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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Radha MJ, Mahaboob Basha P. Hepatotoxic evaluation of Di- n-butyl phthalate in Wistar rats upon sub-chronic exposure: A multigenerational assessment. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:772-778. [PMID: 32637323 PMCID: PMC7327266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of di--n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer in medical devices, personal care products, and industries, which is a major threat to humankind as it leaches out easily from the plastic matrix into the environment. Health risks posed to adults and children from the broad usage of DBP in cosmetics and infant toys observed predominantly due to repeated and prolonged exposure. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of DBP in the hepatic tissue of rats up to three generations. Wistar rats were induced at a dose of 500 mg DBP /kg body weight dissolved in olive oil by oral gavage throughout gestation (GD 6–21), lactation and post-weaning and reared by crossing intoxicated rats up to three generations. Results of the present study showed a significant increase in the relative weight of liver, while decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) was evident in DBP treated rats at P < 0.05. Besides hepatic marker enzymes viz., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were elevated significantly in experimental rats compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, histological studies revealed congested central veins and dilated sinusoids in F1 progeny while mild to severe focal inflammatory infiltrations were evident in F2 & F3 rats. Negative correlation observed between the levels of antioxidant enzymes and transaminase activity. In brief, DBP exposure elicits oxidative stress and alters the transaminase activity levels causing damage in hepatic tissue. F3 progeny found to high vulnerability to the exposure of DBP than F2 & F1 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Radha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bangalore, 560 054, India
| | - P Mahaboob Basha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India
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Ito Y, Kamijima M, Nakajima T. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: a review. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:47. [PMID: 31279339 PMCID: PMC6612219 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride-containing products such as medical and consumer goods. Humans can easily be exposed to it because DEHP is ubiquitous in the environment. Recent research on the adverse effects of DEHP has focused on reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents and/or humans. DEHP is a representative of the peroxisome proliferators. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways are the expected mode of action of several kinds of DEHP-induced toxicities. In this review, we summarize DEHP kinetics and its mechanisms of carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity in relation to PPARα. Additionally, we give an overview of the impacts of science policy on exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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Venkatratnam A, Furuya S, Kosyk O, Gold A, Bodnar W, Konganti K, Threadgill DW, Gillespie KM, Aylor DL, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Editor's Highlight: Collaborative Cross Mouse Population Enables Refinements to Characterization of the Variability in Toxicokinetics of Trichloroethylene and Provides Genetic Evidence for the Role of PPAR Pathway in Its Oxidative Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:48-62. [PMID: 28369613 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a known carcinogen in humans and rodents. Previous studies of inter-strain variability in TCE metabolism were conducted in multi-strain panels of classical inbred mice with limited genetic diversity to identify gene-environment interactions associated with chemical exposure. Objectives To evaluate inter-strain variability in TCE metabolism and identify genetic determinants that are associated with TCE metabolism and effects using Collaborative Cross (CC), a large panel of genetically diverse strains of mice. Methods We administered a single oral dose of 0, 24, 80, 240, or 800 mg/kg of TCE to mice from 50 CC strains, and collected organs 24 h post-dosing. Levels of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a major oxidative metabolite of TCE were measured in multiple tissues. Protein expression and activity levels of TCE-metabolizing enzymes were evaluated in the liver. Liver transcript levels of known genes perturbed by TCE exposure were also quantified. Genetic association mapping was performed on the acquired phenotypes. Results TCA levels varied in a dose- and strain-dependent manner in liver, kidney, and serum. The variability in TCA levels among strains did not correlate with expression or activity of a number of enzymes known to be involved in TCE oxidation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-responsive genes were found to be associated with strain-specific differences in TCE metabolism. Conclusions This study shows that CC mouse population is a valuable tool to quantitatively evaluate inter-individual variability in chemical metabolism and to identify genes and pathways that may underpin population differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Venkatratnam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Shinji Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Oksana Kosyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kevin M Gillespie
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David L Aylor
