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Gander M, Buchheim A, Sevecke K. Personality Disorders and Attachment Trauma in Adolescent Patients with Psychiatric Disorders. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:457-471. [PMID: 37889355 PMCID: PMC10896792 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how personality disorders (PD) differ with respect to gender, attachment status and traumatic childhood experiences in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. In particular, we investigated attachment-related traumatic material underlying adolescent PD. Our sample consisted of 175 inpatient adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (77% female, Mage = 15.13, SD = 1.35; 23% male, Mage =14.85, SD = 1.41). Thirty-nine patients (22%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for a PD according to the SCID-II PD: 51% avoidant, 13% obsessive-compulsive, 13% antisocial, 19% borderline, 2% paranoid and 2% histrionic. In the total sample, eighty-three (47%) of our inpatients were classified with an unresolved attachment status using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP). We did not find any significant gender differences for patients with and without a PD. Our results revealed a higher percentage of unresolved attachment status in patients with a PD. The in-depth analysis of the total sample showed that patients with a PD demonstrated more traumatic material in their attachment interviews indicating a greater severity of attachment trauma. Furthermore, patients with a PD reported higher scores on emotional and physical neglect. Intervention strategies targeting traumatic attachment-related themes might be useful to treat adolescents with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gander
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tirol Kliniken, Milserstrasse 10, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria.
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Kathrin Sevecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tirol Kliniken, Milserstrasse 10, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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2
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Nagar M, Nakash O. Can I Leave the Past Behind? Associations between Childhood Abuse and Adult Psychopathology. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:412. [PMID: 38338297 PMCID: PMC10855430 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research consistently shows that abuse during childhood is related to adult psychopathology. Information regarding childhood abuse is frequently collected from either previous documentation or from participants' self-reports. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we combined information on reports of childhood abuse from several informants (patients, treating clinicians, and independent interviewer), as well as diagnostic assessments of adult patients based on independent interviewer assessments based on structured diagnostic interviews (SCID) and clinician judgments, to better examine the association between exposure to abuse during childhood and adult psychopathology. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A convenience sample of patients in community mental health and hospital-based clinics (N = 170) and their clinicians (N = 80) participated in the study. METHODS Patients and clinicians completed the Clinical Data Form. Patients also completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Independent interviewer-assessed patients and completed the Familial Experiences Interview. Clinicians completed a diagnostic assessment of their patients based on clinical judgment. Independent interviewers completed the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). RESULTS Reports of exposure to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse during childhood from all informants correlated with the treating clinician's diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD; r range 0.23-0.37, p < 0.05), but not with SCID diagnosis of BPD. Clinician and SCID diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) correlated with patient and interviewer reports of childhood sexual abuse (r range 0.23-0.30, p < 0.05), but there were no correlations with treating clinician's reports of sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS The association between BPD and childhood abuse is consistent across different ratings and measurements. The study raises questions of the ability of a structured interview to accurately capture BPD and highlights the connection between sexual abuse and PTSD, and the importance of treating clinicians' examination of childhood sexual abuse among their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Nagar
- Department of Criminology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;
| | - Ora Nakash
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;
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3
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Bach B, Bo S, Simonsen E. Maladaptive personality traits may link childhood trauma history to current internalizing symptoms. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:468-475. [PMID: 35606936 PMCID: PMC9790355 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research supports a strong relationship between childhood maltreatment and internalizing psychopathology (e.g., anxiety and depression), and features of personality are assumed to explain some of this relationship. In this study, we proposed a model in which maladaptive traits mediate the effect of childhood trauma history on internalizing symptoms in adult individuals. A mixed sample (N = 462) composed of 142 psychiatric patients and 320 community-dwelling individuals completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-27) for internalizing psychopathology. The effect of childhood traumas explained 34% of the variance in internalizing symptoms while controlling for the influence of age and gender. The traits accounted for 78% of this effect, which was predominantly exerted through the domains of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, and Psychoticism, and specifically through the facets of Depressivity, Suspiciousness, Anxiousness, Perceptual Dysregulation, and Distractibility. This finding provides preliminary support for the proposed model indicating that the aforementioned maladaptive trait domains potentially function as mediating links by which childhood traumas are translated into internalizing symptoms in adulthood. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution due to the cross-sectional and retrospective mono-method design of this study. Clinical implications are discussed in relation to transdiagnostic treatment and the potential value of specifying trait domain specifiers in ICD-11 and DSM-5 models of personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research UnitCenter for Personality Disorder Research, Region ZealandSlagelseDenmark
| | - Sune Bo
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryRegion ZealandRoskildeDenmark
| | - Erik Simonsen
- Psychiatric Research UnitCenter for Personality Disorder Research, Region ZealandSlagelseDenmark,Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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4
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Zhou M, Bian B, Zhu W, Huang L. A Half Century of Research on Childhood and Adolescent Depression: Science Mapping the Literature, 1970 to 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9524. [PMID: 34574449 PMCID: PMC8465814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain an in-depth understanding of research about childhood and adolescent depression, this article analyzes the scale, development, and geographic distribution of the literature in the field based on 8491 articles extracted from the Web of Science Core database. Using citation analysis, this article identifies influential journals, scholars, and documents in this field. The study found that in the past 15 years, the number of documents has increased significantly and geographical diversity has also increased. Most of the highly influential literature relates to depression inventories. Using keyword co-occurrence analysis, this article also identified three key research topics focusing on (a) child and adolescent depression symptoms and prevalence, (b) parental depression and child behavioral or emotional problems, and (c) childhood abuse and depression. This study uses 'science mapping' as a means to provide a better understanding of research trends about childhood and adolescent depression that have emerged over the past half century, and may serve as reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Huang
- College of Economics and Management, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; (M.Z.); (B.B.); (W.Z.)
