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Kumar D, Nadda R, Repaka R. Advances and challenges in organ-on-chip technology: toward mimicking human physiology and disease in vitro. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1925-1957. [PMID: 38436835 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips have been tissues or three-dimensional (3D) mini-organs that comprise numerous cell types and have been produced on microfluidic chips to imitate the complicated structures and interactions of diverse cell types and organs under controlled circumstances. Several morphological and physiological distinctions exist between traditional 2D cultures, animal models, and the growing popular 3D cultures. On the other hand, animal models might not accurately simulate human toxicity because of physiological variations and interspecies metabolic capability. The on-chip technique allows for observing and understanding the process and alterations occurring in metastases. The present study aimed to briefly overview single and multi-organ-on-chip techniques. The current study addresses each platform's essential benefits and characteristics and highlights recent developments in developing and utilizing technologies for single and multi-organs-on-chips. The study also discusses the drawbacks and constraints associated with these models, which include the requirement for standardized procedures and the difficulties of adding immune cells and other intricate biological elements. Finally, a comprehensive review demonstrated that the organs-on-chips approach has a potential way of investigating organ function and disease. The advancements in single and multi-organ-on-chip structures can potentially increase drug discovery and minimize dependency on animal models, resulting in improved therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rahul Nadda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| | - Ramjee Repaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
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2
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De S, Vasudevan A, Tripathi DM, Kaur S, Singh N. A decellularized matrix enriched collagen microscaffold for a 3D in vitro liver model. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:772-783. [PMID: 38167699 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01652h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of liver scaffolds retaining their three-dimensional (3D) structure and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) composition is essential for the advancement of liver tissue engineering. We report the design and validation of an alginate-based platform using a combination of decellularized matrices and collagen to preserve the functionality of liver cells. The scaffolds were characterized using SEM and fluorescence microscopy techniques. The proliferation and functional behaviours of hepatocellular carcinoma HuH7 cells were observed. It was found that the decellularized skin scaffold with collagen was better for maintaining the growth of cells in comparison to other decellularized matrices. In addition, we observed a significant increase in the functional profile once exogenous collagen was added to the liver matrix. Our study also suggests that a cirrhotic liver model should have a different matrix composition as compared to a healthy liver model. When primary rat hepatocytes were used for developing a healthy liver model, the proliferation studies with hepatocytes showed a decellularized skin matrix as the better option, but the functionality was only maintained in a decellularized liver matrix with addition of exogenous collagen. We further checked if these platforms can be used for studying drug induced toxicity observed in the liver by studying the activation of cytochrome P450 upon drug exposure of the cells growing in our model. We observed a significant induction of the CYP1A1 gene on administering the drugs for 6 days. Thus, this platform could be used for drug-toxicity screening studies using primary hepatocytes in a short span of time. Being a microscaffold based system, this platform offers some advantages, such as smaller volumes of samples, analysing multiple samples simultaneously and a minimal amount of decellularized matrix in the matrix composition, making it an economical option compared to a completely dECM based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreemoyee De
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Ashwini Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Dinesh M Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
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3
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Liu Y, Wu K, Fu Y, Li W, Zhao XY. Slc7a11 stimulates glutathione synthesis to preserve fatty acid metabolism in primary hepatocytes. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2260646. [PMID: 37750478 PMCID: PMC10540662 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2260646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are widely used as a tool for studying metabolic function and regulation in the liver. However, the metabolic properties of primary hepatocytes are gradually lost after isolation. Here, we illustrated that fatty acid metabolism is the major compromised metabolic process in isolated primary hepatocytes, along with drastically decreased GSH and ROS content, while lipid peroxidation is increased. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that Slc7a11 expression is critical in maintaining fatty acid metabolism and facilitating hormone-induced fatty acid metabolic events, which is synergistic with dexamethasone treatment. Intriguingly, Slc7a11 expression and dexamethasone treatment cooperatively upregulated AKT and AMPK signaling and mitochondrial complex expression in primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, direct treatment with reduced GSH or inhibition of ferroptosis is sufficient to drive protective effects on fatty acid metabolism in primary hepatocytes. Our results demonstrate that Slc7a11 expression in isolated primary hepatocytes induces GSH production, which protects against ferroptosis, to increase fatty acid metabolic gene expression, AKT and AMPK signaling and mitochondrial function in synergy with dexamethasone treatment, thereby efficiently preserving primary hepatocyte metabolic signatures, thus providing a promising approach to better reserve primary hepatocyte metabolic activities after isolation to potentially improve the understanding of liver biological functions from studies using primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinkun Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Haas M, Ackermann G, Küpper JH, Glatt H, Schrenk D, Fahrer J. OCT1-dependent uptake of structurally diverse pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human liver cells is crucial for their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3259-3271. [PMID: 37676300 PMCID: PMC10567918 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are important plant hepatotoxins, which occur as contaminants in plant-based foods, feeds and phytomedicines. Numerous studies demonstrated that the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of PAs depend on their chemical structure, allowing for potency ranking and grouping. Organic cation transporter-1 (OCT1) was previously shown to be involved in the cellular uptake of the cyclic PA diesters monocrotaline, retrorsine and senescionine. However, little is known about the structure-dependent transport of PAs. Therefore, we investigated the impact of OCT1 on the uptake and toxicity of three structurally diverse PAs (heliotrine, lasiocarpine and riddelliine) differing in their degree and type of esterification in metabolically competent human liver cell models and hamster fibroblasts. Human HepG2-CYP3A4 liver cells were exposed to the respective PA in the presence or absence of the OCT1-inhibitors D-THP and quinidine, revealing a strongly attenuated cytotoxicity upon OCT1 inhibition. The same experiments were repeated in V79-CYP3A4 hamster fibroblasts, confirming that OCT1 inhibition prevents the cytotoxic effects of all tested PAs. Interestingly, OCT1 protein levels were much lower in V79-CYP3A4 than in HepG2-CYP3A4 cells, which correlated with their lower susceptibility to PA-induced cytotoxicity. The cytoprotective effect of OCT1 inhibiton was also demonstrated in primary human hepatocytes following PA exposure. Our experiments further showed that the genotoxic effects triggered by the three PAs are blocked by OCT1 inhibition as evidenced by strongly reduced γH2AX and p53 levels. Consistently, inhibition of OCT1-mediated uptake suppressed the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) as revealed by decreased phosphorylation of checkpoint kinases upon PA treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PAs, independent of their degree of esterification, are substrates for OCT1-mediated uptake into human liver cells. We further provided evidence that OCT1 inhibition prevents PA-triggered genotoxicity, DDR activation and subsequent cytotoxicity. These findings highlight the crucial role of OCT1 together with CYP3A4-dependent metabolic activation for PA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Haas
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gabriel Ackermann
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Environment and Nature Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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5
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Kaden T, Graf K, Rennert K, Li R, Mosig AS, Raasch M. Evaluation of drug-induced liver toxicity of trovafloxacin and levofloxacin in a human microphysiological liver model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13338. [PMID: 37587168 PMCID: PMC10432496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury induced by already approved substances is a major threat to human patients, potentially resulting in drug withdrawal and substantial loss of financial resources in the pharmaceutical industry. Trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, was found to have unexpected side effects of severe hepatotoxicity, which was not detected by preclinical testing. To address the limitations of current drug testing strategies mainly involving 2D cell cultures and animal testing, a three-dimensional microphysiological model of the human liver containing expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and differentiated HepaRG cells was utilized to investigate the toxicity of trovafloxacin and compared it to the structurally-related non-toxic drug levofloxacin. In the model, trovafloxacin elicited vascular and hepatocellular toxicity associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine release already at clinically relevant concentrations, whereas levofloxacin did not provoke tissue injury. Similar to in vivo, cytokine secretion was dependent on a multicellular immune response, highlighting the potential of the complex microphysiological liver model for reliably detecting drug-related cytotoxicity in preclinical testing. Moreover, hepatic glutathione depletion and mitochondrial ROS formation were elucidated as intrinsic toxicity mechanisms contributing to trovafloxacin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kaden
- Dynamic42 GmbH, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruoya Li