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Shim K, Jacobi S, Odle J, Lin X. Pharmacologic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor-α accelerates hepatic fatty acid oxidation in neonatal pigs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23900-23914. [PMID: 29844861 PMCID: PMC5963623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor-α (PPARα) and increasing fatty acid oxidation are important for reducing pre-weaning mortality of pigs. We examined the time-dependent regulatory effects of PPARα activation via oral postnatal clofibrate administration (75 mg/(kg-BW·d) for up to 7 days) on mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in pigs, a species with limited hepatic fatty acid oxidative capacity due to low ketogenesis. Hepatic oxidation was increased by 44-147% (depending on fatty acid chain-length) and was attained after only 4 days of clofibrate treatment. Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) activities accelerated in parallel. The increase in CPTI activity was accompanied by a rapid reduction in the sensitivity of CPTI to malonyl-CoA inhibition. The mRNA abundance of CPTI and ACO, as well as peroxisomal keto-acyl-CoA thiolase (KetoACoA) and mitochondrial malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), also were augmented greatly. However, the increase in ACO activity and MCD expression were different from CPTI, and significant interactions were observed between postnatal age and clofibrate administration. Furthermore, the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase β (ACCβ) decreased with postnatal age and clofibrate had no effect on its expression. Collectively these results demonstrate that the expression of PPARα target genes and the increase in fatty acid oxidation induced by clofibrate are time- and age-dependent in the liver of neonatal pigs. Although the induction patterns of CPTI, MCD, ACO, KetoACoA, and ACCβ are different during the early postnatal period, 4 days of exposure to clofibrate were sufficient to robustly accelerate fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanseob Shim
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,Current/Present address: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Sheila Jacobi
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,Current/Present address: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Ito Y, Yanagiba Y, Ramdhan DH, Hayashi Y, Li Y, Suzuki AK, Kamijima M, Nakajima T. Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust-induced liver damage via inhibited transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1985-1995. [PMID: 26419227 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emission contains a high amount of nano-sized particles and is considered to be systemically distributed in the body. However, few studies about the effects of nanoparticle rich-diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on liver have been reported. The present investigation focuses on the effects of NR-DE on livers in rats, especially concerning inflammation and lipid metabolism. Male F344 rats were exposed to fresh air or low (24 ± 7 µg/m3 ), medium (39 ± 4 µg/m3 ) and high (138 ± 20 µg/m3 ) concentrations of NR-DE for 1, 2, or 3 months (5 hours/day, 5 days/week). Exposure to both medium and high concentrations of NR-DE for one month increased plasma asparate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, while only high concentrations increased plasma interleukin-6 and hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), suggesting that activation of hepatic inflammatory signaling took place. Although these exposures elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α levels or its binding activity to the response element, neither activated PPARα-target genes such as β-oxidative enzymes nor inhibited NFκB elevation. Thus, NR-DE may contain some materials that inhibit PPARα activation in relation to lipid metabolism and inflammation. Taken together, NR-DE exposure at one month may cause inflammation; however, this finding may not be observed after a longer exposure period. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1985-1995, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira K Suzuki
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Pham N, Iyer S, Hackett E, Lock BH, Sandy M, Zeise L, Solomon G, Marty M. Using ToxCast to Explore Chemical Activities and Hazard Traits: A Case Study WithOrtho-Phthalates. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:286-301. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Kay VR, Bloom MS, Foster WG. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in males. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:467-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.875983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Phthalates in Food Packaging, Consumer Products, and Indoor Environments. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6500-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Species and inter-individual differences in metabolic capacity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) between human and mouse livers. Environ Health Prev Med 2013; 19:117-25. [PMID: 24078404 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to assess inter-species and inter-individual differences in the metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in humans and mice. METHODS The activities of four DEHP-metabolizing enzymes [lipase, UDP-glucuronocyltransferase (UGT), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)] were measured in the livers of 38 human subjects of various ages and in eight 129/Sv male mice. RESULTS Microsomal lipase activity was significantly lower in humans than in mice. The V max/K m value in humans was one-seventh of that in mice, microsomal UGT activity in humans was a sixth of that in mice, and cytosolic ALDH activity for 2-ethylhexanal in humans was one-half of that in mice. In contrast, ADH activity for 2-ethylhexanol was twofold higher in humans than in mice. The total amount of DEHP urinary metabolites and the concentration of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) were much higher in intact mice than in the U.S. general population based on data reported elsewhere, regardless of the similar estimated DEHP intake between these mice and the human reference population. However, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl)phthalate (5cx-MEPP) levels were higher in the latter than in the former. Of note, inter-subject variability in the activities of all enzymes measured was 10-26-fold. CONCLUSION The inter-individual variation in the metabolism of DEHP in humans may be greater than the difference between mice and humans (inter-species variation), and both may affects the risk assessment of DEHP.
