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Colvin VC, Bramer LM, Rivera BN, Pennington JM, Waters KM, Tilton SC. Modeling PAH Mixture Interactions in a Human In Vitro Organotypic Respiratory Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4326. [PMID: 38673911 PMCID: PMC11050152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges in human health risk assessment is to evaluate hazards from exposure to environmental chemical mixtures. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous contaminants typically found as mixtures in gaseous and particulate phases in ambient air pollution associated with petrochemicals from Superfund sites and the burning of fossil fuels. However, little is understood about how PAHs in mixtures contribute to toxicity in lung cells. To investigate mixture interactions and component additivity from environmentally relevant PAHs, two synthetic mixtures were created from PAHs identified in passive air samplers at a legacy creosote site impacted by wildfires. The primary human bronchial epithelial cells differentiated at the air-liquid interface were treated with PAH mixtures at environmentally relevant proportions and evaluated for the differential expression of transcriptional biomarkers related to xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress response, barrier integrity, and DNA damage response. Component additivity was evaluated across all endpoints using two independent action (IA) models with and without the scaling of components by toxic equivalence factors. Both IA models exhibited trends that were unlike the observed mixture response and generally underestimated the toxicity across dose suggesting the potential for non-additive interactions of components. Overall, this study provides an example of the usefulness of mixture toxicity assessment with the currently available methods while demonstrating the need for more complex yet interpretable mixture response evaluation methods for environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lisa M. Bramer
- OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Brianna N. Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jamie M. Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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2
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Jiang G, Song X, Xie J, Shi T, Yang Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air of Guangzhou city: Exposure levels, health effects and cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115308. [PMID: 37544068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 pose potentially serious threats to human health. In this study, the distribution characteristics of 16 priority controlled, fine PM (PM2.5)-bound PAHs in the ambient air of Guangzhou city were analysed from 2016 to 2019. Four high-molecular-weight PAHs with the highest annual average concentrations were benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP; 0.757 ng/m3), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP; 0.627 ng/m3), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF, 0.519 ng/m3) and 3,4-benzopyrene (BaP; 0.426 ng/m3). Increasing concentrations of BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP were associated with increasing numbers of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, indicating that exposure to these PAHs potentially causes acute respiratory injury in residents. Acute exposure of the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells to BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP in vitro resulted in acute inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1) may be a key target gene involved in mediating the toxic effects of BghiP. Collectively, our results suggest that BghiP and the other PAHs represented by it can damage the respiratory system and induce lung cancer. This study provides valuable evidence regarding the potential health risks posed by local ambient PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqing Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Jiaying Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Tongxing Shi
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1 Qide Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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3
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Kumar Konidala K, Bommu U, Pabbaraju N. Integration of in silico methods to determine endocrine-disrupting tobacco pollutants binding potency with steroidogenic genes: comprehensive QSAR modeling and ensemble docking strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65806-65825. [PMID: 35501431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of tobacco-associated chemicals may have possibilities to developmental/reproductive axis and endocrine-disruption impacts. Mostly they breach the biotransformation of cholesterol in mitochondria by interfering with steroidogenic pathway genes, prompting to adverse effects in steroid biosynthesis; however, studies are scanty. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and comparative docking strategies were used to understand structural features of dataset compounds that influence developmental/reproductive toxicity and estrogen and androgen receptor-binding abilities, and to predict binding levels of toxicants with steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) active sites. Developed QSAR models presented good robustness and predictive ability that were determined from the applicability domain and, clustering and classification of chemicals by performing self-organizing maps. Accordingly, the exorbitant amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a limited number of other chemicals including N-nitrosamines and nicotine was represented as potential developmental/reproductive toxicants as well as estrogen and androgen receptor binders. From the docking analysis, hydrogen bonding, nonpolar, atomic π-stacking, and π-cation interactions were found between PAHs (bay and fjord structural pockets) and functional hotspot residues of StAR and CYP11A1, which strengthened the subtle structural changes at domains. These govern barrier effects to cholesterol binding and/or locking cholesterol to complicate its ejection from the Ω1 loop of StAR, and further mitigates steroid biosynthesis through cholesterol by CYP11A1; therefore, they are presumably considered as block-cluster mechanisms. These outcomes are significant to be hopeful to estimate developmental/reproductive toxicity and endocrine-disruption activities of other environmental pollutants, and could be useful for further assessment to discover binding mechanisms of PAHs with other steroidogenesis pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umadevi Bommu
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502 AP, India
| | - Neeraja Pabbaraju
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502 AP, India.