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5
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Ashaba S, Cooper-Vince C, Maling S, Satinsky EN, Baguma C, Akena D, Nansera D, Bajunirwe F, Tsai AC. Childhood trauma, major depressive disorder, suicidality, and the modifying role of social support among adolescents living with HIV in rural Uganda. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 4:100094. [PMID: 34841384 PMCID: PMC8623847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is associated with mental health problems among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about potential moderating factors. METHODS We enrolled 224 ALHIV aged 13-17 years and collected information on childhood trauma, major depressive disorder, and suicidality. We used modified multivariable Poisson regression to estimate the association between the mental health outcome variables and childhood trauma, and to assess for effect modification by social support. RESULTS Major depressive disorder had a statistically significant association with emotional abuse (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 2.57; 95% CI 1.31-5.04; P=0.006) and physical abuse (ARR 2.16; 95% CI 1.19-3.89; P=0.01). The estimated association between any abuse and major depressive disorder was statistically significant among those with a low level of social support (ARR 4.30; 95% CI 1.64-11.25; P=0.003) but not among those with a high level of social support (ARR 1.30; 95% CI 0.57-2.98; P=0.52). Suicidality also had a statistically significant association with emotional abuse (ARR 2.03; 95% CI 1.05-3.920; P=0.03) and physical abuse (ARR 3.17; 95% CI 1.60-6.25.; P=0.001), but no differences by social support were noted. LIMITATIONS Corporal punishment is used widely in schools and homes as a form of discipline in Uganda; this cultural practice could have biased reporting about physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma is associated with poor mental health among ALHIV, but its effects may be moderated by social support. More research is needed to develop social support interventions for ALHIV with adverse childhood experiences for improved mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scholastic Ashaba
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Samuel Maling
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Emily N. Satinsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Center for Global Health and Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Baguma
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Makerere, Uganda
| | - Denis Nansera
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Center for Global Health and Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Chen F, Lin X, Pan Y, Zeng X, Zhang S, Hu H, Yu M, Wu J. Insomnia partially mediates the relationship between pathological personality traits and depression: a case-control study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11061. [PMID: 33850653 PMCID: PMC8018246 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Personality disorders are frequently associated with insomnia and depression, but little is known about the inter-relationships among these variables. Therefore, this study examined these inter-relationships and the possible mediating effect of insomnia on the association between specific personality pathologies and depression severity. Methods There were 138 study participants, including 69 individuals with depression and 69 healthy controls. The main variables were measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 (HAMD-24), Athens Sleep Insomnia Scale (AIS), and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+). Multivariate linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted. Results With the exception of the antisocial personality score, all the PDQ-4+ scores and AIS scores were significantly higher in the depression group than in the healthy control group (p < 0.001). In the total sample, all personality pathology scores (p < 0.001), except the antisocial personality score, had significant positive correlations with the AIS scores and HAMD-24 scores, and the AIS scores and HAMD-24 scores were positively correlated (r = 0.620, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that borderline personality, passive-aggressive personality, and insomnia positively predicted the severity of depression, after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, and that insomnia partially mediated the associations of borderline personality and passive-aggressive personality with depression severity. Conclusions Borderline personality, passive-aggressive personality, and insomnia tend to increase the severity of depression, and the effect of borderline and passive-aggressive personality on depression severity may be partially mediated by insomnia. This is the first study to report these findings in a Chinese sample, and they may help researchers to understand the pathways from specific personality pathologies to the psychopathology of depression better, which should be useful for designing interventions to relieve depression severity, as the impact of specific personality pathology and insomnia should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiujin Lin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuli Pan
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Miaoyu Yu
- Department of Mental Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junduan Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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7
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ye Z, Li P, Wang F, Cao Y, Zhang S, Zhou F, Ai Z, Zhao N. Prevalence of Comorbid Personality Disorder in Psychotic and Non-psychotic Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:800047. [PMID: 35002814 PMCID: PMC8739447 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The burden of personality disorders (PDs) in China is large and the focus on mental health services is increasing. However, there is a lack of sufficient evidence regarding the prevalence of comorbid PD in psychotic and non-psychotic disorders, and whether PDs have different distributions. We aimed to investigate the PD comorbidity distribution pattern between psychotic and non-psychotic disorders using a clinical population-based study. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,497 patients in Shanghai. PDs were screened using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire Fourth Edition Plus (PDQ-4+). All patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) Axis II (SCID-II). We compared the differences in PD comorbidities classified as the 10 types of PDs in the DSM-IV, in 531 patients with psychosis and 966 patients with non-psychotic disorders. Results: More than one-third (37%) of patients with psychotic disorders met the criteria of at least one PD. Approximately half (46%) of patients with non-psychotic disorders met the criteria of at least one PD. Patients with non-psychotic disorders were more likely to meet the criteria of borderline (χ2 = 20.154, p < 0.001) and obsessive-compulsive PD (χ2 = 21.164, p < 0.001) diagnoses compared to those with psychotic disorders. In contrast, patients with psychotic disorders were more likely to meet the criteria of paranoid (χ2 = 11.144, p = 0.001) and schizotypal PD (χ2 = 14.004, p < 0.001) diagnoses than those with non-psychotic disorders. Discussion: PD comorbidity is common and comorbidity distribution pattern is varied in patients with psychotic and non-psychotic disorders, implicating the development of specific strategies that could screen and assess PDs in psychiatric clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiechun Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihao Ye