- Biopredic International, St Gregoire, France
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Reardon AJF, Farmahin R, Williams A, Meier MJ, Addicks GC, Yauk CL, Matteo G, Atlas E, Harrill J, Everett LJ, Shah I, Judson R, Ramaiahgari S, Ferguson SS, Barton-Maclaren TS. From vision toward best practices: Evaluating in vitro transcriptomic points of departure for application in risk assessment using a uniform workflow. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1194895. [PMID: 37288009 PMCID: PMC10242042 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1194895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing number of chemicals in the current consumer and industrial markets presents a major challenge for regulatory programs faced with the need to assess the potential risks they pose to human and ecological health. The increasing demand for hazard and risk assessment of chemicals currently exceeds the capacity to produce the toxicity data necessary for regulatory decision making, and the applied data is commonly generated using traditional approaches with animal models that have limited context in terms of human relevance. This scenario provides the opportunity to implement novel, more efficient strategies for risk assessment purposes. This study aims to increase confidence in the implementation of new approach methods in a risk assessment context by using a parallel analysis to identify data gaps in current experimental designs, reveal the limitations of common approaches deriving transcriptomic points of departure, and demonstrate the strengths in using high-throughput transcriptomics (HTTr) to derive practical endpoints. A uniform workflow was applied across six curated gene expression datasets from concentration-response studies containing 117 diverse chemicals, three cell types, and a range of exposure durations, to determine tPODs based on gene expression profiles. After benchmark concentration modeling, a range of approaches was used to determine consistent and reliable tPODs. High-throughput toxicokinetics were employed to translate in vitro tPODs (µM) to human-relevant administered equivalent doses (AEDs, mg/kg-bw/day). The tPODs from most chemicals had AEDs that were lower (i.e., more conservative) than apical PODs in the US EPA CompTox chemical dashboard, suggesting in vitro tPODs would be protective of potential effects on human health. An assessment of multiple data points for single chemicals revealed that longer exposure duration and varied cell culture systems (e.g., 3D vs. 2D) lead to a decreased tPOD value that indicated increased chemical potency. Seven chemicals were flagged as outliers when comparing the ratio of tPOD to traditional POD, thus indicating they require further assessment to better understand their hazard potential. Our findings build confidence in the use of tPODs but also reveal data gaps that must be addressed prior to their adoption to support risk assessment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. F. Reardon
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Farmahin
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory C. Addicks
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Geronimo Matteo
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Logan J. Everett
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Judson
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tara S. Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Haas M, Wirachowski K, Thibol L, Küpper JH, Schrenk D, Fahrer J. Potency ranking of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in metabolically competent human liver cancer cells and primary human hepatocytes using a genotoxicity test battery. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1413-1428. [PMID: 36928417 PMCID: PMC10110667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) occur as contaminants in plant-based foods and herbal medicines. Following metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, PAs induce DNA damage, hepatotoxicity and can cause liver cancer in rodents. There is ample evidence that the chemical structure of PAs determines their toxicity. However, more quantitative genotoxicity data are required, particularly in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Here, the genotoxicity of eleven structurally different PAs was investigated in human HepG2 liver cells with CYP3A4 overexpression and PHH using an in vitro test battery. Furthermore, the data were subject to benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to derive the genotoxic potency of individual PAs. The cytotoxicity was initially determined in HepG2-CYP3A4 cells, revealing a clear structure-toxicity relationship for the PAs. Importantly, experiments in PHH confirmed the structure-dependent toxicity and cytotoxic potency ranking of the tested PAs. The genotoxicity markers γH2AX and p53 as well as the alkaline Comet assay consistently demonstrated a structure-dependent genotoxicity of PAs in HepG2-CYP3A4 cells, correlating well with their cytotoxic potency. BMD modeling yielded BMD values in the range of 0.1-10 µM for most cyclic and open diesters, followed by the monoesters. While retrorsine showed the highest genotoxic potency, monocrotaline and lycopsamine displayed the lowest genotoxicity. Finally, experiments in PHH corroborated the genotoxic potency ranking, and revealed genotoxic effects even in the absence of detectable cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our findings strongly support the concept of grouping PAs into potency classes and help to pave the way for a broader acceptance of relative potency factors in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Haas
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karina Wirachowski
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Thibol
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Environment and Nature Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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8
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Seidemann L, Prinz S, Scherbel JC, Götz C, Seehofer D, Damm G. Optimization of extracellular matrix for primary human hepatocyte cultures using mixed collagen-Matrigel matrices. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:12-34. [PMID: 36660192 PMCID: PMC9837384 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of differentiation of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) ex vivo is a known problem of in vitro liver models. Culture optimizations using collagen type I and Matrigel reduce the dedifferentiation process but are not able to prevent it. While neither of these extracellular matrices (ECMs) on their own correspond to the authentic hepatic ECM, a combination of them could more closely resemble the in vivo situation. Our study aimed to systematically analyze the influence of mixed matrices composed of collagen type I and Matrigel on the maintenance and reestablishment of hepatic functions. Therefore, PHHs were cultured on mixed collagen-Matrigel matrices in monolayer and sandwich cultures and viability, metabolic capacity, differentiation markers, cellular arrangement and the cells' ability to repolarize and form functional bile canaliculi were assessed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), functional assays and immunofluorescence microscopy. Our results show that mixed matrices were superior to pure matrices in maintaining metabolic capacity and hepatic differentiation. In contrast, Matrigel supplementation can impair the development of a proper hepatocytic polarization. Our systematic study helps to compose an optimized ECM to maintain and reestablish hepatic differentiation on cellular and multicellular levels in human liver models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Seidemann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Prinz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Constantin Scherbel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Götz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Georg Damm, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Tel.: +49-341-9739656, E-mail:
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9
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Carlsson MJ, Fahrer J. Analyzing the Effects of HDAC Inhibitors on DNA Damage and Associated Cytotoxicity in Primary Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2589:241-252. [PMID: 36255629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2788-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are the gold standard in pharmaco- and toxicokinetic studies during preclinical development of drug candidates. Such cells are a valuable tool to identify potential hepatotoxicity, an important adverse drug reaction. Primary hepatocytes can be obtained not only from wild-type mice but also from genetically engineered knockout mouse strains. Liver perfusion yields murine primary hepatocytes (mpH) with high vitality, expressing an array of metabolic enzymes and transporters that are impaired or even absent in established liver cell lines. Furthermore, mpH display no genetic alterations and are proficient in the DNA damage response pathway. This makes mpH a suitable model to analyze the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on DNA damage and cell viability. Here, we report an efficient and fast protocol for the isolation of mpH by liver perfusion. These mpH can be used for downstream applications such as the detection of the DNA damage marker γH2AX by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Carlsson
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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10
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Critical Investigation of the Usability of Hepatoma Cell Lines HepG2 and Huh7 as Models for the Metabolic Representation of Resectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174227. [PMID: 36077764 PMCID: PMC9454736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are fundamental for the development of diagnostic screening and therapeutic intervention since energy metabolism plays a central role in differentiated hepatocytes. In HCC research, hepatoma cell lines (HCLs) like HepG2 and Huh7 cells are still the gold standard. In this study, we characterized the metabolic profiles of primary human hepatoma cells (PHCs), HCLs and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to determine their differentiation states. PHCs and PHHs (HCC-PHHs) were isolated from surgical specimens of HCC patients and their energy metabolism was compared to PHHs from non-HCC patients and the HepG2 and Huh7 cells at different levels (transcript, protein, function). Our analyses showed successful isolation of PHCs with a purity of 50–73% (CK18+). The transcript data revealed that changes in mRNA expression levels had already occurred in HCC-PHHs. While many genes were overexpressed in PHCs and HCC-PHHs, the changes were mostly not translated to the protein level. Downregulated metabolic key players of PHCs revealed a correlation with malign transformation and were predominantly pronounced in multilocular HCC. Therefore, HCLs failed to reflect these expression patterns of PHCs at the transcript and protein levels. The metabolic characteristics of PHCs are closer to those of HCC-PHHs than to HCLs. This should be taken into account for future optimized tumor metabolism research.
