulation by I-152 reduces oxidative stress and ROS level in hypoxic ECs and may be a strategy to fine-tune the environment of an in vitro BM niche able to support functional HSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bruschi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Federica Biancucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Sofia Masini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, Genoa, GE, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
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Pérez-Gutiérrez L, Ferrara N. Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:816-834. [PMID: 37491579 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels, called angiogenesis, is an essential pathophysiological process in which several families of regulators have been implicated. Among these, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA; also known as VEGF) and its two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, represent a key signalling pathway mediating physiological angiogenesis and are also major therapeutic targets. VEGFA is a member of the gene family that includes VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD and placental growth factor (PLGF). Three decades after its initial isolation and cloning, VEGFA is arguably the most extensively investigated signalling system in angiogenesis. Although many mediators of angiogenesis have been identified, including members of the FGF family, angiopoietins, TGFβ and sphingosine 1-phosphate, all current FDA-approved anti-angiogenic drugs target the VEGF pathway. Anti-VEGF agents are widely used in oncology and, in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, are now the standard of care in multiple malignancies. Anti-VEGF drugs have also revolutionized the treatment of neovascular eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and ischaemic retinal disorders. In this Review, we emphasize the molecular, structural and cellular basis of VEGFA action as well as recent findings illustrating unexpected interactions with other pathways and provocative reports on the role of VEGFA in regenerative medicine. We also discuss clinical and translational aspects of VEGFA. Given the crucial role that VEGFA plays in regulating angiogenesis in health and disease, this molecule is largely the focus of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Preliminary Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance and Its Association with Neoangiogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020283. [PMID: 36670824 PMCID: PMC9855198 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs. In order to gain more information on the prognostic markers in MCT, the role of the eosinophil granulocytes infiltrates was investigated and assessed by the evaluation of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in 87 canine cutaneous MCTs. In human medicine, high TATE are often described in highly angiogenic tumors: we therefore assessed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neoplastic mast cells. TATE and VEGF expression were compared between themselves, with histological grading, immunohistochemical expression of KIT and Ki-67, and with the recurrence. We found a statistically significant correlation between TATE and Patnaik grading (p = 0.041), Kiupel grading (p = 0.022), immunohistochemical KIT expression (p = 0.015), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.000). No associations were observed with Ki-67 and VEGF expression. This is the first evaluation of TATE and its prognostic value in canine MCTs in veterinary oncology. This study suggest that this investigation could be an important source of information for this tumor and for other neoplasms.
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Subotički T, Mitrović Ajtić O, Živković E, Diklić M, Đikić D, Tošić M, Beleslin-Čokić B, Dragojević T, Gotić M, Santibanez JF, Čokić V. VEGF Regulation of Angiogenic Factors via Inflammatory Signaling in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136671. [PMID: 34206393 PMCID: PMC8268588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation has been recognized in neoplastic disorders, including myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), as an important regulator of angiogenesis. Aims: We investigated the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the expression of angiogenic factors, as well as inflammation-related signaling in mononuclear cells (MNC) of patients with MPN and JAK2V617F positive human erythroleukemic (HEL) cells. Results: We found that IL-6 did not change the expression of angiogenic factors in the MNC of patients with MPN and HEL cells. However, IL-6 and the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib significantly increased angiogenic factors—endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), VEGF, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α)—in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Furthermore, VEGF significantly increased the expression of HIF-1α and eNOS genes, the latter inversely regulated by PI3K and mTOR signaling in the MNC of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). VEGF and inhibitors of inflammatory JAK1/2, PI3K, and mTOR signaling reduced the eNOS protein expression in HEL cells. VEGF also decreased the expression of eNOS and HIF-1α proteins in the MNC of PMF. In contrast, VEGF increased eNOS and HIF-1α protein expression in the MNC of patients with PV, which was mediated by the inflammatory signaling. VEGF increased the level of IL-6 immunopositive MNC of MPN. In summary, VEGF conversely regulated gene and protein expression of angiogenic factors in the MNC of PMF, while VEGF increased angiogenic factor expression in PV mediated by the inflammation-related signaling. Conclusion: The angiogenic VEGF induction of IL-6 supports chronic inflammation that, through positive feedback, further promotes angiogenesis with concomitant JAK1/2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Subotički
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-112685788
| | - Olivera Mitrović Ajtić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Emilija Živković
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Miloš Diklić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Dragoslava Đikić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Milica Tošić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Bojana Beleslin-Čokić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Genetic Laboratory, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Teodora Dragojević
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
| | - Mirjana Gotić
- Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juan F. Santibanez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Vladan Čokić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.M.A.); (E.Ž.); (M.D.); (D.Đ.); (M.T.); (T.D.); (J.F.S.); (V.Č.)
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Angiopoietin-2 as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Incurable Stage IV Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:237-242. [PMID: 32166589 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiopoietin (Ang), a ligand of the endothelium-specific receptor Tie-2 system, is associated with tumor growth and progression that depend on angiogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive potential of angiopoietin factors in incurable stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have undergone primary tumor resection. METHODS The study included 40 consecutive patients with incurable stage IV CRC who underwent primary tumor resection at our hospital between 2011 and 2015. Patients were divided into subgroups of low and high Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2. Patient age and sex, tumor location, TNM stages, vascular invasion, chemotherapy, and overall survival were assessed. RESULTS The cut-off values of Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2 were 0.4, 1.8, and 15.0 ng/mL, respectively. Overall survival was significantly longer in the low Ang-2 group than in the high Ang-2 group. High Ang-2 levels were associated with age, N stage, and chemotherapy. Immunofluorescent staining of Ang-2 revealed that endothelial cells and cancer cells expressed Ang-2 in each case. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the serum Ang-2 level is associated with disease progression and is an important predictor of mortality in incurable stage IV CRC patients. Thus, it may be a useful prognostic biomarker in these patients.
