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Podlogar T, Shad BJ, Seabright AP, Odell OJ, Lord SO, Civil R, Salgueiro RB, Shepherd EL, Lalor PF, Elhassan YS, Lai YC, Rowlands DS, Wallis GA. Postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis with glucose, galactose, and combined galactose-glucose ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E672-E681. [PMID: 37850935 PMCID: PMC10864004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ingested galactose can enhance postexercise liver glycogen repletion when combined with glucose but effects on muscle glycogen synthesis are unknown. In this double-blind randomized study participants [7 men and 2 women; V̇o2max: 51.1 (8.7) mL·kg-1·min-1] completed three trials of exhaustive cycling exercise followed by a 4-h recovery period, during which carbohydrates were ingested at the rate of 1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 comprising glucose (GLU), galactose (GAL) or galactose + glucose (GAL + GLU; 1:2 ratio). The increase in vastus lateralis skeletal-muscle glycogen concentration during recovery was higher with GLU relative to GAL + GLU [contrast: +50 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 10, 89; P = 0.021] and GAL [+46 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 8, 84; P = 0.024] with no difference between GAL + GLU and GAL [-3 mmol·(kg DM)-1; 95%CL -44, 37; P = 0.843]. Plasma glucose concentration in GLU was not significantly different vs. GAL + GLU (+ 0.41 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 0.13, 0.94) but was significantly lower than GAL (-0.75 mmol·L-1; 95%CL -1.34, -0.17) and also lower in GAL vs. GAL + GLU (-1.16 mmol·-1; 95%CL -1.80, -0.53). Plasma insulin was higher in GLU + GAL and GLU compared with GAL but not different between GLU + GAL and GLU. Plasma galactose concentration was higher in GAL compared with GLU (3.35 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 3.07, 3.63) and GAL + GLU (3.22 mmol·L-1; 95%CL 3.54, 2.90) with no difference between GLU + GAL (0.13 mmol·L-1; 95%CL -0.11, 0.37) and GLU. Compared with galactose or a galactose + glucose blend, glucose feeding was more effective in postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Comparable muscle glycogen synthesis was observed with galactose-glucose coingestion and exclusive galactose-only ingestion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Postexercise galactose-glucose coingestion or exclusive galactose-only ingestion resulted in a lower rate of skeletal-muscle glycogen replenishment compared with exclusive glucose-only ingestion. Comparable muscle glycogen synthesis was observed with galactose-glucose coingestion and exclusive galactose-only ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Podlogar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Odell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel O Lord
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Civil
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael B Salgueiro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Lim HJ, Park JE, Han JS. HM-chromanone alleviates hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:665-674. [PMID: 37663814 PMCID: PMC10470335 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone alleviates inflammation and hyperglycemia in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight) was orally pre-administered to C57BL/6 J mice. An hour later, lipopolysaccharides (20 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered intraperitoneally to induce endotoxins. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein of the mice every 0, 30, and 90 min. The results indicated that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone effectively regulated blood glucose levels in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and protein kinase C θ. Additionally, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase and IkB kinase β, thereby decreasing the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B α and activating the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 in the liver. Therefore, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β was significantly reduced by suppressing the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 activity. Suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase 1, protein kinase C θ, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase, and IkB kinase β also ameliorated insulin resistance by reducing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307, thereby decreasing hyperglycemia. These findings suggest that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone can alleviate hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha J Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jae E Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ji S Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, The Republic of Korea
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Vorotnikov AV, Popov DV, Makhnovskii PA. Signaling and Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscles in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Results and OMICS Perspectives. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1021-1034. [PMID: 36180992 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922090139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles mainly contribute to the emergence of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes. Molecular mechanisms that regulate glucose uptake are diverse, including the insulin-dependent as most important, and others as also significant. They involve a wide range of proteins that control intracellular traffic and exposure of glucose transporters on the cell surface to create an extensive regulatory network. Here, we highlight advantages of the omics approaches to explore the insulin-regulated proteins and genes in human skeletal muscle with varying degrees of metabolic disorders. We discuss methodological aspects of the assessment of metabolic dysregulation and molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to insulin. The known molecular mechanisms of glucose uptake regulation and the first results of phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic studies are reviewed, which unveiled a large-scale array of insulin targets in muscle cells. They demonstrate that a clear depiction of changes that occur during metabolic dysfunction requires systemic and combined analysis at different levels of regulation, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, and gene expression. Such analysis seems promising to explore yet undescribed regulatory mechanisms of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and identify the key regulators as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Vorotnikov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Daniil V Popov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Makhnovskii
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
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Cadaret CN, Posont RJ, Swanson RM, Beard JK, Gibbs RL, Barnes TL, Marks-Nelson ES, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation improved birthweight, neonatal growth, body symmetry, and muscle metabolism in intrauterine growth-restricted lambs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab358. [PMID: 34865027 PMCID: PMC8722764 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and animals, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results from fetal programming responses to poor intrauterine conditions. Chronic fetal hypoxemia elevates circulating catecholamines, which reduces skeletal muscle β2 adrenoceptor content and contributes to growth and metabolic pathologies in IUGR-born offspring. Our objective was to determine whether intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation would improve neonatal growth and glucose metabolism in IUGR-born lambs. Pregnant ewes were housed at 40 °C from the 40th to 95th day of gestational age (dGA) to produce IUGR-born lambs (n = 9). A second group of IUGR-born lambs received prenatal O2 supplementation via maternal O2 insufflation (100% humidified O2, 10 L/min) for 8 h/d from dGA 130 to parturition (IUGR+O2, n = 10). Control lambs (n = 15) were from pair-fed thermoneutral ewes. All lambs were weaned at birth, hand-reared, and fitted with hindlimb catheters at day 25. