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Bohlen D, Karlstetter D, Leidner J, Kremer JI, Kirsch V, Eisenbrand G, Bakuradze T, Stegmüller S, Richling E. Dosimetry of human exposure to furan and 2-methylfuran by monitoring urinary biomarkers. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114774. [PMID: 38824992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) can form during food processing and accumulate in foods at various concentrations depending on processing technology and beverage/meal preparation methods applied prior to consumption. Here, we report a controlled dosimetry study with 20 volunteers (10 male, 10 female) to monitor dietary furan/2-MF exposure. The volunteers followed an eleven-day furan/2-MF-restricted diet in which they consumed freshly prepared coffee brew containing known amounts of furan and 2-MF on two separate occasions (250 mL and 500 mL on days 4 and 8, respectively). Urine was collected over the whole study period and analyzed for key metabolites derived from the primary oxidative furan metabolite cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) (i.e., Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA and cyclic GSH-BDA) and the primary 2-MF metabolite acetylacrolein (AcA, 4-oxo-pent-2-enal) (i.e., Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA). A previously established stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) method was utilized. Excretion kinetics revealed two peaks (at 0-2 and 24-36 h) for AcLys-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLysAcA and LysAcA, whereas GSH-BDA showed a single peak. Notably, women on average excreted the metabolite GSH-BDA slightly faster than men, indicating gender differences. Overall, the study provided further insights into the spectrum of possible biomarkers of furan and 2-methyfuran metabolites occurring in the urine of volunteers after coffee consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bohlen
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - D Karlstetter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - J Leidner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - J I Kremer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - V Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - T Bakuradze
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Stegmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - E Richling
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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2
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Kalisch C, Reiter M, Krieger M, Wüst L, Klotz C, Dekant R, Lachenmeier DW, Scherf-Clavel O, Mally A. Validation of putative biomarkers of furan exposure through quantitative analysis of furan metabolites in urine of F344 rats exposed to stable isotope labeled furan. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1741-1756. [PMID: 38573339 PMCID: PMC11106183 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Humans are chronically exposed to furan, a potent liver toxicant and carcinogen that occurs in a variety of heat-processed foods. Assessment of human exposure based on the furan content in foods is, however, subject to some uncertainty due to the high volatility of furan. Biomarker monitoring is thus considered an alternative or complementary approach to furan exposure assessment. Previous work suggested that urinary furan metabolites derived from the reaction of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), the reactive intermediate of furan, with glutathione (GSH) or amino acids may serve as potential biomarkers of furan exposure. However, some metabolites were also reported to occur in urine of untreated animals, indicating either background contamination via animal feed or endogenous sources, which may limit their suitability as biomarkers of exposure. The overall aim of the present study was to accurately establish the correlation between external dose and concentration of furan metabolites in urine over time and to discriminate against endogenous formation and furan intake via feed. To this end, the furan metabolites GSH-BDA (N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-L-cysteinylglycine), NAcLys-BDA (R-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid), NAcCys-BDA-NAcLys (N-acetyl-S-[1-[5-(acetylamino)-5-carboxypentyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine) and NAcCys-BDA-NAcLys sulfoxide (N-acetyl-S-[1-[5-(acetylamino)-5-carboxypentyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide) were simultaneously analyzed by stable isotope dilution ESI-LC-MS/MS as unlabeled and [13C4]-furan dependent metabolites following oral administration of a single oral dose of isotopically labelled [13C4]-furan (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/kg bw) to male and female F344/DuCrl rats. Although a linear correlation between urinary excretion of [13C4]-furan-dependent metabolites was observed, analysis of unlabeled NAcLys-BDA, NAcCys-BDA-NAcLys and NAcCys-BDA-NAcLys sulfoxide revealed substantial, fairly constant urinary background levels throughout the course of the study. Analysis of furan in animal feed excluded feed as a source for these background levels. GSH-BDA was identified as the only furan metabolite without background occurrence, suggesting that it may present a specific biomarker to monitor external furan exposure. Studies in humans are now needed to establish if analysis of urinary GSH-BDA may provide reliable exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kalisch
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Reiter
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Krieger
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - L Wüst
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Klotz