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Chen X, Qin Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Yang Y, Xiong W, Yuan J. Activation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway promotes DEHP-induced Hep3B cell proliferation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Nakashima R, Hayashi Y, Md K, Jia X, Wang D, Naito H, Ito Y, Kamijima M, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T. Exposure to DEHP decreased four fatty acid levels in plasma of prepartum mice. Toxicology 2013; 309:52-60. [PMID: 23619606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) decreased the plasma triglyceride in prepartum mice. To identify the fatty acid (FA) species involved and to understand the underlying mechanisms, pregnant Sv/129 wild-type (mPPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-null (Pparα-null) and humanized PPARα (hPPARα) mice were treated with diets containing 0%, 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% DEHP. Dams were dissected on gestational day 18 together with fetuses, and on postnatal day 2 together with newborns. n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated FAs in maternal plasma and in liver of wild-type offspring, and representative enzymes for FA desaturation and elongation in maternal liver, were measured. The plasma levels of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid were higher in the pregnant control mPPARa mice than in Ppara-null and hPPARa mice. DEHP exposure significantly decreased the levels of these four FAs only in pregnant mPPARα mice. Plasma levels of many FAs were higher in pregnant mice than in postpartum ones in a genotype-independent manner, while it was lower in the livers of fetuses than pups. DEHP exposure slightly increased hepatic arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in fetuses, but not in pups. However, DEHP exposure did not clearly influence FA desaturase 1 and 2 nor elongase 2 and 5 expressions in the liver of all maternal mice. Taken together, the levels of plasma four FAs with shorter carbon chains were higher in pregnant mPPARα mice than in other genotypes, and DEHP exposure decreased these specific FA concentrations only in mPPARα mice, similarly to triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakashima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Muczynski V, Lecureuil C, Messiaen S, Guerquin MJ, N’Tumba-Byn T, Moison D, Hodroj W, Benjelloun H, Baijer J, Livera G, Frydman R, Benachi A, Habert R, Rouiller-Fabre V. Cellular and molecular effect of MEHP Involving LXRα in human fetal testis and ovary. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48266. [PMID: 23118965 PMCID: PMC3484128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phthalates have been shown to have reprotoxic effects in rodents and human during fetal life. Previous studies indicate that some members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamilly potentially mediate phthalate effects. This study aimed to assess if expression of these nuclear receptors are modulated in the response to MEHP exposure on the human fetal gonads in vitro. Methodology/Principal Findings Testes and ovaries from 7 to 12 gestational weeks human fetuses were exposed to 10−4M MEHP for 72 h in vitro. Transcriptional level of NRs and of downstream genes was then investigated using TLDA (TaqMan Low Density Array) and qPCR approaches. To determine whether somatic or germ cells of the testis are involved in the response to MEHP exposure, we developed a highly efficient cytometric germ cell sorting approach. In vitro exposure of fetal testes and ovaries to MEHP up-regulated the expression of LXRα, SREBP members and of downstream genes involved in the lipid and cholesterol synthesis in the whole gonad. In sorted testicular cells, this effect is only observable in somatic cells but not in the gonocytes. Moreover, the germ cell loss induced by MEHP exposure, that we previously described, is restricted to the male gonad as oogonia density is not affected in vitro. Conclusions/Significance We evidenced for the first time that phthalate increases the levels of mRNA for LXRα, and SREBP members potentially deregulating lipids/cholesterol synthesis in human fetal gonads. Interestingly, this novel effect is observable in both male and female whereas the germ cell apoptosis is restricted to the male gonad. Furthermore, we presented here a novel and potentially very useful flow cytometric cell sorting method to analyse molecular changes in germ cells versus somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Muczynski
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Charlotte Lecureuil
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Thierry N’Tumba-Byn
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Wassim Hodroj
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Hinde Benjelloun
- Flow Cytometry Facility, CEA – DSV/iRCM/SCSR, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Jan Baijer
- Flow Cytometry Facility, CEA – DSV/iRCM/SCSR, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - René Frydman