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and hindlimb hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) studies were performed at days 28 and 29, respectively. At day 30, lambs were euthanized and ex vivo HEC studies were performed on isolated muscle. Without maternofetal oxygenation, IUGR lambs were 40% lighter (P < 0.05) at birth and maintained slower (P < 0.05) growth rates throughout the neonatal period compared with controls. At 30 d of age, IUGR lambs had lighter (P < 0.05) hindlimbs and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles. IUGR+O2 lambs exhibited improved (P < 0.05) birthweight, neonatal growth, hindlimb mass, and FDS mass compared with IUGR lambs. Hindlimb insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and oxidation rates were reduced (P < 0.05) in IUGR but not IUGR+O2 lambs. Ex vivo glucose oxidation rates were less (P < 0.05) in muscle from IUGR but not IUGR+O2 lambs. Surprisingly, β2 adrenoceptor content and insulin responsiveness were reduced (P < 0.05) in muscle from IUGR and IUGR+O2 lambs compared with controls. In addition, GSIS was reduced (P < 0.05) in IUGR lambs and only modestly improved (P < 0.05) in IUGR+O2. Insufflation of O2 also increased (P < 0.05) acidosis and hypercapnia in dams, perhaps due to the use of 100% O2 rather than a gas mixture with a lesser O2 percentage. Nevertheless, these findings show that intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation improved postnatal growth and metabolic outcomes in IUGR lambs without improving muscle β2 adrenoceptor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Rachel L Gibbs
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | | | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Rocha M, Apostolova N, Diaz-Rua R, Muntane J, Victor VM. Mitochondria and T2D: Role of Autophagy, ER Stress, and Inflammasome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:725-741. [PMID: 32265079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the main current threats to human health. Both T2D and its numerous clinical complications are related to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Over the past decade, great progress has been made in extending our knowledge about the signaling events regulated by mitochondria. However, the links among mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and activation of the inflammasome still need to be clarified. In light of this deficit, we aim to provide a review of the existing literature concerning the complicated crosstalk between mitochondrial impairment, autophagy, ER stress, and the inflammasome in the molecular pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ruben Diaz-Rua
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocío'/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of General Surgery, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocío'/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Sylow L, Vind BF, Kruse R, Møller PM, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Højlund K. Circulating Follistatin and Activin A and Their Regulation by Insulin in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5766434. [PMID: 32112102 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating follistatin (Fst) binds activin A and thereby regulates biological functions such as muscle growth and β-cell survival. However, Fst and activin A's implication in metabolic regulation is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate circulating Fst and activin A in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and determine their association with metabolic parameters. Further, to examine regulation of Fst and activin A by insulin and the influence of obesity and T2D hereon. METHODS Plasma Fst and activin A levels were analyzed in obese T2D patients (N = 10) closely matched to glucose-tolerant lean (N = 12) and obese (N = 10) individuals in the fasted state and following a 4-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (40 mU·m-2·min-1) combined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Circulating Fst was ~30% higher in patients with T2D compared with both lean and obese nondiabetic individuals (P < .001), while plasma activin A was unaltered. In the total cohort, fasting plasma Fst correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance after adjusting for age, gender and group (all r > 0.47; P < .05). However, in the individual groups these correlations only achieved significance in patients with T2D (not plasma glucose). Acute hyperinsulinemia at euglycemia reduced circulating Fst by ~30% (P < .001) and this response was intact in patients with T2D. Insulin inhibited FST expression in human hepatocytes after 2 h and even further after 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Elevated circulating Fst, but not activin A, is strongly associated with measures of insulin resistance in patients with T2D. However, the ability of insulin to suppress circulating Fst is preserved in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte F Vind
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kruse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pauline M Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Steenberg DE, Hingst JR, Birk JB, Thorup A, Kristensen JM, Sjøberg KA, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. A Single Bout of One-Legged Exercise to Local Exhaustion Decreases Insulin Action in Nonexercised Muscle Leading to Decreased Whole-Body Insulin Action. Diabetes 2020; 69:578-590. [PMID: 31974138 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise enhances insulin action in the exercised muscle. However, not all human studies find that this translates into increased whole-body insulin action, suggesting that insulin action in rested muscle or other organs may be decreased by exercise. To investigate this, eight healthy men underwent a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp on 2 separate days: one day with prior one-legged knee-extensor exercise to local exhaustion (∼2.5 h) and another day without exercise. Whole-body glucose disposal was ∼18% lower on the exercise day as compared with the resting day due to decreased (∼37%) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the nonexercised muscle. Insulin signaling at the level of Akt2 was impaired in the nonexercised muscle on the exercise day, suggesting that decreased insulin action in nonexercised muscle may reduce GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin. Thus, the effect of a single bout of exercise on whole-body insulin action depends on the balance between local effects increasing and systemic effects decreasing insulin action. Physiologically, this mechanism may serve to direct glucose into the muscles in need of glycogen replenishment. For insulin-treated patients, this complex relationship may explain the difficulties in predicting the adequate insulin dose for maintaining glucose homeostasis following physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte E Steenberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Thorup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pataky MW, Arias EB, Wang H, Zheng X, Cartee GD. Exercise effects on γ3-AMPK activity, phosphorylation of Akt2 and AS160, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:410-421. [PMID: 31944891 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00428.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One exercise session can increase subsequent insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) by skeletal muscle. Prior research on healthy muscle suggests that enhanced postexercise ISGU depends on elevated γ3-AMPK activity leading to greater phosphorylation of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (pAS160) on an AMPK-phosphomotif (Ser704). Phosphorylation of AS160Ser704, in turn, may favor greater insulin-stimulated pAS160 on an Akt-phosphomotif (Thr642) that regulates ISGU. Accordingly, we tested if exercise-induced increases in γ3-AMPK activity and pAS160 on key regulatory sites accompany improved ISGU at 3 h postexercise (3hPEX) in insulin-resistant muscle. Rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 2-wk) that induces insulin resistance either performed acute swim-exercise (2 h) or were sedentary (SED). SED rats fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 2 wk) served as healthy controls. Isolated epitrochlearis muscles from 3hPEX and SED rats were analyzed for ISGU, pAS160, pAkt2 (Akt-isoform that phosphorylates pAS160Thr642), and γ1-AMPK and γ3-AMPK activity. ISGU was lower in HFD-SED muscles versus LFD-SED, but this decrement was eliminated in the HFD-3hPEX group. γ3-AMPK activity, but not γ1-AMPK activity, was elevated in HFD-3hPEX muscles versus both SED controls. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated pAS160Thr642, pAS160Ser704, and pAkt2Ser474 in HFD-3hPEX muscles were elevated above HFD-SED and equal to values in LFD-SED muscles, but insulin-independent pAS160Ser704 was unaltered at 3hPEX. These results demonstrated, for the first time in an insulin-resistant model, that the postexercise increase in ISGU was accompanied by sustained enhancement of γ3-AMPK activation and greater pAkt2Ser474. Our working hypothesis is that these changes along with enhanced insulin-stimulated pAS160 increase ISGU of insulin-resistant muscles to values equaling insulin-sensitive sedentary controls.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Earlier research focusing on signaling events linked to increased insulin sensitivity in muscle has rarely evaluated insulin resistant muscle after exercise. We assessed insulin resistant muscle after an exercise protocol that improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Prior exercise also amplified several signaling steps expected to favor enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake: increased γ3-AMP-activated protein kinase activity, greater insulin-stimulated Akt2 phosphorylation on Ser474, and elevated insulin-stimulated Akt substrate of 160 kDa phosphorylation on Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kruse R, Højlund K. Proteomic study of skeletal muscle in obesity and type 2 diabetes: progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:817-828. [PMID: 30251560 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1528147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and imparts the beneficial effects of exercise, and hence is an important site of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite extensive molecular biology-oriented research the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in skeletal muscle remain to be established. Areas covered: The proteomic capabilities have greatly improved over the last decades. This review summarizes the technical challenges in skeletal muscle proteomics studies as well as the results of quantitative proteomic studies of skeletal muscle in relation to obesity, T2D, and exercise. Expert commentary: Current available proteomic studies contribute to the view that insulin resistance in obesity and T2D is associated with increased glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, and that the latter can be improved by exercise. Future proteomics studies should be designed to markedly intensify the identification of abnormalities in metabolic and signaling pathways in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant individuals to increase the understanding of the pathogenesis of T2D, but more importantly to identify multiple novel targets of treatment of which at least some can be safely targeted by novel drugs to treat and prevent T2D and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- a The Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Center Odense , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- a The Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Center Odense , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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Tao SC, Rui BY, Wang QY, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Guo SC. Extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles transport LncRNA-H19 as competing endogenous RNA for the treatment of diabetic wounds. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:241-255. [PMID: 29334272 PMCID: PMC6058500 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1425774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wounds, one of the most enervating complications of diabetes mellitus, affect millions of people worldwide annually. Vascular insufficiency, caused by hyperglycemia, is one of the primary causes and categories of diabetic impaired wound healing. Recently, long noncoding RNA (LncRNA)-H19, which is significantly decreased in diabetes and may be crucial in triggering angiogenesis, has attracted increasing interest. The possible relationship between the decrease of LncRNA-H19 and the impairment of angiogenesis in diabetes could involve impairment of the insulin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway via the interdiction of LncRNA-H19. Thus, a therapeutic strategy utilizing LncRNA-H19 delivery is feasible. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using high-yield extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles (EMNVs) as an effective nano-drug delivery system for LncRNA, and studied the function of EMNVs with a high content of LncRNA-H19 (H19EMNVs). The results, which were exciting, showed that H19EMNVs had a strong ability to neutralize the regeneration-inhibiting effect of hyperglycemia, and could remarkably accelerate the healing processes of chronic wounds. Our results suggest that bioengineered EMNVs can serve as a powerful instrument to effectively deliver LncRNA and will be an extremely promising multifunctional drug delivery system in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cong Tao
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Bi-Yu Rui
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Qi-Yang Wang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Ding Zhou
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Yang Zhang
- b Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- c Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
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11
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Stidsen JV, Henriksen JE, Olsen MH, Thomsen RW, Nielsen JS, Rungby J, Ulrichsen SP, Berencsi K, Kahlert JA, Friborg SG, Brandslund I, Nielsen AA, Christiansen JS, Sørensen HT, Olesen TB, Beck-Nielsen H. Pathophysiology-based phenotyping in type 2 diabetes: A clinical classification tool. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3005. [PMID: 29697198 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes may be a more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. Better understanding of pathophysiological subphenotypes could lead to more individualized diabetes treatment. We examined the characteristics of different phenotypes among 5813 Danish patients with new clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODS We first identified all patients with rare subtypes of diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), secondary diabetes, or glucocorticoid-associated diabetes. We then used the homeostatic assessment model to subphenotype all remaining patients into insulinopenic (high insulin sensitivity and low beta cell function), classical (low insulin sensitivity and low beta cell function), or hyperinsulinemic (low insulin sensitivity and high beta cell function) type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Among 5813 patients diagnosed with incident type 2 diabetes in the community clinical setting, 0.4% had rare subtypes of diabetes, 2.8% had LADA, 0.7% had secondary diabetes, 2.4% had glucocorticoid-associated diabetes, and 93.7% had WHO-defined type 2 diabetes. In the latter group, 9.7% had insulinopenic, 63.1% had classical, and 27.2% had hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetes. Classical patients were obese (median waist 105 cm), and 20.5% had cardiovascular disease (CVD) at diagnosis, while insulinopenic patients were fairly lean (waist 92 cm) and 17.5% had CVD (P = 0.14 vs classical diabetes). Hyperinsulinemic patients were severely obese (waist 112 cm), and 25.5% had CVD (P < 0.0001 vs classical diabetes). CONCLUSIONS Patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are a heterogeneous group. In the future, targeted treatment based on pathophysiological characteristics rather than the current "one size fits all" approach may improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob V Stidsen
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan E Henriksen
