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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:359-374. [PMID: 38170299 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Elsayed N, Gaffey AC, Abou-Zamzam A, Malas MB. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors Are Associated With Favorable Outcomes Compared to Beta Blockers in Reducing Mortality Following Abdominal Aneurysm Repair. J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e029761. [PMID: 37449564 PMCID: PMC10382116 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.029761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The best medical therapy to control hypertension following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is yet to be determined. We therefore examined whether treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) versus beta blockers influenced postoperative and 1-year clinical end points following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a Medicare-linked database. Methods and Results All patients with hypertension undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair and open aneurysm repair in the Vascular Quality Initiative Vascular Implant Surveillance and Interventional Outcomes Network database between 2003 and 2018 were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their preoperative and discharge medications, either RAASIs or beta blockers. Our cohort included 8789 patients, of whom 3523 (40.1%) were on RAASIs, and 5266 (59.9%) were on beta blockers. After propensity score matching, there were 3053 matched pairs of patients in each group. After matching, RAASI use was associated with lower risk of postoperative mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.6]), myocardial infarction (OR, 0.1 [95% CI, 0.03-0.6]), and nonhome discharge (OR, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.5-0.7]). Before propensity score matching, RAASI use was associated with lower 1-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.4 [95% CI, 0.4-0.5]) and lower risk of aneurysmal rupture (HR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5-0.9]). These results persisted after propensity score matching for mortality (HR, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.4-0.5]) and aneurysmal rupture (HR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5-0.9]). Conclusions In this large contemporary retrospective cohort study, RAASI use was associated with favorable postoperative outcomes compared with beta blockers. It was also associated with lower mortality and aneurysmal rupture at 1 year of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Elsayed
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Ann C Gaffey
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Ahmed Abou-Zamzam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Mahmoud B Malas
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
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Heilmann RM, Csukovich G, Burgener IA, Dengler F. Time to eRAASe chronic inflammation: current advances and future perspectives on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs and humans. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180125. [PMID: 37456955 PMCID: PMC10340121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation is an increasing worldwide problem that affects companion animals, especially dogs, and human patients. Although these disease entities have been intensely investigated recently, many questions remain, and alternative therapeutic options are needed. Diarrhea caused by dysregulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and subsequent fluid and electrolyte losses often leads to secondary consequences for the patient. Currently, it is not exactly clear which mechanisms are involved in the dysregulation of intestinal fluid absorption, but differences in intestinal electrolyte shifts between human and canine patients suggest species-specific regulatory or counterregulatory mechanisms. Several intestinal electrolyte transporters are differentially expressed in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas there are virtually no studies on electrolyte transporters and their endocrine regulation in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. An important mechanism involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which may affect intestinal Na+ transport. While RAAS has previously been considered a systemic regulator of blood pressure, additional complex roles of RAAS in inflammatory processes have been unraveled. These alternative RAAS pathways may pose attractive therapeutic targets to address diarrhea and, thus, electrolyte shifts in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. This article comparatively summarizes the current knowledge about electrolyte transport in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of RAAS and offers perspectives for novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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Santra D, Banerjee A, De SK, Thatoi H, Maiti S. Relation of ACE2 with co-morbidity factors in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2023; 32:179-189. [PMID: 36687210 PMCID: PMC9843654 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-023-03434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last 3 years of the pandemic situation, SARS-CoV-2 caused a significant number of deaths. Infection rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients are higher than that for death. Eventually, researchers explored that the major deaths are attributed to several comorbidity factors. The confounding factors and gender-associated infection/death rate are observed globally. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 selects the human system recognizing the internal comorbid environment. This article explored the influences of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, and renovascular disorders in COVID-19 severity and mortality. Brief mechanistic layouts have been presented here, indicating some of the comorbidity as the critical determinant in the COVID-19 pathogenesis and related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Santra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Subrata Kr. De
- grid.412834.80000 0000 9152 1805Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 India ,grid.411552.60000 0004 1766 4022Mahatma Gandhi University, East Midnapore, WB India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- grid.444567.00000 0004 1801 0450Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India ,Agricure Biotech Research Society, Epidemiology and Human Health Division, Midnapore, 721101 India
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Farhadi A, Liu Y, Xu C, Wang X, Li E. The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in salinity adaptation in Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1089419. [PMID: 36589833 PMCID: PMC9798321 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1089419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal system that plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis in mammals. In fishes, the RAS pathway participates in osmoregulation and salinity adaptation. However, the role of the RAS pathway in invertebrates, particularly in crustaceans, remains unknown. In this study, four key genes of the RAS pathway (LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR) were cloned, characterized, and their expression levels were detected in the eyestalk, hepatopancreas, and muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei during long-term and short-term low salinity stress. The results showed that LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR encode 666, 936, 175, and 323 amino acids, respectively. Low salinity stress downregulated the expression levels of LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR in L. vannamei, indicating that the RAS pathway was suppressed under low salinity. Moreover, these genes play important roles in the regulation of drinking rate, controlling urine output, blood glucose, and blood pressure, indicating that their downregulation probably affected the homeostasis of shrimps. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of salinity adaptation in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farhadi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Rajak P, Roy S, Podder S, Dutta M, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Dutta A, Nanda S, Khatun S. Synergistic action of organophosphates and COVID-19 on inflammation, oxidative stress, and renin-angiotensin system can amplify the risk of cardiovascular maladies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116267. [PMID: 36240863 PMCID: PMC9554205 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, widely used as pesticides in agricultural fields. In addition, they serve as flame-retardants, plasticizers, antifoaming or antiwear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids, and floor polishing agents. Therefore, world-wide and massive application of these compounds have increased the risk of unintentional exposure to non-targets including the human beings. OPs are neurotoxic agents as they inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase at synaptic cleft. Moreover, they can fuel cardiovascular issues in the form of myocardities, cardiac oedema, arrhythmia, systolic malfunction, infarction, and altered electrophysiology. Such pathological outcomes might increase the severity of cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of mortality in the developing world. Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the ongoing global health emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Similar to OPs, SARS-CoV-2 disrupts cytokine homeostasis, redox-balance, and angiotensin-II/AT1R axis to promote cardiovascular injuries. Therefore, during the current pandemic milieu, unintentional exposure to OPs through several environmental sources could escalate cardiac maladies in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India,Corresponding author
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Moumita Dutta
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saurabh Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya; Gushkara, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Anik Dutta
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Govt. College, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayantani Nanda
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Salma Khatun
- Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, West Bengal, India
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8
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Renal Denervation Influences Angiotensin II Types 1 and 2 Receptors. Int J Nephrol 2022; 2022:8731357. [PMID: 36262553 PMCID: PMC9576444 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8731357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are two critical regulatory systems in the kidney which affect renal hemodynamics and function. These two systems interact with each other so that angiotensin II (Ang II) has the presynaptic effect on the norepinephrine secretion. Another aspect of this interaction is that the sympathetic nervous system affects the function and expression of local RAS receptors, mainly Ang II receptors. Therefore, in many pathological conditions associated with an increased renal sympathetic tone, these receptors' expression changes and renal denervation can normalize these changes and improve the diseases. It seems that the renal sympathectomy can alter Ang II receptors expression and the distribution of RAS receptors in the kidneys, which influence renal functions.
