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Ding Y, Qin S, Huang H, Tang X, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen W, Nguyen LP, Qi S. Selected pesticidal POPs and metabolites in the soil of five Vietnamese cities: Sources, fate, and health risk implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123043. [PMID: 38036093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used in tropical regions. The fate processes and risks of these legacy contaminants in the tropics are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the occurrence of three classes of widely used OCPs and their metabolites in surface and core soil from five cities across Vietnam with a prevalent tropical monsoon climate and a long history of OCP application. We aimed to elucidate migration potentials, degradation conditions, and transformation pathways and assess current health risks of these contaminants. Generally, the concentrations of OCPs and metabolites in the soil core were slightly lower than those in surface soil except for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), the sum of dicofol and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (p,p'-DBP), and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) were the most abundant compounds in both surface and core soils. A uniform distribution of HCHs (the sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at trace levels was found in almost all soils, serving as evidence of the lack of recent use of HCH pesticides. Higher concentrations of DDTs (the sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE) were observed in north-central Vietnamese soil, whereas appreciable concentrations of ENDs (the sum of α- and β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) were only found in southern Vietnamese soils. Empirical diagnostic ratios indicated residuals of DDTs were mainly from technical DDT rather than dicofol, whereas aged HCHs could be explained by the mixture of lindane and technical HCH. Both historical applications and recent input explain DDTs and ENDs in Vietnamese soil. Total organic carbon performs well in preventing vertical migration of more hydrophobic DDTs and ENDs. The dominant transformation pathway of DDT in surface soil followed p,p'-DDE→2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene or p,p'-DDMU→1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene or p,p'-DDNU→p,p'-DBP, whereas the amount of p,p'-DDMU converted from p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE is similar in soil core. Non-cancer risks of OCPs and metabolites in all soils and cancer risks of those chemicals in core soils were below the safety threshold, whereas a small proportion of surface soil exhibited potential cancer risk after considering the exposure pathway of vegetable intake. This study implied that organic matter in non-rainforest tropical deep soils still could hinder the leaching of hydrophobic organic contaminants as in subtropical and temperate soils. When lands with a history of OCP application are used for agricultural purposes, dietary-related risks need to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China.
| | - Shibin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Institute of Eco-Environment Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiushuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lan-Phuong Nguyen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
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Jiang H, Li J, Zhang R, Pansak W, Zhong G, Li K, Zhao S, Bualert S, Phewnil O, Zhang G. Mapping the Contribution of Biomass Burning to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Air of the Indo-China Peninsula Based on a Passive Air Monitoring Network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2274-2285. [PMID: 36657182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is an important source of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the world. However, there are few field-based regional studies regarding the POPs released from BB. Due to the current limitations of emission factors and satellites, the contribution of BB to airborne POPs is still not well understood. In this study, with the simultaneous monitoring of BB biomarkers and POPs based on polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling technique, we mapped the contribution of BB to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Indo-China Peninsula. Spearman correlations between levoglucosan and 16 PCBs (rs = 0.264-0.767, p < 0.05) and 2 OCPs (rs = 0.250-0.328, p < 0.05) confirmed that BB may facilitate POP emissions. Source apportionment indicated that BB contributed 9.3% to the total PCB and OCP mass. The high contribution of positive matrix factorization-resolved BB to PCBs and OCPs was almost consistent with their concentration distributions in the open BB season but not completely consistent with those in the pre-monsoon and/or monsoon seasons. Their contribution distributions may reflect the use history and geographic distribution in secondary sources of POPs. The field-based contribution dataset of BB to POPs is significant in improving regional BB emission inventories and model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wanwisa Pansak
- Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Onanong Phewnil
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Khuman SN, Park MK, Kim HJ, Hwang SM, Lee CH, Choi SD. Organochlorine pesticides in the urban, suburban, agricultural, and industrial soil in South Korea after three decades of ban: Spatial distribution, sources, time trend, and implicated risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119938. [PMID: 35970351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides in soil samples across urban, suburban, agricultural, and industrial sites were analyzed every year between 2013 and 2016 in South Korea. The study aims to understand the residual status, diminution of occurrence from the South Korean environment, and its risk to humans after three decades of the ban. A general decreasing trend of OCPs has been observed over the years. The OCP concentrations were below the guideline values prescribed for soil pollution. Metabolites like p,p'-DDD and endosulfan sulfate contributed a major portion to the total OCP concentration over the years. The agricultural sites showed higher OCP levels than other site types. Compositional profile and diagnostic ratios suggested that the occurrence of DDT and endosulfan residues were due to historical inputs, but those of HCH and chlordane reflect recent usage in some pockets. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk was within the safety limit for all age groups across the genders in the majority of the sites. It is evident that the OCP load on soil is decreasing since the ban on usage. However, regular monitoring with a special focus on metabolites can be an effective control measure to regulate and eliminate the contamination of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Selvaraj S, Gaonkar O, Kumar B, Cincinelli A, Chakraborty P. Legacy persistent organochlorine pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soil from the industrial corridor of South India: occurrence, sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2105-2120. [PMID: 33392898 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of agricultural fields into the industrial corridor under the State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited (SIPCOT) necessitated the investigation of soil-borne organic contaminants. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from Mambakkam and Cheyyar SIPCOT belt, along the residential, industrial and agricultural transects. Concentrations of Σ28PCBs, Σ16PAHs and OCPs were in the range 0.3-9 ng/g, 33-2934 ng/g and nd-81.4 ng/g, respectively. Residential areas showed higher OCP concentrations than other site types, probably due to their frequent use in vector control programmes. DDT isomers and α-isomer of endosulfan showed low concentrations indicating past usage of these OCPs. Principal component analysis indicated that high-temperature combustion and industrial processes might be the major sources of high molecular weight PAHs, while low-temperature combustion processes might be responsible for low molecular weight PAHs. PCBs in soil were probably attributed to unaccounted combustion processes of e-waste in the region. Carcinogenic PAHs and Σ28PCBs were higher in the industrial sites. Mean Σ28PCBs at Mambakkam (4.8 ng/g) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that at the incipient industrial corridor Cheyyar (2.7 ng/g). Lower chlorinated PCBs (3-Cl and 4-Cl) amounted to more than half of Σ28PCBs in 75% of the sites. Total toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PAHs (total BaPeq) were found to be maximum in industrial areas. Maximum contribution to TEQs due to dioxin-like-PCBs was from PCB-157, followed by PCB-189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Selvaraj