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Cao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zisheng Ai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Zhao N, Shi D, Huang J, Chen Q, Wang Q. Comparing the Self-Reported Personality Disorder Traits and Childhood Traumatic Experiences Between Patients With Schizophrenia Vs. Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:754174. [PMID: 34671281 PMCID: PMC8520909 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Personality disorder (PD) and childhood traumatic experience (CTE) are well- recognized risk factors for the development of schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The relationship between CTE and PD is extremely close, and both conditions can affect subsequent psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the differences of these factors in patients with SZ and those with MDD. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,026 outpatients participated in the study, including 533 (51.9%) with SZ and 493 (48.1%) with MDD who were sequentially sampled. The PD traits were assessed using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire Fourth Edition Plus (PDQ-4+). The Child Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) was used to assess childhood adversities. The scores and associations of PDQ-4+ and CTQ-SF between patients with SZ and those with MDD were compared. Results: The MDD group exhibited more PD traits and more childhood emotional neglect than the SZ group. In patients with MDD, the correlation between PD traits and CTE was significantly higher than that in patients with SZ. Patients with SZ vs. those with MDD showed different PD traits and CTE. The schizotypal and antisocial PD traits, as well as sexual abuse and physical neglect CTE, were significantly related to SZ. In contrast, the borderline, narcissistic and avoidant PD traits, and emotional abuse/neglect CTE were significantly associated with MDD. Discussion: These findings indicated a robust relationship between CTE and PD traits. Moreover, patients with SZ or MDD, have different interactive patterns. Both CTE and PD traits have the potential to be premorbid risk factors that could be targeted for preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianhong Shi
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Porras-Segovia A, Dunne H, Andrade-González N, Cervilla JA. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:657-672. [PMID: 32756809 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling mental illnesses and it has a significant impact on society. This review aims to provide updated scientific evidence about the epidemiology of MDD. METHODS A systematic literature review of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed to identify articles on the prevalence of MDD and its correlates. The search was restricted to manuscripts published between January 2001 and December 2018. RESULTS Sixty-three articles were included in the review. The lifetime prevalence of MDD ranged from 2 to 21%, with the highest rates found in some European countries and the lowest in some Asian countries. The main sociodemographic correlates were separated/divorced marital status and female gender. Child abuse, intimate partner violence, and comorbidity with other physical and mental disorders also were consistently associated with MDD across the reviewed studies. CONCLUSIONS MDD is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. There are remarkable interregional differences in the disorder's prevalence, as well as in certain sociodemographic correlates. MDD is also highly comorbid with physical and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Henry Dunne
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, UK
| | - Nelson Andrade-González
- Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Relacionales y Psicoterapia, Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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10
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Zhang S, Lin X, Yang T, Zhang S, Pan Y, Lu J, Liu J. Prevalence of childhood trauma among adults with affective disorder using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:546-554. [PMID: 32871685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. However, no meta-analysis was performed on the prevalence of different types of childhood trauma in adults with affective disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). METHODS Four databases were used to search articles regarding the prevalence of childhood emotional abuse (CEA), childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood physical neglect (CPN), and childhood emotional neglect (CEN) in patients with MDD and BD using the CTQ. RESULTS A total of 17 and 11 articles were found analyzing patients with MDD and BD, respectively. A pooled prevalence rate of 33.0% and 30.0% for CEA, 17.0% and 18.0% for CPA, 19.0% and 22.0% for CSA, 37.0% and 31.0% for CEN, and 31% and 30.0% for CPN was found in patients with MDD and BD respectively. A difference in 95% confidence interval in the CSA rate between men and women was found in patients with MDD in the gender subgroup and in the rate of some types of childhood trauma in the continent subgroup in both patient types. LIMITATIONS A limited number of articles were included in some continents, thus, the heterogeneity in the meta-analysis was generally high. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CEA, CEN, and CPN in patients with affective disorders was relatively high, whereas that of CPA and CSA was relatively low. These childhood traumas might be affected by continent and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Zhang
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Shenzhen University, Mental Health School, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiujin Lin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yuli Pan
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Shenzhen University, Mental Health School, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Shenzhen University, Mental Health School, Shenzhen 518020, China.