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Haber LT, Pecquet AM, Vincent MJ, White LM. The Long Goodbye: Finally Moving on from the Relative Potency Approach to a Mixtures Approach for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159490. [PMID: 35954852 PMCID: PMC9368405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past several decades, a relative potency approach has been used to estimate the human health risks from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures. Risk estimates are derived using potency equivalence factors (PEFs; also called relative potency factors [RPFs]), based on the ratio of selected PAHs to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), expressed qualitatively by orders of magnitude. To quantify PEFs for 18 selected carcinogenic PAHs, a systematic approach with a priori and dose response criteria was developed, building on draft work by the US EPA in 2010 and its review by US EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB) in 2011. An exhaustive search for carcinogenicity studies that included both target PAHs and BaP with environmentally relevant exposure routes found only 48 animal bioassay datasets (mostly pre-1992 based on skin painting). Only eight datasets provided adequate low-response data, and of these only four datasets were appropriate for modeling to estimate PEFs; only benzo[b]fluoranthene and cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene had a PEF that could be quantified. Thus, current knowledge of PAH carcinogenicity is insufficient to support quantitative PEFs for PAH mixtures. This highlights the long-acknowledged need for an interdisciplinary approach to estimate risks from PAH mixtures. Use of alternative and short-term toxicity testing methods, improved mixture characterization, understanding the fate and bioavailability of PAH mixtures, and understanding exposure route-related differences in carcinogenicity are discussed as ways to improve the understanding of the risks of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne T. Haber
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alison M. Pecquet
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- Syngenta AG, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
| | - Melissa J. Vincent
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- ChemRisk, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA
| | - Louise M. White
- Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Halifax, NS B3J 3Y6, Canada;
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Ouyang J, Hu Z, Tong J, Yang Y, Wang J, Chen X, Luo T, Yu S, Wang X, Huang S. Construction and evaluation of a nomogram for predicting survival in patients with lung cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2775-2792. [PMID: 35321944 PMCID: PMC9004553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a severe disease burden. Because the prognosis of patients with lung cancer varies, it is critical to identify effective biomarkers for prognosis prediction. METHODS A total of 2325 lung cancer patients were integrated into four independent sets (training set, validation set I, II and III) after removing batch effects in our study. We applied the microarray data algorithm to screen the differentially expressed genes in the training set. The most robust markers for prognosis were identified using the LASSO-Cox regression model, which was then used to create a Cox model and nomogram. RESULTS Through LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analysis, eight genes were identified as prognosis-associated hub genes, followed by the creation of prognosis-associated risk scores (PRS). The results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis in the three validation sets demonstrate the good predictive performance of PRS, with hazard ratios of 2.38 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61-3.53) in the validation set I, 1.35 (95% CI, 1.06-1.71) in the validation set II, and 2.71 (95% CI, 1.77-4.18) in the validation set III. Additionally, the PRS demonstrated superior survival prediction in subgroups by age, gender, p-stage, and histologic type (p < 0.0001). The complex model integrating PRS and clinical risk factors also have a good predictive performance for 3-year overall survival. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed a PRS signature to help predict the survival of lung cancer. By combining it with clinical risk factors, a nomogram was established to quantify the individual risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ouyang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.,SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Laboratory Department, Jiujiang University Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Jianlin Tong
- Laboratory Department, Jiujiang University Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Shiqun Yu
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Shaoxin Huang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China.,SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China.,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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6
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Comparative Analysis of Transcriptional Responses to Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Agents in the Blood Cell Model TK6 and the Liver Model HepaRG. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073420. [PMID: 35408779 PMCID: PMC8998745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcript signatures are a promising approach to identify and classify genotoxic and non-genotoxic compounds and are of interest as biomarkers or for future regulatory application. Not much data, however, is yet available about the concordance of transcriptional responses in different cell types or tissues. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic responses to selected genotoxic food contaminants in the human p53-competent lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 using RNA sequencing. Responses to treatment with five genotoxins, as well as with four non-genotoxic liver toxicants, were compared with previously published gene expression data from the human liver cell model HepaRG. A significant overlap of the transcriptomic changes upon genotoxic stress was detectable in TK6 cells, whereas the comparison with the HepaRG model revealed considerable differences, which was confirmed by bioinformatic data mining for cellular upstream regulators or pathways. Taken together, the study presents a transcriptomic signature for genotoxin exposure in the human TK6 blood cell model. The data demonstrate that responses in different cell models have considerable variations. Detection of a transcriptomic genotoxin signature in blood cells indicates that gene expression analyses of blood samples might be a valuable approach to also estimate responses to toxic exposure in target organs such as the liver.
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7
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Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Torres-Flores U, Rodríguez-Leviz A, Arenas-Huertero F. Benzo[ghi]perylene induces cellular dormancy signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress in NL-20 human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115925. [PMID: 35182551 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) is produced by the incomplete combustion of gasoline and it is a marker of high vehicular flow in big cities. Nowadays, it is known that BghiP functions as ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which can cause several molecular responses. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro effects of the exposure to BghiP, specifically, the induction of cellular dormancy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in NL-20 human cells. Our results proved that a 24 h exposure of BghiP, increased the expression of NR2F1 (p < 0.05). NR2F1 is the main activator of cell dormancy, therefore, we analyzed the expression of its target genes SOX9 and p27 showing an increase of the transcripts (p < 0.05), suggesting a pathway that could produce a cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, this effect was only observed with BghiP exposure, and not with a classic AhR ligand: benzo[a]pyrene. Moreover, in the presence of the AhR antagonist, CH223191, or when the expression of AhR was knock-down using dsiRNAs, the cellular dormancy signaling pathway was blocked. Morphological and ultrastructure analysis demonstrated that BghiP also induces ER stress, characterized by the dilated ER cisternae and the overexpression of PERK and CHOP genes (p < 0.05). Moreover, the halt of cell proliferation and the ER stress are both associated to the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and the cell survival in response to microenvironmental cues. These responses induced by BghiP on bronchial cells open new horizons on the research of other biological effects induced by environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Zaragoza-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ulises Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Leviz
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
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8
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Dent MP, Vaillancourt E, Thomas RS, Carmichael PL, Ouedraogo G, Kojima H, Barroso J, Ansell J, Barton-Maclaren TS, Bennekou SH, Boekelheide K, Ezendam J, Field J, Fitzpatrick S, Hatao M, Kreiling R, Lorencini M, Mahony C, Montemayor B, Mazaro-Costa R, Oliveira J, Rogiers V, Smegal D, Taalman R, Tokura Y, Verma R, Willett C, Yang C. Paving the way for application of next generation risk assessment to safety decision-making for cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105026. [PMID: 34389358 PMCID: PMC8547713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Next generation risk assessment (NGRA) is an exposure-led, hypothesis-driven approach that has the potential to support animal-free safety decision-making. However, significant effort is needed to develop and test the in vitro and in silico (computational) approaches that underpin NGRA to enable confident application in a regulatory context. A workshop was held in Montreal in 2019 to discuss where effort needs to be focussed and to agree on the steps needed to ensure safety decisions made on cosmetic ingredients are robust and protective. Workshop participants explored whether NGRA for cosmetic ingredients can be protective of human health, and reviewed examples of NGRA for cosmetic ingredients. From the limited examples available, it is clear that NGRA is still in its infancy, and further case studies are needed to determine whether safety decisions are sufficiently protective and not overly conservative. Seven areas were identified to help progress application of NGRA, including further investments in case studies that elaborate on scenarios frequently encountered by industry and regulators, including those where a ‘high risk’ conclusion would be expected. These will provide confidence that the tools and approaches can reliably discern differing levels of risk. Furthermore, frameworks to guide performance and reporting should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - E Vaillancourt
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, 269 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - R S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research, Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - P L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - G Ouedraogo
- l'Oréal, Research and Development, Paris, France.
