The potential mechanism of the microbiota-gut-bone axis in osteoporosis: a review

Probiotics: a promising intervention for osteoporosis prevention and management

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disease that is characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. This article explores the potential of probiotics as an adjunctive approach for the prevention and management of OP. It has been well established that the gut microbiota (GM), a complex community of microbes, plays an important role in bone health. The gut dysbiosis is linked with a higher risk of OP. However, the consumption of probiotics in adequate amounts restores gut health thus improving bone health. Probiotics may influence bone metabolism through enhanced calcium absorption, reduced inflammation, and increased bone formation. The animal and human studies demonstrate the positive effects of probiotics on bone health parameters like reduced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption markers, osteoblast, osteocyte apoptosis, and increased bone mineral density and expression of osteoprotegerin. The current evidence suggests that probiotics can be used as an adjunctive approach along with the existing therapies for the prevention and management of OP.

Mitigating lead-induced osteoporosis: The role of butyrate in gut-bone axis restoration

Lead (Pb) is an environmentally widespread bone toxic pollutant, contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Butyric acid, mainly produced by the fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber by gut microbiota, plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the effects of butyric acids on the Pb induced osteoporosis have not yet been elucidated. In this study, our results showed that Pb exposure was negatively related to the abundance of butyric acid, in the Pb-exposed population and Pb-exposed mice. Pb exposure caused gut microbiota disorders, resulting in the decline of butyric acid-producing bacteria, such as Butyrivibrio_crossotus, Clostridium_sp._JN9, and the butyrate-producing enzymes through the acetyl-CoA pathway. Moreover, results from the NHANES data suggested that dietary intake of butyrate was associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis in lead-burdened populations, particularly among men or participants aged 18-60 years. In addition, butyrate supplementation in mice with chronic Pb exposure improved the bone microarchitectures, repaired intestinal damage, upregulated the proportion of Treg cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that chronic Pb exposure disturbs the gut-bone axis, which can be restored by butyric acid supplement. Our results suggest that butyrate supplementation is a possible therapeutic strategy for lead-induced bone toxicity.

Gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and osteoporosis: unraveling links via Mendelian randomization

Objective

Osteoporosis, characterized by reduced bone density and heightened fracture risk, is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study investigates the interplay between gut microbiota, plasma metabolomics, and osteoporosis, identifying potential causal relationships mediated by plasma metabolites.

Methods

Utilizing aggregated genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data, a comprehensive two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was performed involving 196 gut microbiota taxa, 1,400 plasma metabolites, and osteoporosis indicators. Causal relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and osteoporosis were explored.

Results

The MR analyses revealed ten gut microbiota taxa associated with osteoporosis, with five taxa positively linked to increased risk and five negatively associated. Additionally, 96 plasma metabolites exhibited potential causal relationships with osteoporosis, with 49 showing positive associations and 47 displaying negative associations. Mediation analyses identified six causal pathways connecting gut microbiota to osteoporosis through ten mediating relationships involving seven distinct plasma metabolites, two of which demonstrated suppression effects.

Conclusion

This study provides suggestive evidence of genetic correlations and causal links between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and osteoporosis. The findings underscore the complex, multifactorial nature of osteoporosis and suggest the potential of gut microbiota and plasma metabolite profiles as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in the management of osteoporosis.

Unraveling the Evolutionary Diet Mismatch and Its Contribution to the Deterioration of Body Composition

Over the millennia, patterns of food consumption have changed; however, foods were always whole foods. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been a very recent development and have become the primary food source for many people. The purpose of this review is to propose the hypothesis that, forsaking the evolutionary dietary environment, and its complex milieu of compounds resulting in an extensive metabolome, contributes to chronic disease in modern humans. This evolutionary metabolome may have contributed to the success of early hominins. This hypothesis is based on the following assumptions: (1) whole foods promote health, (2) essential nutrients cannot explain all the benefits of whole foods, (3) UPFs are much lower in phytonutrients and other compounds compared to whole foods, and (4) evolutionary diets contributed to a more diverse metabolome. Evidence will be presented to support this hypothesis. Nutrition is a matter of systems biology, and investigating the evolutionary metabolome, as compared to the metabolome of modern humans, will help elucidate the hidden connections between diet and health. The effect of the diet on the metabolome may also help shape future dietary guidelines, and help define healthy foods.