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11
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Kim H, Im I, Jeon JS, Kang EH, Lee HA, Jo S, Kim JW, Woo DH, Choi YJ, Kim HJ, Han JS, Lee BS, Kim JH, Kim SK, Park HJ. Development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids as an alternative model for drug safety assessment. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Sharin T, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Toxicity screening of bisphenol A replacement compounds: cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in LMH 3D spheroids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44769-44778. [PMID: 35138540 PMCID: PMC9200673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the chicken LMH cell line cultured as 3D spheroids may be a suitable animal free alternative to primary chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEH) for avian in vitro chemical screening. In this study, cytotoxicity and mRNA expression were determined in LMH 3D spheroids following exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), five BPA replacement compounds (BPF, TGSH, DD-70, BPAF, BPSIP), and 17β estradiol (E2). Results were compared to an earlier study that evaluated the same endpoints for these chemicals in CEH. BPA and the replacement compounds had LC50 values ranging from 16.6 to 81.8 μM; DD-70 and BPAF were the most cytotoxic replacements (LC50 = 17.23 ± 4.51 and 16.6 ± 4.78 μM). TGSH and DD-70 modulated the greatest number of genes, although fewer than observed in CEH. Based on the expression of apovitellenin and vitellogenin, BPAF was the most estrogenic compound followed by BPF, BPSIP, and BPA. More estrogen-responsive genes were modulated in LMH spheroids compared to CEH. Concentration-dependent gene expression revealed that DD-70 and BPAF altered genes related to lipid and bile acid regulation. Overall, cytotoxicity and clustering of replacements based on gene expression profiles were similar between LMH spheroids and CEH. In addition to generating novel gene expression data for five BPA replacement compounds in an in vitro avian model, this research demonstrates that LMH spheroids may represent a useful animal free alternative for avian toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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13
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Li R, Zhao Y, Yourick JJ, Sprando RL, Gao X. Phenotypical, functional and transcriptomic comparison of two modified methods of hepatocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:43. [PMID: 35371477 PMCID: PMC8972237 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocytes could provide an unlimited source of liver cells, and therefore holds great promise for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug screening and toxicology studies. Various methods have been established during the past decade to differentiate human iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using growth factors and/or small molecules. However, direct comparison of the differentiation efficiency and the quality of the final HLCs between different methods has rarely been reported. In the current study, two hepatocyte differentiation methods were devised, termed Method 1 and 2, through modifying existing well-known hepatocyte differentiation strategies, and the resultant cells were compared phenotypically and functionally at different stages of hepatocyte differentiation. Compared to Method 1, higher differentiation efficiency and reproducibility were observed in Method 2, which generated highly homogeneous functional HLCs at the end of the differentiation process. The cells exhibited morphology closely resembling primary human hepatocytes and expressed high levels of hepatic protein markers. More importantly, these HLCs demonstrated several essential characteristics of mature hepatocytes, including major serum protein (albumin, fibronectin and α-1 antitrypsin) secretion, urea release, glycogen storage and inducible cytochrome P450 activity. Further transcriptomic comparison of the HLCs derived from the two methods identified 1,481 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 290 Gene Ontology terms in the biological process category were enriched by these genes, which were further categorized into 34 functional classes. Pathway analysis of the DEGs identified several signaling pathways closely involved in hepatocyte differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, including 'signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells', 'Wnt signaling pathway', 'TGF-beta signaling pathway' and 'PI3K-Akt signaling pathway'. These results may provide a molecular basis for the differences observed between the two differentiation methods and suggest ways to further improve hepatocyte differentiation in order to obtain more mature HLCs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Yourick
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Xiugong Gao
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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14
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Natarajan V, Simoneau CR, Erickson AL, Meyers NL, Baron JL, Cooper S, McDevitt TC, Ott M. Modelling T-cell immunity against hepatitis C virus with liver organoids in a microfluidic coculture system. Open Biol 2022; 12:210320. [PMID: 35232252 PMCID: PMC8889170 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global public health challenge with an estimated 71 million people chronically infected, with surges in new cases and no effective vaccine. New methods are needed to study the human immune response to HCV since in vivo animal models are limited and in vitro cancer cell models often show dysregulated immune and proliferative responses. Here, we developed a CD8+ T cell and adult stem cell liver organoid system using a microfluidic chip to coculture 3D human liver organoids embedded in extracellular matrix with HLA-matched primary human T cells in suspension. We then employed automated phase contrast and immunofluorescence imaging to monitor T cell invasion and morphological changes in the liver organoids. This microfluidic coculture system supports targeted killing of liver organoids when pulsed with a peptide specific for HCV non-structural protein 3 (NS3) (KLVALGINAV) in the presence of patient-derived CD8+ T cells specific for KLVALGINAV. This demonstrates the novel potential of the coculture system to molecularly study adaptive immune responses to HCV in an in vitro setting using primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille R. Simoneau
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann L. Erickson
- Division of General and Transplant Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center and Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jody L. Baron
- UCSF Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stewart Cooper
- Division of General and Transplant Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center and Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Rodrigues JS, Faria-Pereira A, Camões SP, Serras AS, Morais VA, Ruas JL, Miranda JP. Improving human mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatic cell energy metabolism by manipulating glucose homeostasis and glucocorticoid signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1043543. [PMID: 36714559 PMCID: PMC9880320 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1043543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of reliable hepatic in vitro models may provide insights into disease mechanisms, linking hepatocyte dysmetabolism and related pathologies. However, several of the existing models depend on using high concentrations of hepatocyte differentiation-promoting compounds, namely glucose, insulin, and dexamethasone, which is among the reasons that have hampered their use for modeling metabolism-related diseases. This work focused on modulating glucose homeostasis and glucocorticoid concentration to improve the suitability of a mesenchymal stem-cell (MSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cell (HLC) human model for studying hepatic insulin action and disease modeling. METHODS We have investigated the role of insulin, glucose and dexamethasone on mitochondrial function, insulin signaling and carbohydrate metabolism, namely AKT phosphorylation, glycogen storage ability, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as fatty acid oxidation and bile acid metabolism gene expression in HLCs. In addition, we evaluated cell morphological features, albumin and urea production, the presence of hepatic-specific markers, biotransformation ability and mitochondrial function. RESULTS Using glucose, insulin and dexamethasone levels close to physiological concentrations improved insulin responsiveness in HLCs, as demonstrated by AKT phosphorylation, upregulation of glycolysis and downregulation of Irs2 and gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation pathways. Ammonia detoxification, EROD and UGT activities and sensitivity to paracetamol cytotoxicity were also enhanced under more physiologically relevant conditions. CONCLUSION HLCs kept under reduced concentrations of glucose, insulin and dexamethasone presented an improved hepatic phenotype and insulin sensitivity demonstrating superior potential as an in vitro platform for modeling energy metabolism-related disorders, namely for the investigation of the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saraiva Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Faria-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Póvoas Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Alexandra Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lira Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana Paiva Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Joana Paiva Miranda,
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16
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Klaas M, Möll K, Mäemets-Allas K, Loog M, Järvekülg M, Jaks V. Long-term maintenance of functional primary human hepatocytes in 3D gelatin matrices produced by solution blow spinning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20165. [PMID: 34635750 PMCID: PMC8505433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution blow spinning (SBS) has recently emerged as a novel method that can produce nano- and microfiber structures suitable for tissue engineering. Gelatin is an excellent precursor for SBS as it is derived mainly from collagens that are abundant in natural extracellular matrices. Here we report, for the first time the successful generation of 3D thermally crosslinked preforms by using SBS from porcine gelatin. These SBS mats were shown to have three-dimensional fibrous porous structure similar to that of mammalian tissue extracellular matrix. In pharma industry, there is an urgent need for adequate 3D liver tissue models that could be used in high throughput setting for drug screening and to assess drug induced liver injury. We used SBS mats as culturing substrates for human hepatocytes to create an array of 3D human liver tissue equivalents in 96-well format. The SBS mats were highly cytocompatible, facilitated the induction of hepatocyte specific CYP gene expression in response to common medications, and supported the maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation and polarization status in long term cultures for more than 3 weeks. Together, our results show that SBS-generated gelatin scaffolds are a simple and efficient platform for use in vitro for drug testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Klaas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaidi Möll
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristina Mäemets-Allas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Järvekülg
- Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417, Tartu, Estonia.