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Renin-Angiotensin System Pathway Therapeutics Associated With Improved Outcomes in Males Hospitalized With COVID-19. Crit Care Med 2022; 50:1306-1317. [PMID: 35607951 PMCID: PMC9380153 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are associated with improved outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 according to sex and to report sex-related differences in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study comparing the effects of ARB or ACE inhibitors versus no ARBs or ACE inhibitors in males versus females. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 downregulates ACE-2, potentially increasing angiotensin II (a pro-inflammatory vasoconstrictor). Sex-based differences in RAS dysregulation may explain sex-based differences in responses to ARBs because the ACE2 gene is on the X chromosome. We recorded baseline characteristics, comorbidities, prehospital ARBs or ACE inhibitor treatment, use of organ support and mortality, and measured RAS components at admission and days 2, 4, 7, and 14 in a subgroup ( n = 46), recorded d -dimer ( n = 967), comparing males with females. SETTING ARBs CORONA I is a multicenter Canadian observational cohort of patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19. This analysis includes patients admitted to 10 large urban hospitals across the four most populated provinces. PATIENTS One-thousand six-hundred eighty-six patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 (February 2020 to March 2021) for acute COVID-19 illness were included. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Males on ARBs before admission had decreased use of ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.52; p = 0.007) and vasopressors (aOR = 0.55; p = 0.011) compared with males not on ARBs or ACE inhibitors. No significant effects were observed in females for these outcomes. The test for interaction was significant for use of ventilation ( p = 0.006) and vasopressors ( p = 0.044) indicating significantly different responses to ARBs according to sex. Males had significantly higher plasma ACE-1 at baseline and angiotensin II at day 7 and 14 than females. CONCLUSIONS ARBs use was associated with less ventilation and vasopressors in males but not females. Sex-based differences in RAS dysregulation may contribute to sex-based differences in outcomes and responses to ARBs in COVID-19.
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Hellman L, Akula S, Fu Z, Wernersson S. Mast Cell and Basophil Granule Proteases - In Vivo Targets and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918305. [PMID: 35865537 PMCID: PMC9294451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are stored in very large amounts within abundant cytoplasmic granules of mast cells (MCs), and in lower amounts in basophils. These proteases are stored in their active form in complex with negatively charged proteoglycans, such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate, ready for rapid release upon MC and basophil activation. The absolute majority of these proteases belong to the large family of chymotrypsin related serine proteases. Three such enzymes are found in human MCs, a chymotryptic enzyme, the chymase, a tryptic enzyme, the tryptase and cathepsin G. Cathepsin G has in primates both chymase and tryptase activity. MCs also express a MC specific exopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). The targets and thereby the functions of these enzymes have for many years been the major question of the field. However, the fact that some of these enzymes have a relatively broad specificity has made it difficult to obtain reliable information about the biologically most important targets for these enzymes. Under optimal conditions they may cleave a relatively large number of potential targets. Three of these enzymes, the chymase, the tryptase and CPA3, have been shown to inactivate several venoms from snakes, scorpions, bees and Gila monster. The chymase has also been shown to cleave several connective tissue components and thereby to be an important player in connective tissue homeostasis. This enzyme can also generate angiotensin II (Ang II) by cleavage of Ang I and have thereby a role in blood pressure regulation. It also display anticoagulant activity by cleaving fibrinogen and thrombin. A regulatory function on excessive TH2 immunity has also been observed for both the chymase and the tryptase by cleavage of a highly selective set of cytokines and chemokines. The chymase also appear to have a protective role against ectoparasites such as ticks, mosquitos and leeches by the cleavage of their anticoagulant proteins. We here review the data that has accumulated concerning the potential in vivo functions of these enzymes and we discuss how this information sheds new light on the role of MCs and basophils in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Lars Hellman,
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Nagashima S, Dutra AA, Arantes MP, Zeni RC, Klein CK, de Oliveira FC, Piper GW, Brenny ID, Pereira MRC, Stocco RB, Martins APC, de Castro EM, Vaz de Paula CB, Amaral ANM, Machado-Souza C, Baena CP, Noronha L. COVID-19 and Lung Mast Cells: The Kallikrein-Kinin Activation Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1714. [PMID: 35163636 PMCID: PMC8836064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have relevant participation in inflammatory and vascular hyperpermeability events, responsible for the action of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), that affect patients inflicted by the severe form of COVID-19. Given a higher number of activated MCs present in COVID-19 patients and their association with vascular hyperpermeability events, we investigated the factors that lead to the activation and degranulation of these cells and their harmful effects on the alveolar septum environment provided by the action of its mediators. Therefore, the pyroptotic processes throughout caspase-1 (CASP-1) and alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) secretion were investigated, along with the immunoexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R) and bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) on post-mortem lung samples from 24 patients affected by COVID-19. The results were compared to 10 patients affected by H1N1pdm09 and 11 control patients. As a result of the inflammatory processes induced by SARS-CoV-2, the activation by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and degranulation of tryptase, as well as Toluidine Blue metachromatic (TB)-stained MCs of the interstitial and perivascular regions of the same groups were also counted. An increased immunoexpression of the tissue biomarkers CASP-1, IL-33, ACE2, B1R and B2R was observed in the alveolar septum of the COVID-19 patients, associated with a higher density of IgE+ MCs, tryptase+ MCs and TB-stained MCs, in addition to the presence of intra-alveolar edema. These findings suggest the direct correlation of MCs with vascular hyperpermeability, edema and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) events that affect patients with a severe form of this disease. The role of KKS activation in events involving the exacerbated increase in vascular permeability and its direct link with the conditions that precede intra-alveolar edema, and the consequent DAD, is evidenced. Therapy with drugs that inhibit the activation/degranulation of MCs can prevent the worsening of the prognosis and provide a better outcome for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Nagashima
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Anderson Azevedo Dutra
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Mayara Pezzini Arantes
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Rafaela Chiuco Zeni
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Carolline Konzen Klein
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Flávia Centenaro de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Giulia Werner Piper
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Isadora Drews Brenny
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Marcos Roberto Curcio Pereira
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Rebecca Benicio Stocco
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Ana Paula Camargo Martins
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Eduardo Morais de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil; (E.M.d.C.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Andréa Novaes Moreno Amaral
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil; (E.M.d.C.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Cristina Pellegrino Baena
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
- Marcelino Champagnat Hospital, Curitiba 80020-110, Brazil
| | - Lucia Noronha
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
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12
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Bhullar S, Shah A, Dhalla N. Mechanisms for the development of heart failure and improvement of cardiac function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-36256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, are well-known for the treatments of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Several of these inhibitors including captopril, enalapril, ramipril, zofenopril and imidapril attenuate vasoconstriction, cardiac hypertrophy and adverse cardiac remodeling, improve clinical outcomes in patients with cardiac dysfunction and decrease mortality. Extensive experimental and clinical research over the past 35 years has revealed that the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure are associated with full or partial prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling. Since cardiac function is mainly determined by coordinated activities of different subcellular organelles, including sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myofibrils, for regulating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ and myocardial metabolism, there is ample evidence to suggest that adverse cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in the failing heart are the consequence of subcellular defects. In fact, the improvement of cardiac function by different ACE inhibitors has been demonstrated to be related to the attenuation of abnormalities in subcellular organelles for Ca2+-handling, metabolic alterations, signal transduction defects and gene expression changes in failing cardiomyocytes. Various ACE inhibitors have also been shown to delay the progression of heart failure by reducing the formation of angiotensin II, the development of oxidative stress, the level of inflammatory cytokines and the occurrence of subcellular defects. These observations support the view that ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function in the failing heart by multiple mechanisms including the reduction of oxidative stress, myocardial inflammation and Ca2+-handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes.