Prediction of Osteoporotic Hip Fracture Outcome: Comparative Accuracy of 27 Immune-Inflammatory-Metabolic Markers and Related Conceptual Issues

Objectives: This study, based on the concept of immuno-inflammatory-metabolic (IIM) dysregulation, investigated and compared the prognostic impact of 27 indices at admission for prediction of postoperative myocardial injury (PMI) and/or hospital death in hip fracture (HF) patients. Methods: In consecutive HF patient (n = 1273, mean age 82.9 ± 8.7 years, 73.5% females) demographics, medical history, laboratory parameters, and outcomes were recorded prospectively. Multiple logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses (the area under the curve, AUC) were used to establish the predictive role for each biomarker. Results: Among 27 IIM biomarkers, 10 indices were significantly associated with development of PMI and 16 were indicative of a fatal outcome; in the subset of patients aged >80 years with ischaemic heart disease (IHD, the highest risk group: 90.2% of all deaths), the corresponding figures were 26 and 20. In the latter group, the five strongest preoperative predictors for PMI were anaemia (AUC 0.7879), monocyte/eosinophil ratio > 13.0 (AUC 0.7814), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio > 7.5 (AUC 0.7784), eosinophil count < 1.1 × 109/L (AUC 0.7780), and neutrophil/albumin × 10 > 2.4 (AUC 0.7732); additionally, sensitivity was 83.1-75.4% and specificity was 82.1-75.0%. The highest predictors of in-hospital death were platelet/lymphocyte ratio > 280.0 (AUC 0.8390), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio < 1.1 (AUC 0.8375), albumin < 33 g/L (AUC 0.7889), red cell distribution width > 14.5% (AUC 0.7739), and anaemia (AUC 0.7604), sensitivity 88.2% and above, and specificity 85.1-79.3%. Internal validation confirmed the predictive value of the models. Conclusions: Comparison of 27 IIM indices in HF patients identified several simple, widely available, and inexpensive parameters highly predictive for PMI and/or in-hospital death. The applicability of IIM biomarkers to diagnose and predict risks for chronic diseases, including OP/OF, in the preclinical stages is discussed.

Microbiota and Resveratrol: How Are They Linked to Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis (OP), which is characterized by a decrease in bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures, is closely linked to the gut microbiota (GM). It is increasingly realized that the GM plays a key role in the maintenance of the functioning of multiple organs, including bone, by producing bioactive metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Consequently, imbalances in the GM, referred to as dysbiosis, have been identified with a significant reduction in beneficial metabolites, such as decreased SCFA associated with increased chronic inflammatory processes, including the activation of NF-κB at the epigenetic level, which is recognized as the main cause of many chronic diseases, including OP. Furthermore, regular or long-term medications such as antibiotics and many non-antibiotics such as proton pump inhibitors, chemotherapy, and NSAIDs, have been found to contribute to the development of dysbiosis, highlighting an urgent need for new treatment approaches. A promising preventive and adjuvant approach is to combat dysbiosis with natural polyphenols such as resveratrol, which have prebiotic functions and ensure an optimal microenvironment for beneficial GM. Resveratrol offers a range of benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic, and prebiotic effects. In particular, the GM has been shown to convert resveratrol, into highly metabolically active molecules with even more potent beneficial properties, supporting a synergistic polyphenol-GM axis. This review addresses the question of how the GM can enhance the effects of resveratrol and how resveratrol, as an epigenetic modulator, can promote the growth and diversity of beneficial GM, thus providing important insights for the prevention and co-treatment of OP.