| | - H Kojima
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, 158-8501, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - J Barroso
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - J Ansell
- US Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), 1620 L St. NW, Suite 1200, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA.
| | - T S Barton-Maclaren
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, 269 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - S H Bennekou
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - K Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - J Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - J Field
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, 269 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - S Fitzpatrick
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - M Hatao
- Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA), Metro City Kamiyacho 6F, 5-1-5, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001 Japan.
| | - R Kreiling
- Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, Am Unisyspark 1, 65843, Sulzbach, Germany.
| | - M Lorencini
- Grupo Boticário, Research & Development, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil.
| | - C Mahony
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Reading, RG2 0RX, UK.
| | - B Montemayor
- Cosmetics Alliance Canada, 420 Britannia Road East Suite 102, Mississauga, ON L4Z 3L5, Canada.
| | - R Mazaro-Costa
- Departament of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - J Oliveira
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Gerência de Produtos de Higiene, Perfumes, Cosméticos e Saneantes, Setor de Indústria e Abastecimento (SIA), Trecho 5, Área Especial 57, CEP 71205-050, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - V Rogiers
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Smegal
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - R Taalman
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160 Auderghem, Belgium.
| | - Y Tokura
- Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan.
| | - R Verma
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - C Willett
- Humane Society International, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - C Yang
- Taiwan Cosmetic Industry Association (TWCIA), 8F No. 136, Bo'ai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC.
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9
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Chang Y, Rager JE, Tilton SC. Linking Coregulated Gene Modules with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Related Cancer Risk in the 3D Human Bronchial Epithelium. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1445-1455. [PMID: 34048650 PMCID: PMC8560124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often occurs as complex chemical mixtures, which are linked to numerous adverse health outcomes in humans, with cancer as the greatest concern. The cancer risk associated with PAH exposures is commonly evaluated using the relative potency factor (RPF) approach, which estimates PAH mixture carcinogenic potential based on the sum of relative potency estimates of individual PAHs, compared to benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), a reference carcinogen. The present study evaluates molecular mechanisms related to PAH cancer risk through integration of transcriptomic and bioinformatic approaches in a 3D human bronchial epithelial cell model. Genes with significant differential expression from human bronchial epithelium exposed to PAHs were analyzed using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) two-tiered approach: first to identify gene sets comodulated to RPF and second to link genes to a more comprehensive list of regulatory values, including inhalation-specific risk values. Over 3000 genes associated with processes of cell cycle regulation, inflammation, DNA damage, and cell adhesion processes were found to be comodulated with increasing RPF with pathways for cell cycle S phase and cytoskeleton actin identified as the most significantly enriched biological networks correlated to RPF. In addition, comodulated genes were linked to additional cancer-relevant risk values, including inhalation unit risks, oral cancer slope factors, and cancer hazard classifications from the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). These gene sets represent potential biomarkers that could be used to evaluate cancer risk associated with PAH mixtures. Among the values tested, RPF values and IARC categorizations shared the most similar responses in positively and negatively correlated gene modules. Together, we demonstrated a novel manner of integrating gene sets with chemical toxicity equivalence estimates through WGCNA to understand potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Julia E. Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, and Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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10
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Tseng YH, Chen YC, Yu AL, Yu J. Benzo[a]pyrene induces fibrotic changes and impairs differentiation in lung stem cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111892. [PMID: 33429317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have generated air pollution, with extremely small particles (PM 2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter) and liquid droplets, which become a menace to human health. Among the pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which enhance the risks of pulmonary dysfunction and cancer development, have been extensively studied. Numerous studies have addressed the effects of PAHs on the respiratory system, whereas the effects on lung stem/progenitor cells remain unknown. Here, we provide evidence that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a major toxic PAH, induces fibrotic changes with a loss of α-1,6-fucosylation in CD54+CD157+CD45- cells (lung stem cells). In studies with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist, we found that these effects by BaP are independent of the canonical AHR pathway. In addition, these BaP-induced fibrotic changes are reduced by TGF-β antagonist, suggesting an alternative pathway of BaP toxicity is different from other PAH/AHR signaling pathways. Finally, it was observed that BaP impairs the spheroid formation and the podoplanin expression of CD54+CD157+CD45- cells, indicating that BaP suppresses the differentiation of lung stem cells. Taken together, our findings reveal specific BaP-induced injuries in CD54+CD157+CD45- cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, California