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13
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Rajak P, Roy S, Dutta M, Podder S, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Khatun S. Understanding the cross-talk between mediators of infertility and COVID-19. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100559. [PMID: 34547545 PMCID: PMC8407955 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the ongoing health emergency affecting individuals of all ages around the globe. Initially, the infection was reported to affect pulmonary structures. However, recent studies have delineated the impacts of COVID-19 on the reproductive system of both men and women. Hence, the present review aims to shed light on the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in various reproductive organs. In addition, impacts of COVID-19 mediators like disrupted renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress, cytokine storm, fever, and the mental stress on reproductive physiology have also been discussed. For the present study, various keywords were used to search literature on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were screened for relevancy and were studied in detail for qualitative synthesis of the review. Through our literature review, we found a multitude of effects of COVID-19 mediators on reproductive systems. Studies reported expression of receptors like ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 in the testes, epididymis, prostrate, seminal vesicles, and ovarian follicles. These proteins are known to serve as major SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. The expression of lysosomal cathepsins (CTSB/CTSL) and/ neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are also evident in the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, fallopian tube, cervix, and endometrium. The binding of viral spike protein with ACE-2 was found to alter the renin-angiotensin cascade, which could invite additional infertility problems. Furthermore, COVID-19 mediated cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and elevated body temperature could be detrimental to gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and reproductive cycles in patients. Finally, social isolation, confinement, and job insecurities have fueled mental stress and frustration that might promote glucocorticoid-mediated subnormal sperm quality in men and higher risk of miscarriage in women. Hence, the influence of COVID-19 on the alteration of reproductive health and fertility is quite apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sayanti Podder
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Salma Khatun
- Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, West Bengal, India
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14
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van Thiel BS, van der Linden J, Ridwan Y, Garrelds IM, Vermeij M, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, Qadri F, Alenina N, Bader M, Roks AJM, Danser AHJ, Essers J, van der Pluijm I. In Vivo Renin Activity Imaging in the Kidney of Progeroid Ercc1 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212433. [PMID: 34830315 PMCID: PMC8619549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the renin–angiotensin system, known for its critical role in the regulation of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, may contribute to aging and age-related diseases. While the renin–angiotensin system is suppressed during aging, little is known about its regulation and activity within tissues. However, this knowledge is required to successively treat or prevent renal disease in the elderly. Ercc1 is involved in important DNA repair pathways, and when mutated causes accelerated aging phenotypes in humans and mice. In this study, we hypothesized that unrepaired DNA damage contributes to accelerated kidney failure. We tested the use of the renin-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe ReninSense680™ in progeroid Ercc1d/− mice and compared renin activity levels in vivo to wild-type mice. First, we validated the specificity of the probe by detecting increased intrarenal activity after losartan treatment and the virtual absence of fluorescence in renin knock-out mice. Second, age-related kidney pathology, tubular anisokaryosis, glomerulosclerosis and increased apoptosis were confirmed in the kidneys of 24-week-old Ercc1d/− mice, while initial renal development was normal. Next, we examined the in vivo renin activity in these Ercc1d/− mice. Interestingly, increased intrarenal renin activity was detected by ReninSense in Ercc1d/− compared to WT mice, while their plasma renin concentrations were lower. Hence, this study demonstrates that intrarenal RAS activity does not necessarily run in parallel with circulating renin in the aging mouse. In addition, our study supports the use of this probe for longitudinal imaging of altered RAS signaling in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S. van Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janette van der Linden
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Ingrid M. Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Marcel Vermeij
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.V.); (M.C.C.-v.G.)
| | | | | | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.Q.); (N.A.); (M.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.Q.); (N.A.); (M.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anton J. M. Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.G.); (A.J.M.R.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (I.v.d.P.); Tel.: +31-10-7043604 (J.E.); +31-10-7043724 (I.v.d.P.); Fax: +31-10-7044743 (J.E. & I.v.d.P.)
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.S.v.T.); (J.v.d.L.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (I.v.d.P.); Tel.: +31-10-7043604 (J.E.); +31-10-7043724 (I.v.d.P.); Fax: +31-10-7044743 (J.E. & I.v.d.P.)
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15
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Finger Millet Ethanol Extracts Prevent Hypertension by Inhibiting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Level and Enhancing the Antioxidant Capacity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111766. [PMID: 34829637 PMCID: PMC8614972 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) contains high levels of calcium and polyphenols, which have a variety of beneficial functions. We tested the hypothesis that finger millet ethanol extracts (FEs) have an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The study groups were assigned as follows: (1) Wistar Kyoto rats (normal); (2) SHRs treated with saline (negative control); (3) SHRs treated with captopril 50 mg/kg bw (positive control); (4) SHRs treated with FE 250 mg/kg bw (FE250); and (5) SHRs treated with FE 500 mg/kg bw (FE500). FE supplementation improved the lipid profiles, including the triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, without deterioration in liver function. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration and superoxide dismutase activity significantly improved after the application of FE250 and FE500. Interestingly, FE250 and FE500 application dramatically reduced the systolic blood pressure. FE supplementation exhibited powerful control over the renin-angiotensin system by reducing the angiotensin-converting enzyme levels and renin mRNA expression in the kidney. Additionally, FE500 application ameliorated vascular remodeling, reversed the thickening media, and decreased the media thickness/lumen diameter ratio of the aorta. These results imply that FEs are a potent antihypertensive nutraceutical for regulating the renin-angiotensin system and simultaneously inhibiting oxidative stress.
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16
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Hasan HF, Mohmed HK, Galal SM. Scorpion bradykinin potentiating factor mitigates lung damage induced by γ-irradiation in rats: Insights on AngII/ACE/Ang(1-7) axis. Toxicon 2021; 203:58-65. [PMID: 34626598 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research is to study the mitigating impact of bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) found in scorpion Androctonus bicolor venom on irradiation-induced lung damage as a new functional target for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Male rats were exposed to 7 Gy of γ-radiation as a single dose, with a biweekly intraperitoneal injection of 1 μg/g BPF. Gamma irradiation not only boosted the ACE activity and angiotensin II (Ang II) level, in lung tissue but also significantly depressed the angiotensin (1-7) (Ang (1-7)) that, lead to lung toxicity through a significant elevation of pulmonary levels of CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity with a marked disruption in oxidative stress markers, via a reduction in the level of total thiol (tSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity associated with an elevation in protein carbonyl (PCO) contents. In addition, apoptotic consequences of gamma irradiation were evidenced by raising the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), C-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNK), and cleaved caspase-3. BPF administration leads to ACE inhibition, consequently sustaining decreased Ang II alongside increased Ang (1-7) production. Those sensitive molecules reduce irradiated lung issues. In conclusion, BPF significantly diminished the biochemical and histopathological consequences of radiation through renin-angiotensin system (RAS) control and ACE suppression in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Farouk Hasan
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Heba Karam Mohmed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mohamed Galal
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Deng H, Yan X, Yuan L. Human genetic basis of coronavirus disease 2019. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:344. [PMID: 34545062 PMCID: PMC8450706 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality rates differ greatly between populations, genders, ABO blood groups, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, ethnic groups, and geographic backgrounds. This highly heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 infection is multifactorial. Host genetic factors such as variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2), the transmembrane protease serine 2 gene (TMPRSS2), along with HLA genotype, and ABO blood group help to explain individual susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19. This review is focused on COVID-19 clinical and viral characteristics, pathogenesis, and genetic findings, with particular attention on genetic diversity and variants. The human genetic basis could provide scientific bases for disease prediction and targeted therapy to address the COVID-19 scourge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Yan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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Bio/multi-functional peptides derived from fish gelatin hydrolysates: Technological and functional properties. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Kaplan N, Gonzalez E, Peng H, Batlle D, Lavker RM. Emerging importance of ACE2 in external stratified epithelial tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111260. [PMID: 33781838 PMCID: PMC7997854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has been identified as the receptor for the SARS-CoV-2. Several RAS components including ACE2 and its substrate Ang II are present in both eye and skin, two stratified squamous epithelial tissues that isolate organisms from external environment. Our recent findings in cornea and others in both skin and eye suggest contribution of this system, and specifically of ACE2 in variety of physiological and pathological responses of these organ systems. This review will focus on the role RAS system plays in both skin and cornea, and will specifically discuss our recent findings on ACE2 in corneal epithelial inflammation, as well as potential implications of ACE2 in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology and Hypertension), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology and Hypertension), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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Pavo N, Prausmüller S, Spinka G, Goliasch G, Bartko PE, Wurm R, Arfsten H, Strunk G, Poglitsch M, Domenig O, Mascherbauer J, Uyanik-Ünal K, Hengstenberg C, Zuckermann A, Hülsmann M. Myocardial Angiotensin Metabolism in End-Stage Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:1731-1743. [PMID: 33832600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The myocardium exhibits an adaptive tissue-specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and local dysbalance may circumvent the desired effects of pharmacologic RAS inhibition, a mainstay of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) therapy. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate human myocardial tissue RAS regulation of the failing heart in the light of current therapy. METHODS Fifty-two end-stage HFrEF patients undergoing heart transplantation (no RAS inhibitor: n = 9; angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor: n = 28; angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]: n = 8; angiotensin receptor neprilysin-inhibitor [ARNi]: n = 7) were enrolled. Myocardial angiotensin metabolites and enzymatic activities involved in the metabolism of the key angiotensin peptides angiotensin 1-8 (AngII) and Ang1-7 were determined in left ventricular samples by mass spectrometry. Circulating angiotensin concentrations were assessed for a subgroup of patients. RESULTS AngII and Ang2-8 (AngIII) were the dominant peptides in the failing heart, while other metabolites, especially Ang1-7, were below the detection limit. Patients receiving an ARB component (i.e., ARB or ARNi) had significantly higher levels of cardiac AngII and AngIII (AngII: 242 [interquartile range (IQR): 145.7 to 409.9] fmol/g vs 63.0 [IQR: 19.9 to 124.1] fmol/g; p < 0.001; and AngIII: 87.4 [IQR: 46.5 to 165.3] fmol/g vs 23.0 [IQR: <5.0 to 59.3] fmol/g; p = 0.002). Myocardial AngII concentrations were strongly related to circulating AngII levels. Myocardial RAS enzyme regulation was independent from the class of RAS inhibitor used, particularly, a comparable myocardial neprilysin activity was observed for patients with or without ARNi. Tissue chymase, but not ACE, is the main enzyme for cardiac AngII generation, whereas AngII is metabolized to Ang1-7 by prolyl carboxypeptidase but not to ACE2. There was no trace of cardiac ACE2 activity. CONCLUSIONS The failing heart contains considerable levels of classical RAS metabolites, whereas AngIII might be an unrecognized mediator of detrimental effects on cardiovascular structure. The results underline the importance of pharmacologic interventions reducing circulating AngII actions, yet offer room for cardiac tissue-specific RAS drugs aiming to limit myocardial AngII/AngIII peptide accumulation and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Pavo
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Suriya Prausmüller
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Spinka
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp E Bartko
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Wurm
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrike Arfsten
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Strunk
- Complexity Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Statistics, Complexity Research, FH Campus Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Entrepreneurship and Economic Education, Faculty of Business and Economics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Mascherbauer
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital St. Pölten, Krems, Austria
| | - Keziban Uyanik-Ünal
- Clinical Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zuckermann
- Clinical Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Clinical Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Simko F, Hrenak J, Adamcova M, Paulis L. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Friend or Foe-The Matter of Balance. Insight on History, Therapeutic Implications and COVID-19 Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063217. [PMID: 33809971 PMCID: PMC8004737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.H.); (L.P.)
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-(0)2-59357276
| | - Jaroslav Hrenak
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.H.); (L.P.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital—University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Adamcova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.H.); (L.P.)
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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Abstract
Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread around the world and is receiving worldwide attention. Approximately 20% of infected patients are suffering from severe disease of multiple systems and in danger of death, while the ocular complications of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have not been reported generally. Herein, we focus on two major receptors of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and CD147 (BSG), in human ocular cells, and interpret the potential roles of coronaviruses in human ocular tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Li
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China.
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23
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Tyan L, Turner D, Komp KR, Medvedev RY, Lim E, Glukhov AV. Caveolin-3 is required for regulation of transient outward potassium current by angiotensin II in mouse atrial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H787-H797. [PMID: 33416459 PMCID: PMC8082791 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00569.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is a key mediator of the renin-angiotensin system and plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac electrophysiology by affecting various cardiac ion currents, including transient outward potassium current, Ito. AngII receptors and molecular components of Ito, Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels, have been linked to caveolae structures. However, their functional interaction and the importance of such proximity within 50- to 100-nm caveolar nanodomains remain unknown. To address this, we studied the mechanisms of Ito regulation by AngII in atrial myocytes of wild-type (WT) and cardiac-specific caveolin-3 (Cav3) conditional knockout (Cav3KO) mice. We showed that in WT atrial myocytes, a short-term (2 h) treatment with AngII (5 µM) significantly reduced Ito density. This effect was prevented 1) by a 30-min pretreatment with a selective antagonist of AngII receptor 1 (Ang1R) losartan (2 µM) or 2) by a selective inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by BIM1 (10 µM). The effect of AngII on Ito was completely abolished in Cav3-KO mice, with no change in a baseline Ito current density. In WT atria, Ang1Rs co-localized with Cav3, and the expression of Ang1Rs was significantly decreased in Cav3KO in comparison with WT mice, whereas no change in Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 protein expression was observed. Overall, our findings demonstrate that Cav3 is involved in the regulation of Ang1R expression and is required for the modulation of Ito by AngII in mouse atrial myocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Angiotensin II receptor 1 is associated with caveolae and caveolar scaffolding protein caveolin-3 in mouse atrial myocytes that is required for the regulation of Ito by angiotensin II. Downregulation of caveolae/caveolin-3 disrupts this regulation and may be implicated in pathophysiological atrial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tyan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Karlie R Komp
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Roman Y Medvedev
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evi Lim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alexey V Glukhov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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24
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Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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25
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Becari C, Pereira GL, Oliveira JAC, Polonis K, Garcia-Cairasco N, Costa-Neto CM, Pereira MGAG. Epilepsy Seizures in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats After Acoustic Stimulation: Role of Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:588477. [PMID: 33424536 PMCID: PMC7787150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.588477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common comorbidity observed in individuals with epilepsy. Growing evidence suggests that lower blood pressure is associated with reduced frequency and severity of seizures. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which is a critical regulator of blood pressure, is involved in the pathogenesis of audiogenic epilepsy-related seizures in a hypertensive rat model. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were given RAS inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) antagonist, for 7 days prior to inducing epileptic seizures by acoustic stimulation. After the pretreatment phase, blood pressure (BP) of SHRs normalized as expected, and there was no difference in systolic and diastolic BP between the pretreated SHRs and normotensive rat group (Wistar). Next, treated and untreated SHRs (a high BP control) were individually subjected to acoustic stimuli twice a day for 2 weeks. The severity of tonic–clonic seizures and the severity of temporal lobe epilepsy seizures (product of forebrain recruitment) were evaluated by the mesencephalic severity index (Rossetti et al. scale) and the limbic index (Racine’s scale), respectively. Seizures were observed in both untreated (a high BP control) SHRs and in SHRs treated with AT1R antagonist and ACE inhibitor. There was no statistical difference in the mesencephalic severity and limbic index between these groups. Our results demonstrate that SHRs present seizure susceptibility with acoustic stimulation. Moreover, although RAS inhibitors effectively reduce blood pressure in SHR, they do not prevent developing epileptic seizures upon acoustic stimulation in SHR. In conclusion, our study shows that RAS is an unlikely link between hypertension and susceptibility to epileptic seizures induced by acoustic stimulation in SHRs, which is in contrast with the anticonvulsant effect of losartan in other animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giorgia Lemes Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - José A C Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marilia G A G Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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26
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Wang F, Zhou B. Investigation of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory tri-peptides: a combination of 3D-QSAR and molecular docking simulations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35811-35819. [PMID: 35517085 PMCID: PMC9056908 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme in the regulation of peripheral blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. Therefore, ACE is considered as a promising target for treatment of hypertension. In the present work, in order to investigate the binding interactions between ACE and tri-peptides, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods were developed. Three different alignment methods (template ligand-based, docking-based, and common scaffold-based) were employed to construct reliable 3D-QSAR models. Statistical parameters derived from the QSAR models indicated that the template ligand-based CoMFA (R cv 2 = 0.761, R pred 2 = 0.6257) and CoMSIA (R cv 2 = 0.757, R pred 2 = 0.6969) models were better than the other alignment-based models. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to predict the binding modes of the peptides to ACE. The peptide-enzyme interactions were consistent with the derived 3D contour maps. Overall, the insights gained from this study would offer theoretical references for understanding the mechanism of action of tri-peptides when binding to ACE and aid in the design of more potent tri-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- School of Life Science, Linyi University Linyi 276000 China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University Guizhou 550004 China
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27
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a specific high-affinity angiotensin II-hydrolytic enzyme, is the vector that facilitates cellular entry of SARS-CoV-1 and the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2, which crossed species barriers to infect humans, is highly contagious and associated with high lethality due to multi-organ failure, mostly in older patients with other co-morbidities. Recent Findings Accumulating clinical evidence demonstrates that the intensity of the infection and its complications are more prominent in men. It has been postulated that potential functional modulation of ACE2 by estrogen may explain the sex difference in morbidity and mortality. Summary We review here the evidence regarding the role of estrogenic hormones in ACE2 expression and regulation, with the intent of bringing to the forefront potential mechanisms that may explain sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes, assist in management of COVID-19, and uncover new therapeutic strategies.