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital A. Béclère,- Université Paris Sud, F-92141 Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital A. Béclère,- Université Paris Sud, F-92141 Clamart, France
| | - René Habert
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- * E-mail:
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Plasticizers May Activate Human Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Less Than That of a Mouse but May Activate Constitutive Androstane Receptor in Liver. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:201284. [PMID: 22792086 PMCID: PMC3388330 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dibutylphthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) are used as plasticizers. Their metabolites activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, which may be related to their toxicities. However, species differences in the receptor functions between rodents and human make it difficult to precisely extrapolate their toxicity from animal studies to human. In this paper, we compared the species differences in the activation of mouse and human hepatic PPARα by these plasticizers using wild-type (mPPARα) and humanized PPARα (hPPARα) mice. At 12 weeks old, each genotyped male mouse was classified into three groups, and fed daily for 2 weeks per os with corn oil (vehicle control), 2.5 or 5.0 mmol/kg DBP (696, 1392 mg/kg), DEHP (977, 1953 mg/kg), and DEHA (926, 1853 mg/kg), respectively. Generally, hepatic PPARα of mPPARα mice was more strongly activated than that of hPPARα mice when several target genes involving β-oxidation of fatty acids were evaluated. Interestingly, all plasticizers also activated hepatic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) more in hPPARα mice than in mPPARα mice. Taken together, these plasticizers activated mouse and human hepatic PPARα as well as CAR. The activation of PPARα was stronger in mPPARα mice than in hPPARα mice, while the opposite was true of CAR.
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Rusyn I, Corton JC. Mechanistic considerations for human relevance of cancer hazard of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Mutat Res 2011; 750:141-158. [PMID: 22198209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a peroxisome proliferator agent that is widely used as a plasticizer to soften polyvinylchloride plastics and non-polymers. Both occupational (e.g., by inhalation during its manufacture and use as a plasticizer of polyvinylchloride) and environmental (medical devices, contamination of food, or intake from air, water and soil) routes of exposure to DEHP are of concern for human health. There is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity of DEHP in the liver in both rats and mice; however, there is little epidemiological evidence on possible associations between exposure to DEHP and liver cancer in humans. Data are available to suggest that liver is not the only target tissue for DEHP-associated toxicity and carcinogenicity in both humans and rodents. The debate regarding human relevance of the findings in rats or mice has been informed by studies on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the peroxisome proliferator class of chemicals, including DEHP. Important additional mechanistic information became available in the past decade, including, but not limited to, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic studies with DEHP in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α-null mice, as well as experiments utilizing several transgenic mouse lines. Activation of PPARα and the subsequent downstream events mediated by this transcription factor represent an important mechanism of action for DEHP in rats and mice. However, additional data from animal models and studies in humans exposed to DEHP from the environment suggest that multiple molecular signals and pathways in several cell types in the liver, rather than a single molecular event, contribute to the cancer in rats and mice. In addition, the toxic and carcinogenic effects of DEHP are not limited to liver. The International Agency for Research on Cancer working group concluded that the human relevance of the molecular events leading to cancer elicited by DEHP in several target tissues (e.g., liver and testis) in rats and mice can not be ruled out and DEHP was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