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Wang H, Liang P, Zheng L, Long C, Li H, Zuo Y. eHSCPr discriminating the cell identity involved in endothelial to hematopoietic transition. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2157-2164. [PMID: 33532815 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all blood cells and play a vital role throughout the whole lifespan through their pluripotency and self-renewal properties. Accurately identifying the stages of early HSCs is extremely important, as it may open up new prospects for extracorporeal blood research. Existing experimental techniques for identifying the early stages of HSCs development are time-consuming and expensive. Machine learning has shown its excellence in massive single-cell data processing and it is desirable to develop related computational models as good complements to experimental techniques. RESULTS In this study, we presented a novel predictor called eHSCPr specifically for predicting the early stages of HSCs development. To reveal the distinct genes at each developmental stage of HSCs, we compared F-score with three state-of-art differential gene selection methods (limma, DESeq2, edgeR) and evaluated their performance. F-score captured the more critical surface markers of endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells, and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) value was 0.987. Based on SVM, the 10-fold cross-validation accuracy of eHSCpr in the independent dataset and the training dataset reached 94.84% and 94.19%, respectively. Importantly, we performed transcription analysis on the F-score gene set, which indeed further enriched the signal markers of HSCs development stages. eHSCPr can be a powerful tool for predicting early stages of HSCs development, facilitating hypothesis-driven experimental design and providing crucial clues for the in vitro blood regeneration studies. AVAILABILITY http://bioinfor.imu.edu.cn/ehscpr. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - ChunShen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - HanShuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yongchun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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Xiong B, Nie Y, Yu Y, Wang S, Zuo X. Reduced miR-16 levels are associated with VEGF upregulation in high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. J Cancer 2021; 12:1967-1977. [PMID: 33753995 PMCID: PMC7974534 DOI: 10.7150/jca.52455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major angiogenic factor, was found in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and showed different expression statuses in different risk groups of MDS. We aimed to investigate the possible role of microRNA (miR)-15a and miR-16 on the regulation of VEGF expression and their effect on angiogenesis in lower- and higher-risk MDS. Methods: We studied peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of MDS patients or several leukaemia and MDS cell lines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR for expression levels of VEGF, miR-15a and miR-16. MiRNA transfection and Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to investigate whether VEGF is a target of miR-16. Migration and tube formation assays were performed in cells exposed to medium from cells with overexpressed or knockdown miR-16. Results: It showed a significantly lower level of miR-16 in higher-risk MDS patients, while the VEGF levels were upregulated. Inverse correlation between VEGF and miR-16 were determined in cells lines including SKM-1, THP-1, and K562 cells. Overexpression of miR-16 in SKM-1 cells resulted in reduced VEGF secretion and cell protein levels. Direct binding of miR-16 to the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of VEGF was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. The migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells decreased in the presence of medium from SKM-1 cells with overexpressed miR-16. Conclusion: These data suggest that miR-16 may play a role in angiogenesis in higher-risk MDS by targeting VEGF and therefore modulating MDS progression. MiR-16 might be a novel therapeutic target in higher-risk MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Xiong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yalan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuelan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Pugazhendhi A, Hubbell M, Jairam P, Ambati B. Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1170. [PMID: 33504013 PMCID: PMC7866170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (exudative or wet AMD) is a prevalent, progressive retinal degenerative macular disease that is characterized by neovascularization of the choroid, mainly affecting the elderly population causing gradual vision impairment. Risk factors such as age, race, genetics, iris color, smoking, drinking, BMI, and diet all play a part in nvAMD's progression, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy being the mainstay of treatment. Current therapeutic advancements slow the progression of the disease but do not cure or reverse its course. Newer therapies such as gene therapies, Rho-kinase inhibitors, and levodopa offer potential new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunbalaji Pugazhendhi
- Knights Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (A.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Margaret Hubbell
- Knights Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (A.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Pooja Jairam
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Balamurali Ambati
- Knights Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (A.P.); (M.H.)
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11
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Stucker S, Chen J, Watt FE, Kusumbe AP. Bone Angiogenesis and Vascular Niche Remodeling in Stress, Aging, and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602269. [PMID: 33324652 PMCID: PMC7726257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) vascular niche microenvironments harbor stem and progenitor cells of various lineages. Bone angiogenesis is distinct and involves tissue-specific signals. The nurturing vascular niches in the BM are complex and heterogenous consisting of distinct vascular and perivascular cell types that provide crucial signals for the maintenance of stem and progenitor cells. Growing evidence suggests that the BM niche is highly sensitive to stress. Aging, inflammation and other stress factors induce changes in BM niche cells and their crosstalk with tissue cells leading to perturbed hematopoiesis, bone angiogenesis and bone formation. Defining vascular niche remodeling under stress conditions will improve our understanding of the BM vascular niche and its role in homeostasis and disease. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the current understanding of the BM vascular niches for hematopoietic stem cells and their malfunction during aging, bone loss diseases, arthritis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Stucker
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Junyu Chen
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fiona E. Watt
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali P. Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Rosolowski M, Ziepert M, Regitz E, Assmann G, Bewarder M, Held G, Pfreundschuh M, Bittenbring JT. VEGFR2 and VEGFA polymorphisms are not associated with an inferior prognosis in Caucasian patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2020; 106:100-104. [PMID: 32997825 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous published data showed an impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the VEGF A and VEGFR2 genes on the survival of patients with various malignancies, among others diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the role of four VEGF-A and two VEGFR-2 gene polymorphisms on the outcome of 273 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who were treated with R-CHOP within a prospective, randomized trial of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). The genomic DNA samples were analyzed using commercial DNA Probes (Applied Biosystems, USA) to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the VEGF A rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs3025039 and rs1870377, and rs2305948 in the VEGFR2 receptor. Hundred healthy blood donors served as a control. RESULTS There was no difference between the SNP allele frequencies in lymphoma patients compared to the control group for all investigated SNPs. None of the investigated SNPs was significantly associated with EFS or OS. After adjusting for the International Prognostic Index risk factors in a multivariate analysis, these results could be confirmed. CONCLUSION Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the VEGF and VEGFR2 were not associated with a worse outcome in Caucasian patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kaddu-Mulindwa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marita Ziepert
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Assmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bewarder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Held
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
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Gao H, Huang C, Zhao K, Chen X, Zhang X, Deng Y, Liu Z, Duan DD. Research Progress on the Molecular Mechanism by Which Depression Affects Bone Metabolism. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:738-746. [PMID: 32077753 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenyi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yaoge Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zongchao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - D D Duan
- Center for Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Phenomics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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14
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Network Pharmacology-Based Investigation of the System-Level Molecular Mechanisms of the Hematopoietic Activity of Samul-Tang, a Traditional Korean Herbal Formula. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9048089. [PMID: 32104198 PMCID: PMC7040423 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9048089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a dynamic process of the continuous production of diverse blood cell types to meet the body's physiological demands and involves complex regulation of multiple cellular mechanisms in hematopoietic stem cells, including proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis. Disruption of the hematopoietic system is known to cause various hematological disorders such as myelosuppression. There is growing evidence on the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on hematopoiesis; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a network pharmacological-based investigation of the system-level mechanisms underlying the hematopoietic activity of Samul-tang, which is an herbal formula consisting of four herbal medicines, including Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Cnidii Rhizoma. In silico analysis of the absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion model identified 16 active phytochemical compounds contained in Samul-tang that may target 158 genes/proteins associated with myelosuppression to exert pharmacological effects. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the targets of Samul-tang were significantly enriched in multiple pathways closely related to the hematopoiesis and myelosuppression development, including the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, IL-17, TNF, FoxO, HIF-1, NF-kappa B, and p53 signaling pathways. Our study provides novel evidence regarding the system-level mechanisms underlying the hematopoiesis-promoting effect of herbal medicines for hematological disorder treatment.