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17
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Bouwmeester MC, Bernal PN, Oosterhoff LA, van Wolferen ME, Lehmann V, Vermaas M, Buchholz MB, Peiffer QC, Malda J, van der Laan LJW, Kramer NI, Schneeberger K, Levato R, Spee B. Bioprinting of Human Liver-Derived Epithelial Organoids for Toxicity Studies. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100327. [PMID: 34559943 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for long-lived hepatic in vitro models to better predict drug induced liver injury (DILI). Human liver-derived epithelial organoids are a promising cell source for advanced in vitro models. Here, organoid technology is combined with biofabrication techniques, which holds great potential for the design of in vitro models with complex and customizable architectures. Here, porous constructs with human hepatocyte-like cells derived from organoids are generated using extrusion-based printing technology. Cell viability of bioprinted organoids remains stable for up to ten days (88-107% cell viability compared to the day of printing). The expression of hepatic markers, transporters, and phase I enzymes increased compared to undifferentiated controls, and is comparable to non-printed controls. Exposure to acetaminophen, a well-known hepatotoxic compound, decreases cell viability of bioprinted liver organoids to 21-51% (p < 0.05) compared to the start of exposure, and elevated levels of damage marker miR-122 are observed in the culture medium, indicating the potential use of the bioprinted constructs for toxicity testing. In conclusion, human liver-derived epithelial organoids can be combined with a biofabrication approach, thereby paving the way to create perfusable, complex constructs which can be used as toxicology- and disease-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C Bouwmeester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Paulina N Bernal
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Lehmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Vermaas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Maj-Britt Buchholz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin C Peiffer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8000, Wageningen, 6700 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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18
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Buick JK, Williams A, Meier MJ, Swartz CD, Recio L, Gagné R, Ferguson SS, Engelward BP, Yauk CL. A Modern Genotoxicity Testing Paradigm: Integration of the High-Throughput CometChip® and the TGx-DDI Transcriptomic Biomarker in Human HepaRG™ Cell Cultures. Front Public Health 2021; 9:694834. [PMID: 34485225 PMCID: PMC8416458 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.694834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-throughput, mode-of-action-based assays provide a valuable approach to expedite chemical evaluation for human health risk assessment. In this study, we combined the high-throughput alkaline DNA damage-sensing CometChip® assay with the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker (DDI = DNA damage-inducing) using high-throughput TempO-Seq®, as an integrated genotoxicity testing approach. We used metabolically competent differentiated human HepaRG™ cell cultures to enable the identification of chemicals that require bioactivation to cause genotoxicity. We studied 12 chemicals (nine DDI, three non-DDI) in increasing concentrations to measure and classify chemicals based on their ability to damage DNA. The CometChip® classified 10/12 test chemicals correctly, missing a positive DDI call for aflatoxin B1 and propyl gallate. The poor detection of aflatoxin B1 adducts is consistent with the insensitivity of the standard alkaline comet assay to bulky lesions (a shortcoming that can be overcome by trapping repair intermediates). The TGx-DDI biomarker accurately classified 10/12 agents. TGx-DDI correctly identified aflatoxin B1 as DDI, demonstrating efficacy for combined used of these complementary methodologies. Zidovudine, a known DDI chemical, was misclassified as it inhibits transcription, which prevents measurable changes in gene expression. Eugenol, a non-DDI chemical known to render misleading positive results at high concentrations, was classified as DDI at the highest concentration tested. When combined, the CometChip® assay and the TGx-DDI biomarker were 100% accurate in identifying chemicals that induce DNA damage. Quantitative benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling was applied to evaluate chemical potencies for both assays. The BMCs for the CometChip® assay and the TGx-DDI biomarker were highly concordant (within 4-fold) and resulted in identical potency rankings. These results demonstrate that these two assays can be integrated for efficient identification and potency ranking of DNA damaging agents in HepaRG™ cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Buick
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carol D Swartz
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc. (ILS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Leslie Recio
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc. (ILS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Xiao RR, Lv T, Tu X, Li P, Wang T, Dong H, Tu P, Ai X. An integrated biomimetic array chip for establishment of collagen-based 3D primary human hepatocyte model for prediction of clinical drug-induced liver injury. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4687-4698. [PMID: 34478150 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of therapy failure in the clinic and also contributes much to acute liver failure cases. Investigations of predictive sensitivity in animal models have limitations due to interspecies differences. Previously reported in vitro models of liver injury based on primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) cannot meet the requirements of high physiological fidelity, low cost, simple operation, and high throughput with improved sensitivity. Herein, we developed an integrated biomimetic array chip (iBAC) for establishing extracellular matrix (ECM)-based models. A collagen-based 3D PHH model was constructed on the iBAC as a case for the prediction of clinical DILI at throughput. The iBAC has a three-layer structure with a core component of 3D implanting holes. At an initial cell seeding numbers of 5000-10,000, the collagen-based 3D PHH model was optimized with improved and stabilized liver functionality, including cell viability, albumin, and urea production. Moreover, basal activities of most metabolic enzymes on the iBAC were maintained for at least 12 days. Next, a small-scale hepatotoxicity screening indicated that the 3D PHH model on the iBAC was more sensitive for predicting hepatotoxicity than the 2D PHH model on the plate. Finally, a large-scale screening of liver toxicity using 122 clinical drugs further demonstrated that the collagen-based 3D PHH model on the iBAC had superior predictive sensitivity compared to all previously reported in vitro models. These results indicated the importance of 3D collagen for liver physiological functionality and hepatotoxicity prediction. We anticipant it being a promising tool for risk assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity with a widespread acceptance in drug industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Tu
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- R&D Department, Beijing Daxiang Biotech, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haiheng Dong
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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20
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Stern-Tal D, Ittah S, Sklan E. A new cell-sized support for 3D cell cultures based on recombinant spider silk fibers. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:1748-1757. [PMID: 34472404 PMCID: PMC8984929 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211037781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that 2D cultures cannot accurately replicate the rich
environment and complex tissue architecture that exists in vivo, and that classically
cultured cells tend to lose their original function. Growth of spheroids as opposed to 2D
cultures on plastic has now been hailed as an efficient method to produce quantities of
high-quality cells for cancer research, drug discovery, neuroscience, and regenerative
medicine. We have developed a new recombinant protein that mimics dragline spidersilk and
that self-assembles into cell-sized coils. These have high thermal and shelf-life
stability and can be readily sterilized and stored for an extended period of time. The
fibers are flexible, elastic, and biocompatible and can serve as cell-sized scaffold for
the formation of 3D cell spheroids. As a proof of concept, recombinant spidersilk was
integrated as a scaffold in spheroids of three cell types: primary rat hepatocytes, human
mesenchymal stem cells, and mouse L929 cells. The scaffolds significantly reduced spheroid
shrinkage and unlike scaffold-free spheroids, spheroids did not disintegrate over the
course of long-term culture. Cells in recombinant spidersilk spheroids showed increased
viability, and the cell lines continued to proliferate for longer than control cultures
without spidersilk. The spidersilk also supported biological functions. Recombinant
spidersilk primary hepatocyte spheroids exhibited 2.7-fold higher levels of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) continued to express and secrete albumin and exhibited significantly
higher basal and induced CYP3A activity for at least 6 weeks in culture, while control
spheroids without fibers stopped producing albumin after 27 days and CPY3A activity was
barely detectable after 44 days. These results indicate that recombinant spidersilk can
serve as a useful tool for long-term cell culture of 3D cell spheroids and specifically
that primary hepatocytes can remain active in culture for an extended period of time which
could be of great use in toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shmulik Ittah
- 26742The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Sklan
- Seevix Material Sciences LTD, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Heydari Z, Zarkesh I, Ghanian MH, Aghdaei MH, Kotova S, Zahmatkesh E, Farzaneh Z, Piryaei A, Akbarzadeh I, Shpichka A, Gramignoli R, Timashev P, Baharvand H, Vosough M. Biofabrication of size-controlled liver microtissues incorporated with ECM-derived microparticles to prolong hepatocyte function. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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23
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Lee-Montiel FT, Laemmle A, Charwat V, Dumont L, Lee CS, Huebsch N, Okochi H, Hancock MJ, Siemons B, Boggess SC, Goswami I, Miller EW, Willenbring H, Healy KE. Integrated Isogenic Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Liver and Heart Microphysiological Systems Predict Unsafe Drug-Drug Interaction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667010. [PMID: 34025426 PMCID: PMC8138446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems (MPSs) mimicking human organ function in vitro are an emerging alternative to conventional monolayer cell culture and animal models for drug development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to capture the diversity of human genetics and provide an unlimited supply of cells. Combining hiPSCs with microfluidics technology in MPSs offers new perspectives for drug development. Here, the integration of a newly developed liver MPS with a cardiac MPS—both created with the same hiPSC line—to study drug–drug interaction (DDI) is reported. As a prominent example of clinically relevant DDI, the interaction of the arrhythmogenic gastroprokinetic cisapride with the fungicide ketoconazole was investigated. As seen in patients, metabolic conversion of cisapride to non-arrhythmogenic norcisapride in the liver MPS by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 was inhibited by ketoconazole, leading to arrhythmia in the cardiac MPS. These results establish integration of hiPSC-based liver and cardiac MPSs to facilitate screening for DDI, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity, isogenic in the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe T Lee-Montiel
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Laemmle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena Charwat
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Laure Dumont
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caleb S Lee
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Brian Siemons
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Steven C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ishan Goswami
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Evan W Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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24
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Coltman NJ, Coke BA, Chatzi K, Shepherd EL, Lalor PF, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Hodges NJ. Application of HepG2/C3A liver spheroids as a model system for genotoxicity studies. Toxicol Lett 2021; 345:34-45. [PMID: 33865918 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HepG2 cells continue to be a valuable tool in early drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. In the current study we develop a 3D in vitro liver model, using HepG2/C3A cells that is predictive of human genotoxic exposure. HepG2/C3A cells cultured for 7-days in agarose-coated microplates formed spheroids which were uniform in shape and had well defined outer perimeters and no evidence of a hypoxic core. Quantitative real-time-PCR analysis showed statistically significant transcriptional upregulation of xenobiotic metabolising genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UG1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, EPHX, NAT2) and genes linked to liver function (ALB, CAR) in 3D cultures. In response to three model pro-genotoxicants: benzo[a]pyrene, amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), we observed further transcriptional upregulation of xenobiotic metabolising genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, NAT1/2, SULT1A2, UGT1A1, UGT1A3) compared to untreated spheroids. Consistent with this, spheroids were more sensitive than 2D monolayers to compound induced single- and double- stranded DNA-damage as assessed by the comet assay and γH2AX phosphorylation respectively. In contrast, levels of DNA-damage induced by the direct acting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) was the same in spheroids and monolayers. In support of the enhanced genotoxic response in spheroids we also observed transcriptional upregulation of genes relating to DNA-damage and cellular stress response (e.g. GADD45A and CDKN1A) in spheroids. In conclusion, HepG2/C3A 3D spheroids are a sensitive model for in vitro genotoxicity assessment with potential applications in early stage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Coltman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Brandon A Coke
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Chatzi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Schulz-Utermoehl
- Sygnature Discovery, The Discovery Building, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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25
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Assessment of long-term functional maintenance of primary human hepatocytes to predict drug-induced hepatoxicity in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2431-2442. [PMID: 33852043 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the main cell components of the liver and perform metabolic, detoxification, and endocrine functions. Functional hepatocytes are of great value in drug development, toxicity evaluation, and cell therapy for liver diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of in vitro models have been developed to screen drugs and test their toxicity. However, maintaining hepatocyte function in vitro for a long time is a serious challenge. Even freshly isolated liver cells cultured for a short time may lose function via spontaneous dedifferentiation. Thus, novel cell culture systems allowing extended hepatocyte maintenance and more predictive long-term in vitro studies are required. In this study, we developed a conditioned culture system composed of a small-molecule combination that can maintain hepatocyte morphology and functions over the long term. Two-month culture of primary human hepatocytes showed that the conditioned medium was able to stably preserve hepatic functions such as albumin and α-antitrypsin secretion, hepatic transport activity, urea synthesis, and ammonia elimination. Furthermore, this culture model can be used to assess drug-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. In summary, our work suggests a feasible approach to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro and proposes a promising model for long-term toxicological studies and drug development.