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Omkar Gaonkar
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Bhupander Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, 110032, India
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Veloo KV, Ibrahim NAS. Solid-phase extraction using chloropropyl functionalized sol-gel hybrid sorbent for simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in selected fruit samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3027-3035. [PMID: 32386268 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new sol-gel hybrid methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane was prepared as sorbent for solid-phase extraction. The extraction efficiency of the prepared sol-gel hybrid methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane was assessed by using three selected organophosphorus pesticides, namely, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and malathion. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Several vital parameters were optimized to identify the best extraction conditions. Under the optimum extraction conditions, solid-phase extraction-methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane method showed good linearity range (0.05-1 μg/mL) with coefficient of determination more than 0.995. The limits of detection obtained were in the range of 0.01-0.07 μg/mL and limits of quantification ranging from 0.03 to 0.21 μg/mL. The limits of detection obtained for the developed method were 2.3-6.5× lower than the limits of detection of commercial octadecyl silica sorbent. Real samples analysis was carried out by applying the developed method on red apple and purple grape samples. The developed method exhibited good recoveries (88.33-120.7%) with low relative standard deviations ranging from 1.6 to 3.3% compared to commercial octadecyl silica sorbent, which showed acceptable recoveries (70.3-100.2%) and relative standard deviations (6.3-8.8%). The solid-phase extraction-methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane method is presented as an alternative extraction method for determination of organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Veni Veloo
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Mungai TM, Wang J. Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Suburban Soils of Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162937. [PMID: 31443302 PMCID: PMC6719993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of organic chemicals in agriculture and manufacturing has raised concerns about the dangers of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. By examining OCPs occurrence in the suburban soils from Kenya, this study revealed the distribution, concentrations, and the threat posed to the environment and human health. A gas chromatography electron capture detector was used to test the pesticides. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) studied in soils of Kapsabet, Voi, and Nyeri towns showed concentrations ranging from 0.03-52.7, 0.06-22.3, and 0.24-24.3 ng/g respectively. The highest concentration of HCHs was in Kapsabet (0.03-48.1 ng/g), whereas the highest DDTs concentration was in Voi (n.d.-15.5 ng/g). Source identification revealed OCPs pollution originated from recent usage of DDT pesticides to control insect-borne diseases and from the use of lindane in agriculture. Correlation test revealed that total organic carbon influenced the presence of pesticides in the soils. The enantiomeric ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH were <3 indicating the use of lindane while the ratios of DDE/DDT were <1 suggesting recent input of DDT. The cancer risk assessment showed values close to the set risk level of 10-6, suggesting the likelihood of exposure to cancer was not low enough, and control measures need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresiah M Mungai
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Ndungu AW, Yan X, Makokha VA, Githaiga KB, Wang J. Occurrence and risk assessment of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils, Central Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:63-73. [PMID: 31321038 PMCID: PMC6582105 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated pollution in surface soils of five dominant land use types in central Kenya. The mean concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Ni) in (mg/kg) and two organochlorine pesticides (DDTs and HCHs) (μg/kg) were determined. METHOD Heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk using the Nemerow pollution index and Hakanson ecological risk index respectively were used in examining pollution level. With the help of multivariate analysis sources of heavy metal pollution were identified which were mainly from anthropogenic activities. Notably, heavy metal concentration in our study was compared to other regions within the country, results showed regional variation. Total levels of DDTs, HCHs pesticide and their constituent isomers in the surface soil were determined by a gas chromatography (GC-μECD). RESULTS Pollution level in all land use areas according to Nemerow pollution index indicated low pollution status. Notably, in all land use areas the pollution level decreased in the following order Industrial land>Peri-urban>Agriculture land>Forest>River. In addition, heavy metals had low risks values according to Hakanson ecological risk index ranging from 0.01 to 0.58, with Hg having the highest mean value of 0.58. As expected, organochlorine pesticide were higher in agricultural land use, DDTs levels were comparatively higher than HCHs levels. Results on DDTs ratio (p, p'-DDT/p, p'-DDD + p, p'-DDE) were < 1 in all land use types which showed that their residues originated from historical sources. Lower α/ γ HCH ratio in forest and peri-urban land uses however indicated current input of lindane. Correlation analysis showed significant relationship between TOC and HCHs only. CONCLUSION When compared to recent study done in agricultural soil (Nairobi surroundings), present study of OCPs (DDTs and HCHs) concentration in central Kenya was relatively high. The quality of soil in Central Kenya was classified as considerably polluted by OCPs but low polluted by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wairimu Ndungu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Victorine Anyango Makokha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kelvin Babu Githaiga