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15
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Gouveia-Fernandes S. Monocytes and Macrophages in Cancer: Unsuspected Roles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:161-185. [PMID: 32130699 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of cancer is undoubtedly affected by stroma. Macrophages belong to this microenvironment and their presence correlates with reduced survival in most cancers. After a tumor-induced "immunoediting", these monocytes/macrophages, originally the first line of defense against tumor cells, undergo a phenotypic switch and become tumor-supportive and immunosuppressive.The influence of these tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on cancer is present in all traits of carcinogenesis. These cells participate in tumor initiation and growth, migration, vascularization, invasion and metastasis. Although metastasis is extremely clinically relevant, this step is always reliant on the angiogenic ability of tumors. Therefore, the formation of new blood vessels in tumors assumes particular importance as a limiting step for disease progression.Herein, the once unsuspected roles of macrophages in cancer will be discussed and their importance as a promising strategy to treat this group of diseases will be reminded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gouveia-Fernandes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Canaider S, Facchin F, Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Bianconi E, Maioli M, Ventura C. Intracrine Endorphinergic Systems in Modulation of Myocardial Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205175. [PMID: 31635381 PMCID: PMC6829321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of peptides not only interact with the cell surface, but govern complex signaling from inside the cell. This has been referred to as an "intracrine" action, and the orchestrating molecules as "intracrines". Here, we review the intracrine action of dynorphin B, a bioactive end-product of the prodynorphin gene, on nuclear opioid receptors and nuclear protein kinase C signaling to stimulate the transcription of a gene program of cardiogenesis. The ability of intracrine dynorphin B to prime the transcription of its own coding gene in isolated nuclei is discussed as a feed-forward loop of gene expression amplification and synchronization. We describe the role of hyaluronan mixed esters of butyric and retinoic acids as synthetic intracrines, controlling prodynorphin gene expression, cardiogenesis, and cardiac repair. We also discuss the increase in prodynorphin gene transcription and intracellular dynorphin B afforded by electromagnetic fields in stem cells, as a mechanism of cardiogenic signaling and enhancement in the yield of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We underline the possibility of using the diffusive features of physical energies to modulate intracrinergic systems without the needs of viral vector-mediated gene transfer technologies, and prompt the exploration of this hypothesis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Canaider
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Facchin
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Tassinari
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cavallini
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Olivi
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Taglioli
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Zannini
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eva Bianconi
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ventura
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering - Eldor Lab, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Li F, Wang Y, Chen WL, Wang DD, Zhou YJ, You BG, Liu Y, Qu CX, Yang SD, Chen MT, Zhang XN. Co-delivery of VEGF siRNA and Etoposide for Enhanced Anti-angiogenesis and Anti-proliferation Effect via Multi-functional Nanoparticles for Orthotopic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5886-5898. [PMID: 31534526 PMCID: PMC6735374 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor angiogenesis pathway via VEGF siRNA (siVEGF) has shown great potential in treating highly malignant and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, anti-angiogenic monotherapy lacked sufficient antitumor efficacy which suffered from malignant tumor proliferation. Therefore, the combined application of siVEGF and chemotherapeutic agents for simultaneous targeting of tumor proliferation and angiogenesis has been a research hotspot to explore a promising NSCLC therapy regimen. Methods: We designed, for the first time, a rational therapy strategy via intelligently co-delivering siVEGF and chemotherapeutics etoposide (ETO) by multi-functional nanoparticles (NPs) directed against the orthotopic NSCLC. These NPs consisted of cationic liposomes loaded with siVEGF and ETO and then coated with versatile polymer PEGylated histidine-grafted chitosan-lipoic acid (PHCL). We then comprehensively evaluated the anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferation efficiency in the in vitro tumor cell model and in bioluminescent orthotopic lung tumor bearing mice model. Results: The NPs co-delivering siVEGF and ETO exhibited tailor-made surface charge reversal features in mimicking tumor extracellular environment with improved internal tumor penetration capacity and higher cellular internalization. Furthermore, these NPs with flexible particles size triggered by intracellular acidic environment and redox environment showed pinpointed and sharp intracellular cargo release guaranteeing adequate active drug concentration in tumor cells. Enhanced VEGF gene expression silencing efficacy and improved tumor cell anti-proliferation effect were demonstrated in vitro. In addition, the PHCL layer improved the stability of these NPs in neutral environment allowing enhanced orthotopic lung tumor targeting efficiency in vivo. The combined therapy by siVEGF and ETO co-delivered NPs for orthotopic NSCLC simultaneously inhibited tumor proliferation and tumor angiogenesis resulting in more significant suppression of tumor growth and metastasis than monotherapy. Conclusion: Combined application of siVEGF and ETO by the multi-functional NPs with excellent and on-demand properties exhibited the desired antitumor effect on the orthotopic lung tumor. Our work has significant potential in promoting combined anti-angiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy regimen for clinical NSCLC treatment.
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18
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Rajabi S, Dehghan MH, Dastmalchi R, Jalali Mashayekhi F, Salami S, Hedayati M. The roles and role-players in thyroid cancer angiogenesis. Endocr J 2019; 66:277-293. [PMID: 30842365 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine cancer worldwide. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of tumors. Over the past years, cancer research has focused on the ability of tumors to induce newly formed blood vessel, because tumor growth and the process of cancer metastasis mainly depends on angiogenesis. Tumor neovascularization occurs following the imbalance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors until the tumor switches to an angiogenic phenotype. A number of signaling factors and receptors that are implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis have been identified and characterized; most notably, the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) family and their receptors, which are the main pro-angiogenic molecules during early development and in pathological conditions such as cancer. Although thyroid is a highly vascularized organ, angiogenic switch in tumors of this organ leads to the formation of a vast network of blood vessels that favors the dissemination of tumor cells to distant organs and results in deterioration of patient conditions. Accordingly, the identification of key angiogenic biomarkers for thyroid cancer can facilitate diagnosis, prognosis and clinical decision-making and also may help to discover targeting factors for effective cancer therapy as well as monitoring response to therapy. Hence, the main purposes of this review are to summarize the types and mechanisms of angiogenesis emphasizing the prominent factors implicated in thyroid cancer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Romina Dastmalchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Siamak Salami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Zuo X. Cytokines frequently implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cytokine X 2019; 1:100005. [PMID: 33604548 PMCID: PMC7885877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MPN is a chronic inflammation-driven tumor model. Many cytokines are involved in pathogenesis and progression of MPN. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, PDGF, TGF-β and IFNs are critical in MPN. Cytokine directed therapy could be an alternative treatment for MPN in future.
Classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). MPN has been defined as a chronic inflammation-driven tumor model. It is clear that there is a close link between chronic inflammation and MPN pathogenesis. Several studies have demonstrated cytokine profiles in MPN patients. Other studies have used cell lines or animal models aiming to clarify the underlying mechanism of cytokines in the pathogenesis of MPN. However, important questions remain: (1) among all these cytokines, which are more predictive? and (2) which are more critical? In this review, we summarize cytokines that have been investigated in MPN and highlight several cytokines that may be more significant in MPN. We suggest that cytokines are more critical in PMF than PV or ET. These cytokines include IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, PDGF, IFNs and TGF-β, all of which should be more closely investigated in MPN. Based on our extensive literature search, several key factors have emerged in our understanding of MPN: first, TNF-α could correlate with MPN progression including PMF, PV and ET. IL-1β plays a role in PMF progression, while it showed no relation with PV or ET. Second, IL-8 could be a prognostic factor for PMF, and IL-6 could be important for MPN progression. Third, VEGF and PDGF play an indirect role in MPN development and their inhibitors could be effective. Fourth, different subtypes of IFNs could have different effects in MPN. Finally, TGF-β is closely linked to MF, although the data are inconsistent. Agents that have targeted these cytokines described above are already in clinical trials, and some of them have even been used to treat MPN patients. Taken together, it will be critical to continue to investigate the precise role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis and progression of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xuelan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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Medinger M, Drexler B, Lengerke C, Passweg J. Pathogenesis of Acquired Aplastic Anemia and the Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:587. [PMID: 30568919 PMCID: PMC6290278 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by bone marrow (BM) hypocellularity, resulting in peripheral cytopenias. An antigen-driven and likely auto-immune dysregulated T-cell homeostasis results in hematopoietic stem cell injury, which ultimately leads to the pathogenesis of the acquired form of this disease. Auto-immune and inflammatory processes further influence the disease course as well as response rate to therapy, mainly consisting of intensive immunosuppressive therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are strongly regulated by the crosstalk with the surrounding microenvironment and its components like mesenchymal stromal cells, also consistently altered in AA. Whether latter is a contributing cause or rather consequence of the disease remains an open question. Overall, niche disruption may contribute to disease progression, sustain pancytopenia and promote clonal evolution. Here we review the existing knowledge on BM microenvironmental changes in acquired AA and discuss their relevance for the pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Medinger
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Drexler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Passweg
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Dubnika A, Manoukian MA, Mohammadi MR, Parekh MB, Gurjarpadhye AA, Inayathullah M, Dubniks V, Lakey JR, Rajadas J. Cytokines as therapeutic agents and targets in heart disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 43:54-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Yang JG, Wang LL, Ma DC. Effects of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors on megakaryocytes and platelets and related diseases. Br J Haematol 2017; 180:321-334. [PMID: 29076133 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, VEGFRs) are expressed in different tissues, and VEGF-VEGFR loops regulate a wide range of responses, including metabolic homeostasis, cell proliferation, migration and tubuleogenesis. As ligands, VEGFs act on three structurally related VEGFRs (VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 [also termed FLT1, KDR and FLT4, respectively]) that deliver downstream signals. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), megakaryocytic cell lines, cultured megakaryocytes (MKs), primary MKs and abnormal MKs express and secrete VEGFs. During the development from HSCs to MKs, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 are expressed at different developmental stages, respectively, and re-expressed, e.g., VEGFR2, and play different roles in commitment, differentiation, proliferation, survival and polyplodization of HSCs/MKs via autocrine, paracrine and/or even intracrine loops. Moreover, VEGFs and their receptors are abnormally expressed in MK-related diseases, including myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes and acute megakaryocytic leukaemia (a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia), and they lead to the disordered proliferation/differentiation of bone marrow cells and angiogenesis, indicating that they are closely related to these diseases. Thus, targeting VEGF-VEGFR loops may be of potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gang Yang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong-Chu Ma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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23
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Chondrou V, Kolovos P, Sgourou A, Kourakli A, Pavlidaki A, Kastrinou V, John A, Symeonidis A, Ali BR, Papachatzopoulou A, Katsila T, Patrinos GP. Whole transcriptome analysis of human erythropoietic cells during ontogenesis suggests a role of VEGFA gene as modulator of fetal hemoglobin and pharmacogenomic biomarker of treatment response to hydroxyurea in β-type hemoglobinopathy patients. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 29061162 PMCID: PMC5654038 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human erythropoiesis is characterized by distinct gene expression profiles at various developmental stages. Previous studies suggest that fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch is regulated by a complex mechanism, in which many key players still remain unknown. Here, we report our findings from whole transcriptome analysis of erythroid cells, isolated from erythroid tissues at various developmental stages in an effort to identify distinct molecular signatures of each erythroid tissue. RESULTS From our in-depth data analysis, pathway analysis, and text mining, we opted to focus on the VEGFA gene, given its gene expression characteristics. Selected VEGFA genomic variants, identified through linkage disequilibrium analysis, were explored further for their association with elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in β-type hemoglobinopathy patients. Our downstream analysis of non-transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients, β-thalassemia major patients, compound heterozygous sickle cell disease/β-thalassemia patients receiving hydroxyurea as fetal hemoglobin augmentation treatment, and non-thalassemic individuals indicated that VEGFA genomic variants were associated with disease severity in β-thalassemia patients and hydroxyurea treatment efficacy in SCD/β-thalassemia compound heterozygous patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VEGFA may act as a modifier gene of human globin gene expression and, at the same time, serve as a genomic biomarker in β-type hemoglobinopathy disease severity and hydroxyurea treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Chondrou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alexandra Kourakli
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Pavlidaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece.,Present address: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire IGBMC/CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 67404 ILLKIRCH, BP 10142, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Vlasia Kastrinou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece
| | - Anne John
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Argiris Symeonidis
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Theodora Katsila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece. .,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. .,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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24
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Palodetto B, da Silva Santos Duarte A, Rodrigues Lopes M, Adolfo Corrocher F, Roversi FM, Soares Niemann F, Priscila Vieira Ferro K, Leda Figueiredo Longhini A, Melo Campos P, Favaro P, Teresinha Olalla Saad S. SEMA3A partially reverses VEGF effects through binding to neuropilin-1. Stem Cell Res 2017. [PMID: 28636974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is essential for HSCs regulation and leukemogenesis. Studying bone marrow of myelodysplasia patients, a pre-leukemic condition, we found mRNA overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in CD34+ HSCs and semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) in BMSCs. To better understand the role of VEGFA and SEMA3A in leukemogenesis, we recruited 30 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients, 29 acute myeloid leukemia (6 secondary to MDS) patients and 12 controls. We found higher VEGFA expression in de novo AML patients (without prior MDS) group (p=0.0073) and higher SEMA3A expression in all BMSCs patient's samples compared to control group. We then overexpressed VEGFA in an acute myelogenous leukemia cell line, KG1 cells, and in normal CD34+ cells. This overexpression increased KG1 (p=0.045) and CD34+ cell (p=0.042) viability and KG1 (p=0.042) and CD34+ cell (p=0.047) proliferation. Moreover, KG1 and CD34+ cells overexpressing VEGFA also had increased proliferation when co-cultured with human marrow stromal HS5 cells (p=0.045 and p=0.02, respectively). However, co-culture of these transformed cells with HS5 cells overexpressing SEMA3A reduced KG1 (p=0.004) and CD34+ (p=0.009) proliferation. Co-culture of KG1 transformed cells with HS27 cells overexpressing SEMA3A reduced KG1 proliferation as well (p=0.01). To investigate whether the dominant SEMA3A effect over VEGFA could be due to competition for neuropilin1 receptor (NRP1), we performed immunoprecipitation with anti-NRP1 antibody of cell extracts of co-cultured KG1 and HS5 cells, induced or not by VEGFA and SEMA3A recombinant proteins. Results showed a preferential association of NRP1 with SEMA3A, suggesting that SEMA3A can partially reverse the effects caused by the VEGFA preventing its binding with the NRP1 receptor. Since both hematopoietic cells, leukemic and normal, showed similar behavior, we suppose that the attempt to reversion of VEGF effects by SEMA3A is a homeostatic phenomenon in the hematopoietic niche. Finally, we conclude that VEGFA overexpression confers AML cell advantages and SEMA3A may partially reverse this effect; thus, SEMA3A protein combined with VEGFA inhibitors could be beneficial for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Palodetto
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana da Silva Santos Duarte
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rodrigues Lopes
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flavia Adolfo Corrocher
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marconi Roversi
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Soares Niemann
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karla Priscila Vieira Ferro
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda Figueiredo Longhini
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo Campos
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil.