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Mai Y, Peng S, Li H, Gao Y, Lai Z. NOD-like receptor signaling pathway activation: A potential mechanism underlying negative effects of benzo(α)pyrene on zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108935. [PMID: 33161151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(α)pyrene (BaP) is one of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic environments and has been shown to cause toxic effects to aquatic animals. Although the negative effects of BaP have been investigated, the potential toxic mechanisms remain uncharacterized. To explore the potential mechanisms mediating the toxic effects of BaP, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to BaP for 15 days and the toxic effects of BaP in zebrafish liver were investigated using physiological and transcriptomic analyses. After 15-day BaP exposure, zebrafish liver exhibited abnormalities including increased cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammatory cell infiltration, swelled nuclei and irregular pigmentation. BaP exposure also induced oxidative stress to the liver of zebrafish. Transcriptomic profiles revealed 5129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 15-days of BaP exposure, and the vast majority of DEGs were up-regulated under BaP treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses suggest that genes related to immune response were significantly dysregulated. Furthermore, the nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly enriched and most of the genes in this pathway exhibited enhanced expression after BaP exposure. These results partially explained the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of BaP on zebrafish liver. In conclusion, BaP has the potential to induce physiological responses in zebrafish liver through altering associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Mai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyao Peng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China
| | - Zini Lai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China; Fishery Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Pearl River Basin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Boyadzhiev A, Avramescu ML, Wu D, Williams A, Rasmussen P, Halappanavar S. Impact of copper oxide particle dissolution on lung epithelial cell toxicity: response characterization using global transcriptional analysis. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:380-399. [PMID: 33507836 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1872114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) is attributed to both particle and dissolved copper ion species. However, a clear understanding of (1) the specific cellular responses that are modulated by the two species and (2) the temporal dynamics in toxicity, as the proportional amount of particulate and ionic forms change over time, is lacking. In the current study, in vitro responses to microparticulate CuO (CuO MPs), CuO NPs, and dissolved Cu2+ were characterized in order to elucidate particle and ion-induced kinetic effects. Particle dissolution experiments were carried out in a relevant cell culture medium, using CuO NPs and MPs. Mouse lung epithelial cells were exposed for 2-48 h with 1-25 µg/mL CuO MPs, CuO NPs, or 7 and 54 µg/mL CuCl2. Cellular viability and genome-wide transcriptional responses were assessed. Dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity were observed in CuO NP exposed cells, which was delayed and subtle in CuCl2 and not observed in CuO MPs treated cells. Analyses of differentially expressed genes and associated pathway perturbations showed that dissolved ions released by CuO NPs in the extracellular medium are insufficient to account for the observed potency and cytotoxicity. Further organization of gene expression results in an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework revealed a series of key events potentially involved in CuO NPs toxicity. The AOP is applicable to toxicity induced by metal oxide nanoparticles of varying solubility, and thus, can facilitate the development of in vitro alternative strategies to screen their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Boyadzhiev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pat Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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13
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Chang Y, Huynh CTT, Bastin KM, Rivera BN, Siddens LK, Tilton SC. Classifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by carcinogenic potency using in vitro biosignatures. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104991. [PMID: 32890658 PMCID: PMC7572825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment is evaluation of chemicals that predominately co-occur in mixtures like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We previously developed a classification model in which systems biology data collected from mice short-term after chemical exposure accurately predict tumor outcome. The present study demonstrates translation of this approach into a human in vitro model in which chemical-specific bioactivity profiles from 3D human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) classify PAHs by carcinogenic potency. Gene expression profiles were analyzed from HBEC exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAHs and classification accuracies were identified for individual pathway-based gene sets. Posterior probabilities of best performing gene sets were combined via Bayesian integration resulting in a classifier with four gene sets, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition, regulation of angiogenesis, and cell cycle G2-M. In addition, transcriptional benchmark dose modeling of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) showed that the most sensitive gene sets to BAP regulation were largely dissimilar from those that best classified PAH carcinogenicity challenging current assumptions that BAP carcinogenicity (and subsequent mode of action) is reflective of overall PAH carcinogenicity. These results illustrate utility of using systems toxicology approaches to analyze global gene expression towards carcinogenic hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Celine Thanh Thu Huynh
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kelley M Bastin
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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14
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Alhamdow A, Tinnerberg H, Lindh C, Albin M, Broberg K. Cancer-related proteins in serum are altered in workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a cross-sectional study. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:771-781. [PMID: 30753342 PMCID: PMC6612054 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increases the risk of cancer and is common particularly for workers in occupations such as chimney sweeping. In exposed workers, screening of early cancer-related markers provides important information to identify individuals at risk. Here, we aimed to elucidate the associations between PAH exposure and serum levels of cancer-related proteins in 118 chimney sweeps and 126 occupationally unexposed controls, all non-smoking males from Sweden. Monoydroxylated metabolites of pyrene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were measured in urine using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and 90 cancer-related proteins were measured in serum using a proximity extension assay. Linear regression analysis adjusted for age and body mass index, and false discovery rate (FDR) identified 17 serum proteins that were differentially expressed (16 upregulated and 1 downregulated) in chimney sweeps compared with controls (FDR < 0.05). Concentrations of the peptidase kallikrein 13 (KLK13) showed significant positive associations with urinary concentrations of the PAH metabolites 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP) [B, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.042, 0.008–0.076] and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]anthracene (3-OH-BaA) (B, 95% CI: 0.068, 0.002–0.134). Moreover, dose–response relationships were observed between KLK13 and 3-OH-BaP (trend test P = 0.027) and 3-OH-BaA (P = 0.035). Pathway and gene ontology analyses showed that cell movement, cell adhesion and cell migration were the predominant molecular functions associated with the top differentially expressed proteins. In conclusion, we found a number of putative cancer-related proteins differentially expressed in workers exposed to PAH. This warrants effective measure to reduce PAH exposure among workers as well as further investigation to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alhamdow