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael H Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, and Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department for Diabetes Research, Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sinna P Ulrichsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klara Berencsi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johnny A Kahlert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren G Friborg
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Biochemistry, Center Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Aneta A Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Center Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jens S Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Olesen
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henning Beck-Nielsen
- Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Yates DT, Petersen JL, Schmidt TB, Cadaret CN, Barnes TL, Posont RJ, Beede KA. ASAS-SSR Triennnial Reproduction Symposium: Looking Back and Moving Forward-How Reproductive Physiology has Evolved: Fetal origins of impaired muscle growth and metabolic dysfunction: Lessons from the heat-stressed pregnant ewe. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2987-3002. [PMID: 29701769 PMCID: PMC6095381 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality and predisposes offspring to metabolic disorders at all stages of life. Muscle-centric fetal adaptations reduce growth and yield metabolic parsimony, beneficial for IUGR fetal survival but detrimental to metabolic health after birth. Epidemiological studies have reported that IUGR-born children experience greater prevalence of insulin resistance and obesity, which progresses to diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders in adulthood that reduce quality of life. Similar adaptive programming in livestock results in decreased birth weights, reduced and inefficient growth, decreased carcass merit, and substantially greater mortality rates prior to maturation. High rates of glucose consumption and metabolic plasticity make skeletal muscle a primary target for nutrient-sparing adaptations in the IUGR fetus, but at the cost of its contribution to proper glucose homeostasis after birth. Identifying the mechanisms underlying IUGR pathophysiology is a fundamental step in developing treatments and interventions to improve outcomes in IUGR-born humans and livestock. In this review, we outline the current knowledge regarding the adaptive restriction of muscle growth and alteration of glucose metabolism that develops in response to progressively exacerbating intrauterine conditions. In addition, we discuss the evidence implicating developmental changes in β adrenergic and inflammatory systems as key mechanisms for dysregulation of these processes. Lastly, we highlight the utility and importance of sheep models in developing this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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13
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Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, Prats C, Madsen S, Basse AL, Graae AS, Risis S, Goldenbaum J, Quistorff B, Larsen S, Vienberg SG, Treebak JT. Perturbations of NAD + salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E377-E395. [PMID: 29208611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) can be synthesized by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). We aimed to determine the role of NAMPT in maintaining NAD+ levels, mitochondrial function, and metabolic homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells. We generated stable Nampt knockdown (sh Nampt KD) C2C12 cells using a shRNA lentiviral approach. Moreover, we applied gene electrotransfer to express Cre recombinase in tibialis anterior muscle of floxed Nampt mice. In sh Nampt KD C2C12 myoblasts, Nampt and NAD+ levels were reduced by 70% and 50%, respectively, and maximal respiratory capacity was reduced by 25%. Moreover, anaerobic glycolytic flux increased by 55%, and 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased by 25% in sh Nampt KD cells. Treatment with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside restored NAD+ levels in sh Nampt cells and increased maximal respiratory capacity by 18% and 32% in control and sh Nampt KD cells, respectively. Expression of Cre recombinase in muscle of floxed Nampt mice reduced NAMPT and NAD+ levels by 38% and 43%, respectively. Glucose uptake increased by 40%, and mitochondrial complex IV respiration was compromised by 20%. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-regulated genes and histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation, a known sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) target, were increased in shNampt KD cells. Thus, we propose that the shift toward glycolytic metabolism observed, at least in part, is mediated by the SIRT6/HIF1α axis. Our findings suggest that NAMPT plays a key role for maintaining NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle and that NAMPT deficiency compromises oxidative phosphorylation capacity and alters energy homeostasis in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Agerholm
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Morten Dall
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Clara Prats
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Søren Madsen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Astrid L Basse
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Graae
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steve Risis
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Julie Goldenbaum
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Sara G Vienberg
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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14
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De Sousa RAL. Gestational diabetes is associated to the development of brain insulin resistance in the offspring. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-018-0618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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15
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Polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction isolated from Molineria latifolia ameliorates insulin resistance in experimental diabetic rats via IRS1/AKT activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:125-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Karstoft K, Clark MA, Jakobsen I, Knudsen SH, van Hall G, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. Glucose effectiveness, but not insulin sensitivity, is improved after short-term interval training in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a controlled, randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2432-2442. [PMID: 28842722 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The role of glucose effectiveness (S G) in training-induced improvements in glucose metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes is unknown. The objectives and primary outcomes of this study were: (1) to assess the efficacy of interval walking training (IWT) and continuous walking training (CWT) on S G and insulin sensitivity (S I) in individuals with type 2 diabetes; and (2) to assess the association of changes in S G and S I with changes in glycaemic control. METHODS Fourteen participants with type 2 diabetes underwent three trials (IWT, CWT and no training) in a crossover study. Exclusion criteria were exogenous insulin treatment, smoking, pregnancy, contraindications to structured physical activity and participation in recurrent training (>90 min/week). The trials were performed in a randomised order (computerised-generated randomisation). IWT and CWT consisted of ten supervised treadmill walking sessions, each lasting 60 min, over 2 weeks. IWT was performed as repeated cycles of 3 min slow walking and 3 min fast walking (aiming for 54% and 89% of [Formula: see text], respectively, which was measured during the last minute of each interval), and CWT was performed aiming for a moderate walking speed (73% of [Formula: see text]). A two-step (pancreatic and hyperinsulinaemic) hyperglycaemic clamp was implemented before and after each trial. All data were collected in a hospitalised setting. Neither participants nor assessors were blinded to the trial interventions. RESULTS Thirteen individuals completed all procedures and were included in the analyses. IWT improved S G (mean ± SEM: 0.6 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.05) but not S I (p > 0.05), whereas CWT matched for energy expenditure and time duration improved neither S G nor S I (both p > 0.05). Changes in S G, but not in S I, were associated with changes in mean (β = -0.62 ± 0.23, r 2 = 0.17, p < 0.01) and maximum (β = -1.18 ± 0.52, r 2 = 0.12, p < 0.05) glucose levels during 24 h continuous glucose monitoring. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Two weeks of IWT, but not CWT, improves S G but not S I in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, changes in S G are associated with changes in glycaemic control. Therefore, increased S G is likely an important mechanism by which training improves glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02320526 FUNDING: CFAS is supported by a grant from TrygFonden. During the study period, the Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) was supported by a grant from the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF55). The study was further supported by grants from Diabetesforeningen, Augustinusfonden and Krista og Viggo Petersens Fond. CIM/CFAS is a member of DD2-the Danish Center for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (the Danish Council for Strategic Research, grant no. 09-067009 and 09-075724).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Margaret A Clark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Jakobsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine H Knudsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Kruse R, Vienberg SG, Vind BF, Andersen B, Højlund K. Effects of insulin and exercise training on FGF21, its receptors and target genes in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2042-2051. [PMID: 28721439 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pharmacological doses of FGF21 improve glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in rodents. Induced expression and secretion of FGF21 from muscle may increase browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in a myokine-like manner. Recent studies have reported that insulin and exercise increase FGF21 in plasma. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are potentially FGF21-resistant states, but to what extent FGF21 responses to insulin and exercise training are preserved, and whether FGF21, its receptors and target genes are altered, remains to be established. METHODS The effects of insulin during euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps and 10 week endurance training on serum FGF21 were examined in individuals with type 2 diabetes and in glucose tolerant overweight/obese and lean individuals. Gene expression of FGF21, its receptors and target genes in muscle and WAT biopsies was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Insulin increased serum and muscle FGF21 independent of overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, and there were no effects associated with exercise training. The insulin-induced increases in serum FGF21 and muscle FGF21 expression correlated tightly (p < 0.001). In WAT, overweight/obesity with and without type 2 diabetes led to reduced expression of KLB, but increased FGFR1c expression. However, the expression of most FGF21 target genes was unaltered except for reduced CIDEA expression in individuals with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Insulin-induced expression of muscle FGF21 correlates strongly with a rise in serum FGF21, and this response appears intact in overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. FGF21 resistance may involve reduced KLB expression in WAT. However, increased FGFR1c expression or other mechanisms seem to ensure adequate expression of most FGF21 target genes in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research, Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte F Vind
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark.
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18
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Brief report of the effects of the aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-017-0582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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19
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Berg SM, Havelund J, Hasler-Sheetal H, Kruse V, Pedersen AJT, Hansen AB, Nybo M, Beck-Nielsen H, Højlund K, Færgeman NJ. The heterozygous N291S mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene impairs whole-body insulin sensitivity and affects a distinct set of plasma metabolites in humans. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:515-523.e6. [PMID: 28502509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene causing decreased lipoprotein lipase activity are associated with surrogate markers of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in humans. OBJECTIVE We investigated the hypothesis that a heterozygous lipoprotein lipase mutation (N291S) induces whole-body insulin resistance and alterations in the plasma metabolome. METHODS In 6 carriers of a heterozygous lipoprotein lipase mutation (N291S) and 11 age-matched and weight-matched healthy controls, we examined insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps combined with indirect calorimetry. Plasma samples were taken before and after the clamp (4 hours of physiological hyperinsulinemia), and metabolites were measured enzymatically or by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, heterozygous carriers of a defective lipoprotein lipase allele had elevated fasting plasma levels triglycerides (P < .006), and markedly impaired insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rates (P < .024) and nonoxidative glucose metabolism (P < .015). Plasma metabolite profiling demonstrated lower circulating levels of pyruvic acid and α-tocopherol in the N291S carriers than in controls both before and after stimulation with insulin (all >1.5-fold change and P < .05). CONCLUSION Heterozygous carriers with a defective lipoprotein lipase allele are less insulin sensitive and have increased plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides. The heterozygous N291S carriers also have a distinct plasma metabolomic signature, which may serve as a diagnostic tool for deficient lipoprotein lipase activity and as a marker of lipid-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mikkelsen Berg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Havelund
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Nordic Center of Earth Evolution, NordCEE, Department of Biology, University of Southern Demark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mads Nybo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; The Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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20
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Kjøbsted R, Pedersen AJT, Hingst JR, Sabaratnam R, Birk JB, Kristensen JM, Højlund K, Wojtaszewski JFP. Intact Regulation of the AMPK Signaling Network in Response to Exercise and Insulin in Skeletal Muscle of Male Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Illumination of AMPK Activation in Recovery From Exercise. Diabetes 2016; 65:1219-30. [PMID: 26822091 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence on exercise-mediated AMPK regulation in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconclusive. This may relate to inadequate segregation of trimeric complexes in the investigation of AMPK activity. We examined the regulation of AMPK and downstream targets ACC-β, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4 in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from 13 overweight/obese patients with T2D and 14 weight-matched male control subjects before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise. Exercise increased AMPK α2β2γ3 activity and phosphorylation of ACCβ Ser(221), TBC1D1 Ser(237)/Thr(596), and TBC1D4 Ser(704) Conversely, exercise decreased AMPK α1β2γ1 activity and TBC1D4 Ser(318)/Thr(642) phosphorylation. Interestingly, compared with preexercise, 3 h into exercise recovery, AMPK α2β2γ1 and α1β2γ1 activity were increased concomitant with increased TBC1D4 Ser(318)/Ser(341)/Ser(704) phosphorylation. No differences in these responses were observed between patients with T2D and control subjects. Subjects were also studied by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps performed at rest and 3 h after exercise. We found no evidence for insulin to regulate AMPK activity. Thus, AMPK signaling is not compromised in muscle of patients with T2D during exercise and insulin stimulation. Our results reveal a hitherto unrecognized activation of specific AMPK complexes in exercise recovery. We hypothesize that the differential regulation of AMPK complexes plays an important role for muscle metabolism and adaptations to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Kruse R, Vind BF, Petersson SJ, Kristensen JM, Højlund K. Markers of autophagy are adapted to hyperglycaemia in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2087-95. [PMID: 26048236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Autophagy is a catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis by degradation of protein aggregates and selective removal of damaged organelles, e.g. mitochondria (mitophagy). Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and altered protein metabolism. Here, we investigated whether abnormalities in autophagy are present in human muscle in obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Using a case-control design, skeletal muscle biopsies obtained in the basal and insulin-stimulated states from patients with type 2 diabetes during both euglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, and from glucose-tolerant lean and obese individuals during euglycaemia, were used for analysis of mRNA levels, protein abundance and phosphorylation of autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS Muscle transcript levels of autophagy-related genes (ULK1, BECN1, PIK3C3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, GABARAPL1, MAP1LC3B, SQSTM1, TP53INP2 and FOXO3A [also known as FOXO3]), including some specific for mitophagy (BNIP3, BNIP3L and MUL1), and protein abundance of autophagy-related gene (ATG)7 and Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), as well as content and phosphorylation of forkhead box O3A (FOXO3A) were similar among the groups. Insulin reduced lipidation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)B-I to LC3B-II, a marker of autophagosome formation, with no effect on p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) content in muscle of lean and obese individuals. In diabetic patients, insulin action on LC3B was absent and p62/SQSTM1 content increased when studied under euglycaemia, whereas the responses of LC3B and p62/SQSTM1 to insulin were normalised during hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that the levels of autophagy-related genes and proteins in muscle are normal in obesity and type 2 diabetes. This suggests that muscle autophagy in type 2 diabetes has adapted to hyperglycaemia, which may contribute to preserve muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- The Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Pedersen AJT, Hingst JR, Friedrichsen M, Kristensen JM, Højlund K, Wojtaszewski JFP. Dysregulation of muscle glycogen synthase in recovery from exercise in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1569-78. [PMID: 25870023 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin and exercise stimulate skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS) activity by dephosphorylation and changes in kinetic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin, exercise and post-exercise insulin stimulation on GS phosphorylation, activity and substrate affinity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Obese men with type 2 diabetes (n = 13) and weight-matched controls (n = 14) underwent euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps in the rested state and 3 h after 60 min of cycling (70% maximal pulmonary oxygen uptake [VO2max]). Biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle were obtained before and after clamps, and before and immediately after exercise. RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was lower in diabetic patients vs obese controls with or without prior exercise. Post exercise, glucose partitioning shifted away from oxidation and towards storage in both groups. Insulin and, more potently, exercise increased GS activity (fractional velocity [FV]) and substrate affinity in both groups. Both stimuli caused dephosphorylation of GS at sites 3a + 3b, with exercise additionally decreasing phosphorylation at sites 2 + 2a. In both groups, changes in GS activity, substrate affinity and dephosphorylation at sites 3a + 3b by exercise were sustained 3 h post exercise and further enhanced by insulin. Post exercise, reduced GS activity and substrate affinity as well as increased phosphorylation at sites 2 + 2a were found in diabetic patients vs obese controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Exercise-induced activation of muscle GS in obesity and type 2 diabetes involves dephosphorylation of GS at sites 3a + 3b and 2 + 2a and enhanced substrate affinity, which is likely to facilitate glucose partitioning towards storage. Lower GS activity and increased phosphorylation at sites 2 + 2a in type 2 diabetes in the recovery period imply an impaired response to exercise.
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23
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Albers PH, Bojsen-Møller KN, Dirksen C, Serup AK, Kristensen DE, Frystyk J, Clausen TR, Kiens B, Richter EA, Madsbad S, Wojtaszewski JFP. Enhanced insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue following gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R510-24. [PMID: 26062634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00228.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RYGB on expression and regulation of proteins involved in regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies from glucose-tolerant and type 2 diabetic subjects at fasting and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp before as well as 1 wk and 3 and 12 mo after RYGB were analyzed for relevant insulin effector proteins/signaling components. Improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity mainly occurred at 12 mo postsurgery when major weight loss was evident and occurred concomitantly with alterations in plasma adiponectin and in protein expression/signaling in peripheral tissues. In skeletal muscle, protein expression of GLUT4, phosphorylated levels of TBC1D4, as well as insulin-induced changes in phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase activity were enhanced 12 mo postsurgery. In adipose tissue, protein expression of GLUT4, Akt2, TBC1D4, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), phosphorylated levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and ACC, as well as insulin-induced changes in phosphorylation of Akt and TBC1D4, were enhanced 12 mo postsurgery. Adipose tissue from glucose-tolerant subjects was the most responsive to RYGB compared with type 2 diabetic patients, whereas changes in skeletal muscle were largely similar in these two groups. In conclusion, an improved molecular insulin-sensitive phenotype of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue appears to contribute to the improved whole body insulin action following a substantial weight loss after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Albers
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Annette K Serup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte E Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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24