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25
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Lakshmanan R, Ukani G, Rishi MT, Maulik N. Trimodal rescue of hind limb ischemia with growth factors, cells, and nanocarriers: fundamentals to clinical trials. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1125-1140. [PMID: 28407473 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is a severe medical condition commonly characterized by critical or acute limb ischemia. Gradual accumulation of thrombotic plaques in peripheral arteries of the lower limb may lead to intermittent claudication or ischemia in muscle tissue. Ischemic muscle tissue with lesions may become infected, resulting in a non-healing wound. Stable progression of the non-healing wound associated with severe ischemia might lead to functional deterioration of the limb, which, depending on the severity, can result in amputation. Immediate rescue of ischemic muscles through revascularization strategies is considered the gold standard to treat critical limb ischemia. Growth factors offer multiple levels of protection in revascularization of ischemic tissue. In this review, the basic mechanism through which growth factors exert their beneficial properties to rescue the ischemic limb is extensively discussed. Moreover, clinical trials based on growth factor and stem cell therapy to treat critical limb ischemia are considered. The clinical utility of stem cell therapy for the treatment of limb ischemia is explained and recent advances in nanocarrier technology for selective growth factor and stem cell supplementation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Lakshmanan
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Gopi Ukani
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Muhammad Tipu Rishi
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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26
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Vascular and perivascular niches, but not the osteoblastic niche, are numerically restored following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:71-81. [PMID: 28303517 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) niches, including the osteoblastic, vascular, and perivascular niches, are numerically impaired in patients with aplastic anemia (AA). It remains unclear whether these niches are numerically restored in AA patients after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). To investigate changes in BM niches, we monitored 52 patients with AA who had undergone allo-HSCT and performed immunohistochemical studies of BM niches using antibodies against CD34, CD146, and osteopontin. After allo-HSCT, patients with AA exhibited a remarkable increase in the number of cellular elements in the BM niches, including the vascular and perivascular cells. However, no significant differences in endosteal cells were detected. We explored the cause of this restoration by analyzing the origin of BM mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and the expression of cytokines in BM plasma. STR-PCR revealed that the BM-MSCs were derived from the host, not the donor. In addition, significantly elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were found after allo-HSCT. Our data indicates that vascular and perivascular niches are numerically restored, but the endosteal niche remains numerically impaired in patients with AA after allo-HSCT, and that levels of VEGF, but not donor-derived BM-MSCs, may correlate with the restoration of BM niches.
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27
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Alirahimi E, Ashkiyan A, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Azadmanesh K, Hosseininejad-Chafi M, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Moazami R, Behdani M. Intrabody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 mediates downregulation of surface localization. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:33-37. [PMID: 27982020 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is among the most important mechanisms that helps cancer cells to survive, grow and undergo metastasis. Therefore, inhibiting angiogenesis will suppress tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) are believed to be important players of angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the success of a novel nanobody against VEGFR2 in tethering its target inside the endoplasmic reticulum and preventing its transport to the cell membrane. Nanobody sequence was cloned in a mammalian vector in fusion with green fluorescent protein and a KDEL retention signal. After transfection of 293KDR cells with this expression vector, surface localization of VEGFR2 was monitored by flow cytometry. This study demonstrates that our intrananobody is effective in targeting VEGFR2 receptor, and therefore, it is a powerful tool to downregulate a surface-exposed target protein, and in this capacity, it has potential to be used as a therapeutic protein to inhibit growth of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alirahimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ashkiyan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Azadmanesh
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hosseininejad-Chafi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - R Moazami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Parsons B, Foley E. Cellular immune defenses of Drosophila melanogaster. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:95-101. [PMID: 26748247 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a widely used model for the characterization of blood cell development and function, with an array of protocols for the manipulation and visualization of fixed or live cells in vitro or in vivo. Researchers have deployed these techniques to reveal Drosophila hemocytes as a remarkably versatile cell type that engulfs apoptotic corpses; neutralizes invading parasites; seals epithelial wounds; and deposits extracellular matrix proteins. In this review, we will discuss the key features of Drosophila hemocyte development and function, and identify similarities with vertebrate counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Parsons
- 1B3.14, 8440-112 Street, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- University of Alberta, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada.
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29
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Kumar R, Deep G, Wempe MF, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Procyanidin B2 3,3″-di-O-gallate inhibits endothelial cells growth and motility by targeting VEGFR2 and integrin signaling pathways. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 15:14-26. [PMID: 25552257 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666141229102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting angiogenesis, one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis, using non-toxic phytochemicals has emerged as a translational opportunity for angioprevention and to control advanced stages of malignancy. Herein, we investigated the inhibitory effects and associated mechanism/s of action of Procyanidin B2-3,3″-di- O-gallate (B2G2), a major component of grape seed extract, on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human prostate microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). Our results showed that B2G2 (10-40 μM) inhibits growth and induces death in both HUVECs and HPMECs. Additional studies revealed that B2G2 causes a G1 arrest in cell cycle progression of HUVECs by down-regulating cyclins (D1 and A), CDKs (Cdk2 and Cdc2) and Cdc25c phosphatase and up-regulating CDK inhibitors (p21 and p27) expression. B2G2 also induced strong apoptotic death in HUVECs through increasing p53, Bax and Smac/Diablo expression while decreasing Bcl-2 and survivin levels. Additionally, B2G2 inhibited the growth factors-induced capillary tube formation in HUVECs and HPMECs. Interestingly, conditioned media (CCM) from prostate cancer (PCA) cells (LNCaP and PC3) grown under normoxic (~21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions significantly enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs, which was compromised in presence of conditioned media from B2G2-treated PCA cells. B2G2 also inhibited the motility and invasiveness of both HUVECs and HPMECs. Mechanistic studies showed that B2G2 targets VEGFR2/PI3K/Akt and integrin signaling molecules which are important for endothelial cells survival, proliferation, tube formation and motility. Overall, we report that B2G2 inhibits several attributes of angiogenesis in cell culture; therefore, it warrants further investigation for efficacy for angioprevention and cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chapla Agarwal
- University of Colorado Denver, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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30
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Liu FT, Ou-Yang X, Zhang GP, Luo HL. Nanobodies for targeted treatment of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3714-3719. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i23.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development and application of monoclonal antibody-based targeted therapy drugs in recent years, some achievements have been made in the treatment of gastric cancer; however, because their preparation is relatively complex and expensive, their application is limited. Nanobodies have some advantages over conventional molecular targeted drugs, such as small molecular weight and unique structural features, and provide a new treatment strategy for targeted therapy of gastric cancer. In this paper, we review the nanobodies that have the potential for targeted treatment of gastric cancer.