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Li Q, Lu Y, Wang P, Wang T, Zhang Y, Suriyanarayanan S, Liang R, Baninla Y, Khan K. Distribution, source, and risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban and rural soils around the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:233-241. [PMID: 29656247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Between 1945 and 1983, China was the world's largest producer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the second largest producer of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu around the Yellow and Bohai Seas have a long history of production and usage of OCPs and PCBs. To investigate their residual concentration, distribution, risk level, and temporal degradation, 7 OCPs and 7 indicator PCBs were determined in surface soils collected around the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Residues of the 7 OCPs and 7 PCBs were in the range of 5.89-179.96 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and non-detectable (ND)-385.67 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Tianjin and Hebei provinces recorded the highest concentrations of OCPs and PCBs, respectively. Moreover, OCPs residues had a significant relationship with agriculture and orchard land-use types, whereas PCBs residues occurred more in wasteland. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that OCPs and PCBs residues in surface soils are at a low risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
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9
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Prodhan MDH, Papadakis EN, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Variability of pesticide residues in eggplant units collected from a field trial and marketplaces in Greece. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2277-2284. [PMID: 28984912 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability of pesticide residues among food items is very important when assessing the risks and food safety for the consumers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to estimate the unit-to-unit residue variability factors for eggplant. RESULTS In total, 120 samples from a trial field and 142 samples from different marketplaces in Thessaloniki, Greece, were collected to estimate the variability of pesticide residues in eggplant units. They were extracted by the QuEChERS method and the residues were determined by LC-MS/MS. For the field samples, the unit-to-unit variability factors (VFs) obtained for cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues were 2.54 and 2.51, respectively. The mean residue levels of both pesticides were higher in the composite samples than in the individual samples. The average VFs for the marketplace samples was 3.89. The eggplant units exposed to pesticides were higher in residues than the non-exposed units. CONCLUSION The variability factors obtained in the marketplace samples were higher than those in the samples collected from the field trial. A default VF value of 3 for field trials is appropriate for use when assessing the acute dietary intake but a VF for the marketplace samples should be reconsidered with a larger data. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Pan L, Sun J, Li Z, Zhan Y, Xu S, Zhu L. Organophosphate pesticide in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China: concentration, distribution, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4-11. [PMID: 27687760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are used worldwide and pose great risks to human health. However, information on their presence in agricultural soils at regional scale and the associated risks is limited. In this study, an extensive investigation on agricultural soils was conducted throughout the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China to reveal the status of OPP pollution. The total concentrations of the nine OPPs ranged from <3.0 to 521 ng g-1 dry weight, with a mean of 64.7 ng g-1 dry weight and a detection rate of 93 %. Dimethoate was found to be the primary compound, followed by methyl parathion and parathion. The highest concentrations of OPPs were found in Jiangsu province due to the intensive agricultural activities. The pollution of OPPs is also highly associated with the land use types. The lower concentrations of OPPs found in vegetable fields could be attributed to their easy photodegradation and hydrolysis in aerobic soils. There was no significant difference in microbial communities among the sample sites, indicating that OPPs in agricultural soils of the YRD region cause negligible effects on microbiota. The risks of OPPs in the soils to human health were further evaluated. The hazard indexes in all the soil samples were below 1, suggesting absence of non-cancer risks. This study provides valuable information for a better understanding of the pollution status of OPPs in agricultural soils and a scientific basis for soil quality assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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11
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Trinh HT, Duong HT, Ta TT, Van Cao H, Strobel BW, Le GT. Simultaneous effect of dissolved organic carbon, surfactant, and organic acid on the desorption of pesticides investigated by response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19338-19346. [PMID: 28669095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Desorption of pesticides (fenobucarb, endosulfan, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) from soil to aqueous solution with the simultaneous presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium oxalate (Oxa) was investigated in batch test by applying a full factorial design and the Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM). Five concentration levels of DOC (8 to 92 mg L-1), SDS (0 to 6.4 critical micelle concentration (CMC)), and Oxa (0 to 0.15 M) were used for the experiments with a rice field topsoil. The results of RSM analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) have shown that the experimental data could be well described by quadratic regression equations with determination coefficients (R 2) of 0.990, 0.976, and 0.984 for desorption of fenobucarb, endosulfan, and DDT, respectively. The individual effects and interaction of DOC, SDS, and Oxa were evaluated through quadratic regression equations. When the aqueous solution includes 50 mg L-1 DOC, 3.75 CMC SDS, and 0.1 M Oxa, the maximum desorption concentrations of fenobucarb, endosulfan, and DDT were 96, 80, and 75 μg L-1, respectively. The lowest concentration of SDS, DOC, and Oxa caused the minimum desorption. This point at conditions of concern for flooding water is high content of organic compounds causing potentially high contamination by desorption, and the remarkably lower desorption at organic matter-free conditions. The suspended organic matter is one of the common characteristics of flooding and irrigation water in rice fields, and surfactants from pollution increase the problem with desorption of legacy pesticides in the rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Ta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Department of Planning and Finance, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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12
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13
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Le DQ, Takada H, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Hosoda J, Tuyet DA. Temporal and spatial changes in persistent organic pollutants in Vietnamese coastal waters detected from plastic resin pellets. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:320-324. [PMID: 27262498 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic resin pellets collected at Minh Chau island and Ba Lat estuary between 2007 and 2014 in Vietnam were analyzed for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). The study was carried out as part of the International Pellet Watch program for monitoring the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Higher levels of DDTs compared to PCBs indicated agricultural inputs rather than industrial discharges in the region. Most POP concentrations on both beaches decreased over the period, with the exception of HCH isomers. Though the concentration of DDTs showed a drastic decline on both beaches between 2007/2008 and 2014, DDTs accounted for 60-80% of total DDTs, suggesting that there is still a fresh input of these chemicals in the region. This study strongly recommends further investigations to track temporal and spatial patterns of POP levels in the marine environment using plastic resin pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Quang Le