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine (CAMM), Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Castro-Gálvez Z, Garrido-Armas M, Palacios-Arreola MI, Torres-Flores U, Rivera-Torruco G, Valle-Rios R, Amador-Muñoz O, Hernández-Hernández A, Arenas-Huertero F. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Benzo[ghi]perylene on the human bronchial cell line NL-20. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104645. [PMID: 31518672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ghi]perylene is the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the atmosphere of highly polluted cities with high altitudes like Mexico City. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that Benzo[ghi]perylene could induce to the bronchial cell line NL-20 after 3 h of exposure. Furthermore, exposed cells were washed and maintained for 24 h without the treatment (recovery time), in order to evaluate a persistent damage to the cells. We found that at 3 h of exposure, 20% and 47% of the cells displayed cytoplasmic vesicles (p <0.05) and ɣH2AX foci in the nuclei (p <0.05), respectively. Furthermore, 27% of cells showed translocation of the factor inductor apoptosis into the nuclei (p <0.05) and an increase of proliferating cells was also observed (21%, p <0.05). The cells after recovery time continued displaying morphological changes and ɣH2AX foci, despite of the increased expression (> 2-times fold change) of some DNA repair genes (p <0.05) found before the recovery time. We also found that the cell nuclei contained Benzo[ghi]perylene after the exposure and it remains there after the recovery time (p <0.01). Therefore, hereby we report the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that Benzo[ghi]perylene is capable to induce to NL-20 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelmy Castro-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Mónika Garrido-Armas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos y Desarrollo de Tecnologías Verdes, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ulises Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Rivera-Torruco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico; Departamento de Fisiología y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico
| | - Ricardo Valle-Rios
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos y Desarrollo de Tecnologías Verdes, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Unidad de Biología de Células Individuales (Biocelin), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico.
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16
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Addressing systematic inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo transcriptomic mode of action signatures. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Chang Y, Siddens LK, Heine LK, Sampson DA, Yu Z, Fischer KA, Löhr CV, Tilton SC. Comparative mechanisms of PAH toxicity by benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114644. [PMID: 31255691 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current assumption for assessing carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is that they function through a common mechanism of action; however, recent studies demonstrate that PAHs can act through unique mechanisms potentially contributing to cancer outcomes in a non-additive manner. Using a primary human 3D bronchial epithelial culture (HBEC) model, we assessed potential differences in mechanism of toxicity for two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), compared to a complex PAH mixture based on short-term biosignatures identified from transcriptional profiling. Differentiated bronchial epithelial cells were treated with BAP (100-500 μg/ml), DBC (10 μg/ml), and coal tar extract (CTE 500-1500 μg/ml, SRM1597a) for 48 h and gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. Comparison of BAP and DBC gene signatures showed that the majority of genes (~60%) were uniquely regulated by treatment, including signaling pathways for inflammation and DNA damage by DBC and processes for cell cycle, hypoxia and oxidative stress by BAP. Specifically, BAP upregulated targets of AhR, NRF2, and KLF4, while DBC downregulated these same targets, suggesting a chemical-specific pattern in transcriptional regulation involved in antioxidant response, potentially contributing to differences in PAH potency. Other processes were regulated in common by all PAH treatments, BAP, DBC and CTE, including downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and reduced functional measurements of barrier integrity. This work supports prior in vivo studies and demonstrates the utility of profiling short-term biosignatures in an organotypic 3D model to identify mechanisms linked to carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lauren K Heine
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Sampson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kay A Fischer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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18
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Liu X, Zhang H, Pan W, Xue Q, Fu J, Liu G, Zheng M, Zhang A. A novel computational solution to the health risk assessment of air pollution via joint toxicity prediction: A case study on selected PAH binary mixtures in particulate matters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:427-435. [PMID: 30553920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Regional haze episode has already caused overwhelming public concern. Unraveling the health effects of the representative composition mixtures of atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5) becomes a top priority. In this study, a novel computational solution integrating chemical-induced genomic residual effect prediction with in vitro-based risk assessment is proposed to obtain the cumulative health risk of typical chemical mixtures of particulate matters (PM). The joint toxicity of binary mixtures is estimated by analyzing both genomic similarity and dose-response curve of relevant pollutants for the chemical-induced genomic residual effect. Specifically, the modified relative potency factor (mRPF) of mixtures is