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31
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A mechanism for mineralocortcoid participation in renal disease and heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:586-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Richey JD, North JP. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in a Pyogenic Granuloma. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:375-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Sopko R, Lin YB, Makhijani K, Alexander B, Perrimon N, Brückner K. A systems-level interrogation identifies regulators of Drosophila blood cell number and survival. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005056. [PMID: 25749252 PMCID: PMC4352040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell number is typically determined by a balance of intracellular signals that positively and negatively regulate cell survival and proliferation. Dissecting these signaling networks facilitates the understanding of normal development and tumorigenesis. Here, we study signaling by the Drosophila PDGF/VEGF Receptor (Pvr) in embryonic blood cells (hemocytes) and in the related cell line Kc as a model for the requirement of PDGF/VEGF receptors in vertebrate cell survival and proliferation. The system allows the investigation of downstream and parallel signaling networks, based on the ability of Pvr to activate Ras/Erk, Akt/TOR, and yet-uncharacterized signaling pathway/s, which redundantly mediate cell survival and contribute to proliferation. Using Kc cells, we performed a genome wide RNAi screen for regulators of cell number in a sensitized, Pvr deficient background. We identified the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Insulin-like receptor (InR) as a major Pvr Enhancer, and the nuclear hormone receptors Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp), corresponding to mammalian Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), as Pvr Suppressors. In vivo analysis in the Drosophila embryo revealed a previously unrecognized role for EcR to promote apoptotic death of embryonic blood cells, which is balanced with pro-survival signaling by Pvr and InR. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrates distinct modes of cell number regulation by EcR and RTK signaling. We define common phosphorylation targets of Pvr and InR that include regulators of cell survival, and unique targets responsible for specialized receptor functions. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that the selection of phosphorylation targets by signaling receptors shows qualitative changes depending on the signaling status of the cell, which may have wide-reaching implications for other cell regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Sopko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - You Bin Lin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Makhijani
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brandy Alexander
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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34
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Kim WS, Zhu Y, Deng Q, Chin CJ, He CB, Grieco AJ, Dravid GG, Parekh C, Hollis RP, Lane TF, Bouhassira EE, Kohn DB, Crooks GM. Erythropoiesis from human embryonic stem cells through erythropoietin-independent AKT signaling. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1503-14. [PMID: 24677652 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlimited self renewal capacity and differentiation potential make human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) a promising source for the ex vivo manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs) for safe transfusion. Current methods to induce erythropoiesis from PSC suffer from low yields of RBCs, most of which are immature and contain embryonic and fetal rather than adult hemoglobins. We have previously shown that homodimerization of the intracellular component of MPL (ic-MPL) induces erythropoiesis from human cord blood progenitors. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of ic-MPL dimerization to induce erythropoiesis from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and to identify the signaling pathways activated by this strategy. We present here the evidence that ic-MPL dimerization induces erythropoietin (EPO)-independent erythroid differentiation from hESC by inducing the generation of erythroid progenitors and by promoting more efficient erythroid maturation with increased RBC enucleation as well as increased gamma:epsilon globin ratio and production of beta-globin protein. ic-MPL dimerization is significantly more potent than EPO in inducing erythropoiesis, and its effect is additive to EPO. Signaling studies show that dimerization of ic-MPL, unlike stimulation of the wild type MPL receptor, activates AKT in the absence of JAK2/STAT5 signaling. AKT activation upregulates GATA-1 and FOXO3 transcriptional pathways with resulting inhibition of apoptosis, modulation of cell cycle, and enhanced maturation of erythroid cells. These findings open up potential new targets for the generation of therapeutically relevant RBC products from hPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA),, Los Angeles, California, USA
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A possible mechanism for the progression of chronic renal disease and congestive heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:54-63. [PMID: 25539896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as various forms of chronic renal disease and systolic congestive heart failure, are among the most common progressive degenerative disorders encountered in medicine. Each disease follows a nearly relentless course, albeit at varying rates, driven by progressive cell dysfunction and drop-out. The neurologic diseases are characterized by the progressive spread of disease-causing proteins (prion-like proteins) from cell to cell. Recent evidence indicates that cell autonomous renin angiotensin systems operate in heart and kidney, and it is known that functional intracrine proteins can also spread between cells. This then suggests that certain progressive degenerative cardiovascular disorders such as forms of chronic renal insufficiency and systolic congestive heart failure result from dysfunctional renin angiotensin system intracrine action spreading in kidney or myocardium.
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Stimulatory effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on progesterone production and survivability of cultured bubaline luteal cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gold KS, Brückner K. Drosophila as a model for the two myeloid blood cell systems in vertebrates. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:717-27. [PMID: 24946019 PMCID: PMC5013032 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fish, mice, and humans rely on two coexisting myeloid blood cell systems. One is sustained by hematopoietic progenitor cells, which reside in specialized microenvironments (niches) in hematopoietic organs and give rise to cells of the monocyte lineage. The other system corresponds to the independent lineage of self-renewing tissue macrophages, which colonize organs during embryonic development and are maintained during later life by proliferation in local tissue microenvironments. However, little is known about the nature of these microenvironments and their regulation. Moreover, many vertebrate tissues contain a mix of both tissue-resident and monocyte-derived macrophages, posing a challenge to the study of lineage-specific regulatory mechanisms and function. This review highlights how research in the simple model organism Drosophila melanogaster can address many of these outstanding questions in the field. Drawing parallels between hematopoiesis in Drosophila and vertebrates, we illustrate the evolutionary conservation of the two myeloid systems across animal phyla. Much like vertebrates, Drosophila possesses a lineage of self-renewing tissue-resident macrophages, which we refer to as tissue hemocytes, as well as a "definitive" lineage of macrophages that derive from hematopoiesis in the progenitor-based lymph gland. We summarize key findings from Drosophila hematopoiesis that illustrate how local microenvironments, systemic signals, immune challenges, and nervous inputs regulate adaptive responses of tissue-resident macrophages and progenitor-based hematopoiesis to maximize fitness of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Farzam P, Lindner C, Weigel UM, Suarez M, Urbano-Ispizua A, Durduran T. Noninvasive characterization of the healthy human manubrium using diffuse optical spectroscopies. Physiol Meas 2014; 35:1469-91. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/7/1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fan Y, Peng A, He S, Shao X, Nie C, Chen L. Isogambogenic acid inhibits tumour angiogenesis by suppressing Rho GTPases and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signalling pathway. J Chemother 2014; 25:298-308. [PMID: 24070138 DOI: 10.1179/1973947813y.0000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isogambogenic acid (iso-GNA) is a well-known herbal medicine extracted from Garcinia hanburyi. Although it is thought to have anti-tumour effects, its function is still unknown. This study carried out in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the anti-tumour and anti-angiogenic activity of iso-GNA and underlying mechanisms. A standard methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay showed that iso-GNA was more effective in inhibiting the proliferation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells than A549 cancer cells. Iso-GNA demonstrated potent anti-angiogenic activity and low toxicity at appropriate concentrations in zebrafish embryos. In a xenograft nude mouse model of lung tumour, iso-GNA effectively inhibited tumour growth and tumour angiogenesis. Iso-GNA suppressed neovascularization of implanted matrigel plugs in vivo and inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced microvessel sprouting from mouse aortic rings ex vivo. Iso-GNA inhibited VEGF-induced migration, invasion, and tube formation in vitro and affected cytoskeletal rearrangement in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. The results show that iso-GNA suppressed angiogenesis-mediated tumour growth by targeting VEGFR2, Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Rho GTPase, vascular endothelium-cadherin, and focal adhesion kinase signalling pathways. Together, these data suggest that iso-GNA inhibits angiogenesis and may be a viable drug candidate in anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Subconjunctival injection of low-molecular-weight heparin-taurocholate 7 inhibits corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2014; 32:1488-92. [PMID: 24055905 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3182a48009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a subconjunctival injection of low-molecular-weight heparin-taurocholate 7 (LHT7) on corneal neovascularization (CoNV) in rats. METHODS Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Corneal centers were cauterized by the application of a silver/potassium nitrate solution for 8 seconds. Either 0.02 or 0.04 mL of 25 mg/mL of LHT7 (low- and high-LHT7 groups, respectively) was subconjunctivally injected on days 2 and 4 after the cauterization was done; 0.02 mL of 25 mg/mL of bevacizumab was injected into rats in the positive control group, with normal saline (NS) being administered to a negative control group. Digital photographs of the cornea were taken 1 and 2 weeks later to calculate the percentage of CoNV using the area of the neovascularized cornea. To compare the differences in CoNV between weeks 1 and 2, the change in CoNV was calculated by subtracting the percentage of CoNV at 1 week from that at 2 weeks. RESULTS The percentage of CoNV did not differ among the 4 groups either 1 or 2 weeks after the cauterization (P > 0.05). In all groups except the NS group, the percentage of CoNV significantly decreased at 2 weeks compared with that at 1 week (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the changes of CoNV in the high-LHT7 and bevacizumab groups significantly decreased compared with that in the NS group (all P < 0.05). Two corneal stromal hemorrhages occurred, 1 in each LHT7 group. CONCLUSIONS Despite complications, including corneal stromal hemorrhage, subconjunctival injection of LHT7 attenuated CoNV after chemical cauterization.