Effects of daily probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on calcium status, bone metabolism biomarkers, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a controlled and randomized clinical study

Background

Menopause poses significant health risks for women, particularly an increased vulnerability to fractures associated with osteoporosis. Dietary interventions have emerged as promising strategies, focusing on mitigating the risk of osteoporosis rather than solely addressing the established disease. This 12-week randomized controlled trial aimed to analyze the effects of consuming Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics on calcium levels, biomarkers of bone metabolism, and bone mineral density (BMD) profiles in postmenopausal women.

Methods

Fifty-five participants were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo (n = 25) or the probiotic L. acidophilus UALa-01™ (n = 30) daily via oral intervention. Throughout the study, evaluations included body composition, blood biochemical parameters, serum calcium levels, and biomarkers of bone metabolism. Additionally, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMD profiles.

Results

The findings delineated that the probiotic group experienced a decrease in serum calcium levels compared to their initial levels. However, hair calcium levels and biomarkers related to bone metabolism showed no notable changes within this group. Consumption of probiotic L. acidophilus also seemed to prevent fluctuations in bone turnover markers. Moreover, there were no significant alterations in BMD levels at the lumbar spine, left femur, and total body in the probiotic group. Additionally, probiotic intake led to favorable outcomes by significantly reducing both body fat and visceral fat during the intervention period. Conversely, an adverse effect of consuming probiotic L. acidophilus was observed with a significant increase in glucose concentration.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the consumption of L. acidophilus probiotics daily for 12 weeks among postmenopausal women does not affect the profile of BMD, but it may help in stabilizing bone turnover. It is important to note that most measured parameters were within the normal range for this population. However, it is worth noting that 3 months of probiotic supplementation could potentially disrupt calcium and glucose status in postmenopausal women.

Assessment of the relationship between gut microbiota and bone mineral density: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

Emerging evidence from observational studies and clinical trials suggests a connection between the gut microbiota and variations in bone mineral density (BMD). Nonetheless, the specific association between gut microbiota and BMD alterations at different skeletal sites has not been comprehensively explored. To address this, we employed Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics from a publicly accessible database, conducting a two-sample Mendelian Randomization analysis to elucidate the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and BMD.

Methods

This study utilized two distinct thresholds for screening instrumental variables (IVs), followed by an extensive series of quality control procedures to identify IVs that were significantly related to exposure. Gut microbiota were classified into two sets based on hierarchical levels: phylum, class, order, family, and genus. Bone mineral density (BMD) data were systematically collected from four skeletal sites: femoral neck, lumbar spine, forearm, and heel. For Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, robust methods including Inverse-Variance Weighting (IVW) and the Wald Ratio Test were employed. Additional analytical tests such as the Outlier Test, Heterogeneity Test, 'Leave-One-Out' Test, and Pleiotropy Test were conducted to assess the impact of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneities, and the genetic variation stability of gut microbiota on BMD causal associations. The MR Steiger Directionality Test was applied to exclude studies with potential directional biases.

Results

In this two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, we utilized five sets of exposure GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies) summary statistics and four sets of outcome GWAS summary statistics. The initial analysis, applying a threshold of p < 5 × 10-6, identified 48 significant causal relationships between genetic liability in the gut microbiome and bone mineral density (BMD). A subsequent analysis with a more stringent threshold of p < 5 × 10-8 uncovered 14 additional causal relationships. Upon applying the Bonferroni correction, 9 results from the first analysis and 10 from the second remained statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our MR analysis revealed a causal relationship between gut microbiota and bone mineral density at all sites, which could lead to discoveries in future mechanistic and clinical studies of microbiota-associated osteoporosis.

Metabolic and inflammatory perturbation of diabetes associated gut dysbiosis in people living with and without HIV infection

BACKGROUND

Gut dysbiosis has been linked with both HIV infection and diabetes, but its interplay with metabolic and inflammatory responses in diabetes, particularly in the context of HIV infection, remains unclear.