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26
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27
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Schneeberger K, Sánchez‐Romero N, Ye S, van Steenbeek FG, Oosterhoff LA, Pla Palacin I, Chen C, van Wolferen ME, van Tienderen G, Lieshout R, Colemonts‐Vroninks H, Schene I, Hoekstra R, Verstegen MM, van der Laan LJ, Penning LC, Fuchs SA, Clevers H, De Kock J, Baptista PM, Spee B. Large-Scale Production of LGR5-Positive Bipotential Human Liver Stem Cells. Hepatology 2020; 72:257-270. [PMID: 31715015 PMCID: PMC7496924 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gap between patients on transplant waiting lists and available donor organs is steadily increasing. Human organoids derived from leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-positive adult stem cells represent an exciting new cell source for liver regeneration; however, culturing large numbers of organoids with current protocols is tedious and the level of hepatic differentiation is limited. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we established a method for the expansion of large quantities of human liver organoids in spinner flasks. Due to improved oxygenation in the spinner flasks, organoids rapidly proliferated and reached an average 40-fold cell expansion after 2 weeks, compared with 6-fold expansion in static cultures. The organoids repopulated decellularized liver discs and formed liver-like tissue. After differentiation in spinner flasks, mature hepatocyte markers were highly up-regulated compared with static organoid cultures, and cytochrome p450 activity reached levels equivalent to hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS We established a highly efficient method for culturing large numbers of LGR5-positive stem cells in the form of organoids, which paves the way for the application of organoids for tissue engineering and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Loes A. Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Iris Pla Palacin
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands,Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Monique E. van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Tienderen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Department of SurgeryErasmus MC‐University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Haaike Colemonts‐Vroninks
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato‐cosmetologyFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Imre Schene
- Division of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchGastroenterology and MetabolismAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Surgical LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- Division of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands,Cancer Genomics NetherlandsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands,Princess Máxima CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato‐cosmetologyFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain,Fundación ARAIDZaragozaSpain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain,Department of Biomedical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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28
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Hussain F, Basu S, Heng JJH, Loo LH, Zink D. Predicting direct hepatocyte toxicity in humans by combining high-throughput imaging of HepaRG cells and machine learning-based phenotypic profiling. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2749-2767. [PMID: 32533217 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of drug- and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity remains to be a problem for pharmaceutical companies as well as other industries and regulators. The goal of the current study was to develop an in vitro/in silico method for the rapid and accurate prediction of drug- and chemical-induced hepatocyte injury in humans. HepaRG cells were employed for high-throughput imaging in combination with phenotypic profiling. A reference set of 69 drugs and chemicals was screened at a range of 7 concentrations, and the cellular response values were used for training a supervised classifier and for determining assay performance by using tenfold cross-validation. The results showed that the best performing phenotypic features were related to nuclear translocation of RELA (RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; also known as NF-kappa B p65), DNA organization, and the F-actin cytoskeleton. Using a subset of 30 phenotypic features, direct hepatocyte toxicity in humans could be predicted with a test sensitivity, specificity and balanced accuracy of 73%, 92%, and 83%, respectively. The method was applied to another set of 26 drugs and chemicals with unclear annotation and their hepatocyte toxicity in humans was predicted. The results also revealed that the identified discriminative phenotypic changes were related to cell death and cellular senescence. Whereas cell death-related endpoints are widely applied in in vitro toxicology, cellular senescence-related endpoints are not, although cellular senescence can be induced by various drugs and other small molecule compounds and plays an important role in liver injury and disease. These findings show how phenotypic profiling can reveal unexpected chemical-induced mechanisms in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezah Hussain
- NanoBio Lab and Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sreetama Basu
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Javen Jun Hao Heng
- NanoBio Lab and Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Lit-Hsin Loo
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Daniele Zink
- NanoBio Lab and Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
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29
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Gotoh Y, Niimi S, Tamura K, Akahira R, Inamura M. Comparative study between lactose-silk fibroin conjugates and extracellular matrices as a substrate for the culture of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Biomed Mater Eng 2020; 31:35-45. [PMID: 32144969 DOI: 10.3233/bme-201078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived hepatocytes are an attractive alternative cell source to primary human hepatocytes for tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVES This study presents an application of lactose-silk fibroin conjugates (Lac-CY-SF) bearing 𝛽-galactose residues as a substrate for culture of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes. A comparison of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes cultured on three different substrates; Lac-CY-SF conjugates, Matrigel and type I collagen was performed. METHODS Cell morphology, viability, maturation and albumin secretory function were assessed by phase-contrast microscopy, tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay, immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Morphological characteristics of the cells cultured on the conjugates resembled those on Matrigel throughout the 6-day culture period. The number of viable cells cultured on the conjugates was comparable to that on Matrigel at day 2 and 6. The protein expression of mature hepatocyte markers, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 and albumin, by the cells cultured on the conjugates resembled that by the cells cultured on collagen at day 2 and 6. Albumin secretory function per cell cultured on the conjugates was higher than that on collagen and comparable to that on Matrigel. CONCLUSIONS These limited results suggest that Lac-CY-SF conjugates may be as useful as Matrigel and collagen for cultivation of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Gotoh
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigo Niimi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tamura
- REPROCELL Inc., 3-8-11 Shin-yokohama, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rina Akahira
- REPROCELL Inc., 3-8-11 Shin-yokohama, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Inamura
- REPROCELL Inc., 3-8-11 Shin-yokohama, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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30
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Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, van Wolferen ME, Chen C, Nantasanti Assawarachan S, Schneeberger K, Kummeling A, van Straten G, Akkerdaas IC, Vinke CR, van Steenbeek FG, van Bruggen LW, Wolfswinkel J, Grinwis GC, Fuchs SA, Gehart H, Geijsen N, Vries RG, Clevers H, Rothuizen J, Schotanus BA, Penning LC, Spee B. Long-Term Survival of Transplanted Autologous Canine Liver Organoids in a COMMD1-Deficient Dog Model of Metabolic Liver Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020410. [PMID: 32053895 PMCID: PMC7072637 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The shortage of liver organ donors is increasing and the need for viable alternatives is urgent. Liver cell (hepatocyte) transplantation may be a less invasive treatment compared with liver transplantation. Unfortunately, hepatocytes cannot be expanded in vitro, and allogenic cell transplantation requires long-term immunosuppression. Organoid-derived adult liver stem cells can be cultured indefinitely to create sufficient cell numbers for transplantation, and they are amenable to gene correction. This study provides preclinical proof of concept of the potential of cell transplantation in a large animal model of inherited copper toxicosis, such as Wilson’s disease, a Mendelian disorder that causes toxic copper accumulation in the liver. Hepatic progenitors from five COMMD1-deficient dogs were isolated and cultured using the 3D organoid culture system. After genetic restoration of COMMD1 expression, the organoid-derived hepatocyte-like cells were safely delivered as repeated autologous transplantations via the portal vein. Although engraftment and repopulation percentages were low, the cells survived in the liver for up to two years post-transplantation. The low engraftment was in line with a lack of functional recovery regarding copper excretion. This preclinical study confirms the survival of genetically corrected autologous organoid-derived hepatocyte-like cells in vivo and warrants further optimization of organoid engraftment and functional recovery in a large animal model of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S. Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Loes A. Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Monique E. van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Sathidpak Nantasanti Assawarachan
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Anne Kummeling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Giora van Straten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Ies C. Akkerdaas
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Christel R. Vinke
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Leonie W.L. van Bruggen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Jeannette Wolfswinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Guy C.M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Robert G. Vries
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Baukje A. Schotanus
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.A.O.); (M.E.v.W.); (C.C.); (S.N.A.); (K.S.); (A.K.); (G.v.S.); (I.C.A.); (C.R.V.); (F.G.v.S.); (L.W.L.v.B.); (J.W.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (B.A.S.); (L.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.K.); (B.S.)