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Ramakrishnan S, Anand V, Roy S. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in hypoxia and inflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:142-60. [PMID: 24610033 PMCID: PMC4048289 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection, cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes for morbidity and mortality in the United States according to the Center for Disease Control. The underlying etiology that contributes to the severity of these diseases is either hypoxia induced inflammation or inflammation resulting in hypoxia. Therefore, molecular mechanisms that regulate hypoxia-induced adaptive responses in cells are important areas of investigation. Oxygen availability is sensed by molecular switches which regulate synthesis and secretion of growth factors and inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, tissue microenvironment is altered by re-programming metabolic pathways, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, pH homeostasis to facilitate tissue remodeling. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the central mediator of hypoxic response. HIF regulates several hundred genes and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the primary target genes. Understanding the regulation of HIF and its influence on inflammatory response offers unique opportunities for drug development to modulate inflammation and ischemia in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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42
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Ex vivo expansion of functional human UCB-HSCs/HPCs by coculture with AFT024-hkirre cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:412075. [PMID: 24719861 PMCID: PMC3955665 DOI: 10.1155/2014/412075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Kiaa1867 (human Kirre, hKirre) has a critical role in brain development and/or maintenance of the glomerular slit diaphragm in kidneys. Murine homolog of this gene, mKirre expressed in OP9 and AFT024 cells could support hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) expansion in vitro. HKirre is also expressed in human FBMOB-hTERT cell line and fetal liver fibroblast-like cells but its function has remained unclear. In this paper, we cloned a hKirre gene from human fetal liver fibroblast-like cells and established a stably overexpressing hKirre-AFT024 cell line. Resultant cells could promote self-renewal and ex vivo expansion of HSCs/HPCs significantly higher than AFT024-control cells transformed with mock plasmid. The Expanded human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) CD34+ cells retained the capacity of multipotent differentiation as long as 8 weeks and successfully repopulated the bone marrow of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice, which demonstrated the expansion of long-term primitive transplantable HSCs/HPCs. Importantly, hkirre could upregulate the expressions of Wnt-5A, BMP4, and SDF-1 and downregulate TGF-β with other hematopoietic growth factors. By SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis, a ~89 kDa protein in total lysate of AFT024-hKirre was identified. Supernatants from AFT024-hkirre could also support CD34+CD38− cells expansion. These results demonstrated that the AFT024-hKirre cells have the ability to efficiently expand HSCs/HPCs.
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London NR, Gurgel RK. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular stability in diseases of the ear. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:E340-6. [PMID: 24347479 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical mediator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis and likely plays an important role in cochlear function and hearing. This review highlights the role of VEGF in hearing loss associated with vestibular schwannomas, otitis media with effusion, and sensorineural hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN PubMed literature review. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted to determine the role of VEGF in diseases affecting hearing. RESULTS Therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated for the anti-VEGF agent bevacizumab in vestibular schwannomas, with tumor size reduction and hearing improvement in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. The loss of functional Merlin, the protein product of the nf2 gene, results in a decrease in expression of the anti-angiogenic protein SEMA3F through a Rac-1-dependent mechanism, allowing VEGF to promote angiogenesis. Bevacizumab may therefore restore the angiogenic balance through inhibiting the relative increase in VEGF. Many of the clinical findings of otitis media with effusion can be reproduced by delivery of recombinant VEGF through transtympanic injection or submucosal osmotic pump. VEGF receptor inhibitors have been demonstrated to improve hearing in an animal model of otitis media with effusion. VEGF affects both the inner ear damage and repair processes in sensorineural hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS VEGF has an important role in vestibular schwannomas, otitis media with effusion, and sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyall R London
- Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Abstract
Human cancer has been one of the most difficult and tenacious problems that has defied many therapeutic regimens in the past. In recent years, there has been an explosive growth in our knowledge about molecular cell biology of cancer leading to the development of several molecularly targeted therapies. These therapeutic agents are used specifically for those tumors that are found to be susceptible to such a therapeutic approach. These therapies include a variety of monoclonal antibodies that target cell-surface receptors or, in some cases, their ligands. A second type of targeted therapies consists of small molecules that are designed to inhibit tyrosine kinase activity within the cancer cells. Despite initial optimism, this approach to cancer therapy is proven to be problematic because of inherent cancer heterogeneity and frequent development of drug resistance. The targeted therapies have improved survival time for many cancer patients but have not provided any definitive cures. The treating physicians constantly face the daunting challenge of balancing expected benefit with risk for complications, to achieve the most successful outcome. Still, the results often fall short of expectations. Personalized cancer treatment on the basis of targeted therapies is certainly an achievable goal, but more work is needed to make it a reality.