METHODS

We first conducted a cross-sectional association analysis to characterize the gut microbial, circulating metabolite, and immune/inflammatory protein features associated with diabetes in up to 493 women (~ 146 with prevalent diabetes with 69.9% HIV +) of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Prospective analyses were then conducted to determine associations of identified metabolites with incident diabetes over 12 years of follow-up in 694 participants (391 women from WIHS and 303 men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; 166 incident cases were recorded) with and without HIV infection. Mediation analyses were conducted to explore whether gut bacteria-diabetes associations are explained by altered metabolites and proteins.

RESULTS

Seven gut bacterial genera were identified to be associated with diabetes (FDR-q <  0.1), with positive associations for Shigella, Escherichia, Megasphaera, and Lactobacillus, and inverse associations for Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, and Intestinibacter. Importantly, the associations of most species, especially Adlercreutzia and Ruminococcus, were largely independent of antidiabetic medications use. Meanwhile, 18 proteins and 76 metabolites, including 3 microbially derived metabolites (trimethylamine N-oxide, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), imidazolepropionic acid (IMP)), 50 lipids (e.g., diradylglycerols (DGs) and triradylglycerols (TGs)) and 23 non-lipid metabolites, were associated with diabetes (FDR-q <  0.1), with the majority showing positive associations and more than half of them (59/76) associated with incident diabetes. In mediation analyses, several proteins, especially interleukin-18 receptor 1 and osteoprotegerin, IMP and PAGln partially mediate the observed bacterial genera-diabetes associations, particularly for those of Adlercreutzia and Escherichia. Many diabetes-associated metabolites and proteins were altered in HIV, but no effect modification on their associations with diabetes was observed by HIV.

CONCLUSION

Among individuals with and without HIV, multiple gut bacterial genera, blood metabolites, and proinflammatory proteins were associated with diabetes. The observed mediated effects by metabolites and proteins in genera-diabetes associations highlighted the potential involvement of inflammatory and metabolic perturbations in the link between gut dysbiosis and diabetes in the context of HIV infection.

A review of "plant gold" Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.: A medicinal and food homologous plant with economic value and prospect

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is an ancient and precious plant that has been used as medicine in China for more than 2000 years. Because its bark, leaves, seeds, and male flowers can be used in medicine, it plays an important role in medicine, food, chemical industry, and other fields, so it is also called "plant gold". 246 compounds have been isolated from E. ulmoides, which endow E. ulmoides with many unique pharmacological effects and make it wide to study in the fields of osteoporosis, hypertension, liver protection, and so on. Besides, E. ulmoides also has significant medicinal effects on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulation, and neuroprotection, and is often used in clinical compound medicines of traditional Chinese medicine. In addition to updating its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology information, the economic botany of leaves, seeds, and male flowers was also introduced. It hopes hoping to fully understand this economically important Chinese medicine and provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of E. ulmoides.

Diets intervene osteoporosis via gut-bone axis

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that seriously endangers the health of middle-aged and older adults. Recently, with the continuous deepening of research, an increasing number of studies have revealed gut microbiota as a potential target for osteoporosis, and the research concept of the gut-bone axis has gradually emerged. Additionally, the intake of dietary nutrients and the adoption of dietary patterns may affect the gut microbiota, and alterations in the gut microbiota might also influence the metabolic status of the host, thus adjusting bone metabolism. Based on the gut-bone axis, dietary intake can also participate in the modulation of bone metabolism by altering abundance, diversity, and composition of gut microbiota. Herein, combined with emerging literatures and relevant studies, this review is aimed to summarize the impacts of different dietary components and patterns on osteoporosis by acting on gut microbiota, as well as underlying mechanisms and proper dietary recommendations.