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Biensø RS, Olesen J, Gliemann L, Schmidt JF, Matzen MS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Hellsten Y, Pilegaard H. Effects of Exercise Training on Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism in Elderly Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:866-72. [PMID: 25991826 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind exercise training-induced improvements in glucose regulation in aged subjects. METHODS Twelve elderly male subjects completed 8 weeks of exercise training. Before and after the training period, the subjects completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis before and 45 minutes into the OGTT. Blood samples were collected before and up to 120 minutes after glucose intake. RESULTS Exercise training increased Hexokinase II, GLUT4, Akt2, glycogen synthase (GS), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α, PDK2 protein, and glycogen content in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, in response to glucose, GS activity was increased and the dephosphorylation of GS site 2 + 2a and 3a was enhanced after the training intervention. The glucose-mediated insulin stimulation of TBC1D4 Thr(642) phosphorylation was increased after exercise training. In the trained state, the PDHa activity was reduced following glucose intake and without changes in phosphorylation level of PDH-E1α. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that exercise training improves glucose regulation in elderly subjects by enhancing the capacity and acute regulation of glucose uptake and by enhancing intracellular glucose removal to glycogen synthesis rather than glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Sjørup Biensø
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, and
| | - Jesper Olesen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, and
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Sillesen Matzen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, and
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, and
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25
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Albers PH, Pedersen AJT, Birk JB, Kristensen DE, Vind BF, Baba O, Nøhr J, Højlund K, Wojtaszewski JFP. Human muscle fiber type-specific insulin signaling: impact of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:485-97. [PMID: 25187364 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of different fiber types. Studies suggest that insulin-mediated glucose metabolism is different between muscle fiber types. We hypothesized that differences are due to fiber type-specific expression/regulation of insulin signaling elements and/or metabolic enzymes. Pools of type I and II fibers were prepared from biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscles from lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects before and after a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Type I fibers compared with type II fibers have higher protein levels of the insulin receptor, GLUT4, hexokinase II, glycogen synthase (GS), and pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α (PDH-E1α) and a lower protein content of Akt2, TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4), and TBC1D1. In type I fibers compared with type II fibers, the phosphorylation response to insulin was similar (TBC1D4, TBC1D1, and GS) or decreased (Akt and PDH-E1α). Phosphorylation responses to insulin adjusted for protein level were not different between fiber types. Independently of fiber type, insulin signaling was similar (TBC1D1, GS, and PDH-E1α) or decreased (Akt and TBC1D4) in muscle from patients with type 2 diabetes compared with lean and obese subjects. We conclude that human type I muscle fibers compared with type II fibers have a higher glucose-handling capacity but a similar sensitivity for phosphoregulation by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Albers
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Andreas J T Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte E Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte F Vind
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Otto Baba
- Section of Biology, Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Ohu University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Jane Nøhr
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Zhao X, Bak S, Pedersen AJT, Jensen ON, Højlund K. Insulin Increases Phosphorylation of Mitochondrial Proteins in Human Skeletal Muscle in Vivo. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2359-69. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401163t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- College
of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China 430072
| | - Steffen Bak
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Nørregaard Jensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department
of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense
M, Denmark
- Section
of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition,
Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Nellemann B, Vendelbo MH, Nielsen TS, Bak AM, Høgild M, Pedersen SB, Biensø RS, Pilegaard H, Møller N, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Growth hormone-induced insulin resistance in human subjects involves reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:392-402. [PMID: 24148194 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Insulin resistance induced by growth hormone (GH) is linked to promotion of lipolysis by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that suppression of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form (PDHa) underlies GH-induced insulin resistance similar to what is observed during fasting. METHODS Eight healthy male subjects were studied four times in a randomized, single-blinded parallel design: Control, GH, Fasting (36 h) and GH + Fasting. GH (30 ng × kg(-1) × min(-1)) or saline was infused throughout the metabolic study day. Substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity were assessed by indirect calorimetry and isotopically determined rates of glucose turnover before and after a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. PDHa activity, PDH-E1α phosphorylation, PDK4 expression and activation of insulin signalling proteins were assessed in skeletal muscle. RESULTS Both fasting and GH promoted lipolysis, which was associated with ≈50% reduction in insulin sensitivity compared with the control day. PDHa activity was significantly reduced by GH as well as fasting. This was associated with increased inhibitory PDH-E1α phosphorylation on site 1 (Ser(293)) and 2 (Ser(300)) and up-regulation of PDK4 mRNA, while canonical insulin signalling to glucose transport was unaffected. CONCLUSION Competition between intermediates of glucose and fatty acids seems to play a causal role in insulin resistance induced by GH in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - M. H. Vendelbo
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - T. S. Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. M. Bak
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - M. Høgild
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - S. B. Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - R. S. Biensø
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism & August Krogh Centre; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Pilegaard
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism & August Krogh Centre; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - N. Møller
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - N. Jessen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. O. L. Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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28
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Treebak JT, Pehmøller C, Kristensen JM, Kjøbsted R, Birk JB, Schjerling P, Richter EA, Goodyear LJ, Wojtaszewski JFP. Acute exercise and physiological insulin induce distinct phosphorylation signatures on TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 proteins in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2013; 592:351-75. [PMID: 24247980 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the phosphorylation signatures of two Rab-GTPase activating proteins TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 in human skeletal muscle in response to physical exercise and physiological insulin levels induced by a carbohydrate rich meal using a paired experimental design. Eight healthy male volunteers exercised in the fasted or fed state and muscle biopsies were taken before and immediately after exercise. We identified TBC1D1/4 phospho-sites that (1) did not respond to exercise or postprandial increase in insulin (TBC1D4: S666), (2) responded to insulin only (TBC1D4: S318), (3) responded to exercise only (TBC1D1: S237, S660, S700; TBC1D4: S588, S751), and (4) responded to both insulin and exercise (TBC1D1: T596; TBC1D4: S341, T642, S704). In the insulin-stimulated leg, Akt phosphorylation of both T308 and S473 correlated significantly with multiple sites on both TBC1D1 (T596) and TBC1D4 (S318, S341, S704). Interestingly, in the exercised leg in the fasted state TBC1D1 phosphorylation (S237, T596) correlated significantly with the activity of the α2/β2/γ3 AMPK trimer, whereas TBC1D4 phosphorylation (S341, S704) correlated with the activity of the α2/β2/γ1 AMPK trimer. Our data show differential phosphorylation of TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 in response to physiological stimuli in human skeletal muscle and support the idea that Akt and AMPK are upstream kinases. TBC1D1 phosphorylation signatures were comparable between in vitro contracted mouse skeletal muscle and exercised human muscle, and we show that AMPK regulated phosphorylation of these sites in mouse muscle. Contraction and exercise elicited a different phosphorylation pattern of TBC1D4 in mouse compared with human muscle, and although different circumstances in our experimental setup may contribute to this difference, the observation exemplifies that transferring findings between species is problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas T Treebak