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Zhang X, Li Z. Assessing chronic gestational exposure to environmental chemicals in pregnant women: Advancing the co-PBK model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118160. [PMID: 38199464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and their fetuses, confront potential health risks due to exposure to environmental toxic compounds. Computational methods have been popular in assessing chemical exposure to populations, contrasting with traditional cohort studies for human biomonitoring. This study proposes a screening-level approach based on physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling to evaluate the steady-state exposure of pregnant women to environmental chemicals throughout pregnancy. To exemplify the modeling application, naphthalene was chosen. Simulation results indicated that maternal fat exhibited significant bioaccumulation potential, with the log-transformed BTF of naphthalene at 0.51 mg kg-1 per mg d-1 in the steady state. The placenta was primarily exposed to 0.83 mg/d naphthalene for a 75.2 kg pregnant woman, considering all exposure routes. In the fetal structure, single-organ fetal PBK modeling estimated a naphthalene exposure of 123.64 mg/d to the entire fetus, while multiple-organ fetal PBK modeling further revealed the bioaccumulation highest in fat tissue. The liver identified as the vital organ for metabolism, kBioT,LiverM was demonstrated with the highest sensitivity among rate constants in the maternal body. Furthermore, the first-order kinetic rate constants related to the placenta and blood were found to impact the distribution process of naphthalene in the fetus, influencing gestational exposure. In conclusion, urgent attention is needed to develop a computational biomonitoring tool for assessing toxic chemical exposure in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Zhang Y, He H, Meng D, Zhu L, Jia W, Liu S, Jiao J, Ren R, Zhang Y. Rewiring cis-2-butene-1,4-dial mediated urinary metabolomics fingerprints of short-term exposure to furan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170946. [PMID: 38360302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Furan represents one of the dietary-sourced persistent organic pollutants and thermal processing contaminants. Given its widespread occurrence in food and various toxicological effects, accurately assessing furan exposure is essential for informing public health risks. Furan is metabolized to a reactive primary product, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) upon absorption. Some of the resulting BDA-derived metabolites have been proposed as potential exposure biomarkers of furan. However, the lack of quantification for recognized and feasible furan biomarkers has hampered the development of internal exposure risk assessment of furan. In this study, we employed reliable non-targeted metabolomics techniques to uncover urinary furan metabolites and elucidate their chemical structures. We characterized 8 reported and 11 new furan metabolites derived from the binding of BDA with glutathione (GSH), biogenic amines, and/or amino acids in the urine of male rats subjected to varying doses of furan. Notably, a mono-GSH-BDA adduct named cyclic GSH-BDA emerged as a highly prospective specific biomarker of furan exposure, as determined by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Cyclic GSH-BDA demonstrated a robust mass spectrometry ion response intensity and exhibited evident time- and dose response. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive profiling of the kinetics of potential furan biomarkers over time to capture the metabolic dynamics of furan in vivo. Most urinary furan metabolites reached peak concentrations at either the first (3 h) or second (6 h) sampling time point and were largely eliminated within 36 h following furan treatment. The present study provides novel insights into furan metabolism and sheds light on the biomonitoring of furan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huali He
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Denghui Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoying Liu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang University School of Public Health; Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren Ren
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Shimamura Y, Wada Y, Tashiro M, Honda H, Masuda S. A comparison of the exposure system of glycidol-related chemicals on the formation of glycidol-hemoglobin adducts. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:471-480. [PMID: 38268888 PMCID: PMC10804089 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycidol fatty acid esters that are present in foods are degraded in vivo to the animal carcinogen glycidol, which binds to the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin (Hb) to form N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal) adducts. The existence of other chemicals that are converted to glycidol is unknown. To determine the effect of different exposure conditions on the formation of diHOPrVal adducts, several glycidol-related chemicals (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol; 3-MCPD, epichlorohydrin, glyceraldehyde, acrylic acid, and 1,2-propanediol) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo (single/repeated dose) methods. In vitro, the reaction of 3-MCPD or epichlorohydrin with human Hb produced 17% and 0.7% of diHOPrVal, as compared to equimolar glycidol, respectively. Following a single administration of glycidol-related compounds to ICR mice, diHOPrVal formation was observed only in the epichlorohydrin-treated group after day 5 of exposure. After 14 days of repeated dosing, the amounts of diHOPrVal produced by epichlorohydrin and 3-MCPD in vivo were <1% of diHOPrVal produced by an equal molar concentration of glycidol. Furthermore, glyceraldehyde group produced 0.2% of diHOPrVal at the same molar concentration of glycidol equivalents, in which diHOPrVal formation could not be confirmed by the in vitro assay. The results indicate the usefulness of diHOPrVal as an exposure marker for glycidol; however, the contribution of its formation in vivo by exposure to various chemicals will be necessary to validate and interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Yuri Wada
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Moeka Tashiro
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao CorporationTochigiJapan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