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Damm G, Schicht G, Zimmermann A, Rennert C, Fischer N, Kießig M, Wagner T, Kegel V, Seehofer D. Effect of glucose and insulin supplementation on the isolation of primary human hepatocytes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:1071-1091. [PMID: 31839763 PMCID: PMC6909377 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) remain the gold standard for in vitro investigations of xenobiotic metabolism and hepatotoxicity. However, scarcity of liver tissue and novel developments in liver surgery has limited the availability and quality of tissue samples. In particular, warm ischemia shifts the intracellular metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, which increases glycogenolysis, glucose depletion and energy deficiency. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation with glucose and insulin during PHH isolation could reconstitute intracellular glycogen storage and beneficially affect viability and functionality. Furthermore, the study elucidated whether the susceptibility of the tissue's energy status correlates with body mass index (BMI). PHHs from 12 donors were isolated from human liver tissue obtained from partial liver resections using a two-step EDTA/collagenase perfusion technique. For a direct comparison of the influence of glucose/insulin supplementation, we modified the setup, enabling the parallel isolation of two pieces of one tissue sample with varying perfusate. Independent of the BMI of the patient, the glycogen content in liver tissue was notably low in the majority of samples. Furthermore, supplementation with glucose and insulin had no beneficial effect on the glycogen concentration of isolated PHHs. However, an indirect improvement of the availability of energy was shown by increased viability, plating efficiency and partial cellular activity after supplementation. The plating efficiency showed a striking inverse correlation with increasing lipid content of PHHs. However, 60 h of cultivation time revealed no significant impact on the maintenance of albumin and urea synthesis or xenobiotic metabolism after supplementation. In conclusion, surgical procedures and tissue handling may decrease hepatic energy resources and lead to cell stress and death. Consequently, PHHs with low energy resources die during the isolation process without supplementation of glucose/insulin or early cell culture, while their survival rates are improved with glucose/insulin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerda Schicht
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Zimmermann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Rennert
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Kießig
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Kegel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Sa-Ngiamsuntorn K, Thongsri P, Pewkliang Y, Wongkajornsilp A, Kongsomboonchoke P, Suthivanich P, Borwornpinyo S, Hongeng S. An Immortalized Hepatocyte-like Cell Line (imHC) Accommodated Complete Viral Lifecycle, Viral Persistence Form, cccDNA and Eventual Spreading of a Clinically-Isolated HBV. Viruses 2019; 11:E952. [PMID: 31623162 PMCID: PMC6832882 DOI: 10.3390/v11100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 350 million people worldwide have been persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic HBV infection could advance toward liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The intervention with prophylactic vaccine and conventional treatment could suppress HBV, but could not completely eradicate it. The major obstacle for investigating curative antiviral drugs are the incompetence of hepatocyte models that should have closely imitated natural human infection. Here, we demonstrated that an immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) could accommodate for over 30 days the entire life cycle of HBV prepared from either established cultured cells or clinically-derived fresh isolates. Normally, imHCs had intact interferon signaling with anti-viral action. Infected imHCs responded to treatments with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) and interferons (IFNs) by diminishing HBV DNA, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg, aka the Australia antigen) and the hepatitis B viral protein (HBeAg). Notably, we could observe and quantify HBV spreading from infected cells to naïve cells using an imHC co-culture model. In summary, this study constructed a convenient HBV culture model that allows the screening for novel anti-HBV agents with versatile targets, either HBV entry, replication or cccDNA formation. Combinations of agents aiming at different targets should achieve a complete HBV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-Ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Piyanoot Thongsri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Adisak Wongkajornsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | | | - Phichaya Suthivanich
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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33
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Ardalani H, Sengupta S, Harms V, Vickerman V, Thomson JA, Murphy WL. 3-D culture and endothelial cells improve maturity of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Acta Biomater 2019; 95:371-381. [PMID: 31362140 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHEP) offer an attractive alternative to primary human hepatocytes (PHH) for drug toxicity studies, as PHHs are limited in supply, vary in their metabolic activity between donors, and rapidly lose their functionality in vitro. However, one of the major drawbacks with iHEP cells in drug safety studies is their decreased phenotypic maturity, with lower liver specific enzyme activity compared with that of PHH. Here we evaluated the effects of 3D culture and non-parenchymal cells on the maturation of iHEPs. We describe a serum-free, chemically defined 3D in vitro model using iHEP cells, which is compatible with automation and conventional assay plates. The iHEP cells cultured in this model form polarized aggregates with functional bile canaliculi and strongly increased expression of albumin, urea and genes encoding phase I and II drug metabolism enzymes and bile transporters. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism is significantly higher in 3D iHEP aggregates compared to 2D iHEP culture. Furthermore, addition of human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (sECs) and iPS-derived endothelial cells (iECs) improved mature hepatocyte function and CYP450 enzyme activity. Also, ECs formed endothelial networks within the hepatic 3D cultures, mimicking aspects of an in vivo architecture. Collectively, these results suggest that the iHEP/EC aggregates described here may have the potential to be used for many applications, including as an in vitro model to study liver diseases associated with sinusoidal endothelial cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: iPS-derived hepatocytes provide an inexhaustible source of cells for drug screening, toxicology studies and cell-based therapies, but lack mature phenotype of adult primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Herein, we show that 3D culture of iPS-derived hepatocytes and their co-culture with human sinusoidal endothelial cells (sECs) to improve their maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamisha Ardalani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Victoria Harms
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.
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34
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Kang HE, Malinen MM, Saran C, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Optimization of Canalicular ABC Transporter Function in HuH-7 Cells by Modification of Culture Conditions. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1222-1230. [PMID: 31371422 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatoma cell lines are useful for evaluation of drug-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatic drug disposition, and drug-drug interactions. However, their applicability is compromised by aberrant expression of hepatobiliary transporters. This study was designed to evaluate whether extracellular matrix (Matrigel) overlay and dexamethasone (DEX) treatment would support cellular maturation of long-term HuH-7 hepatoma cell cultures and improve the expression, localization, and activity of canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2), and bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Matrigel overlay promoted the maturation of HuH-7 cells toward cuboidal, hepatocyte-like cells displaying bile canaliculi-like structures visualized by staining for filamentous actin (F-actin), colocalization of MRP2 with F-actin, and by accumulation of the MRP2 substrate 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) within the tubular canaliculi. The cellular phenotype was rather homogenous in the Matrigel-overlaid cultures, whereas the standard HuH-7 cultures contained both hepatocyte-like cells and flat epithelium-like cells. Only Matrigel-overlaid HuH-7 cells expressed MDR1 at the canaliculi and excreted the MDR1 probe substrate digoxin into biliary compartments. DEX treatment resulted in more elongated and branched canaliculi and restored canalicular expression and function of BSEP. These findings suggest that hepatocyte polarity, elongated canalicular structures, and proper localization and function of canalicular ABC transporters can be recovered, at least in part, in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by applying the modified culture conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We report the first demonstration that proper localization and function of canalicular ABC transporters can be recovered in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by modification of cell culture conditions. Matrigel overlay and dexamethasone supplementation increased the proportion of hepatocyte-like cells, strongly augmented the canalicular structures between the cells, and restored the localization and function of key canalicular ABC transporters. These results will facilitate the development of reproducible, economical, and easily achievable liver cell models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Melina M Malinen
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Chitra Saran
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
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35
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Sato T, Semura K, Fujimoto I. Micro‑dimpled surface atelocollagen maintains primary human hepatocytes in culture and may promote their functionality compared with collagen coat culture. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:960-972. [PMID: 31257473 PMCID: PMC6657980 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the gold standard for drug development procedures; however, maintaining functional PHHs in vitro is challenging in conventional collagen-coated cultures. In the present study, we developed a new scaffold comprising high amounts (≥1 mg/cm2) of atelocollagen exposed to ultraviolet radiation to induce cross-linking and improve stability. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a micro-dimpled surface (MDS) scaffold composed of randomly arranged atelocollagen fibrils. The scaffold was therefore designated as MDS atelocollagen. PHHs cultured on MDS atelocollagen were round with a compact cytoplasm and exhibited enhanced levels of albumin (ALB) secretion and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity. The expression of hepatocyte-related genes, such as serum proteins, drug metabolism-related CYPs, and nuclear receptors, was enhanced in cells cultured on MDS atelocollagen, but not in those cultured on conventional atelocollagen. Moreover, the abnormal gene expression of cell adhesion molecules observed in conventional atelocollagen culture was suppressed when the cells were grown on MDS atelocollagen, thereby suggesting a cell behavior similar to that of in vivo hepatocytes. These results suggest that MDS atelocollagen functionally preserves PHHs while conserving the simplicity of conventional PHH atelocollagen-coated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sato
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Kayoko Semura
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujimoto
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
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36