- The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13 DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Ustione A, Piston DW, Harris PE. Minireview: Dopaminergic regulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic islet. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1198-207. [PMID: 23744894 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous dopamine inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, but the lack of dopaminergic neurons in pancreatic islets has led to controversy regarding the importance of this effect. Recent data, however, suggest a plausible physiologic role for dopamine in the regulation of insulin secretion. We review the literature underlying our current understanding of dopaminergic signaling that can down-regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. In this negative feedback loop, dopamine is synthesized in the β-cells from circulating L-dopa, serves as an autocrine signal that is cosecreted with insulin, and causes a tonic inhibition on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. On the whole animal scale, L-dopa is produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract, and its concentration in the blood plasma increases following a mixed meal. By reviewing the outcome of certain types of bariatric surgery that result in rapid amelioration of glucose tolerance, we hypothesize that dopamine serves as an "antiincretin" signal that counterbalances the stimulatory effect of glucagon-like peptide 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ustione
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA
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30
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Frøsig C, Jensen TE, Jeppesen J, Pehmøller C, Treebak JT, Maarbjerg SJ, Kristensen JM, Sylow L, Alsted TJ, Schjerling P, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA. AMPK and insulin action--responses to ageing and high fat diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62338. [PMID: 23671593 PMCID: PMC3645997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered “a metabolic master-switch” in skeletal muscle reducing ATP- consuming processes whilst stimulating ATP regeneration. Within recent years, AMPK has also been proposed as a potential target to attenuate insulin resistance, although the exact role of AMPK is not well understood. Here we hypothesized that mice lacking α2AMPK activity in muscle would be more susceptible to develop insulin resistance associated with ageing alone or in combination with high fat diet. Young (∼4 month) or old (∼18 month) wild type and muscle specific α2AMPK kinase-dead mice on chow diet as well as old mice on 17 weeks of high fat diet were studied for whole body glucose homeostasis (OGTT, ITT and HOMA-IR), insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle. We demonstrate that high fat diet in old mice results in impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin stimulated glucose uptake in both the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle, coinciding with reduced insulin signaling at the level of Akt (pSer473 and pThr308), TBC1D1 (pThr590) and TBC1D4 (pThr642). In contrast to our hypothesis, the impact of ageing and high fat diet on insulin action was not worsened in mice lacking functional α2AMPK in muscle. It is concluded that α2AMPK deficiency in mouse skeletal muscle does not cause muscle insulin resistance in young and old mice and does not exacerbate obesity-induced insulin resistance in old mice suggesting that decreased α2AMPK activity does not increase susceptibility for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frøsig
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Friedrichsen M, Birk JB, Richter EA, Ribel-Madsen R, Pehmøller C, Hansen BF, Beck-Nielsen H, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Vaag A, Poulsen P, Wojtaszewski JFP. Akt2 influences glycogen synthase activity in human skeletal muscle through regulation of NH₂-terminal (sites 2 + 2a) phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E631-9. [PMID: 23321478 PMCID: PMC3774094 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00494.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by reduced muscle glycogen synthesis. The key enzyme in this process, glycogen synthase (GS), is activated via proximal insulin signaling, but the exact molecular events remain unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of Thr³⁰⁸ on Akt (p-Akt-Thr³⁰⁸), Akt2 activity, and GS activity in muscle were positively associated with insulin sensitivity. Here, in the same study population, we determined the influence of several upstream elements in the canonical PI3K signaling on muscle GS activation. One-hundred eighty-one nondiabetic twins were examined with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with excision of muscle biopsies. Insulin signaling was evaluated at the levels of the insulin receptor, IRS-1-associated PI3K (IRS-1-PI3K), Akt, and GS employing activity assays and phosphospecific Western blotting. The insulin-stimulated GS activity was positively associated with p-Akt-Thr³⁰⁸ (P = 0.01) and Akt2 activity (P = 0.04) but not p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³ or IRS-1-PI3K activity. Furthermore, p-Akt-Thr³⁰⁸ and Akt2 activity were negatively associated with NH₂-terminal GS phosphorylation (P = 0.001 for both), which in turn was negatively associated with insulin-stimulated GS activity (P < 0.001). We found no association between COOH-terminal GS phosphorylation and Akt or GS activity. Employing whole body Akt2-knockout mice, we validated the necessity for Akt2 in insulin-mediated GS activation. However, since insulin did not affect NH₂-terminal phosphorylation in mice, we could not use this model to validate the observed association between GS NH₂-terminal phosphorylation and Akt activity in humans. In conclusion, our study suggests that although COOH-terminal dephosphorylation is likely necessary for GS activation, Akt2-dependent NH₂-terminal dephosphorylation may be the site for "fine-tuning" insulin-mediated GS activation in humans.
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32
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Kleinert M, Sylow L, Richter EA. Regulation of glycogen synthase in muscle and its role in Type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/dmt.12.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beck-Nielsen H. The role of glycogen synthase in the development of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: 'To store or not to store glucose, that's the question'. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:635-44. [PMID: 22926827 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the role of glycogen storage in skeletal muscle for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Specifically, the role of the enzyme glycogen synthase, which seems to be locked in its hyperphosphorylated and inactivated state, is discussed. This defect seems to be secondary to ectopic lipid disposition in the muscle cells. These molecular defects are discussed in the context of the overall pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects.
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