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11
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Gander M, Buchheim A, Bock A, Steppan M, Sevecke K, Goth K. Unresolved Attachment Mediates the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Impaired Personality Functioning in Adolescence. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:84-103. [PMID: 31990614 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the mediating effect of attachment trauma on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and personality functioning in 199 adolescents (12-18 years) using a novel approach of an in-depth analysis of attachment-related traumatic contents during an attachment interview (AAP). Our findings demonstrate that adolescents with a high amount of traumatic attachment-related material show a lower resilience when facing traumatic childhood experiences, resulting in a greater severity of personality dysfunction. In particular, the associations between emotional abuse and neglect and the domains of identity, empathy, self-direction, and intimacy were mediated by the severity of attachment trauma. These results advance our understanding of the different nuances of attachment-related traumatic material and how they might shape personality structure in an adolescent age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gander
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Tirol Kliniken, Austria
| | - Astrid Bock
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Steppan
- Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Sevecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kirstin Goth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Humphreys KL, LeMoult J, Wear JG, Piersiak HA, Lee A, Gotlib IH. Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 102:104361. [PMID: 32062423 PMCID: PMC7081433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have documented that child maltreatment is associated with adverse long-term consequences for mental health, including increased risk for depression. Attempts to conduct meta-analyses of the association between different forms of child maltreatment and depressive symptomatology in adulthood, however, have been limited by the wide range of definitions of child maltreatment in the literature. OBJECTIVE We sought to meta-analyze a single, widely-used dimensional measure of child maltreatment, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, with respect to depression diagnosis and symptom scores. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 192 unique samples consisting of 68,830 individuals. METHODS We explored the association between total scores and scores from specific forms of child maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) and depression using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We found that higher child maltreatment scores were associated with a diagnosis of depression (g = 1.07; 95 % CI, 0.95-1.19) and with higher depression symptom scores (Z = .35; 95 % CI, .32-.38). Moreover, although each type of child maltreatment was positively associated with depression diagnosis and scores, there was variability in the size of the effects, with emotional abuse and emotional neglect demonstrating the strongest associations. CONCLUSIONS These analyses provide important evidence of the link between child maltreatment and depression, and highlight the particularly larger association with emotional maltreatment in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John G Wear
- Western University of Health Sciences, United States
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When do peers matter? The moderating role of peer support in the relationship between environmental adversity, complex trauma, and adolescent psychopathology in socially disadvantaged adolescents. J Adolesc 2019; 72:14-22. [PMID: 30754015 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the longitudinal associations between environmental adversity (defined in terms of exposure to violence in the neighborhood, school, and media), complex trauma (operationalized as experiences of abuse and neglect), and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptoms. METHODS Using a cross-lagged panel research design, we investigated the moderating role of peer support in these relationships in a sample of 644 adolescents from a severely disadvantaged district of Lima, Peru, who were followed up in a 1-year prospective study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found significant unidirectional dynamic relations, where both types of adversity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Peer support significantly moderated this effect, but only for complex trauma, in that higher levels of peer support were associated with a decreased impact of complex trauma on internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of social relations and the quality of peer relations in particular as factors that may mitigate the risk of early exposure to trauma.