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Heslop JA, Kia R, Pridgeon CS, Sison-Young RL, Liloglou T, Elmasry M, Fenwick SW, Mills JS, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CE, Park BK. Donor-Dependent and Other Nondefined Factors Have Greater Influence on the Hepatic Phenotype Than the Starting Cell Type in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 6:1321-1331. [PMID: 28456008 PMCID: PMC5442714 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced liver injury is the greatest cause of post‐marketing drug withdrawal; therefore, substantial resources are directed toward triaging potentially dangerous new compounds at all stages of drug development. One of the major factors preventing effective screening of new compounds is the lack of a predictive in vitro model of hepatotoxicity. Primary human hepatocytes offer a metabolically relevant model for which the molecular initiating events of hepatotoxicity can be examined; however, these cells vary greatly between donors and dedifferentiate rapidly in culture. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) offer a reproducible, physiologically relevant and genotypically normal model cell; however, current differentiation protocols produce HLCs with a relatively immature phenotype. During the reprogramming of somatic cells, the epigenome undergoes dramatic changes; however, this “resetting” is a gradual process, resulting in an altered differentiation propensity, skewed toward the lineage of origin, particularly in early passage cultures. We, therefore, performed a comparison of human hepatocyte‐ and dermal fibroblast‐derived iPSCs, assessing the impact of epigenetic memory at all stages of HLC differentiation. These results provide the first isogenic assessment of the starting cell type in human iPSC‐derived HLCs. Despite a trend toward improvement in hepatic phenotype in albumin secretion and gene expression, few significant differences in hepatic differentiation capacity were found between hepatocyte and fibroblast‐derived iPSCs. We conclude that the donor and inter‐clonal differences have a greater influence on the hepatocyte phenotypic maturity than the starting cell type. Therefore, it is not necessary to use human hepatocytes for generating iPSC‐derived HLCs. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1321–1331
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kia
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Pridgeon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena L Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Elmasry
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom.,University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Fenwick
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John S Mills
- AstraZeneca, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Chris E Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Bong K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, the Institute of Translational Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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37
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Kiamehr M, Heiskanen L, Laufer T, Düsterloh A, Kahraman M, Käkelä R, Laaksonen R, Aalto-Setälä K. Dedifferentiation of Primary Hepatocytes is Accompanied with Reorganization of Lipid Metabolism Indicated by Altered Molecular Lipid and miRNA Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122910. [PMID: 31207892 PMCID: PMC6627955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) undergo dedifferentiation upon the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which particularly hinders their utility in long-term in vitro studies. Lipids, as a major class of biomolecules, play crucial roles in cellular energy storage, structure, and signaling. Here, for the first time, we mapped the alterations in the lipid profile of the dedifferentiating PHHs and studied the possible role of lipids in the loss of the phenotype of PHHs. Simultaneously, differentially expressed miRNAs associated with changes in the lipids and fatty acids (FAs) of the dedifferentiating PHHs were investigated. Methods: PHHs were cultured in monolayer and their phenotype was monitored morphologically, genetically, and biochemically for five days. The lipid and miRNA profile of the PHHs were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Agilent microarray, respectively. In addition, 24 key genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and FAs were investigated by qPCR. Results: The typical morphology of PHHs was lost from day 3 onward. Additionally, ALB and CYP genes were downregulated in the cultured PHHs. Lipidomics revealed a clear increase in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) containing lipids, but a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing lipids during the dedifferentiation of PHHs. In line with this, FASN, SCD, ELOVL1, ELOVL3, and ELOVL7 were upregulated but ELOVL2 was downregulated in the dedifferentiated PHHs. Furthermore, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and the constantly upregulated miR-27a and miR-21, and downregulated miR-30 may have regulated the synthesis, accumulation and secretion of PHH lipids during the dedifferentiation. Conclusion: Our results showed major alterations in the molecular lipid species profiles, lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression as wells as miRNA profiles of the PHHs during their prolonged culture, which in concert could play important roles in the PHHs’ loss of phenotype. These findings promote the understanding from the dedifferentiation process and could help in developing optimal culture conditions, which better meet the needs of the PHHs and support their original phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Kiamehr
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | | | - Thomas Laufer
- Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | | | - Mustafa Kahraman
- Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Zora Biosciences, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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38
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Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells as Model for Viral Hepatitis Research. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9605252. [PMID: 31281392 PMCID: PMC6594266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9605252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, the leading cause of liver diseases worldwide, is induced upon infection with hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus. Due to their obligate intracellular lifestyles, culture systems for efficient viral replication are vital. Although basic and translational research on viral hepatitis has been performed for many years, conventional hepatocellular culture systems are not optimal. These studies have greatly benefited from recent efforts on improving cell culture models for virus replication and infection studies. Here we summarize the use of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for hepatotropic virus infection studies, including the dissection of virus-host interactions and virus-induced pathogenesis as well as the identification and validation of novel antiviral agents.
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39
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Augustyniak J, Bertero A, Coccini T, Baderna D, Buzanska L, Caloni F. Organoids are promising tools for species-specific in vitro toxicological studies. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1610-1622. [PMID: 31168795 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional self-aggregating structures generated from stem cells (SCs) or progenitor cells in a process that recapitulates molecular and cellular stages of early organ development. The differentiation process leads to the appearance of specialized mature cells and is connected with changes in the organoid internal structure rearrangement and self-organization. The formation of organ-specific structures in vitro with highly ordered architecture is also strongly influenced by the extracellular matrix. These features make organoids as a powerful model for in vitro toxicology. Nowadays this technology is developing very quickly. In this review we present, from a toxicological and species-specific point of view, the state of the art of organoid generation from adult SCs and pluripotent SCs: embryonic SCs or induced pluripotent SCs. The current culture organoid techniques are discussed for their main advantages, disadvantages and limitations. In the second part of the review, we concentrated on the characterization of species-specific organoids generated from tissue-specific SCs of different sources: mammary (bovine), epidermis (canine), intestinal (porcine, bovine, canine, chicken) and liver (feline, canine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Augustyniak
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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40
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Tomaipitinca L, Mandatori S, Mancinelli R, Giulitti F, Petrungaro S, Moresi V, Facchiano A, Ziparo E, Gaudio E, Giampietri C. The Role of Autophagy in Liver Epithelial Cells and Its Impact on Systemic Homeostasis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040827. [PMID: 30979078 PMCID: PMC6521167 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a role in several physiological and pathological processes as it controls the turnover rate of cellular components and influences cellular homeostasis. The liver plays a central role in controlling organisms’ metabolism, regulating glucose storage, plasma proteins and bile synthesis and the removal of toxic substances. Liver functions are particularly sensitive to autophagy modulation. In this review we summarize studies investigating how autophagy influences the hepatic metabolism, focusing on fat accumulation and lipids turnover. We also describe how autophagy affects bile production and the scavenger function within the complex homeostasis of the liver. We underline the role of hepatic autophagy in counteracting the metabolic syndrome and the associated cardiovascular risk. Finally, we highlight recent reports demonstrating how the autophagy occurring within the liver may affect skeletal muscle homeostasis as well as different extrahepatic solid tumors, such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Mandatori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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41
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Gijbels E, Vilas-Boas V, Deferm N, Devisscher L, Jaeschke H, Annaert P, Vinken M. Mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1169-1186. [PMID: 30972450 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis underlies one of the major manifestations of drug-induced liver injury. Drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity is a complex process, as it can be triggered by a variety of factors that induce 2 types of biological responses, namely a deteriorative response, caused by bile acid accumulation, and an adaptive response, aimed at removing the accumulated bile acids. Several key events in both types of responses have been characterized in the past few years. In parallel, many efforts have focused on the development and further optimization of experimental cell culture models to predict the occurrence of drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity in vivo. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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42
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Adam AAA, van der Mark VA, Ruiter JPN, Wanders RJA, Oude Elferink RPJ, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Overexpression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 significantly improves ureagenesis of human liver HepaRG cells only when cultured under shaking conditions. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:298-308. [PMID: 30802674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is an important contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in end-stage liver failure patients. Therefore reducing hyperammonemia is a requisite of bioartificial liver support (BAL). Ammonia elimination by human liver HepaRG cells occurs predominantly through reversible fixation into amino acids, whereas the irreversible conversion into urea is limited. Compared to human liver, the expression and activity of the three urea cycle (UC) enzymes carbamoyl-phosphate synthase1 (CPS1), ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) and arginase1, are low. To improve HepaRG cells as BAL biocomponent, its rate limiting factor of the UC was determined under two culture conditions: static and dynamic medium flow (DMF) achieved by shaking. HepaRG cells increasingly converted escalating arginine doses into urea, indicating that arginase activity is not limiting ureagenesis. Neither was OTC activity, as a stable HepaRG line overexpressing OTC exhibited a 90- and 15.7-fold upregulation of OTC transcript and activity levels, without improvement in ureagenesis. However, a stable HepaRG line overexpressing CPS1 showed increased mitochondrial stress and reduced hepatic differentiation without promotion of the CPS1 transcript level or ureagenesis under static-culturing conditions, yet, it exhibited a 4.3-fold increased ureagenesis under DMF. This was associated with increased CPS1 transcript and activity levels amounting to >2-fold, increased mitochondrial abundance and hepatic differentiation. Unexpectedly, the transcript levels of several other UC genes increased up to 6.8-fold. We conclude that ureagenesis can be improved in HepaRG cells by CPS1 overexpression, however, only in combination with DMF-culturing, suggesting that both the low CPS1 level and static-culturing, possibly due to insufficient mitochondria, are limiting UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A A Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Surgical Laboratory, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P N Ruiter