| | - J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Differences in metabolite burden of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in pregnant and postpartum dams and their offspring in relation to drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:563-9. [PMID: 22159897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) induced adverse effects on mice offspring, and the metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) may be essential to determine the toxicity. In this experiment, we measured liver MEHP levels and the factors determining the metabolism, two enzyme activities [lipase and uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] or expression of cytochrome P450 4A14 (CYP4A14) in dams (on gestational day 18 and postnatal day 2) and their offspring. MEHP concentrations in the liver from pregnant dams were 1.5 times higher than those of postpartum dams at exposure to 0.05% DEHP. Accordingly, MEHP concentrations were 1.7 times higher in fetuses than in pups at the dose. Interestingly, lipase activity was 1.8-fold higher in pregnant dams than postpartum ones, but no such difference was noted in the activity between fetuses and pups. UGT activity was also 1.5-fold higher in pregnant dams than postpartum ones, whereas the activity in the fetuses was 1/2 that of pups. No difference was noted in CYP4A14 levels between pregnant and postpartum mice, whereas the levels in the fetuses were <1/10 those of pups. DEHP exposure did not influence lipase activity, whereas it slightly enhanced UGT activity and exclusively increased CYP4A14 levels in pregnant and/or postpartum dams. Taken together, the higher MEHP levels in pregnant dams than postpartum ones may be primarily due to higher lipase activities in pregnant dams, which may closely reflect those in fetuses and pups.
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Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on di-n-heptyl and di-n-octyl phthalates in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer and a potentially nongenotoxic carcinogen. Its mechanism had been earlier proposed based on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) because metabolites of DEHP are agonists. However, recent evidence also suggests the involvement of non-PPARα multiple pathway in DEHP-induced carcinogenesis. Since there are differences in the function and constitutive expression of PPARα among rodents and humans, species differences are also thought to exist in the carcinogenesis. However, species differences were also seen in the lipase activity involved in the first step of the DEHP metabolism, which should be considered in DEHP-induced carcinogenesis. Taken together, it is very difficult to extrapolate the results from rodents to humans in the case of DEHP carcinogenicity. However, PPARα-null mice or mice with human PPARα gene have been developed, which may lend support to make such a difficult extrapolation. Overall, further mechanical study on DEHP-induced carcinogenicity is warranted using these mice.
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Hayashi Y, Ito Y, Yamagishi N, Yanagiba Y, Tamada H, Wang D, Ramdhan DH, Naito H, Harada Y, Kamijima M, Gonzales FJ, Nakajima T. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α may have an important role in the toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on offspring of mice. Toxicology 2011; 289:1-10. [PMID: 21354252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is associated with adverse effects on offspring, and the metabolites are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, which exhibits species differences in expression and function. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of DEHP-induced adverse effects on offspring in relation to maternal mouse and human PPARα. Male and female Sv/129 wild-type (mPPARα), Pparα-null and humanized PPARα (hPPARα) mice were treated with diets containing 0%, 0.01%, 0.05% (medium) or 0.1% (high) DEHP. After 4 weeks, males and females were mated. Dams were killed on gestational day 18 and postnatal day (PND) 2. High-dose DEHP decreased the number of total and live fetuses, and increased resorptions in mPPARα mice. In hPPARα mice, resorptions were increased above the medium dose, and the number of births was decreased at the high dose. The number of live pups on PND2 was decreased over the medium dose in mPPARα and at the high dose in hPPARα mice. No such findings were observed in Pparα-null mice. High-dose DEHP decreased plasma triglyceride in pregnant mPPARα mice, but not in Pparα-null and hPPARα ones. Above the medium dose in mPPARα mice significantly reduced hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) expression. Medium- and/or high-dose DEHP increased the levels of maternal PPARα target genes in mPPARα and hPPARα mice. Taken together, PPARα expression is required for the toxicity of DEHP in fetuses and pups and altered plasma triglyceride levels, through regulation of MTP may be important in mPPARα mice and not in hPPARα mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Ghosh J, Das J, Manna P, Sil PC. Hepatotoxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is attributed to calcium aggravation, ROS-mediated mitochondrial depolarization, and ERK/NF-κB pathway activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1779-91. [PMID: 20854900 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer found in a variety of polyvinyl chloride medical products. Although DEHP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis are well studied in various cell types, the precise mechanisms are not well understood so far. This study, aimed at going beyond the toxicology approach, focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which DEHP causes hepatotoxicity. We show that DEHP