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Bates CA, Haber LT, Moore MM, Schoeny R, Maier A. Development of a framework for risk assessment of dietary carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114022. [PMID: 37716495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there are a number of guidance documents and frameworks for evaluation of carcinogenicity, none of the current methods fully reflects the state of the science. Common limitations include the absence of dose-response assessment and not considering the impact of differing exposure patterns (e.g., intermittent, high peaks vs. lower, continuous exposures). To address these issues, we have developed a framework for risk assessment of dietary carcinogens. This framework includes an enhanced approach for weight of evidence (WOE) evaluation for genetic toxicology data, with a focus on evaluating studies based on the most recent testing guidance to determine whether a chemical is a mutagen. Included alongside our framework is a discussion of resources for evaluating tissue dose and the temporal pattern of internal dose, taking into account the chemical's toxicokinetics. The framework then integrates the mode of action (MOA) and associated dose metric category with the exposure data to identify the appropriate approach(es) to low-dose extrapolation and level of concern associated with the exposure scenario. This framework provides risk managers with additional flexibility in risk management and risk communication options, beyond the binary choice of linear low-dose extrapolation vs. application of uncertainty factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne T Haber
- Risk Science Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA
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Sciacca S, Lo Giudice A, Asmundo MG, Cimino S, Alshatwi AA, Morgia G, Ferro M, Russo GI. Prostate Cancer Severity in Relation to Level of Food Processing. Nutrients 2023; 15:4010. [PMID: 37764793 PMCID: PMC10537278 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of food processing has gained interest as a potential determinant of human health. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the level of food processing and prostate cancer severity. METHODS A sample of 120 consecutive patients were examined for the following: their dietary habits, assessed through validated food frequency questionnaires; their dietary intake of food groups, categorized according to the NOVA classification; and their severity of prostate cancer, categorized into risk groups according to European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between the variables of interest. RESULTS Individuals reporting a higher consumption of unprocessed/minimally processed foods were less likely to have greater prostate cancer severity than those who consumed less of them in the energy-adjusted model (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-0.84, p = 0.017 and OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.91, p = 0.032 for medium/high vs. low grade and high vs. medium/low grade prostate cancers, respectively); however, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, the association was not significant anymore. A borderline association was also found between a higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and greater prostate cancer severity in the energy-adjusted model (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 0.998-4.44; p = 0.051), but again the association was not significant anymore after adjusting for the other covariates. CONCLUSIONS The level of food processing seems not to be independently associated with prostate cancer severity, while potentially related to other factors that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacca
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), Viagrande, 95029 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Arturo Lo Giudice
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.L.G.); (M.G.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Asmundo
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.L.G.); (M.G.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Cimino
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.L.G.); (M.G.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Ali A. Alshatwi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giuseppe Morgia
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), Viagrande, 95029 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Ivan Russo
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.L.G.); (M.G.A.); (S.C.)
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8
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Kremer JI, Karlstetter D, Kirsch V, Bohlen D, Klier C, Rotermund J, Thomas H, Lang L, Becker H, Bakuradze T, Stegmüller S, Richling E. Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis (SIDA) to Determine Metabolites of Furan and 2-Methylfuran in Human Urine Samples: A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:1011. [PMID: 37755292 PMCID: PMC10535680 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) are food contaminants that are classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans. The main source of exposure for adults via food is coffee consumption. Furan and 2-MF are volatile, which complicates exposure assessment because their content measured in food prior to consumption does not afford a reliable dosimetry. Therefore, other ways of exposure assessment need to be developed, preferably by monitoring exposure biomarkers, e.g., selected metabolites excreted in urine. In this study, cis-2-buten-1,4-dial (BDA)-derived urinary furan metabolites Lys-BDA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid), AcLys-BDA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid) and GSH-BDA (N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-cysteinyl-glycine cyclic sulfide), as well as acetyl acrolein (AcA, 2-oxo-pent-2-enal)-derived metabolites Lys-AcA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and AcLys-AcA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and their stable isotopically labeled analogs, were synthesized and characterized through NMR and MS, and a stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was established. As a proof of concept, urinary samples of a four-day human intervention study were used. In the frame of this study, ten subjects ingested 500 mL of coffee containing 0.648 µmol furan and 1.059 µmol 2-MF. Among the furan metabolites, AcLys-BDA was the most abundant, followed by Lys-BDA and GSH-BDA. Exposure to 2-MF via the coffee brew led to the formation of Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA. Within 24 h, 89.1% of the ingested amount of furan and 15.4% of the ingested amount of 2-MF were detected in the urine in the form of the investigated metabolites. Therefore, GSH-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA, Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA may be suitable as short-term-exposure biomarkers of furan and 2-MF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elke Richling
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (J.I.K.); (D.K.); (V.K.); (D.B.); (C.K.); (J.R.); (H.T.); (L.L.); (H.B.); (T.B.); (S.S.)