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University HCM, Quarter 6, Linh Trung, Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Yamashita
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junki Hosoda
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Dao Anh Tuyet
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 246 Danang, Haiphong, Vietnam
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14
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Tri TM, Anh HQ, Tham TT, Van Quy T, Long NQ, Nhung DT, Nakamura M, Nishida M, Maeda Y, Van Boi L, Minh TB. Distribution and depth profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment collected from offshore waters of Central Vietnam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:341-346. [PMID: 26994835 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were measured in 35 surface sediment samples collected from offshore waters of Central Vietnam. The mean concentrations of PCBs, HCHs, and DDTs in surface sediments were 86.5, 37.0, and 44.5pgg(-1), respectively. Additionally, nine PCDDs, eleven PCDFs, and twelve dl-PCBs were also examined in 19 sediment core samples collected from five locations. Concentration of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dl-PCBs ranged from 200 to 460, 0.39 to 2.9, and 1.6 to 22pgg(-1), respectively. OCDD was detected at the highest concentration, ranged from 100 to 300pgg(-1). Generally, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs at shallower depths were higher, meanwhile the depth profiles of dl-PCBs in sediment cores were different than the depth profiles of PCDD/Fs. The results suggest that the pollution of PCBs might be from many different sources leading to the variation between depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trinh Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Van Quy
- Faculty of Geology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Quang Long
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, 179 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dao Thi Nhung
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Hiyoshi Corporation, 908 Kitanosho, Omihachiman, Shiga 523-8555, Japan
| | - Masayo Nishida
- Hiyoshi Corporation, 908 Kitanosho, Omihachiman, Shiga 523-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Luu Van Boi
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Comparative Evaluation of QuEChERS Method Coupled to DLLME Extraction for the Analysis of Multiresidue Pesticides in Vegetables and Fruits by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wang S, Wei C, Chaemfa C, Li J, Zhang G, Yu K. Seasonal characteristics and current sources of OCPs and PCBs and enantiomeric signatures of chiral OCPs in the atmosphere of Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:777-786. [PMID: 26551278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed concurrently at 15 locations (nine urban sites and six rural sites) in Vietnam and exposed for approximately 6 weeks from June 26, 2012 to August 26, 2012 and from December 8, 2012 to February 8, 2013. The concentration, composition and enantiomeric signatures of the target compound and Air Mass Backward Trajectories of the 15 sampling sites are presented and discussed in this study. Relatively clean air mass from ocean and similar concentrations and composition of POPs between the south and north of Vietnam indicate that local emissions is most likely the major source of POPs in Vietnam. Technical DDT and technical HCH were widely used in Vietnam and corresponding quantitative data suggests the sporadic use. The preferential degradation of (+)-α-HCH was found in all sampling sites, which could be a regional characteristic of Vietnam. High trans-/cis-chlordane (TC/CC) ratios indicate the current use of technical chlordane for termite control. PCA estimated that main source of PCBs present in the atmosphere of Vietnam was uncontrolled discarded e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Environment, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chaoshuai Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chakra Chaemfa
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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17
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Kolani L, Mawussi G, Sanda K. Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Samples from Some Agricultural Areas in Togo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.74031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Raha P, Shihua Q, Dan Y. Spatial distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20154-20166. [PMID: 26300363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is one of the important mountain ecosystems among the global mountain system which support wide variety of flora, fauna, human communities and cultural diversities. Surface soil samples collected from IHR were analysed for 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentration of ∑OCPs ranged from 0.28 to 2143.96 ng/g (mean 221.54 ng/g) and was mostly dominated by DDTs. The concentration of ∑DDTs ranged from 0.28 to 2126.94 ng/g (mean 216.65 ng/g). Other OCPs such as HCHs, endosulfan and heptachlor, Aldrin and dieldrin were detected in lower concentration in IHR. Their concentrations in soil samples ranged from ND to 2.79 ng/g for HCHs, ND to 2.83 ng/g for endosulfans, NDto 1.46 ng/g for heptachlor, ND to 2.12 ng/g for Aldrin and ND to 1.81 ng/g for dieldrin. Spatial distribution of OCPs suggested prevalence of DDTs and HCHs at Guwahati and Itanagar, respectively. The close relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and part of OCP compounds (especially α- and γ-HCH) indicated the important role of TOC in accumulation, binding and persistence of OCP in soil. Diagnostic ratio of DDT metabolites and HCH isomers showed DDT contamination is due to recent application of technical DDT and dicofol, and HCH contamination was due to mixture of technical HCH and lindane source. This was further confirmed by principal component analysis. Ecological risk analysis of OCP residues in soil samples concluded the moderate to severe contamination of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, 800014, Bihar, India
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Priyankar Raha
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Qi Shihua
- State key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Dan
- State key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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19
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Singare PU. Persistent organic pesticide residues in sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai: Assessment of sources and potential ecological risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:464-475. [PMID: 26428625 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen persistent organic pesticides were investigated in the sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai to evaluate their pollution levels and potential risks. It was observed that ΣOCPs level was in the range of 597-1538ng/g dw, with an average value of 1115.25ng/g dw. The level of ΣOPPs was in the range of 492-1034ng/g dw, with an average value of 798.15ng/g dw. The values o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratio gives an indication of use of technical DDT as the prime source of DDT, while the α/γ-BHC ratio indicate that BHCs in study area might have been received from fresh lindane. The results of an ecological risk assessment showed that sediment bound organic pesticides are of more ecotoxicological concern as they might create adverse ecological risk to the marine breeding habitats. These pesticides residues may get remobilize and released to overlying waters creating adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400058, India.