induces apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner, as proven by an increase in annexin V-positively stained cells, DAPI/PI staining, and immunofluorescence studies. The DEHP-induced decrease in cell viability was significantly inhibited by adding catalase (CAT), but CAT treatment did not suppress the DEHP-stimulated calcium flux in the hepatocytes, whereas BAPTA-AM significantly reduced the DEHP-stimulated DCF intensity. These results demonstrate that DEHP increases the intracellular calcium level, which mediates the generation of H(2)O(2) in hepatocytes. Investigating cell-signaling mechanisms, we found that DEHP induced apoptotic cell death by mitochondrial-dependent caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. These changes due to DEHP exposure were associated with increased IKK and NF-κB phosphorylation. Preexposure of hepatocytes to an IKK inhibitor (PS-1145) prevented DEHP-induced caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. DEHP also markedly increased the activity of ERK1/2 MAPK. Pretreatment with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 attenuated NF-κB and IKK phosphorylation, indicating that ERK MAPK is mainly involved in DEHP-induced NF-κB activation. These results, for the first time, reveal that DEHP induces apoptosis in hepatocytes via the activation of the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway, in which calcium ions and hydrogen peroxide act as the pivotal mediators of the apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Ward EM, Schulte PA, Straif K, Hopf NB, Caldwell JC, Carreón T, DeMarini DM, Fowler BA, Goldstein BD, Hemminki K, Hines CJ, Pursiainen KH, Kuempel E, Lewtas J, Lunn RM, Lynge E, McElvenny DM, Muhle H, Nakajima T, Robertson LW, Rothman N, Ruder AM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Siemiatycki J, Silverman D, Smith MT, Sorahan T, Steenland K, Stevens RG, Vineis P, Zahm SH, Zeise L, Cogliano VJ. Research recommendations for selected IARC-classified agents. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1355-62. [PMID: 20562050 PMCID: PMC2957912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are some common occupational agents and exposure circumstances for which evidence of carcinogenicity is substantial but not yet conclusive for humans. Our objectives were to identify research gaps and needs for 20 agents prioritized for review based on evidence of widespread human exposures and potential carcinogenicity in animals or humans. DATA SOURCES For each chemical agent (or category of agents), a systematic review was conducted of new data published since the most recent pertinent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph meeting on that agent. DATA EXTRACTION Reviewers were charged with identifying data gaps and general and specific approaches to address them, focusing on research that would be important in resolving classification uncertainties. An expert meeting brought reviewers together to discuss each agent and the identified data gaps and approaches. DATA SYNTHESIS Several overarching issues were identified that pertained to multiple agents; these included the importance of recognizing that carcinogenic agents can act through multiple toxicity pathways and mechanisms, including epigenetic mechanisms, oxidative stress, and immuno- and hormonal modulation. CONCLUSIONS Studies in occupational populations provide important opportunities to understand the mechanisms through which exogenous agents cause cancer and intervene to prevent human exposure and/or prevent or detect cancer among those already exposed. Scientific developments are likely to increase the challenges and complexities of carcinogen testing and evaluation in the future, and epidemiologic studies will be particularly critical to inform carcinogen classification and risk assessment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Ward
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta Georgia 30303, USA.
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22
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Satake S, Nakamura C, Minamide Y, Kudo S, Maeda H, Chihaya Y, Kamimura Y, Miyajima H, Sasaki J, Goryo M, Okada K. Effect of a Large Dose of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on Hepatic Peroxisome in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:75-83. [PMID: 22272015 PMCID: PMC3234641 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of a large dose of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
(DEHP), a plasticizer and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
(PPARα) agonist, on hepatic peroxisomes, we orally administered 1,000
mg/kg/day, once daily, to 3 male and 4 female cynomolgus monkeys for 28
days consecutively. Light-microscopic and electron microscopic examinations
of the liver were carried out in conjunction with measurement of the
hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation system (FAOS), carnitine
acetyltransferase (CAT) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)
activities, which are peroxisomal and/or mitochondrial enzyme activities.