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9
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Houle E, Li Y, Schroder M, McRitchie SL, Rahil T, Sites CK, Sumner SJ, Pilsner JR. Exploring the internal exposome of seminal plasma with semen quality and live birth: A Pilot Study. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69:296-309. [PMID: 37098216 PMCID: PMC11144350 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2023.2195964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is clinically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse and affects 15% of couples worldwide. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers that can accurately predict male reproductive health and couples' reproductive success is of major public health significance. The objective of this pilot study is to test whether untargeted metabolomics is capable of discriminating reproductive outcomes and understand associations between the internal exposome of seminal plasma and the reproductive outcomes of semen quality and live birth among ten participants undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Springfield, MA. We hypothesize that seminal plasma offers a novel biological matrix by which untargeted metabolomics is able to discern male reproductive status and predict reproductive success. The internal exposome data was acquired using UHPLC-HR-MS on randomized seminal plasma samples at UNC at Chapel Hill. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate analyses were used to visualize the differentiation of phenotypic groups classified by men with normal or low semen quality based on World Health Organization guidelines as well as by successful ART: live birth or no live birth. Over 100 exogenous metabolites, including environmentally relevant metabolites, ingested food components, drugs and medications, and metabolites relevant to microbiome-xenobiotic interaction, were identified and annotated from the seminal plasma samples, through matching against the NC HHEAR hub in-house experimental standard library. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, vitamin A metabolism, and histidine metabolism were associated sperm quality; while pathways involving vitamin A metabolism, C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and Omega-3 fatty acid metabolism distinguished live birth groups. Taken together, these pilot results suggest that seminal plasma is a novel matrix to study the influence of the internal exposome on reproductive health outcomes. Future research aims to increase the sample size to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Houle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - YuanYuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Madison Schroder
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Susan L McRitchie
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Tayyab Rahil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia K Sites
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - J. Richard Pilsner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Guth S, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Engel KH, Engeli B, Epe B, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Hengstler JG, Henle T, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lachenmeier DW, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Roth A, Spranger J, Stadler R, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Eisenbrand G. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of acrylamide: Arguments for the derivation of a tolerable daily intake (TDI value). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113632. [PMID: 36708862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) presents arguments for an updated risk assessment of diet-related exposure to acrylamide (AA), based on a critical review of scientific evidence relevant to low dose exposure. The SKLM arrives at the conclusion that as long as an appropriate exposure limit for AA is not exceeded, genotoxic effects resulting in carcinogenicity are unlikely to occur. Based on the totality of the evidence, the SKLM considers it scientifically justified to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) as a health-based guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Henle
- Department of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Route du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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11
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Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Oike M, Wada Y, Honda H, Masuda S. Potential Role of Lipase Activity on the Internal Exposure Assessment of Glycidol Released from Its Fatty Acid Esters. TOXICS 2023; 11:175. [PMID: 36851049 PMCID: PMC9961728 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) can be found in food, and they can be converted into genotoxic animal carcinogen glycidol in vivo by the action of lipase. This study examined whether human ingestion of charbroiled pork containing high levels of GEs (300 µg/day) increased glycidol-hemoglobin adduct (diHOPrVal), a marker of internal exposure to glycidol using LC-MS/MS. Contrary to expectation, the diHOPrVal value before ingesting charbroiled pork was 3.11 ± 1.10 pmol/g globin, which slightly decreased to 2.48 ± 0.47 pmol/g globin after 5 days of consumption. The decrease in lipase activity caused by the continuous consumption of lipid-rich foods such as meat in humans might decrease internal exposure to glycidol released from its esters. Thus, lipase activity was measured in C57/BL6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, and diHOPrVal formation was measured after the administration of glycidyl oleate. Lipase activity was significantly lower in the HFD group than in the normal diet group. The amount of diHOPrVal was reduced in the HFD group. Therefore, the lipase activity was reduced by HFD, thereby decreasing the degradation of glycidol from glycidyl oleate. These results indicate that changes in lipase activity depending on the amount of lipids in the diet may affect the assessment of GEs exposure, and monitoring the lipase activity would provide a comprehensive understanding of exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minami Oike
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuri Wada
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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12