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20
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Li J, Li F, Liu Q. Sources, concentrations and risk factors of organochlorine pesticides in soil, water and sediment in the Yellow River estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:516-522. [PMID: 26362455 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence, sources and risk factors of organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) and their isomers or metabolites were studied using comprehensive surveys (including soil, surface water, groundwater and sediment sampling) conducted in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). HCHs and DDTs were all detected in multi environmental media. Compared with reported organochlorine pesticide values in China and abroad and with related environmental quality standards, the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were generally at low levels in the YRD. Composition of OCPs (DDT metabolites and HCH isomers) showed that DDTs in the multiple environments of the YRD not only came from residues of dicofol but also from atmospheric deposition, while HCH pollution results from the historical usage of a mixture of technical HCH and lindane. Furthermore, the sum of Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (∑ELCR) exposure to HCHs exceeded the generally acceptable risk level of 1.0E-06 recommended by the USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Rao RJ, Wani KA. Monitoring of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in water during different seasons of Tighra reservoir Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:684. [PMID: 26456838 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides during different seasons for pesticidal contamination in water samples of Tighra reservoir was carried out on gas chromatograph-electron capture detector with capillary columns following multiresidual analytical technique. Organochlorine pesticides, viz., hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-benzene hexachloride (BHC), beta-BHC, γ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, p,p-DDE, dieldrin, o,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), p,p-DDD, p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and endrin, and organophosphorus pesticides, viz., choloropyrifos, methyl parathion, diazion, dicholorovos, ethion, malathion, and parathion, were detected in water samples during different seasons. However, the pesticide concentration varied during different seasons at different sites. The prominent reason of contamination is the use of pesticides (both organochlorine and organophosphorus) in the agricultural fields near Tighra reservoir. On the basis of our observations, more extensive monitoring studies need to be carried out, covering all wetlands of Madhya Pradesh to enforce the policies for the restricted application of pesticides in agricultural fields adjacent to wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rao
- Department of Environmental Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Wani
- Department of Environmental Science, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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22
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Ko KY, Shin JY, Kim DG, Kim M, Son SW. Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Stomach Contents of Postmortem Animals by QuEChERS and Gas Chromatography. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:667-71. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Chauhan R, Kumari B, Rana MK. Effect of fruit and vegetable processing on reduction of synthetic pyrethroid residues. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 229:89-110. [PMID: 24515811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03777-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we emphasize that the advantages associated with applying pesticides to enhance agricultural productivity must be weighed against the possible health hazards arising from the appearance of toxic pesticide residues in food. First and foremost, pesticides should be handled and applied in compliance with good agricultural practices to minimize environmental or food commodity contamination.In developing countries, good agricultural practices are not fully abided by.When vegetables are produced in such countries, pesticides are applied or prospectively applied at each growth stage of the crop. Hence, contamination of vegetables and other food commodities occur. It is well known that processing of food derived from pesticide treated crop commodities can serve to reduce residues that reach consumers. Food safety can therefore partially be enhanced by employing suitable food processing techniques and appropriate storage periods, even in developing countries. Even common and simple household processing techniques for certain foods acquire significance as means to reduce the intake of harmful pesticide food residues.Pesticide residue levels in post-harvest raw agricultural commodities (RAC) are affected by the storage, handling and the processing steps they pass through, while being prepared for human consumption. The review of cogent literature presented in this article demonstrated differences among the pyrethroid insecticide residues present on or in foods, depending on how the RAC from which they came were processed for consumption. Peeling vegetables or fruit reduced pyrethroid residues the most (60-100% ), and juicing was nearly as effective in reducing residues (70-100% ). The least reduction occurred for foodstuffs that were only washed with tap water (I 0-70% ). Washing RACs with saline water and detergent was more effective(34-60%) in reducing residues than was simple washing under tap water. Freezing is also effective in reducing residue levels and achieved reductions between 24% and 94%. Cooking of food products eliminated 75-98% of the pesticide residues present, so was also relatively effective. When foods were cooked in oils, however,reductions in pesticide residues were less (45%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chauhan
- Department of Soil Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India,
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24
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Detection of chemical residues in tangerine juices by a duplex immunoassay. Talanta 2013; 116:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Murugan AV, Swarnam TP, Gnanasambandan S. Status and effect of pesticide residues in soils under different land uses of Andaman Islands, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8135-8145. [PMID: 23553417 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are shown to have a great effect on soil organisms, but the effect varies with pesticide group and concentration, and is modified by soil organic carbon content and soil texture. In the humid tropical islands of Andaman, India, no systematic study was carried out on pesticide residues in soils of different land uses. The present study used the modified QuEChERS method for multiresidue extraction from soils and detection with a gas chromatograph. DDT and its various metabolites, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, aldrin, and fenvalerate, were detected from the study area. Among the different pesticide groups detected, endosulfan and DDT accounted for 41.7 % each followed by aldrin (16.7 %) and synthetic pyrethroid (8.3 %). A significantly higher concentration of pesticide residues was detected in rice-vegetable grown in the valley followed by rice-fallow and vegetable-fallow in the coastal plains. Soil microbial biomass carbon is negatively correlated with the total pesticide residues in soils, and it varied from 181.2 to 350.6 mg kg(-1). Pesticide residues have adversely affected the soil microbial populations, more significantly the bacterial population. The Azotobacter population has decreased to the extent of 51.8 % while actinomycetes were the least affected though accounted for 32 % when compared to the soils with no residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Murugan
- Division of Natural Resource Management, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 101, India.