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Holzer TR, Fulford AD, Nedderman DM, Umberger TS, Hozak RR, Joshi A, Melemed SA, Benjamin LE, Plowman GD, Schade AE, Ackermann BL, Konrad RJ, Nasir A. Tumor cell expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80292. [PMID: 24244672 PMCID: PMC3828187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for VEGFR2 was developed to investigate its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials. The sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity of the IHC assay were established by siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and pre-absorption experiments. Characterization of the assay included screening a panel of multiple human cancer tissues and an independent cohort of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC, n = 118) characterized by TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and CK7 IHC. VEGFR2 immunoreactivity was interpreted qualitatively (VEGFR2 positive/negative) in blood vessels and by semi-quantitative evaluation using H-scores in tumor cells (0-300). Associations were determined among combinations of VEGFR2 expression in blood vessels and tumor cells, and clinico-pathologic characteristics (age, sex, race, histologic subtype, disease stage) and overall survival using Kaplan-Meier analyses and appropriate statistical models. VEGFR2 expression both in blood vessels and in tumor cells in carcinomas of the lung, cervix, larynx, breast, and others was demonstrated. In the validation cohort, 99/118 (83.9%) NSCLC tissues expressed VEGFR2 in the blood vessels and 46/118 (39.0%) showed high tumor cell positivity (H-score ≥10). Vascular and tumor cell expression were inversely correlated (p = 0.0175). High tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 was associated with a 3.7-fold reduction in median overall survival in lung squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 25, p = 0.0134). The inverse correlation between vascular and tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 and the adverse prognosis associated with high VEGFR2 expression in immunohistochemically characterized pulmonary SCC are new findings with potential therapeutic implications. The robustness of this novel IHC assay will support further evaluation of its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Holzer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angie D. Fulford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Nedderman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tara S. Umberger
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Hozak
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adarsh Joshi
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Symantha A. Melemed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Benjamin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Plowman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Schade
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bradley L. Ackermann
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aejaz Nasir
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou X, Barsky LW, Adams GB. Placental growth factor expression is required for bone marrow endothelial cell support of primitive murine hematopoietic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67861. [PMID: 23936296 PMCID: PMC3732288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two distinct microenvironmental niches that regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell physiology in the adult bone marrow have been proposed; the endosteal and the vascular niche. While extensive studies have been performed relating to molecular interactions in the endosteal niche, the mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell interaction with bone marrow endothelial cells are less well defined. Here we demonstrate that endothelial cells derived from the bone marrow supported hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to a higher degree than other endothelial or stromal cell populations. This support was dependant upon placental growth factor expression, as genetic knockdown of mRNA levels reduced the ability of endothelial cells to support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Furthermore, using an in vivo model of recovery from radiation induced myelosuppression, we demonstrate that bone marrow endothelial cells were able to augment the recovery of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. However, this effect was diminished when the same cells with reduced placental growth factor expression were administered, possibly owing to a reduced homing of the cells to the bone marrow vasculature. Our data suggest that placental growth factor elaborated from bone marrow endothelial cells mediates the regulatory effects of the vascular niche on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lora W. Barsky
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gregor B. Adams
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li ZM, Pu YW, Zhu BS. Blockade of NF-κB nuclear translocation results in the inhibition of the invasiveness of human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:432-436. [PMID: 24137341 PMCID: PMC3789044 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 inhibitor, SN50, on the invasiveness and mechanisms of SGC7901 human gastric carcinoma cell xenografts in nude mice. Nude mice were randomly divided into model control and SN50 treatment groups. On days 5, 10 and 15 following treatment, the tumor samples were observed and a selection of parameters were recorded, including the level of tumor growth inhibition, the pathological changes in the tumor specimens, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type-1 (TIMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the apoptosis indices in the tumor samples. The results demonstrated that treating the tumor with SN50 for 5, 10 and 15 days inhibited carcinoma growth in comparison with the control group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining indicated that the level of inhibition increased progressively, in correlation with apoptosis. The expression of the MMP-9, PCNA and VEGF proteins was observed to be downregulated, while that of the TIMP-1 protein was shown to be upregulated, using immunohistochemical staining. In conclusion, the NF-κB p65 inhibitor, SN50, inhibited the invasiveness of the gastric cancer cells by downregulating the protein expression of MMP-9, PCNA and VEGF and upregulating the protein expression of TIMP-1. It was further suggested that SN50 may be a molecular target of anti-invasion therapy for gastric cancer, and that the inhibition of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway may be considered as a potential strategy for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Wujiang Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
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Parsons B, Foley E. The Drosophila platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor related (Pvr) protein ligands Pvf2 and Pvf3 control hemocyte viability and invasive migration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20173-83. [PMID: 23737520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family members are essential and evolutionary conserved determinants of blood cell development and dispersal. In addition, VEGFs are integral to vascular growth and permeability with detrimental contributions to ischemic diseases and metastatic cancers. The PDGF/VEGF-receptor related (Pvr) protein is implicated in the migration and trophic maintenance of macrophage-like hemocytes in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. pvr mutants have a depleted hemocyte population and a breakdown in hemocyte distribution. Previous studies suggested redundant functions for the Pvr ligands, Pvf2 and Pvf3 in the regulation of hemocyte migration, proliferation, and size. However, the precise roles that Pvf2 and Pvf3 play in hematopoiesis remain unclear due to the lack of available mutants. To determine Pvf2 and Pvf3 functions in vivo, we generated a genomic deletion that simultaneously disrupts Pvf2 and Pvf3. From our studies, we identified contributions of Pvf2 and Pvf3 to the Pvr trophic maintenance of hemocytes. Furthermore, we uncovered a novel role for Pvfs in invasive migrations. We showed that Pvf2 and Pvf3 are not required for the directed migration of hemocytes, but act locally in epithelial cells to coordinate trans-epithelial migration of hemocytes. Our findings redefine Pvf roles in hemocyte migration and highlight novel Pvf roles in hemocyte invasive migration. These new parallels between the Pvr and PDGF/VEGF pathways extend the utility of the Drosophila embryonic system to dissect physiological and pathological roles of PDGF/VEGF-like growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Parsons
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Andrews DA, Hamadeh HK, He YD, Boren BM, Turk JR, Boyce RW, Mytych DT, Barger TE, Salimi-Moosavi H, Sloey B, Elliott S, McElroy P, Sinclair AM, Shimamoto G, Pyrah ITG, Lightfoot-Dunn RM. Cytokines associated with increased erythropoiesis in Sprague-Dawley rats administered a novel hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:540-54. [PMID: 23674392 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313486318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported an increased incidence of thrombotic toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats administered the highest dose level of a hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin (AMG 114) for 1 month as not solely dependent on high hematocrit (HCT). Thereafter, we identified increased erythropoiesis as a prothrombotic risk factor increased in the AMG 114 high-dose group with thrombotic toxicities, compared to a low-dose group with no toxicities but similar HCT. Here, we identified pleiotropic cytokines as prothrombotic factors associated with AMG 114 dose level. Before a high HCT was achieved, rats in the AMG 114 high, but not the low-dose group, had imbalanced hemostasis (increased von Willebrand factor and prothrombin time, decreased antithrombin III) coexistent with cytokines implicated in thrombosis: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, macrophage inhibitory protein-2, oncostatin M, T-cell-specific protein, stem cell factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-11. While no unique pathway to erythropoiesis stimulating agent-related thrombosis was identified, cytokines associated with increased erythropoiesis contributed to a prothrombotic intravascular environment in the AMG 114 high-dose group, but not in lower dose groups with a similar high HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Andrews
- 1Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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50
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Zimmermann SM, Würgler-Hauri CC, Wanner GA, Simmen HP, Werner CML. Echinomycin in the prevention of heterotopic ossification - an experimental antibiotic agent shows promising results in a murine model. Injury 2013; 44:570-5. [PMID: 23398900 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) frequently causes complications following orthopaedic and trauma surgery and may drastically reduce the postoperative outcome due to pain and joint contracture. Current therapeutic options include NSAID's and local radiation. However, both options of prevention show disadvantages such as delayed fracture healing and impaired ossification as well as other side effects.(9) Our goal was to investigate a novel approach in the prevention of heterotopic ossification by pharmacologically interfering with the molecular signalling pathways involved in this process. Hypoxia leads to numerous effects on a cellular level, one of which is the activation of the transcriptional complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).(19) Among several other actions, the HIF1-α signalling pathway in turn regulates angiogenesis through induction of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).(21) We hypothesised that by pharmacologically interfering with the HIF-1α signalling pathway, the amount of HO formation may be reduced. Echinomycin is a known inhibitor of HIF-1-alpha and was used in our study with the aim to prevent HO from forming. METHODS We examined the effect of Echinomycin on HO formation in a murine model where an Achilles tenotomy was performed. This has previously been shown to reliably produce islets of heterotopic ossification within the soft tissue of mouse hind limbs at 10 weeks after surgery. The control group underwent Achilles tenotomy only, whereas the Echinomycin group additionally received Echinomycin subcutaneously. After trial completion, the limbs were harvested and Micro-CT was performed. Heterotopic bone volume was then identified in 3d images and quantified. RESULTS We found a highly significant reduction in the bone volume following subcutaneous administration of Echinomycin compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Although a substantial reduction could be achieved, it was not possible to completely prevent heterotopic ossification from forming. Further studies have yet to be conducted to optimise the results by altering the dosage and duration of administration as well as investigate the mechanism by which Echinomycin led to the reduction of HO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zimmermann
- Dept. of Traumatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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