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Hoppen TH, Chalder T. Childhood adversity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for affective disorders in adulthood: A systematic review focusing on biopsychosocial moderating and mediating variables. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:81-151. [PMID: 30189342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Academic Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, UK
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Zhang M, Han J, Shi J, Ding H, Wang K, Kang C, Gong J. Personality traits as possible mediators in the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 103:150-155. [PMID: 29852422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma has been found to be a critical risk factor for depression in adolescents. Personality traits have been linked with mental health. However, the relationship between childhood trauma, personality traits, and depressive symptoms in adolescents is largely unclear. This study tried to examine the mediating effect of personality traits between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Meanwhile, the possible bidirectional association between personality traits and depression was considered in the study. A group of community-based adolescents aged 10-17 years (N = 5793) were recruited from nine schools in Wuhan city, China. The participants completed self-report questionnaires, including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results showed that childhood trauma experiences were positively related with depressive symptoms and neuroticism, and negatively related with extraversion and conscientiousness; depressive symptoms were related with high neuroticism, low extraversion, and conscientiousness. Neuroticism and extraversion partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms. And 'childhood trauma-personality traits-depression' models showed better property than the alternative models of 'childhood trauma-depression-personality traits'. The current study provides preliminary evidence for mediation roles of neuroticism and extraversion in the effect of childhood trauma to depressive symptoms in adolescents. These findings may contribute to better prevention and interventions for depressive symptoms among adolescents with childhood trauma via personality traits improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Junxin Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huisi Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiqiao Wang
- Department of Education, Culture and Sports, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Kang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangling Gong
- Center for Mental Health, Institute of Education and Development, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
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Silwal S, Dybdahl R, Chudal R, Sourander A, Lien L. Psychiatric symptoms experienced by adolescents in Nepal following the 2015 earthquakes. J Affect Disord 2018; 234:239-246. [PMID: 29549825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2015, Nepal was hit by two major earthquakes, which caused 8900 deaths and displaced more than 450,000 people. We assessed the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms and explored potential risk factors among adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study comprised 893 students aged 11-17 in school grades 7-10. They lived in two districts affected by the earthquakes: Sindhupalchok and Kathmandu. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using Child PTSD symptom scale and Depression Self-Rating Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis examined the associations between demographic, earthquake-related factors and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS The prevalence of PTSS in the Sindhupalchok and Kathmandu districts were 39.5% and 10.7%, and depression symptoms were 40.4% and 23.2% respectively. The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between age and PTSS was significant. In the multivariate logistic analyses, the factors associated with PTSS and depression were: being female, prior exposure to trauma and being directly affected by the earthquakes. LIMITATIONS Due to the lack of pre-earthquake prevalence rates, our estimates may have been due to chronic long-lasting problems of poverty and lack of access to physical and mental health services. The use of self-reported questionnaires might have overestimated the prevalence rates compared to psychiatric interviews. CONCLUSIONS One year after the earthquakes, adolescents living in Sindhupalchok had a higher prevalence of PTSS and depressive symptoms than those living in Kathmandu. Socio-economic and earthquake-related factors were associated with psychiatric outcomes. The findings indicate the need for early psychosocial interventions, prevention and future research after emergency relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Silwal
- Univeristy of Turku, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ragnhild Dybdahl
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roshan Chudal
- Univeristy of Turku, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Univeristy of Turku, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Turku, Finland; Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Department of public health, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercede Erfanian
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Schulz P, Beblo T, Ribbert H, Kater L, Spannhorst S, Driessen M, Hennig-Fast K. How is childhood emotional abuse related to major depression in adulthood? The role of personality and emotion acceptance. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 72:98-109. [PMID: 28787645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence provides support that childhood emotional abuse (CEA) is related to adult major depressive disorder (MDD) outcomes. However, the psychological mechanisms of this relation are still not well understood. Changes in personality and emotion regulation are indicated to play a mediating role what should be examined in this paper. A sample of 123 MDD inpatients was examined in a prospective observational study with two times of measurement. Patients provided data on childhood trauma history, personality disorder (PD) traits and emotion acceptance. Self- and expert-ratings of depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment. Treatment duration as an objective indicator of treatment outcome was additionally considered. Partial correlation analyses revealed associations between CEA and self-ratings of MDD symptom severity and symptom improvement independent of sexual and physical abuse. Expert-ratings of depression and treatment duration were not related to CEA. Mediation analyses revealed that particularly the factors borderline psychopathology as well as acceptance of pleasant emotions mediated the association of CEA and self-rated MDD symptoms. Passive-aggressive PD traits mediated the link between CEA and a lower self-rated symptom improvement. CEA affect specific personality traits and acceptance of emotions. This association may play a critical role for self-reported depressive symptoms with implications for prevention, psychoeducation, and treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulz
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Division, Remterweg 69-71, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Beblo
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Division, Remterweg 69-71, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hedda Ribbert
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of General Psychiatry, Bethesdaweg 12, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Leona Kater