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Surgical Laboratory, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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43
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Coronado RE, Somaraki-Cormier M, Natesan S, Christy RJ, Ong JL, Halff GA. Decellularization and Solubilization of Porcine Liver for Use as a Substrate for Porcine Hepatocyte Culture: Method Optimization and Comparison. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1840-1854. [PMID: 29390876 PMCID: PMC5802637 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717742157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic substrates, prepared by decellularizing and solubilizing tissues, have been of great interest in the tissue engineering field because of the preservation of complex biochemical constituents found in the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The integrity of the ECM is critical for cell behavior, adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation that in turn affect homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Previous studies have shown that various processing methods have a distinctive way of affecting the composition of the decellularized ECM. In this study, we developed a bioactive substrate for hepatocytes in vitro, made of decellularized and solubilized liver tissue. The present work is a comparative approach of 2 different methods. First, we decellularized porcine liver tissue with ammonium hydroxide versus a sodium deoxycholate method, then characterized the decellularized tissue using various methods including double stranded DNA (dsDNA) content, DNA size, immunogenicity, and mass spectrometry. Second, we solubilized the decellularized porcine liver with hydrochloric acid versus acetic acid (AA) and characterized the resultant solubilized tissues using relevant methodologies including protein yield, immunogenicity, and bioactivity. Finally, we isolated primary porcine hepatocytes, cultured, and evaluated their bioactivity on the optimized decellularized–solubilized liver substrate. The decellularized porcine liver ECM processed by the ammonium hydroxide method and solubilized with AA displayed higher ECM integrity, low dsDNA, no evidence of intact nuclei, low human monocyte chemoattraction, and the presence of key molecules typically found in the native liver, a very important element for normal cell function. In addition, primary porcine hepatocytes showed enhanced functionality including albumin and urea production and bile canaliculi formation when cultured on the developed liver substrate compared to type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shanmugasundaram Natesan
- 2 Combat Trauma and Burn Injury Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Christy
- 2 Combat Trauma and Burn Injury Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joo L Ong
- 3 Biomedical Engineering San Antonio, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Glenn A Halff
- 4 Transplant Center San Antonio, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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44
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Parafati M, Kirby RJ, Khorasanizadeh S, Rastinejad F, Malany S. A nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, created by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced steatosis. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm033530. [PMID: 30254132 PMCID: PMC6176998 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis, a reversible state of metabolic dysregulation, can promote the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its transition is thought to be critical in disease evolution. The association between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and hepatocyte metabolism disorders prompted us to characterize ER stress-induced hepatic metabolic dysfunction in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hiPSC-Hep), to explore regulatory pathways and validate a phenotypic in vitro model for progression of liver steatosis. We treated hiPSC-Hep with a ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the presence of an inducer of ER stress to synergistically promote triglyceride accumulation and dysregulate lipid metabolism. We monitored lipid accumulation by high-content imaging and measured gene regulation by RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses. Our results show that ER stress potentiated intracellular lipid accumulation by 5-fold in hiPSC-Hep in the absence of apoptosis. Transcriptome pathway analysis identified ER stress pathways as the most significantly dysregulated of all pathways affected. Obeticholic acid dose dependently inhibited lipid accumulation and modulated gene expression downstream of the farnesoid X receptor. We were able to identify modulation of hepatic markers and gene pathways known to be involved in steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in support of a hiPSC-Hep disease model that is relevant to clinical data for human NASH. Our results show that the model can serve as a translational discovery platform for the understanding of molecular pathways involved in NAFLD, and can facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic molecules based on high-throughput screening strategies. Summary: Our study demonstrates expanded use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes for molecular studies and drug screening, to evaluate new therapeutics with an antisteatotic mechanism of action for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Parafati
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - R Jason Kirby
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Sepideh Khorasanizadeh
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Rd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Rd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Siobhan Malany
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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45
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Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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46
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Characterization of hepatocyte-based in vitro systems for reliable toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2981-2986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Ortega-Ribera M, Fernández-Iglesias A, Illa X, Moya A, Molina V, Maeso-Díaz R, Fondevila C, Peralta C, Bosch J, Villa R, Gracia-Sancho J. Resemblance of the human liver sinusoid in a fluidic device with biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2585-2594. [PMID: 29940068 PMCID: PMC6220781 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of the complex phenotype of primary hepatocytes in vitro represents a limitation for developing liver support systems and reliable tools for biomedical research and drug screening. We herein aimed at developing a biosystem able to preserve human and rodent hepatocytes phenotype in vitro based on the main characteristics of the liver sinusoid: unique cellular architecture, endothelial biodynamic stimulation, and parenchymal zonation. Primary hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) were isolated from control and cirrhotic human or control rat livers and cultured in conventional in vitro platforms or within our liver‐resembling device. Hepatocytes phenotype, function, and response to hepatotoxic drugs were analyzed. Results evidenced that mimicking the in vivo sinusoidal environment within our biosystem, primary human and rat hepatocytes cocultured with functional LSEC maintained morphology and showed high albumin and urea production, enhanced cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4) activity, and maintained expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (hnf4α) and transporters, showing delayed hepatocyte dedifferentiation. In addition, differentiated hepatocytes cultured within this liver‐resembling device responded to acute treatment with known hepatotoxic drugs significantly different from those seen in conventional culture platforms. In conclusion, this study describes a new bioengineered device that mimics the human sinusoid in vitro, representing a novel method to study liver diseases and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavi Illa
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moya
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Molina
- Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Maeso-Díaz
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Protective Strategies Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Villa
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
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48
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Grasselli E, Canesi L, Portincasa P, Voci A, Vergani L, Demori I. Models of non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Potential Translational Value: the Effects of 3,5-L-diiodothyronine. Ann Hepatol 2018; 16:707-719. [PMID: 28809727 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in industrialized countries and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, hepatic and metabolic diseases. Molecular mechanisms on the root of the disrupted lipid homeostasis in NAFLD and potential therapeutic strategies can benefit of in vivo and in vitro experimental models of fatty liver. Here, we describe the high fat diet (HFD)-fed rat in vivo model, and two in vitro models, the primary cultured rat fatty hepatocytes or the FaO rat hepatoma fatty cells, mimicking human NAFLD. Liver steatosis was invariably associated with increased number/size of lipid droplets (LDs) and modulation of expression of genes coding for key genes of lipid metabolism such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (Ppars) and perilipins (Plins). In these models, we tested the anti-steatotic effects of 3,5-L-diiodothyronine (T2), a metabolite of thyroid hormones. T2 markedly reduced triglyceride content and LD size acting on mRNA expression of both Ppars and Plins. T2 also stimulated mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of fatty acids. We conclude that in vivo and especially in vitro models of NAFLD are valuable tools to screen a large number of compounds counteracting the deleterious effect of liver steatosis. Because of the high and negative impact of liver steatosis on human health, ongoing experimental studies from our group are unravelling the ultimate translational value of such cellular models of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grasselli
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences-DISTAV
| | - Laura Canesi
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences-DISTAV
| | - Piero Portincasa
- University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology Clinica Medica "A. Murri"
| | - Adriana Voci
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences-DISTAV
| | - Laura Vergani
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences-DISTAV
| | - Ilaria Demori
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences-DISTAV
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Vinken M. In vitro prediction of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury: a challenge for the toxicologist. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1909-1912. [PMID: 29574564 PMCID: PMC6084771 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Chen C, Soto-Gutierrez A, Baptista PM, Spee B. Biotechnology Challenges to In Vitro Maturation of Hepatic Stem Cells. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1258-1272. [PMID: 29428334 PMCID: PMC6237283 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of liver disease is increasing globally. The only curative therapy for severe end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation, is limited by the shortage of organ donors. In vitro models of liver physiology have been developed and new technologies and approaches are progressing rapidly. Stem cells might be used as a source of liver tissue for development of models, therapies, and tissue-engineering applications. However, we have been unable to generate and maintain stable and mature adult liver cells ex vivo. We review factors that promote hepatocyte differentiation and maturation, including growth factors, transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, and the microenvironment. We discuss how the hepatic circulation, microbiome, and nutrition affect liver function, and the criteria for considering cells derived from stem cells to be fully mature hepatocytes. We explain the challenges to cell transplantation and consider future technologies for use in hepatic stem cell maturation, including 3-dimensional biofabrication and genome modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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