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Wan X, Zhang Y, Gao S, Shen X, Jia W, Pan X, Zhuang P, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Machine learning prediction of exposure to acrylamide based on modelling of association between dietary exposure and internal biomarkers. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113498. [PMID: 36328216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of acrylamide in various thermal processing food products poses a potential health risk for the public. An accurate exposure assessment is crucial to the risk evaluation of acrylamide. Machine learning emerging as a powerful computational tool for prediction was employed to establish the association between internal exposure and dietary exposure to acrylamide among a Chinese cohort of middle-aged and elderly population (n = 1,272). Five machine learning regression models were constructed and compared to predict the daily dietary acrylamide exposure based on urinary biomarkers including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine-sulfoxide (AAMA-sul), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (iso-GAMA). Other important covariates such as age, gender, physical activities, and total energy intake were also considered as predictors in the models. Average dietary intake of acrylamide among Chinese elderly participants was 8.9 μg/day, while average urinary contents of AAMA, AAMA-sul, GAMA, and iso-GAMA were 52.2, 19.1, 4.4, and 1.7 nmol/g Ucr (urine creatinine), respectively. Support vector regression (SVR) model showed the best prediction performance with a R of 0.415, followed by light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model (R = 0.396), adjusted multiple linear regression (MLR) model (R = 0.378), neural networks (NN) model (R = 0.365), MLR model (R = 0.363), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model (R = 0.337). The present study firstly correlated dietary exposure with internal exposure to acrylamide among Chinese elderly population, providing an innovative perspective for the exposure assessment of acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingqi Pan
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Fernández SF, Pardo O, Coscollà C, Yusà V. Risk assessment of the exposure of Spanish children to acrylamide using human biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119319. [PMID: 35439595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is an organic contaminant that naturally forms in starchy foods during high-temperature cooking under low-moisture conditions. It is mainly produced from the sugars and amino acids present in food by the Maillard reaction. When humans are exposed to AA, AA is eliminated in the urine as mercapturic acid conjugates, primarily including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA3), and N-acetyl-3-[(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)sulfinyl]-L-alanine (AAMA-Sul), which are used as exposure biomarkers of AA in human biomonitoring studies. Although the carcinogenic effects of AA on humans have not been demonstrated yet, some studies have shown that AA may negatively affect children's health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure of Spanish children (n = 612) to AA. For this purpose, the levels of AAMA, AAMA-Sul, and GAMA3 in first-morning urine samples were analyzed by "dilute and shoot" and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The three metabolites were detected in all the children involved in this study in the following order (geometric mean (GM)): AAMA (79 ng ml-1) > AAMA-Sul (28 ng ml-1) > GAMA3 (18 ng ml-1). Statistical analysis suggested that the intake of fried potato products and biscuits could be associated with higher levels of AA metabolites in urine. Estimated daily intakes of AA in the children under study were in the range of 1.2-1.5 μg AA·kg-body weight-1·day-1 (GM). Risk assessment calculations indicate that the health risk of AA exposure cannot be overlooked and the exposure of Spanish children to AA should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avenida Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avenida Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Public Health Directorate of Valencia, Avenida Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avenida Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avenida Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Avenida Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Simultaneous quantification of eight hemoglobin adducts of genotoxic substances by isotope-dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5805-5815. [PMID: 35655100 PMCID: PMC9293867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various genotoxic carcinogens ubiquitously present in the human environment or respective reactive metabolites form adducts in DNA and proteins, which can be used as biomarkers of internal exposure. For example, the mass spectrometric determination of Val adducts at the N-termini of hemoglobin (Hb) peptide chains after cleavage by an Edman degradation has a long tradition in occupational medicine. We developed a novel isotope-dilution UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of Val adducts of eight genotoxic substances in Hb after cleavage with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FIRE procedure™). The following adducts were included [sources in square brackets]: N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-Val [glycidol], N-(2-carbamoylethyl)-Val [acrylamide], N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-Val [glycidamide], N-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-Val [furfuryl alcohol], N-(trans-isoestragole-3′-yl)-Val [estragole/anethole], N-(3-ketopentyl)-Val [1-penten-3-one], N-(3-ketooctanyl)-Val [1-octene-3-one], and N-benzyl-Val [benzyl chloride], each of which was quantified with a specific isotope-labeled standard. The limits of quantification were between 0.014 and 3.6 pmol/g Hb (using 35 mg Hb per analysis); other validation parameters were satisfactory according to guidelines of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The quantification in erythrocyte samples of human adults (proof of principle) showed that the median levels of Hb adducts of acrylamide, glycidamide, and glycidol were found to be significantly lower in six non-smokers (25.9, 12.2, and 4.7 pmol/g Hb, respectively) compared to those of six smokers (69.0, 44.2, and 8.6 pmol/g Hb, respectively). In summary, the method surpasses former techniques of Hb adduct quantification due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and accuracy. It can be extended continuously with other Hb adducts and will be used in epidemiological studies on internal exposure to carcinogens.