introduced for this purpose, and the ratio of activation (RA) value is defined to assess the corresponding health risks of the mixtures. As a methodology demonstration, the health risk of typical binary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures in PM, containing Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as a component, is assessed using the proposed solution. Our results indicate that the combined effect of pairwise PAHs of BaP with Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and Benz[a]anthracene (BaA) is synergistic on p53 pathway, and that the health risk of the such mixtures increases compared to that of the individual ones. Obviously, the cumulative health risk of environmental mixtures will be underestimated when the synergistic effect is wrongly assumed to be additive. To our knowledge, this is the first study ever report on a computational solution to the health risk assessment of environmental pollution via joint toxicity prediction. The novel methodology proposed here makes full use of the open-access in vitro assay data and transcriptomic information in literatures and provides a successful demonstration of the concept of systems biology and translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Huazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
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19
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Rager JE, Suh M, Chappell GA, Thompson CM, Proctor DM. Review of transcriptomic responses to hexavalent chromium exposure in lung cells supports a role of epigenetic mediators in carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:40-50. [PMID: 30690063 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is associated with increased risk of lung cancer with a mode of action (MOA) postulated to involve non-mutagenic key events, yet molecular-level events remain uncertain. Previously-published transcriptomic studies in the lung and lung cells were reviewed to evaluate molecular events in the MOA. This study aimed to (i) identify biological pathways that are consistently modulated by Cr(VI) in the lung through the compilation of transcriptomic-based databases, (ii) predict interactions between epigenetic regulators and transcriptional responses, and (iii) relate findings to previous literature to postulate a mechanism of action underlying Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer involving changes in genomic/epigenomic signatures. This cross-study comparison identified 372 genes with Cr(VI)-induced expression alterations in multiple studies. Pathway enrichment analyses of the commonly modulated genes demonstrated that pathways involved in cytotoxicity / cell proliferation were highly enriched, as well as the general suppression of genes involved in DNA damage repair. These signaling alterations were predicted to be regulated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs; and published evidence substantiates the role of these epigenetic regulators in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity. Findings support the influence of epigenetic alterations on cell signaling related to Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity/cell proliferation, and decreases in DNA repair signaling leading to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rager
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Austin, TX, 78759, United States
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA, 92692, United States
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20
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Willis AJ, Indra R, Wohak LE, Sozeri O, Feser K, Mrizova I, Phillips DH, Stiborova M, Arlt VM. The impact of chemotherapeutic drugs on the CYP1A1-catalysed metabolism of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene: Effects in human colorectal HCT116 TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-) and TP53(-/-) cells. Toxicology 2018; 398-399:1-12. [PMID: 29471073 PMCID: PMC6593262 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) can induce cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) via a p53-dependent mechanism. The effect of different p53-activating chemotherapeutic drugs on CYP1A1 expression, and the resultant effect on BaP metabolism, was investigated in a panel of isogenic human colorectal HCT116 cells with differing TP53 status. Cells that were TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-) or TP53(-/-) were treated for up to 48 h with 60 μM cisplatin, 50 μM etoposide or 5 μM ellipticine, each of which caused high p53 induction at moderate cytotoxicity (60-80% cell viability). We found that etoposide and ellipticine induced CYP1A1 in TP53(+/+) cells but not in TP53(-/-) cells, demonstrating that the mechanism of CYP1A1 induction is p53-dependent; cisplatin had no such effect. Co-incubation experiments with the drugs and 2.5 μM BaP showed that: (i) etoposide increased CYP1A1 expression in TP53(+/+) cells, and to a lesser extent in TP53(-/-) cells, compared to cells treated with BaP alone; (ii) ellipticine decreased CYP1A1 expression in TP53(+/+) cells in BaP co-incubations; and (iii) cisplatin did not affect BaP-mediated CYP1A1 expression. Further, whereas cisplatin and etoposide had virtually no influence on CYP1A1-catalysed BaP metabolism, ellipticine treatment strongly inhibited BaP bioactivation. Our results indicate that the underlying mechanisms whereby etoposide and ellipticine regulate CYP1A1 expression must be different and may not be linked to p53 activation alone. These results could be relevant for smokers, who are exposed to increased levels of BaP, when prescribing chemotherapeutic drugs. Beside gene-environment interactions, more considerations should be given to potential drug-environment interactions during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Willis
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Laura E Wohak
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Osman Sozeri
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Feser
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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21
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Reed L, Mrizova I, Barta F, Indra R, Moserova M, Kopka K, Schmeiser HH, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Stiborova M, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Cytochrome b 5 impacts on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and its DNA adduct formation: studies in hepatic cytochrome b 5 /P450 reductase null (HBRN) mice. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1625-1638. [PMID: 29368147 PMCID: PMC5882632 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmental pollutant that, based on evidence largely from in vitro studies, exerts its genotoxic effects after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450s. In the present study, Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Hepatic Cytochrome b 5 /P450 Reductase Null (HBRN) mice have been used to study the role of P450s in the metabolic activation of BaP in vivo. In HRN mice, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), the electron donor to P450, is deleted specifically in hepatocytes. In HBRN mice the microsomal haemoprotein cytochrome b 5 , which can also act as an electron donor from cytochrome b 5 reductase to P450s, is also deleted in the liver. Wild-type (WT), HRN and HBRN mice were treated by i.p. injection with 125 mg/kg body weight BaP for 24 h. Hepatic microsomal fractions were isolated from BaP-treated and untreated mice. In vitro incubations carried out with BaP-pretreated microsomal fractions, BaP and DNA resulted in significantly higher BaP-DNA adduct formation with WT microsomal fractions compared to those from HRN or HBRN mice. Adduct formation (i.e. 10-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP [dG-N2-BPDE]) correlated with observed CYP1A activity and metabolite formation (i.e. BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol) when NADPH or NADH was used as enzymatic cofactors. BaP-DNA adduct levels (i.e. dG-N2-BPDE) in vivo were significantly higher (~ sevenfold) in liver of HRN mice than WT mice while no significant difference in adduct formation was observed in liver between HBRN and WT mice. Our results demonstrate that POR and cytochrome b 5 both modulate P450-mediated activation of BaP in vitro. However, hepatic P450 enzymes in vivo appear to be more important for BaP detoxification than its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Reed
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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22
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Bauer AK, Velmurugan K, Plöttner S, Siegrist KJ, Romo D, Welge P, Brüning T, Xiong KN, Käfferlein HU. Environmentally prevalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can elicit co-carcinogenic properties in an in vitro murine lung epithelial cell model. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1311-1322. [PMID: 29170806 PMCID: PMC5866845 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most abundant PAHs environmentally, occupationally, and are in cigarette smoke; however, little is known about their carcinogenic potential. We hypothesized that LMW PAHs act as co-carcinogens in the presence of a known carcinogen (benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)) in a mouse non-tumorigenic type II cell line (C10 cells). Gap junctions are commonly suppressed and inflammation induced during tumor promotion, while DNA-adduct formation is observed during the initiation stage of cancer. We used these endpoints together as markers of carcinogenicity in these lung adenocarcinoma progenitor cells. LMW PAHs (1-methylanthracene and fluoranthene, 1-10 µM total in a 1:1 ratio) were used based on previous studies as well as B[a]P (0-3 µM) as the classic carcinogen; non-cytotoxic doses were used. B[a]P-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) was observed at low doses and further reduced in the presence of the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05), supporting a role for GJIC suppression in cancer development. Benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adduct levels were significantly induced in B[a]P-treated C10 cells and additionally increased with the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05). Significant increases in cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) were observed in response to the B[a]P/LMW PAH mixture combinations. DNA adduct formation coincided with the inhibition of GJIC and increase in Cox-2 mRNA expression. Significant cytochrome p4501b1 increases and connexin 43 decreases in gene expression were also observed. These studies suggest that LMW PAHs in combination with B[a]P can elicit increased carcinogenic potential. Future studies will further address the mechanisms of co-carcinogenesis driving these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sabine Plöttner
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deedee Romo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter Welge
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Joseph P. Transcriptomics in toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:650-662. [PMID: 28720289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics, of which many are toxic, may enter the human body through multiple routes. Excessive human exposure to xenobiotics may exceed the body's capacity to defend against the xenobiotic-induced toxicity and result in potentially fatal adverse health effects. Prevention of the adverse health effects, potentially associated with human exposure to the xenobiotics, may be achieved by detecting the toxic effects at an early, reversible and, therefore, preventable stage. Additionally, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity may be helpful in preventing and/or managing the ensuing adverse health effects. Human exposures to a large number of xenobiotics are associated with hepatotoxicity or pulmonary toxicity. Global gene expression changes taking place in biological systems, in response to exposure to xenobiotics, may represent the early and mechanistically relevant cellular events contributing to the onset and progression of xenobiotic-induced adverse health outcomes. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity resulting from exposure to xenobiotics are discussed as specific examples to demonstrate the potential application of transcriptomics or global gene expression analysis in the prevention of adverse health effects associated with exposure to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Joseph
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Mechanistic roles of microRNAs in hepatocarcinogenesis: A study of thioacetamide with multiple doses and time-points of rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3054. [PMID: 28596526 PMCID: PMC5465221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals exposure is one of the primary factors for liver toxicity and hepatocarcinoma. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a well-known hepatotoxicant and could be a liver carcinogen in humans. The discovery of early and sensitive microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in liver injury and tumor progression could improve cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and management. To study this, we performed next generation sequencing of the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with TAA at three doses (4.5, 15 and 45 mg/kg) and four time points (3-, 7-, 14- and 28-days). Overall, 330 unique differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in the entire TAA-treatment course. Of these, 129 DEMs were found significantly enriched for the “liver cancer” annotation. These results were further complemented by pathway analysis (Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer, p53-, TGF-β-, MAPK- and Wnt-signaling). Two miRNAs (rno-miR-34a-5p and rno-miR-455-3p) out of 48 overlapping DEMs were identified to be early and sensitive biomarkers for TAA-induced hepatocarcinogenicity. We have shown significant regulatory associations between DEMs and TAA-induced liver carcinogenesis at an earlier stage than histopathological features. Most importantly, miR-34a-5p is the most suitable early and sensitive biomarker for TAA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis due to its consistent elevation during the entire treatment course.