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine Johannesstift, Schildescher Straße 99, D-33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spannhorst
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of General Psychiatry, Bethesdaweg 12, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Driessen
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Division, Remterweg 69-71, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of General Psychiatry, Bethesdaweg 12, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Applied Psychology, Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
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Hock RS, Bryce CP, Waber DP, McCuskee S, Fitzmaurice GM, Henderson DC, Galler JR. Relationship between infant malnutrition and childhood maltreatment in a Barbados lifespan cohort. VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND YOUTH STUDIES 2017; 12:304-313. [PMID: 30034507 PMCID: PMC6051436 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2017.1371817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Childhood malnutrition and maltreatment (abuse, neglect) are both prevalent, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite their known negative impact on child development, there is surprisingly little research documenting their interrelationships. To address this gap, we administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), a retrospective structured self-report of childhood abuse and neglect, in a Barbadian cohort of 77 adult survivors of infant malnutrition, limited to the first year of life, and 62 healthy controls from the same classrooms and neighborhoods (mean age ± SD = 43.8±2.3 years). This cohort has been followed since birth. Using factor analysis and comparison with archival data addressing similar constructs, we found evidence for reliability and validity of the CTQ-SF in this population. Linear regression analyses, with and without adjusting for childhood household standard of living at three childhood ages, revealed that a history of infant malnutrition was significantly associated with increased levels of self-reported physical neglect in childhood, and, to a somewhat lesser degree, emotional neglect. This study highlights the co-occurrence of infant malnutrition and self-reported maltreatment in childhood in Barbados, with potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Hock
- The Chester M. Pierce, MD Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cyralene P. Bryce
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Barbados Nutrition Study, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Deborah P. Waber
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah McCuskee
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garrett M. Fitzmaurice
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C. Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janina R. Galler
- The Chester M. Pierce, MD Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Naicker SN, Norris SA, Mabaso M, Richter LM. An analysis of retrospective and repeat prospective reports of adverse childhood experiences from the South African Birth to Twenty Plus cohort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181522. [PMID: 28746343 PMCID: PMC5528894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies rely on cross-sectional retrospective reports from adult samples to collect information about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to examine relationships with adult outcomes. The problems associated with these reports have long been debated, with only a few studies determining their reliability and validity and fewer still reaching consensus on the matter. This paper uses repeat prospective and retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences from two respondent sources in the South African Birth to Twenty Plus (Bt20+) cohort to explore agreement and concordance in the prospective reporting of ACEs by caregivers and respective children as adolescents and then as young adults. The findings demonstrate little overall agreement between prospective and retrospective accounts of childhood experiences, with 80% of kappa values below the moderate agreement cutoff (k = .41). The highest levels of agreement were found between prospective and retrospective reporting on parental and household death (kappas ranging from .519 to .944). Comparisons between prospective caregiver reports and retrospective young adult reports yielded high concordance rates on sexual and physical abuse and exposure to intimate partner violence (91.0%, 87.7% and 80.2%, respectively). The prevalence of reported ACEs varied with the age of the respondent, with adolescents reporting much higher rates of exposure to violence, physical and sexual abuse than are reported retrospectively or by caregivers. This variation may partly reflect actual changes in circumstances with maturation, but may be influenced by developmental stage and issues of memory, cognition and emotional state more than has been considered in previous analyses. More research, across disciplines, is needed to understand these processes and their effect on recall. Long-term prospective studies are critical for this purpose. In conclusion, methodological research that uses a range of information sources to establish the reliability and validity of both retrospective and prospective reports ‒ recognizing that the two approaches may fundamentally answer different questions ‒ should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Naicker
- Human & Social Development Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Mabaso
- HIV/AIDS, STIs & TB Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Linda M. Richter
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bach B, Fjeldsted R. The role of DSM-5 borderline personality symptomatology and traits in the link between childhood trauma and suicidal risk in psychiatric patients. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:12. [PMID: 28638621 PMCID: PMC5474295 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood traumas appear to be linked to suicidal behavior. However, the factors that mediate between these two phenomena are not sufficiently understood. Recent findings suggest that borderline personality disorder (BPD) may explain some of the association. METHOD The present study investigated the potential mediating role of BPD symptomatology and traits between reported childhood trauma and suicidal risk in adult psychiatric outpatients (N = 124). BPD symptomatology was measured with DSM-5 Section II criterion-counts (SCID-II; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II), whereas BPD traits were measured with specified DSM-5 Section III traits (PID-5; Personality Inventory for DSM-5). Childhood traumas were self-reported (CTQ; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), whereas level of suicidal risk was measured with a structured interview (MINI Suicidality Module; Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Mediation effects were tested by bias-corrected (10.000 boot-strapped samples) confidence intervals. RESULTS BPD features account for a considerable part of the cross-sectional association between childhood trauma and level of suicidal risk, even when controlling for the influence of gender, age, and educational level. This finding remained stable when testing the model without the suicidality-related BPD criterion and PID-5 items. DSM-5 Section II BPD criterion-counts explained 67% of the total effect, whereas DSM-5 Section III BPD traits accounted for 82% of the total effect. The specific DSM-5 Section III trait facets of "Depressivity" (52%) and "Perceptual Dysregulation" (37%) accounted for most of this effect. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide preliminary support for the proposed mediation model indicating that BPD features may help explain relations between childhood trauma and elevated suicidal risk in adult life, in particular for DSM-5 Section III personality traits of depressivity (e.g., pessimism, guilt, and shame) and perceptual dysregulation (e.g., dissociation). To reduce the suicidal risk among those with a history of childhood trauma, BPD features (including "Depressivity" and "Perceptual Dysregulation") might be an important target of assessment, risk management, and treatment. However, other factors are likely to be involved, and a longitudinal and more large-scale design is warranted for a conclusive test of mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Center of Excellence on Personality Disorder, Psychiatric Research Unit, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Fælledvej 6, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Psychiatric Clinic, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rita Fjeldsted