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28
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Akhtar S, Benter IF, Danjuma MI, Doi SAR, Hasan SS, Habib AM. Pharmacotherapy in COVID-19 patients: a review of ACE2-raising drugs and their clinical safety. J Drug Target 2020; 28:683-699. [PMID: 32700580 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 that uses ACE2 as its receptor. Drugs that raise serum/tissue ACE2 levels include ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) that are commonly used in patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. These comorbidities have adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients that might result from pharmacotherapy. Increasing ACE2 could potentially increase the risk of infection, severity or mortality in COVID-19 or it might be protective as it forms angiotensin-(1-7) which exhibits anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative effects and prevents diabetes- and/or hypertension-induced end-organ damage. Thus, there existed clinical uncertainty. Here, we review studies implicating 15 classes of drugs in increasing ACE2 levels in vivo and the available literature on the clinical safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients. Further, in a re-analysis of clinical data from a meta-analysis of 9 studies, we show that ACEIs/ARBs usage was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Literature suggests that ACEIs/ARBs usage generally appears to be clinically safe though their use in severe COVID-19 patients might increase the risk of acute renal injury. For definitive clarity, further clinical and mechanistic studies are needed in assessing the safety of all classes of ACE2 raising medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Mohammed I Danjuma
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail A R Doi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Syed S Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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29
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Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, Braz-de-Melo HA, Faria SS, Santos IDO, Kobinger GP, Magalhães KG. Hypercoagulopathy and Adipose Tissue Exacerbated Inflammation May Explain Higher Mortality in COVID-19 Patients With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:530. [PMID: 32849309 PMCID: PMC7399077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Several reports from around the world have identified obesity and severe obesity as one of the strongest risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. Moreover, countries with greater obesity prevalence have a higher morbidity and mortality risk of developing serious outcomes from COVID-19. The understanding of how this increased susceptibility of the people with obesity to develop severe forms of the SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs is crucial for implementing appropriate public health and therapeutic strategies to avoid COVID-19 severe symptoms and complications in people living with obesity. We hypothesize here that increased ACE2 expression in adipose tissue displayed by people with obesity may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection and accessibility to this tissue. Individuals with obesity have increased white adipose tissue, which may act as a reservoir for a more extensive viral spread with increased shedding, immune activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine amplification. Here we discuss how obesity is related to a pro-inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation, increased SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry in adipose tissue and induction of hypercoagulopathy, leading people with obesity to develop severe forms of COVID-19 and also death. Taken together, it may be crucial to better explore the role of visceral adipose tissue in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and investigate the potential therapeutic effect of using specific target anti-inflammatories (canakinumab or anakinra for IL-1β inhibition; anti-IL-6 antibodies for IL-6 inhibition), anticoagulant or anti-diabetic drugs in COVID-19 treatment of people with obesity. Defining the immunopathological changes in COVID-19 patients with obesity can provide prominent targets for drug discovery and clinical management improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Socorro Faria
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Igor de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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30
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Uso terapéutico de los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina en pacientes con COVID-19: las «dos caras de la moneda». REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7365126 DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
La evidencia actual es limitada para determinar el impacto del uso de los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) en la predisposición al empeoramiento de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Inicialmente se reportó que en los pacientes con progresión grave de la COVID-19 existía una mortalidad elevada, los cuales tenían antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad cardiovascular y enfermedad renal crónica. Parte de estos pacientes también tenía en común que utilizaban IECA, lo cual alertó a la comunidad médica sobre su riesgo potencial en coexistencia con COVID-19. Sin embargo, estudios más recientes de casos-controles encontraron que los inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina, incluyendo los IECA, no incrementan el riesgo de COVID-19 o de requerir admisión hospitalaria por esta causa. Diferentes revistas científicas han facilitado el acceso a reportes preliminares, dejando a discreción de la comunidad médica y científica hacer uso de dicha información para promover el desarrollo de estudios que confirmen experimentalmente dichos hallazgos, preclínicos y epidemiológicos, que finalmente impacten en las decisiones de la práctica clínica para beneficiar a los pacientes con COVID-19. En esta revisión de la literatura se exploran los diferentes efectos mediados por los IECA que podrían estar relacionados con la respuesta inmune durante la infección y la transmisión de COVID-19, compilando evidencia disponible que evalúa si en realidad representan un riesgo o si, por el contrario, confieren un efecto protector.