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25
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Farmahin R, Williams A, Kuo B, Chepelev NL, Thomas RS, Barton-Maclaren TS, Curran IH, Nong A, Wade MG, Yauk CL. Recommended approaches in the application of toxicogenomics to derive points of departure for chemical risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2045-2065. [PMID: 27928627 PMCID: PMC5399047 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of quantitative transcriptomic data to determine benchmark dose (BMD) and estimate a point of departure (POD) for human health risk assessment. Although studies have shown that transcriptional PODs correlate with those derived from apical endpoint changes, there is no consensus on the process used to derive a transcriptional POD. Specifically, the subsets of informative genes that produce BMDs that best approximate the doses at which adverse apical effects occur have not been defined. To determine the best way to select predictive groups of genes, we used published microarray data from dose–response studies on six chemicals in rats exposed orally for 5, 14, 28, and 90 days. We evaluated eight approaches for selecting genes for POD derivation and three previously proposed approaches (the lowest pathway BMD, and the mean and median BMD of all genes). The relationship between transcriptional BMDs derived using these 11 approaches and PODs derived from apical data that might be used in chemical risk assessment was examined. Transcriptional BMD values for all 11 approaches were remarkably aligned with corresponding apical PODs, with the vast majority of toxicogenomics PODs being within tenfold of those derived from apical endpoints. We identified at least four approaches that produce BMDs that are effective estimates of apical PODs across multiple sampling time points. Our results support that a variety of approaches can be used to derive reproducible transcriptional PODs that are consistent with PODs produced from traditional methods for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farmahin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nikolai L Chepelev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Russell S Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ivan H Curran
- Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andy Nong
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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26
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Labib S, Williams A, Kuo B, Yauk CL, White PA, Halappanavar S. A framework for the use of single-chemical transcriptomics data in predicting the hazards associated with complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2599-2616. [PMID: 27858113 PMCID: PMC5489644 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The assumption of additivity applied in the risk assessment of environmental mixtures containing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated using transcriptomics. MutaTMMouse were gavaged for 28 days with three doses of eight individual PAHs, two defined mixtures of PAHs, or coal tar, an environmentally ubiquitous complex mixture of PAHs. Microarrays were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissue collected 3 days post-exposure. Cancer-related pathways perturbed by the individual or mixtures of PAHs were identified, and dose–response modeling of the DEGs was conducted to calculate gene/pathway benchmark doses (BMDs). Individual PAH-induced pathway perturbations (the median gene expression changes for all genes in a pathway relative to controls) and pathway BMDs were applied to models of additivity [i.e., concentration addition (CA), generalized concentration addition (GCA), and independent action (IA)] to generate predicted pathway-specific dose–response curves for each PAH mixture. The predicted and observed pathway dose–response curves were compared to assess the sensitivity of different additivity models. Transcriptomics-based additivity calculation showed that IA accurately predicted the pathway perturbations induced by all mixtures of PAHs. CA did not support the additivity assumption for the defined mixtures; however, GCA improved the CA predictions. Moreover, pathway BMDs derived for coal tar were comparable to BMDs derived from previously published coal tar-induced mouse lung tumor incidence data. These results suggest that in the absence of tumor incidence data, individual chemical-induced transcriptomics changes associated with cancer can be used to investigate the assumption of additivity and to predict the carcinogenic potential of a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Labib
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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27
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Long AS, Watson M, Arlt VM, White PA. Oral exposure to commercially available coal tar-based pavement sealcoat induces murine genetic damage and mutations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:535-45. [PMID: 27473530 PMCID: PMC4979669 DOI: 10.1002/em.22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Coal tar (CT) is a thick black liquid produced as a by-product of coal carbonization to produce coke or manufactured gas. It is comprised a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds, including a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are genotoxic and carcinogenic. CT is used in some pavement sealants (also known as sealcoat), which are applied to pavement in order to seal and beautify the surface. Human exposure is known to occur not only during application, but also as a result of the weathering process, as elevated levels of PAHs have been found in settled house dust in residences adjacent to CT-sealed surfaces. In this study we examined the genotoxicity of an extract of a commercially available CT-based sealcoat in the transgenic Muta™Mouse model. Mice were orally exposed to 3 doses of sealcoat extract daily for 28 days. We evaluated genotoxicity by examining: (1) stable DNA adducts and (2) lacZ mutations in bone marrow, liver, lung, small intestine, and glandular stomach, as well as (3) micronucleated red blood cells. Significant increases were seen for each endpoint and in all tissues. The potency of the response differed across tissues, with the highest frequency of adducts occurring in liver and lung, and the highest frequency of mutations occurring in small intestine. The results of this study are the first demonstration of mammalian genotoxicity following exposure to CT-containing pavement sealcoat. This work provides in vivo evidence to support the contention that there may be adverse health effects in mammals, and potentially in humans, from exposure to coal tar. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:535-545, 2016. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Long
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Mechanistic Studies DivisionEnvironmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Margaret Watson
- Mechanistic Studies DivisionEnvironmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences DivisionMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul A. White
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Mechanistic Studies DivisionEnvironmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
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28
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Long AS, Lemieux CL, Arlt VM, White PA. Tissue-specific in vivo genetic toxicity of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessed using the Muta™Mouse transgenic rodent assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:31-42. [PMID: 26603514 PMCID: PMC4712826 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Test batteries to screen chemicals for mutagenic hazard include several endpoints regarded as effective for detecting genotoxic carcinogens. Traditional in vivo methods primarily examine clastogenic endpoints in haematopoietic tissues. Although this approach is effective for identifying systemically distributed clastogens, some mutagens may not induce clastogenic effects; moreover, genotoxic effects may be restricted to the site of contact and/or related tissues. An OECD test guideline for transgenic rodent (TGR) gene mutation assays was released in 2011, and the TGR assays permit assessment of mutagenicity in any tissue. This study assessed the responses of two genotoxicity endpoints following sub-chronic oral exposures of male Muta™Mouse to 9 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Clastogenicity was assessed via induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood, and mutagenicity via induction of lacZ transgene mutations in bone marrow, glandular stomach, small intestine, liver, and lung. Additionally, the presence of bulky PAH-DNA adducts was examined. Five of the 9 PAHs elicited positive results across all endpoints in at least one tissue, and no PAHs were negative or equivocal across all endpoints. All PAHs were positive for lacZ mutations in at least one tissue (sensitivity=100%), and for 8 PAHs, one or more initial sites of chemical contact (i.e., glandular stomach, liver, small intestine) yielded a greater response than bone marrow. Five PAHs were positive in the micronucleus assay (sensitivity=56%). Furthermore, all PAHs produced DNA adducts in at least one tissue. The results demonstrate the utility of the TGR assay for mutagenicity assessment, especially for compounds that may not be systemically distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Long
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Christine L Lemieux
- Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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