- Psychiatric Clinic, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
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Rezaei M, Ghazanfari F, Rezaee F. The role of childhood trauma, early maladaptive schemas, emotional schemas and experimental avoidance on depression: A structural equation modeling. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:407-414. [PMID: 27788461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to examine disconnection and rejection (DR) schemas, negative emotional schemas (NESs) and experimental avoidance (EA) as mediating variables of the relationship between the childhood trauma (CT) and depression. Specifically we examined the mediating role of NESs and EA between DR schemas and depression. The study sample consist of 439 female college students (Mage=22.47; SD=6.0), of whom 88 met the criteria for current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 351 who had history of MDD in the last 12 months. Subjects were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (SQ-SF), the Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The findings showed that DR schemas were mediator of the relationship CT and depression but CT through the NESs and EA did not predict depression. NESs were mediator of the relationship between DR schemas and depression and EA was mediator of the relationship between DR schemas and depression. In general, results suggest that intervention of depressed women may need to target the changing of DR schemas, NESs and reduction of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Rezaee
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Li N, Guo C, Chen G, Zheng X. The Effects of Social Reforms on Mental Disability in China: Population-Based Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 28:253-61. [PMID: 26969637 DOI: 10.1177/1010539516635271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored how mental disabilities have changed with the waves of Chinese social reforms that occurred between 1912 and 2006. The present study evaluated population-based data from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability to investigate these trends and their effects on mental disabilities. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between social reforms and mental disabilities. The confounding variables considered were as follows: survey age, gender, residence in 2006, ethnicity, and living arrangements in 2006. The highest risks of mental disabilities were observed in subjects born during the Mao Zedong era. Subjects who experienced social turbulence during their early development may have increased risks of mental disabilities in adulthood. The results and discussion herein contribute to our understanding of mental disabilities in China within the context of changing political, socioeconomic, and health system conditions and a developing mental health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Wang
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Guo
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kounou KB, Dogbe Foli AA, Djassoa G, Amétépé LK, Rieu J, Mathur A, Biyong I, Schmitt L. Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in patients with a major depressive disorder: A comparative study between France and Togo. Transcult Psychiatry 2015; 52:681-99. [PMID: 25712816 DOI: 10.1177/1363461515572001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and personality disorders (PDs) in adulthood in two different cultural contexts, including sub-Saharan Africa. The aims of this study were to compare the frequency of CM between patients in treatment in France and Togo for a major depressive disorder (MDD), to explore the link between CM and PDs, and to examine the mediating effect of personality dimensions in the pathway from CM to PDs in 150 participants (75 in each country). The 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the International Personality Item Pool, and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) were used to assess CM, personality dimensions, and PDs respectively. Togolese participants reported sexual and physical abuse (PA) and emotional and physical neglect significantly more frequently than French participants. In Togo, severe PA was associated with schizoid, antisocial, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and negativist PDs whereas in France, PA was only linked to paranoid PD. In Togo, emotional instability partly mediated the relationship between CM and PDs while in France, no personality dimension appeared to mediate this link. Our results support the hypothesis that CM is more common in low-income countries and suggest that the links between CM and PDs are influenced by social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G Djassoa
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Campus, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | | | - I Biyong
- Institute of Psychotraumatology and Mediation (IPM-International), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2015; 2:e3. [PMID: 26085939 PMCID: PMC4467827 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 153 million children worldwide are orphaned and vulnerable to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Gender differences in PTEs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are not well-understood, although support services and prevention programs often primarily involve girls. METHODS The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study used a two-stage, cluster-randomized sampling design to identify 2837 orphaned and separated children (OSC) in five LMIC in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We examined self-reported prevalence and incidence of several PTE types, including physical and sexual abuse, among 2235 children who were ≥10 years at baseline or follow-up, with a focus on gender comparisons. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence by age 13 of any PTE other than loss of a parent was similar in both boys [91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) (85.0-95.5)] and girls [90.3% CI (84.2-94.1)] in institutional-based care, and boys [92.0% (CI 89.0-94.2)] and girls [92.9% CI (89.8-95.1)] in family-based care; annual incidence was similarly comparable between institution dwelling boys [23.6% CI (19.1, -29.3)] and girls [23.6% CI (18.6, -30.0)], as well as between family-dwelling boys [30.7% CI (28.0, -33.6)] and girls [29.3% CI (26.8,-32.0)]. Physical and sexual abuse had the highest overall annual incidence of any trauma type for institution-based OSC [12.9% CI (9.6-17.4)] and family-based OSC [19.4% CI (14.5-26.1)], although estimates in each setting were no different between genders. CONCLUSION Prevalence and annual incidence of PTEs were high among OSC in general, but gender-specific estimates were comparable. Although support services and prevention programs are essential for female OSC, programs for male OSC are equally important.