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31
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Liao W, Wu J. The ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis as an emerging target for antihypertensive peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2572-2586. [PMID: 32551837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1781049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Food protein-derived bioactive peptides, particularly antihypertensive peptides, are important constituents of functional foods or nutraceuticals. Most antihypertensive are identified as the inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme responsible for the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II), which is a vasoconstricting peptide. Hence, ACE has long been used as a universal target to identify antihypertensive peptides. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is a homolog of ACE but uses Ang II as its key substrate to produce angiotensin (1-7), exerting vasodilatory activity via the mas receptor (MasR). Therefore, ACE2 functions in the opposite way as ACE and is an emerging novel target for cardiovascular therapy. The potential of food protein-derived bioactive peptides in targeting ACE2 has been rarely explored. While, recently we found that IRW, an egg white ovotransferrin-derived antihypertensive peptide, reduced blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats via the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis, indicating a new mechanism of food protein-derived bioactive peptides in reducing blood pressure. The objectives of this review are to summarize the functions of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis and to examine its potential roles in the actions of food protein-derived antihypertensive peptides. The interaction between antihypertensive peptides and the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Premilovac D, Attrill E, Rattigan S, Richards SM, Kim J, Keske MA. Acute, local infusion of angiotensin II impairs microvascular and metabolic insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:590-601. [PMID: 30192915 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potent vasoconstrictor implicated in both hypertension and insulin resistance. Insulin dilates the vasculature in skeletal muscle to increase microvascular blood flow and enhance glucose disposal. In the present study, we investigated whether acute AngII infusion interferes with insulin's microvascular and metabolic actions in skeletal muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received a systemic infusion of either saline, AngII, insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp), or insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) plus AngII. A final, separate group of rats received an acute local infusion of AngII into a single hindleg during systemic insulin (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) infusion. In all animals' systemic metabolic effects, central haemodynamics, femoral artery blood flow, microvascular blood flow, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake (isotopic glucose) were monitored. Systemic AngII infusion increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and markedly increased circulating glucose and insulin concentrations. Systemic infusion of AngII during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp inhibited insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose output and insulin-stimulated microvascular blood flow in skeletal muscle but did not alter insulin's effects on the femoral artery or muscle glucose uptake. Local AngII infusion did not alter blood pressure, heart rate, or circulating glucose and insulin. However, local AngII inhibited insulin-stimulated microvascular blood flow, and this was accompanied by reduced skeletal muscle glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS Acute infusion of AngII significantly alters basal haemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis in rats. Both local and systemic AngII infusion attenuated insulin's microvascular actions in skeletal muscle, but only local AngII infusion led to reduced insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. While increased local, tissue production of AngII may be a factor that couples microvascular insulin resistance and hypertension, additional studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for these vascular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Premilovac
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Emily Attrill
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen M Richards
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeonga Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Zhu Y, Cui H, Lv J, Li G, Li X, Ye F, Zhong L. Angiotensin II triggers RIPK3-MLKL-mediated necroptosis by activating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway in renal tubular cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228385. [PMID: 32134954 PMCID: PMC7058379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our earlier studies proved that RIPK3-mediated necroptosis might be an important mode of renal tubular cell death in rats with chronic renal injury and the necroptotic cell death can be triggered by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vitro, but the triggering role of angiotensin II (AngII), which exerts notable effects on renal cells for the initiation and progression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is largely unknown. Here, we identified the presence of necroptotic cell death in the tubular cells of AngII-induced chronic renal injury and fibrosis mice and assessed the percentage of necroptotic renal tubular cell death with the disruption of this necroptosis by the addition of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). Furthermore, the observation was further confirmed in HK-2 cells treated with AngII and RIPK1/3 or MLKL inhibitors. The detection of Fas and FasL proteins led us to investigate the contribution of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway to AngII-induced necroptosis. Disruption of FasL decreased the percentage of necroptotic cells, suggesting that Fas and FasL are likely key signal molecules in the necroptosis of HK-2 cells induced by AngII. Our data suggest that AngII exposure might trigger RIPK3-MLKL-mediated necroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells by activating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (LZ)
| | - Hongwang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Lv
- The First Clinical College of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liangbao Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (LZ)
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Zhang Y, Ding H, Song Q, Wang Z, Yuan W, Ren Y, Zhao Z, Wang C. Angiotensin II inhibits osteogenic differentiation of isolated synoviocytes by increasing DKK-1 expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 121:105703. [PMID: 32014499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, but that the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on osteogenic differentiation of synoviocytes and the underlying mechanism. Ang II was showed to inhibite osteogenic differentiation of synoviocytes, which was mitigated by a Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) inhibitor. DKK-1 was upregulated by Ang II, which was weakened by the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and p38 inhibitor. Ang II increased the levels of AT1R, ROS, and NADPH oxidase (NOX), and the upregulations were mitigated by the AT1R blocker or NOX inhibitor. Furthermore, Ang II activated the p38 pathway, which was blocked by the AT1R blocker, ROS scavenger, or siRNA-MKK3. In brief, these results indicate that Ang II upregulates NOX expression and ROS production via AT1R, activates the MKK3/p38 signaling, and in turn upregulates DKK-1 expression, participating in the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qichun Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qingdao Haici Medical Treatment Group, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Wanqing Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanzhong Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiping Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Changyao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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Lee DE, Jung TH, Jo YN, Yun SS, Han KS. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Egg White Protein Exerts a Hypotensive Effect in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:980-987. [PMID: 31950113 PMCID: PMC6949517 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the hypotensive effect of egg white
protein (EWP) hydrolysate (EWH) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The
hydrolysis of EWP was effectively performed with a combination of 0.5% bromelain
and 1% papain at 50°C for 60 min. The resulting hydrolysate did not
elicit an allergic reaction as confirmed by human mast cell activation test. The
systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the SHRs fed the EWH diet were
observed to be significantly or numerically lower than those of the other groups
during the experimental period of 28 d. EWH treatment significantly
(p<0.05) upregulated the nitric oxide levels in hCMEC/D3 cells and the
plasma of the SHRs compared to those in the control. Moreover, EWH ingestion
significantly (p<0.01) reduced the plasma angiotensin II level of the
SHRs compared with that in the control. In conclusion, beyond its basic
nutritional value, EWH prevents and manages hypertension, and thus can be an
invaluable resource for functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eon Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Jung
- Convergence Research Center, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Jo
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Sung-Seob Yun
- R&D Department, Bioprofoods Co. Ltd., Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Han
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea.,Convergence Research Center, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
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Ismail SB, Noor NM, Hussain NHN, Sulaiman Z, Shamsudin MA, Irfan M. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Erectile Dysfunction in Hypertensive Men: A Brief Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988319892735. [PMID: 31795911 PMCID: PMC6893938 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319892735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is common in adult men, particularly those with hypertension and diabetes. The present study determines the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs on erectile function in hypertensive male adults. For this purpose, CENTRAL and MEDLINE and reference lists of the articles were searched. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected that compared ARBs with conventional therapy or no treatment in men of any ethnicity who were presented with hypertension and/or diabetes. A total four trials that had 2,809 men were included. Three trials reported adequate random sequence allocation, two reported adequate blinding. Attrition bias is low in one of the included studies. All three studies are of low risk of selective reporting bias. There was an improvement in sexual activity with ARBs (valsartan) (mean difference (MD): 0.71, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.76, I2 statistic = 0%). However, the erectile functions did not increase significantly in ARBs (losartan or telmisartan) treated men as compared to control or placebo (n = 203 vs n = 232; MD: 1.36; 95% CI: -0.97 to -3.69; I2 statistic = 80%). These results suggested that ARBs significantly improved sexual activity among hypertensive men. However, the erectile function was not significantly improved in ARBs treated men as compared to the control or placebo-treated. There were limited studies available. Hence, additional studies are needed to support findings from this review. ARBs should be considered when prescribing antihypertensive drugs to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaiful Bahari Ismail
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mohd Noor
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Hazlina Nik Hussain
- Women's Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaharah Sulaiman
- Women's Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asyraf Shamsudin
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Women's Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Zoology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Verma A, Zhu P, de Kloet A, Krause E, Sumners C, Li Q. Angiotensin receptor expression revealed by reporter mice and beneficial effects of AT2R agonist in retinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107770. [PMID: 31449794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital role in cardiovascular physiology and body homeostasis. In addition to circulating RAS, a local RAS exists in the retina. Dysfunction of local RAS, resulting in increased levels of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and activation of AT1R-mediated signaling pathways, contributes to tissue pathophysiology and end-organ damage. Activation of AT2R on other hand is known to counteract the effects of AT1R activation and produce anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. We examined the expression of angiotensin receptors in the retina by using transgenic dual reporter mice and by real-time RT-PCR. We further evaluated the effects of C21, a selective agonist of AT2R, in reducing Ang II, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in cultured human ARPE-19 cells. We showed that both AT1Ra and AT2R positive cells are detected in different cell types of the eye, including the RPE/choroid complex, ciliary body/iris, and neural retina. AT1Ra is more abundantly expressed than AT2R in mouse retina, consistent with previous reports. In the neural retina, AT1Ra are also detected in photoreceptors whereas AT2R are mostly expressed in the inner retinal neurons and RGCs. In cultured human RPE cells, activation of AT2R with C21 significantly blocked Ang II, LPS and hydrogen peroxide -induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression; Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and MG132-induced apoptosis, comparable to the effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), another protective component of the RAS, although C21 is more potent in reducing some of the effects induced by Ang II, whereas Ang-(1-7) is more effective in reducing some of the LPS and hydrogen peroxide-induced effects. These results suggest that activation of AT2R may represent a new therapeutic approach for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Annette de Kloet
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eric Krause
- College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Zhu P, Verma A, Prasad T, Li Q. Expression and Function of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D and Its Ligand Alamandine in Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:513-527. [PMID: 31392515 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists in the retina and plays a critical role in retinal neurovascular function. The protective axis of RAS comprising of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor attenuate the deleterious actions of increased levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector peptide of RAS. A new peptide, alamandine, and its receptor Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) have been recently identified that share structural and functional similarity to Ang-(1-7) and its receptor, Mas, establishing another new protective axis of RAS. Here, we examined the expression and cellular localization of MrgD in the retina, the effect of MrgD deficiency on mouse retinal structure and function, as well as the biological function of alamandine in cultured retinal cells. We showed that MrgD is expressed in the retinal neurons, retinal vasculature, Müller glial and RPE cells, similar to Mas receptor expression. MrgD-deficient mice did not exhibit gross change in retinal morphology and thickness; however, these mice did show a progressive decrease in both scotopic and photopic a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, and increase in retinal capillary loss with age compared to age-matched wild-type mice. In vitro studies in human retinal cells showed that alamandine attenuated the Ang II and LPS-induced increases in inflammatory cytokine gene expression, NF-κB activation, Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced production of reactive oxygen species, comparable to that mediated by Ang-(1-7). These results support the notion that alamandine/MrgD may represent another new protective axis of RAS in the retina exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA.