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15
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Rietjens IMCM, Michael A, Bolt HM, Siméon B, Andrea H, Nils H, Christine K, Angela M, Gloria P, Daniel R, Natalie T, Gerhard E. The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The "totality" of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arand Michael
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann M Bolt
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Hartwig Andrea
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hinrichsen Nils
- Food Oils and Fats Research, ADM Hamburg AG, Research, Seehafenstraße 24, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kalisch Christine
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mally Angela
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Gloria
- Scientific Affairs and Research, Luigi Lavazza SpA, Strada Settimo, 410, 10156, Turin, Italy
| | - Ribera Daniel
- Regulatory and Scientific Affairs EMEA, Cargill R&D, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vivoorde, Belgium
| | - Thatcher Natalie
- Food Safety, Mondelez International, Bournville Lane, Birmingham, B30 2LU, UK
| | - Eisenbrand Gerhard
- Department of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Abraham K, Trefflich I, Gauch F, Weikert C. Nutritional Intake and Biomarker Status in Strict Raw Food Eaters. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091725. [PMID: 35565694 PMCID: PMC9105765 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a strict raw food diet (primarily based on fresh fruit and raw vegetables, waiving any consumption of heated or processed food) has the risk of undersupply of energy and certain macro- and micronutrients. In this cross-sectional study, we compared 16 non-smoking strict raw food eaters (5 women and 11 men, age 44.6 ± 12.3 years, duration of following the diet 11.6 ± 10.8 years) with the non-smoking participants (32 vegans, 27 omnivores) of the "Risk and Benefits of a Vegan Diet" (RBVD) study. We investigated body composition, dietary intake from 3-day weighed food records, and relevant fasting blood and serum parameters. Food choice and dietary behavior were very heterogenic in raw food eaters. They had lower mean values of BMI and percentage of body fat than the respective RBVD participants. The same holds true for energy supply and intakes of protein, carbohydrate, calcium and iodine. Serum levels revealed lower levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, zinc, and vitamin D3. The raw food eaters with (n = 9) and without (n = 7) supplementation of vitamin B12 had median vitamin B12 levels of 399 and 152 ng/L, respectively. Accordingly, eight raw food eaters (50%) had homocysteine levels above 12 µmol/L. The study allows a close look at strict raw food eaters with respect to possible dietary deficiencies, but also provides insights into motivations and daily life.