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Determination of agrochemical residues in aquatic vegetables by solid-phase extraction combined with HPLC spectrometry analyses. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gao J, Zhou H, Pan G, Wang J, Chen B. Factors influencing the persistence of organochlorine pesticides in surface soil from the region around the Hongze Lake, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23178885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) was examined in surface soils from paddy, upland and wetland fields in the region around the Hongze Lake in 2009, and some factors influencing residual levels of OCPs in soils were analyzed. DDTs and HCHs were the predominant contaminants in soils. The residual levels of OCPs in cultivated soils were significantly higher than those of corresponding counterparts in wetland soils. It indicated the agricultural usage amount of OCPs principally accounted for the presence of their residues in soil. Among these organochlorines and their metabolites detected in the soil samples, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the two dominant substances of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The ratio of w(DDT)/w(DDD+DDE) and the ratio α-HCH/γ-HCH also suggested residual HCHs and DDTs in soil resulted from technical HCH (no elimination of Lindane) and DDT applied in this region in the past and there has been no recent input. The analysis of linear correlation indicated that soil pH and TOC influenced the residues of α-HCH and β-HCH, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the contents of OCPs in soils probably were related to their usage amount in the past and octanol-water coefficient (Kow). Compared with the corresponding data from other places and the protection guidelines of Netherlands, US EPA and China, the region around the Hongze Lake may be generally categorized as a slightly polluted area and it is suitable for agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
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Anyusheva M, Lamers M, La N, Nguyen VV, Streck T. Fate of pesticides in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:515-525. [PMID: 22370414 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, high population growth and export-oriented economics in Vietnam have led to a tremendous intensification of rice production, which in turn has significantly increased the amount of pesticides applied in rice cropping systems. Since pesticides are toxic by design, there is a natural concern on the impact of their presence in the environment on human health and environmental quality. The present study was designed to examine the water regime and fate of pesticides (fenitrothion, dimethoate) during two consecutive rice crop seasons in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam. Major results revealed that 5 and 41% (dimethoate), and 1 and 17% (fenitrothion) of the applied mass of pesticides were lost from the paddy field to the adjacent fish pond during spring and summer crop seasons, respectively. The decrease of pesticide concentration in paddy surface water was very rapid with dissipation half-life values of 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 d for dimethoate and fenitrothion, respectively. Key factors controlling the transport of pesticides were water solubility and paddy water management parameters, such as hydraulic residence time and water holding period. Risk assessment indicates that the exposure to toxic levels of pesticides for aquaculture (, ) is significant, at least shortly after pesticide application.
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Mishra K, Sharma RC, Kumar S. Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 76:215-25. [PMID: 22001318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), are potential chemical pollutants extensively used for agriculture and vector control purposes due to low cost and high effectiveness. Concentrations of HCH and DDT were determined in 175 surface soil samples from different agricultural fields, fallow and urban lands of districts Nagaon and Dibrugarh, Assam, India. The mean concentrations of total HCH and total DDT were 825 ng/g (range: 98-1945 ng/g) and 903 ng/g (range: 166-2288 ng/g) in district Nagaon while 705 ng/g (range: 178-1701 ng/g) and 757 ng/g (range: 75-2296 ng/g) in district Dibrugarh, respectively. The soils from paddy fields contained highest amounts of HCH and DDT residues. Total organic carbon was found to be positively associated with soil HCH and DDT residues. Ratios of DDT/(DDD+DDE) were 1.25 and 1.82 while of α/γ HCH were 2.78 and 2.51 for districts Dibrugarh and Nagaon, respectively. Source identification revealed that soil residue levels have originated from long past and recent mixed source of technical HCH and Lindane for HCHs and mainly technical DDT for DDTs. Spatial distribution was also investigated to identify the areas with higher pesticide loadings in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University-A Central University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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Pham MH, Sebesvari Z, Tu BM, Pham HV, Renaud FG. Pesticide pollution in agricultural areas of Northern Vietnam: case study in Hoang Liet and Minh Dai communes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3344-50. [PMID: 21920648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soils and agricultural products from the Red River basin in Northern Vietnam were reported to be contaminated by agrichemicals. To assess potential exposure of local farmers and consumers to these contaminants, pesticide use and management practices of local farmers were surveyed and residue concentrations were determined for recently used as well as for banned pesticides in water, soil, vegetables, and fish samples in two communes of Northern Vietnam. DDTs, HCHs, and Drin compounds still persist at relatively high concentrations in soil and occur in vegetable and fish samples. Recently used pesticides, such as fenobucarb, trichlorfon, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin were detected in vegetable and fish samples. Thresholds for acceptable daily intake levels (ADI) were frequently reached in the analyzed food products pointing to the fact that current pesticide management practices do not only result in a pollution of the environment but also pose threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Hoai Pham
- Research Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Str, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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31
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Cantu-Soto EU, Meza-Montenegro MM, Valenzuela-Quintanar AI, Félix-Fuentes A, Grajeda-Cota P, Balderas-Cortes JJ, Osorio-Rosas CL, Acuña-García G, Aguilar-Apodaca MG. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the southern Sonora, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 87:556-560. [PMID: 21761173 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although, the Yaqui and Mayo valleys are the most important agricultural areas in Sonora, there is only limited data of the pesticides residue in soils in these valleys. This study measured the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 234 soil samples (residential and agricultural) from 24 communities. The global results (mean, range) indicated that benzene hexachloride (19.2, ND-938.5 μg g(-1)), endrin (6.6, ND-377.3 μg g(-1)) and DDTs (36.45, ND-679.7 μg g(-1)) were the dominant contaminants. Soil is one of the most important routes of exposure to OCPs in the population of southern Sonora and this study can be used to establish background levels of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Cantu-Soto
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute Technological of Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Zona Centro, Cd. Obregon, 85000 Sonora, Mexico