Microbiome's role in musculoskeletal health through the gut-bone axis insights

The interplay between the human microbiome and the musculoskeletal system represents a burgeoning field of research with profound implications for understanding and treating musculoskeletal disorders. This review articulates the pivotal role of the microbiome in modulating bone health, highlighting the gut-bone axis as a critical nexus for potential therapeutic intervention. Through a meticulous analysis of recent clinical research, we underscore the microbiome's influence on osteoporosis, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis, delineating both the direct and indirect mechanisms by which microbiota could impact musculoskeletal integrity and function. Our investigation reveals novel insights into the microbiota's contribution to bone density regulation, hormone production, immune modulation, and nutrient absorption, laying the groundwork for innovative microbiome-based strategies in musculoskeletal disease management. Significantly, we identify the challenges hindering the translation of research into clinical practice, including the limitations of current microbial sequencing techniques and the need for standardized methodologies in microbiome studies. Furthermore, we highlight promising directions for future research, particularly in the realm of personalized medicine, where the microbiome's variability offers unique opportunities for tailored treatment approaches. This review sets a new agenda for leveraging gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, marking a pivotal step toward integrating microbiome science into clinical musculoskeletal care.

Regulatory mechanisms of autophagy-related ncRNAs in bone metabolic diseases

Bone metabolic diseases have been tormented and are plaguing people worldwide due to the lack of effective and thorough medical interventions and the poor understanding of their pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are heterogeneous transcripts that cannot encode the proteins but can affect the expressions of other genes. Autophagy is a fundamental mechanism for keeping cell viability, recycling cellular contents through the lysosomal pathway, and maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. There is growing evidence that ncRNAs, autophagy, and crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy play complex roles in progression of metabolic bone disease. This review investigated the complex mechanisms by which ncRNAs, mainly micro RNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), regulate autophagic pathway to assist in treating bone metabolism disorders. It aimed at identifying the autophagy role in bone metabolism disorders and understanding the role, potential, and challenges of crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy for bone metabolism disorders treatment.

The synergistic effects of polyphenols and intestinal microbiota on osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disease in middle-aged and elderly people. It is characterized by a reduction in bone mass, compromised bone microstructure, heightened bone fragility, and an increased susceptibility to fractures. The dynamic imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast populations is a decisive factor in the occurrence of osteoporosis. With the increase in the elderly population in society, the incidence of osteoporosis, disability, and mortality have gradually increased. Polyphenols are a fascinating class of compounds that are found in both food and medicine and exhibit a variety of biological activities with significant health benefits. As a component of food, polyphenols not only provide color, flavor, and aroma but also act as potent antioxidants, protecting our cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic disease. Moreover, these natural compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which aid in immune response regulation and potentially alleviate symptoms of diverse ailments. The gut microbiota can degrade polyphenols into more absorbable metabolites, thereby increasing their bioavailability. Polyphenols can also shape the gut microbiota and increase its abundance. Therefore, studying the synergistic effect between gut microbiota and polyphenols may help in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. By delving into how gut microbiota can enhance the bioavailability of polyphenols and how polyphenols can shape the gut microbiota and increase its abundance, this review offers valuable information and references for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

Meta-Analysis Reveals Compositional and Functional Microbial Changes Associated with Osteoporosis

Over the past decade, the role of the gut microbiota in many disease states has gained a great deal of attention. Mounting evidence from case-control and observational studies has linked changes in the gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis (OP). Nonetheless, the results of these studies contain discrepancies, leaving the literature without a consensus on osteoporosis-associated microbial signatures. Here, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis combining and reexamining five publicly available 16S rRNA partial sequence data sets to identify gut bacteria consistently associated with osteoporosis across different cohorts. After adjusting for the batch effect associated with technical variation and heterogeneity of studies, we observed a significant shift in the microbiota composition in the osteoporosis group. An increase in the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens Clostridium sensu stricto, Bacteroides, and Intestinibacter was observed in the OP group. Moreover, short-chain-fatty-acid (SCFA) producers, including members of the genera Collinsella, Megasphaera, Agathobaculum, Mediterraneibacter, Clostridium XIV, and Dorea, were depleted in the OP group relative to the healthy control (HC) group. Lactic acid-producing bacteria, including Limosilactobacillus, were significantly increased in the OP group. The random forest algorithm further confirmed that these bacteria differentiate the two groups. Furthermore, functional prediction revealed depletion of the SCFA biosynthesis pathway (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle, and Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) and amino acid biosynthesis pathway (methionine, histidine, and arginine) in the OP group relative to the HC group. This study uncovered OP-associated compositional and functional microbial alterations, providing robust insight into OP pathogenesis and aiding the possible development of a therapeutic intervention to manage the disease. IMPORTANCE Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease associated with aging. Mounting evidence has linked changes in the gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. However, which microbes are associated with dysbiosis and their impact on bone density and inflammation remain largely unknown due to inconsistent results in the literature. Here, we present a meta-analysis with a standard workflow, robust statistical approaches, and machine learning algorithms to identify notable microbial compositional changes influencing osteoporosis.