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Jiang T, Xue LJ, Yang Y, Wang QG, Xue X, Ou Z, Gao Q, Shi JQ, Wu L, Zhang YD. AVE0991, a nonpeptide analogue of Ang-(1-7), attenuates aging-related neuroinflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:645-657. [PMID: 29667931 PMCID: PMC5940107 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the aging process, chronic neuroinflammation induced by microglia is detrimental for the brain and contributes to the etiology of several aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. As a newly identified axis of renin-angiotensin system, ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MAS1 axis plays a crucial role in modulating inflammatory responses under various pathological conditions. However, its relationship with aging-related neuroinflammation is less studied so far. In this study, by using SAMP8 mice, an animal model of accelerated aging, we revealed that the neuroinflammation in the aged brain might be attributed to a decreased level of Ang-(1-7). More importantly, we provided evidence that AVE0991, a nonpeptide analogue of Ang-(1-7), attenuated the aging-related neuroinflammation via suppression of microglial-mediated inflammatory response through a MAS1 receptor-dependent manner. Meanwhile, this protective effect might be ascribed to the M2 activation of microglia induced by AVE0991. Taken together, these findings reveal the association of Ang-(1-7) with the inflammatory response in the aged brain and uncover the potential of its nonpeptide analogue AVE0991 in attenuation of aging-related neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Liu-Jun Xue
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qing-Guang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao Xue
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhou Ou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian-Quan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Verma A, Xu K, Du T, Zhu P, Liang Z, Liao S, Zhang J, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Li Q. Expression of Human ACE2 in Lactobacillus and Beneficial Effects in Diabetic Retinopathy in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:161-170. [PMID: 31380462 PMCID: PMC6661465 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catalyzes the degradation of Angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Angiotensin-(1-7), which reduces inflammation and oxidative stress stimulated by Ang II. ACE2 has been shown to be protective in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases including diabetes and its complications. However, the challenge for its clinical application is large-scale production of high-quality ACE2 with sufficient target tissue bioavailability. We developed an expression and delivery system based on the use of probiotic species Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) to serve as a live vector for oral delivery of human ACE2. We show that codon-optimized ACE2 can be efficiently expressed in LP. Mice treated with the recombinant LP expressing the secreted ACE2 in fusion with the non-toxic subunit B of cholera toxin, which acts as a carrier to facilitate transmucosal transport, showed increased ACE2 activities in serum and tissues. ACE2-LP administration reduced the number of acellular capillaries, blocked retinal ganglion cell loss, and decreased retinal inflammatory cytokine expression in two mouse models of diabetic retinopathy. These results provide proof of concept for feasibility of using engineered probiotic species as live vector for delivery of human ACE2 with enhanced tissue bioavailability for treating diabetic retinopathy, as well as other diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Zhibing Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Shengquan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Juantao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
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El Sharkawy RM, Zaki AM, El Fattah Kamel AA, Bedair RN, Ahmed AS. Association between the polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme (Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A) INDEL mutation (I/D) and Angiotensin II type I receptor (A1166C) and breast cancer among post menopausal Egyptian females. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Mohamed El Sharkawy
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Zaki
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal Abd El Fattah Kamel
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania Nabil Bedair
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Saad Ahmed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
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Perturbed Biochemical Pathways and Associated Oxidative Stress Lead to Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8458472. [PMID: 30962865 PMCID: PMC6431380 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state. Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any alteration to retinal vasculature affects retinal functions. The blood retinal barrier, a prerequisite to vision acuity, is most susceptible to damage during the progression of DR. This is a consequence of impaired biochemical pathways such as the polyol, advanced end glycation products (AGE), hexosamine, protein kinase C (PKC), and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Moreover, the role of histone modification and altered miRNA expression is also emerging as a major contributor. Epigenetic changes create a link between altered protein function and redox status of retinal cells, creating a state of metabolic memory. Although various biochemical pathways underlie the etiology of DR, the major insult to the retina is due to oxidative stress, a unifying factor of altered biochemical pathways. This review primarily focuses on the critical biochemical pathways altered in DR leading to vascular dysfunctions and discusses antioxidants as plausible treatment strategies.
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Ames MK, Atkins CE, Pitt B. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:363-382. [PMID: 30806496 PMCID: PMC6430926 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) promotes and perpetuates the syndromes of congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Excessive circulating and tissue angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone levels lead to a pro-fibrotic, -inflammatory, and -hypertrophic milieu that causes remodeling and dysfunction in cardiovascular and renal tissues. Understanding of the role of the RAAS in this abnormal pathologic remodeling has grown over the past few decades and numerous medical therapies aimed at suppressing the RAAS have been developed. Despite this, morbidity from these diseases remains high. Continued investigation into the complexities of the RAAS should help clinicians modulate (suppress or enhance) components of this system and improve quality of life and survival. This review focuses on updates in our understanding of the RAAS and the pathophysiology of AngII and aldosterone excess, reviewing what is known about its suppression in cardiovascular and renal diseases, especially in the cat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Ames
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Clarke E Atkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Vio CP, Salas D, Cespedes C, Diaz-Elizondo J, Mendez N, Alcayaga J, Iturriaga R. Imbalance in Renal Vasoactive Enzymes Induced by Mild Hypoxia: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Increases While Neutral Endopeptidase Decreases. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1791. [PMID: 30618804 PMCID: PMC6297360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia has been postulated as one of the mechanisms involved in salt-sensitive hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidneys have a critical role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure through vasoactive systems, such as the renin-angiotensin and the kallikrein-kinin systems, with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and kallikrein being two of the main enzymes that produce angiotensin II and bradykinin, respectively. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 or neprilysin is another enzyme that among its functions degrade vasoactive peptides including angiotensin II and bradykinin, and generate angiotensin 1-7. On the other hand, the kidneys are vulnerable to hypoxic injury due to the active electrolyte transportation that requires a high oxygen consumption; however, the oxygen supply is limited in the medullary regions for anatomical reasons. With the hypothesis that the chronic reduction of oxygen under normobaric conditions would impact renal vasoactive enzyme components and, therefore; alter the normal balance of the vasoactive systems, we exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2) for 2 weeks. We then processed renal tissue to identify the expression and distribution of kallikrein, ACE and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 as well as markers of kidney damage. We found that chronic hypoxia produced focal damage in the kidney, mainly in the cortico-medullary region, and increased the expression of osteopontin. Moreover, we observed an increase of ACE protein in the brush border of proximal tubules at the outer medullary region, with increased mRNA levels. Kallikrein abundance did not change significantly with hypoxia, but a tendency toward reduction was observed at protein and mRNA levels. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 was localized in proximal tubules, and was abundantly expressed under normoxic conditions, which markedly decreased both at protein and mRNA levels with chronic hypoxia. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic hypoxia produces focal kidney damage along with an imbalance of key components of the renal vasoactive system, which could be the initial steps for a long-term contribution to salt-sensitive hypertension and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Vio
- Department of Physiology, Center for Aging and Regeneration CARE UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Salas
- Department of Physiology, Center for Aging and Regeneration CARE UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cespedes
- Department of Physiology, Center for Aging and Regeneration CARE UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Diaz-Elizondo
- Department of Physiology, Center for Aging and Regeneration CARE UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Department of Physiology, Center for Aging and Regeneration CARE UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Department of Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang Y, Kou J, Zhang H, Wang C, Li H, Ren Y, Zhang Y. The renin-angiotensin system in the synovium promotes periarticular osteopenia in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:550-558. [PMID: 30412852 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Periarticular osteopenia is the most specific hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the synovium has been found to participate in the pathogenic process of RA. This study examined whether and how RAS regulates periarticular osteopenia in RA. The synovial tissues from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) were prepared. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either saline, bovine type II collagen (CII) to induce arthritis (CIA), or CII combined with perindopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Expressions of RAS components, including AT1R, AT2R and ACE, in human and rat synovial tissues were detected. Bone mass of rat joints was examined. Levels of RANKL, OPG and DKK-1 in rat synovium and expressions of TRAF6 and β-catenin in rat bone were examined. The results showed that AT1R, AT2R and ACE in human and rat synovium were up-regulated, but the increased ACE in rat synovial tissues was abrogated by perindopril. While CIA rats displayed increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation, perindopril treatment almost completely abrogated the RAS-mediated osteopenia, indicating that inhibition of ACE reduced the joint damages in rats. The expressions of RANKL and DKK-1 increased in CIA rats as compared with those in the control; TRAF6 was up-regulated and β-catenin was down-regulated in the bone tissues of CIA rats. The changes were then reversed by the use of perindopril. Our findings demonstrate that RAS in the synovium promotes periarticular osteopenia by increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone formation through modulating the RANKL/RANK/TRAF6 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Kou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Haining Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Changyao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Yuanzhong Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China.