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Zhang J, Qi S, Xing X, Tan L, Gong X, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils and sediments, southeast China: A case study in Xinghua Bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1270-1275. [PMID: 21453938 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the contamination status and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between Xinghua Bay and adjacent watersheds in Putian region, southeast China. Twenty-five surface soil samples and two sediment cores were collected from two watersheds and the Xinghua Bay, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in samples of the Mulan River Watershed (MRW), the Qiulu River Watershed (QRW), the inner bay core (IBC) and the open bay core (OBC) were in the range of 4.96-38.20ng/g, 4.62-22.80ng/g, 1.84-80.46ng/g and 1.87-23.43ng/g, respectively. The mean concentration of OCPs was in an order: IBC>MRW>QRW>OBC. The higher concentration of OCPs in recent periods may suggest that a certain amount of OCPs were still input to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
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Srivastava AK, Trivedi P, Srivastava MK, Lohani M, Srivastava LP. Monitoring of pesticide residues in market basket samples of vegetable from Lucknow City, India: QuEChERS method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 176:465-72. [PMID: 20632088 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted on 20 vegetables including leafy, root, modified stem, and fruity vegetables like bitter gourd, jack fruit, french-bean, onion, colocassia, pointed gourd, capsicum, spinach, potato, fenugreek seeds, carrot, radish, cucumber, beetroot, brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, okra, and bottle gourd. Forty-eight pesticides including 13 organochlorines (OCs), 17 organophosphates (OPs), 10 synthetic pyrethriods (SPs), and eight herbicides (H) pesticides were analyzed. A total number of 60 samples, each in triplicates, were analyzed using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method. The quantification was done by GC-ECD/NPD. The recovery varies from 70.22% to 96.32% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 15%. However the limit of detection ranged from 0.001-0.009 mg kg(-1)for OCs, SPs, OPs, and H, respectively. Twenty-three pesticides were detected from total 48 analyzed pesticides in the samples with the range of 0.005-12.35 mg kg(-1). The detected pesticides were: Σ-HCH, Dicofol, Σ-Endosulfan, Fenpropathrin, Permethrin-II, β-cyfluthrin-II, Fenvalerate-I, Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Diazinon, Malathion, Chlorofenvinfos, Anilophos, and Dimethachlor. In some vegetables like radish, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, and okra, the detected pesticides (Σ-HCH, Permethrin-II, Dichlorvos, and Chlorofenvinfos) were above maximum residues limit (MRL) (PFA 1954). However, in other vegetables the level of pesticide residues was either below detection limit or MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Srivastava
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Govt. of India), P.O. Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Babu V, Unnikrishnan P, Anu G, Nair SM. Distribution of organophosphorus pesticides in the bed sediments of a backwater system located in an agricultural watershed: influence of seasonal intrusion of seawater. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 60:597-609. [PMID: 20628738 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the temporal and spatial distribution of three organophosphorous pesticides-malathion, methyl parathion, and chlorpyrifos-in the sedimentary environment of a backwater ecosystem, Kuttanad backwaters, situated in Kerala, India. Based on salinity distribution, geographic characteristics, and human activities prevailing in the area, the study area was divided into three zones: zone 1 with riverine characteristics, zone 2 with freshwater characteristics during and after the monsoon season and estuarine characteristics during the premonsoon season, and zone 3 with estuarine characteristics. The organophosphorus pesticides in the study area showed the order of enrichment as chlorpyrifos >malathion >methyl parathion. While studying the variations in pesticide concentrations seasonally, higher concentrations were observed during the premonsoon monsoon season, with the concentrations being lower than the detectable level. Sediment characteristics, such as pH, texture, organic carbon, moisture content, etc., had reflective effect on the degradation rates of pesticides. The runoff water from the paddy fields made a larger contribution of pesticide pollution to the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Babu
- Department of Research and Development, Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, Cochin, India
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Calvelo Pereira R, Monterroso Martínez MC, Martínez Cortízas A, Macías F. Analysis of composition, distribution and origin of hexachlorocyclohexane residues in agricultural soils from NW Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5583-91. [PMID: 20810148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of the isomers of the organochlorine pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were determined in 252 surface soil samples collected within a sampling network covering agricultural areas in Galicia (NW Spain). The concentration of total HCH (sum of α+β+γ+δ) ranged between 4 and 2305ngg(-)¹ (dry weight), with the α-HCH and γ-HCH isomers predominating (<1-1404ngg(-)¹ and <1-569ngg(-)¹, respectively). The distribution of the pesticide residues was very heterogeneous, with the largest concentrations present in one of the studied areas (the province of A Coruña). The distribution of HCH was not found to be related to any soil property (organic matter, pH, clays, and metals). Multivariate statistical analysis of the data revealed that three populations of samples with a defined composition of HCH, can be related to the source of HCH: technical HCH (α/γ>3), lindane (99% γ-HCH), or both. The existence of a third population consisting almost exclusively of α-HCH suggests that background contamination of anthropogenic origin dates from several decades ago. The detailed analysis of these populations enabled the possible temporal scale of the application of these pesticides to be deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calvelo Pereira
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Nishina T, Kien CN, Noi NV, Ngoc HM, Kim CS, Tanaka S, Iwasaki K. Pesticide residues in soils, sediments, and vegetables in the Red River Delta, northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 169:285-297. [PMID: 19757109 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed pesticide residues in soils, sediments, and vegetables in the Xuan Khe and Hop Ly communes located along the Chau Giang River in the Red River Delta, northern Vietnam. Samples were collected from agricultural areas within and outside of embankments built to prevent flooding. In Xuan Khe, the soils outside of the embankment were more clayey with higher organic matter contents compared with the inside, due to selective deposition during river flooding. Many of the soils contained significant amounts of pesticides including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, isoprothiolane, and metalaxyl although their levels were below the maximum allowable concentration set by the Vietnamese government. The spectrum of DDT derivatives found suggested that the source of DDTs was not contaminated dicofol. Soils in Hop Ly resembled soils in Xuan Khe but were relatively sandy; one field showed appreciable contents of DDT derivatives. The ratios of (p,p(')-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene + p,p(')-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane)/ summation operatorDDT in the surface and subsurface soils in Hop Ly were 0.34 and 0.57, suggesting that the DDTs originated from recent application. Pesticide residues in soils were not likely to translocate into vegetable crops, except for metalaxyl. High concentrations of cypermethrins in kohlrabi leaves could be ascribed to foliar deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nishina