Potential application of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. as a natural drug for bone mass regulation: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The root of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AM) has been used for thousands of years in China, and it's extracts contain various constituents, such as volatile oils, polysaccharides, and lactones, with a myriad of pharmacological effects, including improves the healthy state of the gastrointestinal system and regulating immunity, hormone secretion, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidation, anti-aging, and antitumor properties. Recently, researchers have focused on the effect of AM in regulating bone mass; therefore, its potential mechanism of action in regulating bone mass needs to be elucidated.

AIM OF REVIEW

This study reviewed the known and possible mechanisms of bone mass regulation by AM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cochrane, Medline via PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, Chinese biomedical literature database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and Wanfang Database were used to search AM root extracts-related studies. The retrieval date was from the establishment of the database to January 1, 2023.

RESULTS

By summarizing 119 natural active substances that have been isolated from AM root to date, we explored its possible targets and pathways (such as Hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and BMP/Smads pathways etc.) for bone growth and presented our position on possible future research/perspectives in the regulation of bone mass using this plant.

CONCLUSIONS

AM root extracts (incuding aqueous, ethanol etc.) promotes osteogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis. These functions promote the absorption of nutrients, regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal microbial ecology, regulate endocrine function, strengthen bone immunity, and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Identifying microbial signatures for patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis using gut microbiota analyses and feature selection approaches

Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of micro-architectural bone tissue. The most common type of OP is postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), with fragility fractures becoming a global burden for women. Recently, the gut microbiota has been connected to bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota signatures in PMOP patients and controls. Fecal samples from 21 PMOP patients and 37 controls were collected and analyzed using amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The bone mineral density (BMD) measurement and laboratory biochemical test were performed on all participants. Two feature selection algorithms, maximal information coefficient (MIC) and XGBoost, were employed to identify the PMOP-related microbial features. Results showed that the composition of gut microbiota changed in PMOP patients, and microbial abundances were more correlated with total hip BMD/T-score than lumbar spine BMD/T-score. Using the MIC and XGBoost methods, we identified a set of PMOP-related microbes; a logistic regression model revealed that two microbial markers (Fusobacteria and Lactobacillaceae) had significant abilities in disease classification between the PMOP and control groups. Taken together, the findings of this study provide new insights into the etiology of OP/PMOP, as well as modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic target in the diseases. We also highlight the application of feature selection approaches in biological data mining and data analysis, which may improve the research in medical and life sciences.

Application of metabolomics in osteoporosis research

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by bone metabolism imbalance and bone microstructure destruction, which causes serious social and economic burden. At present, the diagnosis and treatment of OP mainly rely on imaging combined with drugs. However, the existing pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment strategies for OP are not clear and effective enough, and the disease progression that cannot reflect OP further restricts its effective treatment. The application of metabolomics has facilitated the study of OP, further exploring the mechanism and behavior of bone cells, prevention, and treatment of the disease from various metabolic perspectives, finally realizing the possibility of a holistic approach. In this review, we focus on the application of metabolomics in OP research, especially the newer systematic application of metabolomics and treatment with herbal medicine and their extracts. In addition, the prospects of clinical transformation in related fields are also discussed. The aim of this study is to highlight the use of metabolomics in OP research, especially in exploring the pathogenesis of OP and the therapeutic mechanisms of natural herbal medicine, for the benefit of interdisciplinary researchers including clinicians, biologists, and materials engineers.