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Holz NE, Buchmann AF, Boecker R, Blomeyer D, Baumeister S, Wolf I, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Plichta MM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Role of FKBP5 in emotion processing: results on amygdala activity, connectivity and volume. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1355-68. [PMID: 24756342 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone regulating the glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity, in the etiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Based on recent findings of altered amygdala activity following childhood adversity, the present study aimed at clarifying the impact of genetic variation in FKBP5 on threat-related neural activity and coupling as well as morphometric alterations in stress-sensitive brain systems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotional face-matching task was performed in 153 healthy young adults (66 males) from a high-risk community sample followed since birth. Voxel-based morphometry was applied to study structural alterations and DNA was genotyped for FKBP5 rs1360780. Childhood adversity was measured using retrospective self-report (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and by a standardized parent interview assessing childhood family adversity. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. There was a main effect of FKBP5 on the left amygdala, with T homozygotes showing the highest activity, largest volume and increased coupling with the left hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Moreover, amygdala-OFC coupling proved to be associated with depression in this genotype. In addition, our results support previous evidence of a gene-environment interaction on right amygdala activity with respect to retrospective assessment of childhood adversity, but clarify that this does not generalize to the prospective assessment. These findings indicated that activity in T homozygotes increased with the level of adversity, whereas the opposite pattern emerged in C homozygotes, with CT individuals being intermediate. The present results point to a functional involvement of FKBP5 in intermediate phenotypes associated with emotional processing, suggesting a possible mechanism for this gene in conferring susceptibility to stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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Wang CW, Chan CLW, Ho RTH. Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987-2011. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:1697-720. [PMID: 23824234 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this paper was to systematically review evidence on (1) the potential magnitude of the psychopathological impacts of community-wide disasters on child and adolescent survivors, and (2) the long-term course or trajectory of disaster-induced psychopathology among children and adolescents. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched from their respective inception through December 2011. All of the resulting epidemiological studies of child and adolescent survivors following community-wide disasters were examined. RESULTS Sixty cross-sectional studies and 25 longitudinal or long-term follow-up studies were identified. The estimated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among child and adolescent survivors varied greatly across the included studies, ranging from 1.0 to 95 % and 1.6 to 81 %, respectively, while the reported rates of diagnosable PTSD according to the DSM-IV criteria and diagnosable depression ranged from 1.0 to 60 % and 1.6 to 33 %, respectively. The long-term courses of psychopathology among youthful survivors were summarized. Methodological issues with those studies were discussed. CONCLUSIONS The empirical findings summarized in this review highlight the importance of psychosocial intervention at early postdisaster stages for child and adolescent survivors. The methodological flaws revealed by this review indicate the need for continued attempts to better understand the epidemiology and trajectory of psychopathological problems among youthful survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Wen Wang
- Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong,
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Rieder H, Elbert T. The relationship between organized violence, family violence and mental health: findings from a community-based survey in Muhanga, Southern Rwanda. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4:21329. [PMID: 24244834 PMCID: PMC3828565 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between organized violence and family violence, and their cumulative effect on mental health in post-conflict regions remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to establish prevalence rates and predictors of family violence in post-conflict Rwanda. And to examine whether higher levels of war-related violence and its socio-economic consequences would result in higher levels of violence within families and whether this would be related to an increase of psychological distress in descendants. METHOD One hundred and eighty-eight parent-child pairs from four sectors of the district Muhanga, Southern Province of Rwanda, were randomly selected for participation in the study. Trained local psychologists administered structured diagnostic interviews. A posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis was established using the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I) and child maltreatment was assessed by means of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Additionally, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) assessed symptoms of depression and anxiety in descendants. RESULTS Prevalence rates of child abuse and neglect among descendants were below 10%. Ordinal regression analyses revealed that the level of child maltreatment in descendants was predicted by female sex, poverty, loss of the mother, exposure to war and genocide as well as parents' level of PTSD and reported child maltreatment. Poor physical health, exposure to war and genocide, parental PTSD symptoms, and reported childhood trauma were significantly associated with depressive and anxious symptoms, while only exposure to war and genocide and poor physical health predicted the level of PTSD. CONCLUSION The results indicate that cumulative stress such as exposure to organized violence and family violence in Rwandan descendants poses a risk factor for the development of depressive and anxious symptoms. Besides the support for families to cope with stress, awareness-raising initiatives challenging the current discourse of discipline toward children in schools or at home need to be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Rieder
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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