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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Hu W, Lu Y, Wang T, Luo W, Shi Y, Giesy JP, Geng J, Jiao W, Wang G, Chen C. Spatial variability and temporal trends of HCH and DDT in soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:441-449. [PMID: 20155304 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir (GTR) were studied in 2003 and 2007. Concentrations of the two OCPs in soils around GTR were generally less than reference values set by the Chinese government for the protection of agricultural production and human health. Among the OCPs, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the two predominant compounds. This result indicates that the HCH and DDT residues in soils were primarily from historical use. Based on kriging, a spatial distribution of HCH and DDT around the GTR was observed. Spatial variability indicated how HCH and DDT had been applied and been distributed in the past. Between 2003 and 2007, concentrations of HCH and DDT decreased more rapidly in orchard soils than those in fallow soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
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Hu W, Wang T, Khim JS, Luo W, Jiao W, Lu Y, Naile JE, Chen C, Zhang X, Giesy JP. HCH and DDT in sediments from marine and adjacent riverine areas of North Bohai Sea, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:71-79. [PMID: 20044748 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and their environmental risks in surface sediments collected from marine and adjacent riverine/estuarine areas in the northern Bohai Sea, China, were investigated. Concentrations of SigmaHCH and SigmaDDT in sediments ranged from below detection (<LOD) to 1964.97 ng g(-1) dry wt (dw; mean, 92.51 ng g(-1) dw) and <LOD to 86.46 ng g(-1) dw (mean, 9.23 ng g(-1) dw), respectively. Concentrations of HCH and DDT were generally higher in marine than riverine sediments. Concentrations of HCH and DDT residues found in the present study were higher than those reported in marine and river/estuary sediments from other areas of the world. The source of HCH in sediments could be explained by the large amount of historical use, while DDT seemed to be a combination of erosion of the weathered soils and long-range atmospheric transport. Concentrations of HCH in sediments from the study areas did not exceed sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), with the exception of gamma-HCH. However, risks posed by concentrations of DDT observed in sediments were found to be moderate to high compared with those posed by consensus-based SQGs. Although the mean sedimentary concentrations of HCH and DDT found in the area of the northern Bohai Sea, China were lower than suggested SQGs in general, their concentrations in some locations were close to or above the SQGs for adverse effects in benthic organisms and, thus, remain a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hu W, Lu Y, Wang T, Luo W, Zhang X, Geng J, Wang G, Shi Y, Jiao W, Chen C. Factors affecting HCH and DDT in soils around watersheds of Beijing reservoirs, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:85-94. [PMID: 19484495 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-009-9267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The factors that influence the dynamics of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined. Compared with other studies on HCH and DDT in soils and established reference values, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils around our study area were relatively low. The relationships between HCH and DDT concentrations and land use, soil texture, and soil properties were discussed. HCH and DDT concentrations were higher in arable soils than those in uncultivated fallow soils. Although land use was the most important factor affecting HCH and DDT residues, additional factors such as soil texture and soil total organic carbon were also involved in pesticide retention in soils. The results indicated that the historical agricultural applications of HCH and DDT were the major source of their residues. Atmospheric deposition, as well as long-distance transportation and inputs from surrounding weathered agricultural soils may also serve as important sources of HCH and DDT residues in the watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
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Hoai PM, Ngoc NT, Minh NH, Viet PH, Berg M, Alder AC, Giger W. Recent levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the sewer system in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:913-920. [PMID: 19892449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, temporal trend, sources and toxicity of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were investigated in sediment samples from the sewer system of Hanoi City, including the rivers Nhue, To Lich, Lu, Set, Kim Nguu and the Yen So Lake. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants followed the order DDTs>PCBs>HCHs (beta-HCH)>HCB. However, the pollution pattern was different for the DDTs and PCBs when the sampling locations were individually evaluated. The concentrations of the DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, and HCB ranged from 4.4 to 1100, 1.3 to 384, <0.2 to 36 and <0.2 to 22 ng/g d.w., respectively. These levels are higher than at any other location in Vietnam. Compared to measurements from 1997, the DDTs, PCBs, beta-HCH and HCB levels show an increasing trend with DDT/DDE ratios, indicating very recent inputs into the environment although these persistent compounds are banned in Vietnam since 1995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Manh Hoai
- CETASD, Research Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Hu W, Lu Y, Wang G, Wang T, Luo W, Shi Y, Zhang X, Jiao W. Organochlorine pesticides in soils around watersheds of Beijing reservoirs: a case study in Guanting and Miyun Reservoirs. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:694-700. [PMID: 19280094 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A systematic survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in soils around reservoirs that supply water to Beijing, China, has been lacking. 104 representative surface soil samples were collected around Guanting Reservoir (GTR) and Miyun Reservoir (MYR) in Beijing watershed to characterize concentrations and sources of organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Compared with other studies of OCPs in soils and with the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil, the concentrations of OCP were relatively lower in soils around the watershed. The results indicated that past agricultural application of OCPs was the major source of OCP residues in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Wang L, Liang Y, Jiang X. Analysis of eight organophosphorus pesticide residues in fresh vegetables retailed in agricultural product markets of Nanjing, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 81:377-382. [PMID: 18651087 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method to effectively remove pigments in fresh vegetables using activated carbon followed cleanup through solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge to further reduce matrix interference and contamination, was established to determine eight organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) in this study, and it has been successfully applied for the determination of eight OPPs in various fresh vegetables with the recoveries ranging from 61.8% to 107%. To evaluate eight OPPs residue level, some fresh vegetables retailed at three agricultural product markets (APM) of Nanjing in China were detected, the results showed that phorate in Shanghai green (0.0257 microg g(-1)) and Chinese cabbage (0.0398 microg g(-1)), dimethoate in Shanghai green (0.0466-0.0810 microg g(-1)), Chinese cabbage (0.077 microg g(-1)), and spinach (0.118-0.124 microg g(-1)), methyl-parathion in Shanghai green (0.0903 microg g(-1)), Chinese cabbage (0.157 microg g(-1)), and spinach (0.0924 microg g(-1)), malathion in Shanghai green (0.0342-0.0526 microg g(-1)), chorpyrifos in spinach (0.106-0.204 microg g(-1)), and Chinese cabbage (0.149 microg g(-1)), chlorfenvinfos in carrot (0.094-0.131 microg g(-1)), were found. However, fonofos and fenthion were not detected in all the collected vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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