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Michaelis M, Sobczak A, Koczan D, Langhammer M, Reinsch N, Schön J, Weitzel JM. Testicular transcriptional signatures associated with high fertility. Reproduction 2018; 155:219-231. [PMID: 29382704 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Factors of high fertility are poorly described. The majority of transgenic or knockout models with a reproductive phenotype are subfertile or infertile phenotypes. Few genotypes have been linked to improved reproductive performance (0.2%) or increased litter size (1%). In this study, we used a unique mouse model, fertility line FL1, selected for 'high fertility' for more than 170 generations. This strain has almost doubled the number of littermates as well as their total birth weight accompanied by an elevated ovulation rate and increased numbers of corpora lutea compared to a randomly mated and unselected control line (Ctrl). Here, we investigate whether the gonadal tissue of FL1 males are affected by 'co-evolution' after more than 40 years of female-focused selection. Using microarrays, we analysed the testicular transcriptome of the FL1 and Ctrl mice. These data were also compared with previously published female gonadal transcriptional alterations. We detected alterations in testicular gene expression, which are partly associated with female reproductive performance. Thus, female-focused selection for litter size has not only affected the female side, but also has been manifested in transcriptional alterations on the male gonadal organ. This suggests consequences for the entire mouse lines in the long run and emphasizes the perspective of inevitably considering both genders about mechanisms of high fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Michaelis
- Institute of Reproductive BiologyLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Sobczak
- Institute of Reproductive BiologyLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Langhammer
- Institute of Genetics and BiometryLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Reinsch
- Institute of Genetics and BiometryLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schön
- Institute of Reproductive BiologyLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Joachim M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive BiologyLeibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Zitouni H, Ben Ali Gannoum M, Raguema N, Maleh W, Zouari I, Faleh RE, Guibourdenche J, Almawi WY, Mahjoub T. Contribution of angiotensinogen M235T and T174M gene variants and haplotypes to preeclampsia and its severity in (North African) Tunisians. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 19:1470320317753924. [PMID: 29366364 PMCID: PMC5843851 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317753924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorder and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. While its pathogenesis remains ill defined, several candidate genes for PE have been identified, but results remain inconclusive. We investigated the association of the angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene variants M235T and T174M with PE, and we analyzed the contribution of both variants to the severity of PE. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 550 Tunisian pregnant women: 272 with PE, of whom 147 presented with mild, and 125 with severe PE, along with 278 unrelated age- and ethnically matched control women. AGT genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Significantly higher M235T minor allele frequency (MAF) was associated with increased risk of PE ( p < 0.001). Decreased frequency of heterozygous T174M genotype carriers were found in control women ( p = 0.015), suggesting a protective effect of this genotype (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.51 (0.29-0.89)). Two-locus haplotype analysis demonstrated MM and TT haplotypes to be negatively and positively associated with PE, respectively. MAF of M253T, but not T174M, was higher in the severe PE group, and carrying M235T or T174M minor allele was associated with increased body mass index ( p < 0.001) among unselected PE women. CONCLUSIONS AGT M235T and T174M variants contribute to an increased risk of developing PE, and for M235T to PE severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Zitouni
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia.,3 INSERM UMR-S1139 College of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Marwa Ben Ali Gannoum
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Nozha Raguema
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Wided Maleh
- 4 Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zouari
- 4 Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Tunisia
| | | | - Jean Guibourdenche
- 3 INSERM UMR-S1139 College of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- 5 Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Mahjoub
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Oakes JM, Fuchs RM, Gardner JD, Lazartigues E, Yue X. Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R895-R906. [PMID: 30088946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases (CVPD). Although cigarette smoking has been in constant decline since the 1950s, the introduction of e-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems 10 yr ago has attracted former smokers as well as a new generation of consumers. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance, and it is currently unclear whether e-cigarettes are "safer" than regular cigarettes or whether they have the potential to reverse the health benefits, notably on the cardiopulmonary system, acquired with the decline of tobacco smoking. Of great concern, nicotine inhalation devices are becoming popular among young adults and youths, emphasizing the need for awareness and further study of the potential cardiopulmonary risks of nicotine and associated products. This review focuses on the interaction between nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of the most important regulatory systems on autonomic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary functions in both health and disease. The literature presented in this review strongly suggests that nicotine alters the homeostasis of the RAS by upregulating the detrimental angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin (ANG)-II/ANG II type 1 receptor axis and downregulating the compensatory ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis, contributing to the development of CVPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Oakes
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert M Fuchs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason D Gardner
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Xinping Yue
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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Zhang L, Wang J, Liang J, Feng D, Deng F, Yang Y, Lu Y, Hu Z. Propofol prevents human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury from Ang II-induced apoptosis by activating the ACE2-(1-7)-Mas axis and eNOS phosphorylation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199373. [PMID: 29995907 PMCID: PMC6040691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII), a vasoactive peptide that elevates arterial blood pressure and results in hypertension, has been reported to directly induce vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Recent work has demonstrated that propofol pre-treatment attenuates angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) subjected to angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in the presence or absence of propofol treatment and found that angiotensin II-induced apoptosis was attenuated by propofol in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ELISA assays demonstrated that the ratio of angiotensin (1–7) (Ang (1–7)) to Ang II was increased after propofol treatment. We examined the expression of ACE2, Ang (1–7) and Mas and found that the ACE2-Ang (1–7)-Mas axis was up-regulated by propofol, while ACE2 overexpression increased phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (phosphorylated eNOS) expression and siACE2 resulted in the repression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation. In conclusion, our study revealed that propofol can inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis induced by Ang II by activating the ACE2-Ang (1–7)-Mas axis and further up-regulating the expression and phosphorylation of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiuqing Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Du Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac-cerebral Vascular Disease, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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