Electron microscopically, enlargement of the mitochondria was observed with
lamellar orientation of the cristae along the major axis. Although the
number of peroxisomes showed a tendency to increase when compared with
those in a biopsied specimen before treatment, no abnormality in morphology
was observed. A slight increase in CPT activity was noted at termination.
No changes were noted in hepatic FAOS or CAT activity. In conclusion,
although repeated oral treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with a large dose of
DEHP induced a subtle increase in the numbers of peroxisomes with slight
enlargements of the mitochondria, this low-sensitivity response to
peroxisome proliferators in cynomolgus monkeys was considered to be closer
to the response in humans than that in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu
University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Chika Nakamura
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Minamide
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kudo
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Yutaka Chihaya
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamimura
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd., 2438
Miyanoura Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanobu Goryo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu
University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu
University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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26-Week carcinogenicity study of di-isodecyl phthalate by dietary administration to CB6F1-rasH2 transgenic mice. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:59-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Guyton KZ, Chiu WA, Bateson TF, Jinot J, Scott CS, Brown RC, Caldwell JC. A reexamination of the PPAR-alpha activation mode of action as a basis for assessing human cancer risks of environmental contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1664-72. [PMID: 20049115 PMCID: PMC2801168 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse environmental contaminants, including the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), are hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferators in rodents. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) activation and its sequelae have been proposed to constitute a mode of action (MOA) for hepatocarcinogenesis by such agents as a sole causative factor. Further, based on a hypothesized lower sensitivity of humans to this MOA, prior reviews have concluded that rodent hepatocarcinogenesis by PPAR-alpha agonists is irrelevant to human carcinogenic risk. DATA SYNTHESIS Herein, we review recent studies that experimentally challenge the PPAR-alpha activation MOA hypothesis, providing evidence that DEHP is hepatocarcinogenic in PPAR-alpha-null mice and that the MOA but not hepatocarcinogenesis is evoked by PPAR-alpha activation in a transgenic mouse model. We further examine whether relative potency for PPAR-alpha activation or other steps in the MOA correlates with tumorigenic potency. In addition, for most PPAR-alpha agonists of environmental concern, available data are insufficient to characterize relative human sensitivity to this rodent MOA or to induction of hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our review and analyses raise questions about the hypothesized PPAR-alpha activation MOA as a sole explanation for rodent hepatocarcinogenesis by PPAR-alpha agonists and therefore its utility as a primary basis for assessing human carcinogenic risk from the diverse compounds that activate PPAR-alpha. These findings have broad implications for how MOA hypotheses are developed, tested, and applied in human health risk assessment. We discuss alternatives to the current approaches to these key aspects of mechanistic data evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Z. Guyton
- Address correspondence to K.Z. Guyton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Mail Code: 8623P, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Telephone: (703) 347-8562. Fax: (703) 347-8692. E-mail:
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Synergistic acceleration of thyroid hormone degradation by phenobarbital and the PPARα agonist WY14643 in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nakamura T, Ito Y, Yanagiba Y, Ramdhan DH, Kono Y, Naito H, Hayashi Y, Li Y, Aoyama T, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T. Microgram-order ammonium perfluorooctanoate may activate mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, but not human PPARalpha. Toxicology 2009; 265:27-33. [PMID: 19751795 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, which exhibits marked species differences in expression and function, especially between rodents and humans. We investigated the functional difference in PFOA response between mice and humans, using a humanized PPARalpha transgenic mouse line. Three genotyped mice, 129/Sv wild-type (mPPARalpha), Pparalpha-null mice and humanized PPARalpha (hPPARalpha) mice (8-week-old males) were divided into three groups: the first was treated with water daily for 2 weeks by gavage (control group), and the remaining two groups were treated with 0.1 and 0.3mg/kg ammonium perflurooctanate (APFO), respectively, for 2 weeks by gavage. The APFO dosages used did not influence the plasma triglyceride or total cholesterol levels in any mouse line, but the high dose increased both hepatic lipid levels only in mPPARalpha mice. APFO increased mRNA and/or protein levels of PPARalpha target genes cytochrome P450 Cyp4a10, peroxisomal thiolase and bifunctional protein only in the liver of mPPARalpha mice, but not in Pparalpha-null or hPPARalpha mice. This chemical also increased expression of mitochondrial very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase only in the liver of mPPARalpha mice. Taken together, human PPARalpha may be less responsive to PFOA than that of mice when a relatively low dose is applied. This information may be very valuable in considering whether PFOA influences the lipid metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakamura
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Eveillard A, Mselli-Lakhal L, Mogha A, Lasserre F, Polizzi A, Pascussi JM, Guillou H, Martin PGP, Pineau T. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR): a novel signalling pathway sensitive to phthalates. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1735-46. [PMID: 19428328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer, is detected in consumer's body fluids. Contamination occurs through environmental and food chain sources. In mouse liver, DEHP activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and regulates the expression of its target genes. Several in vitro investigations support the simultaneous recruitment of additional nuclear receptor pathways. We investigated, in vivo, the hepatic impact of low doses of DEHP on PPARalpha activation, and the putative activation of additional signalling pathways. Wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient mice were exposed to different doses of DEHP. Gene expression profiling delineated the role of PPARalpha and revealed a PPARalpha-independent regulation of several prototypic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target genes. Thus, we developed an original hepatic cell line expressing CAR to investigate its activation by DEHP. By means of a pharmacological inhibitor or CAR-targeting shRNAs, we established that CAR is required for the effect of DEHP on Cyp2b10, a recognized CAR target gene. Moreover, DEHP dose-dependently induced CYP2B6 in human primary hepatocyte cultures. This finding demonstrates that CAR also represents a transcriptional regulator sensitive to phthalates. CAR-mediated effects of DEHP provide a new rationale for most endpoints of phthalates toxicity described previously, including endocrine disruption, hepatocarcinogenesis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Eveillard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA UR66, Toulouse, France
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Failure in drug development: the role of inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:665-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Bolt HM, Hengstler JG. A new series of review articles on drug metabolizing enzymes: nomenclature of isoenzyme families, genetic organization, polymorphisms, substrate specificities, clinical relevance and role in carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:413-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:314-21. [PMID: 18460925 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328303e27e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Satake S, Tanigawa Y, Maeda H, Kamimura Y, Chihaya Y, Miyajima H, Goryo M, Okada K. Morphological Changes of Mitochondria in the Hepatocytes Induced by Administration of a Large Amount of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.21.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Co., Ltd
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masanobu Goryo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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Kamijo Y, Hora K, Nakajima T, Kono K, Takahashi K, Ito Y, Higuchi M, Kiyosawa K, Shigematsu H, Gonzalez FJ, Aoyama T. Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α Protects against Glomerulonephritis Induced by Long-Term Exposure to the Plasticizer Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 18:176-88. [PMID: 17135395 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety concerns about di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer and a probable endocrine disruptor, have attracted considerable public attention, but there are few studies about long-term exposure to DEHP. DEHP toxicity is thought to involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), but this contention remains controversial. For investigation of the long-term toxicity of DEHP and determination of whether PPARalpha mediates toxicity, wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice were fed a diet that contained 0.05 or 0.01% DEHP for 22 mo. PPARalpha-null mice that were exposed to DEHP exhibited prominent immune complex glomerulonephritis, most likely related to elevated glomerular oxidative stress. Elevated NADPH oxidase, low antioxidant enzymes, and absence of the PPARalpha-dependent anti-inflammatory effects that normally antagonize the NFkappaB signaling pathway accompanied the glomerulonephritis in PPARalpha-null mice. The results reported here indicate that PPARalpha protects against the nephrotoxic effects of long-term exposure to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kamijo
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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