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17
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González N, Marquès M, Calderón J, Collantes R, Corraliza L, Timoner I, Bosch J, Castell V, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Occurrence and dietary intake of food processing contaminants (FPCs) in Catalonia, Spain. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Jia W, Zhuang P, Wang Q, Wan X, Mao L, Chen X, Miao H, Chen D, Ren Y, Zhang Y. Urinary non-targeted toxicokinetics and metabolic fingerprinting of exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol from refined edible oils. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Quesada-Valverde M, Artavia G, Granados-Chinchilla F, Cortés-Herrera C. Acrylamide in foods: from regulation and registered levels to chromatographic analysis, nutritional relevance, exposure, mitigation approaches, and health effects. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2018611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Quesada-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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20
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Shimamura Y, Okuda A, Ichikawa K, Inagaki R, Ito S, Honda H, Masuda S. Factors Influencing the Formation of Chemical-Hemoglobin Adducts. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010002. [PMID: 35051044 PMCID: PMC8780222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts have been used as biomarkers for the internal exposure to chemicals. Simultaneous exposure to chemicals that bond with the N-terminal valine of Hb to form adducts, such as glycidol, acrylamide, and glucose, may affect the formation of the individual Hb adducts. In this study, various factors influencing the formation of chemical–Hb adducts were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo systems. In the in vitro assays, the formation of glycidol– and acrylamide–Hb adducts was altered in the presence of glucose, serum albumin, and other chemicals. In contrast, in the in vivo experiments, glycidol– and acrylamide–Hb adduct formation was unchanged in mice exposed to glycidol and acrylamide. The interaction between glycidol and acrylamide with residues other than the N-terminal valine of Hb was analyzed using the protein thermal shift assay. Glycidol and acrylamide also interacted with amino acid residues other than the N-terminal valine of Hb. The presence of other blood components, such as amino acids, may affect the formation of chemical–Hb adducts. Further research is expected to elucidate the remaining unknown factors that affect the formation of chemical–Hb adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Akina Okuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Kenya Ichikawa
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, KAO Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-264-5528
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21
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Brunmair J, Bileck A, Stimpfl T, Raible F, Del Favero G, Meier-Menches SM, Gerner C. Metabo-tip: a metabolomics platform for lifestyle monitoring supporting the development of novel strategies in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:141-153. [PMID: 34188726 PMCID: PMC8192631 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Exposure to bioactive compounds from nutrition, pharmaceuticals, environmental contaminants or other lifestyle habits may affect the human organism. To gain insight into the effects of these influences, as well as the fundamental biochemical mechanisms behind them, individual molecular profiling seems to be a promising tool and may support the further development of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. METHODS We developed an assay, called metabo-tip for the analysis of sweat, collected from fingertips, using mass spectrometry-by far the most comprehensive and sensitive method for such analyses. To evaluate this assay, we exposed volunteers to various xenobiotics using standardised protocols and investigated their metabolic response. RESULTS As early as 15 min after the consumption of a cup of coffee, 50 g of dark chocolate or a serving of citrus fruits, significant changes in the sweat composition of the fingertips were observed, providing relevant information in regard to the ingested substances. This included not only health-promoting bioactive compounds but also potential hazardous substances. Furthermore, the identification of metabolites from orally ingested medications such as metamizole indicated the applicability of this assay to observe specific enzymatic processes in a personalised fashion. Remarkably, we found that the sweat composition fluctuated in a diurnal rhythm, supporting the hypothesis that the composition of sweat can be influenced by endogenous metabolic activities. This was further corroborated by the finding that histamine was significantly increased in the metabo-tip assay in individuals with allergic reactions. CONCLUSION Metabo-tip analysis may have a large number of practical applications due to its analytical power, non-invasive character and the potential of frequent sampling, especially regarding the individualised monitoring of specific lifestyle and influencing factors. The extraordinarily rich individualised metabolomics data provided by metabo-tip offer direct access to individual metabolic activities and will thus support predictive preventive personalised medicine. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-021-00241-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brunmair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stimpfl
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Raible
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Ni R, Wang P, Zhan P, Tian H, Li T. Effects of different frying temperatures on the aroma profiles of fried mountain pepper (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) oils and characterization of their key odorants. Food Chem 2021; 357:129786. [PMID: 33984740 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fried mountain pepper (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) oil is widely used as a traditional spice flavoring oil in Chinese home cooking. To investigate the effects of different frying temperatures on the aroma of fried mountain pepper oil (FPO), four FPO samples were analyzed by descriptive sensory analysis (DSA), E-nose, gas chromatography-olfactometry/detection frequency analysis (GC-O/DFA) and odor activity value (OAV) calculation. DSA and E-nose results both indicated that significant differences existed among 4 FPOs, among which FPO3 showed superiority in several sensory attributes. 16 and 20 aroma-active compounds were screened by DFA and OAV, respectively. Thereafter, three aroma recombination models were performed, and results indicated the model solution derived from the combination of OAV and DFA was more closely resembled the FPO aroma. Omission tests corroborated the significant contributions of 11 compounds (1-octen-3-ol, linalool, geraniol, nonanal, (E)-2-octenal, citral, citronellal, limonene, α-pinene, β-myrcene and methylheptenone) to the characteristic aroma of FPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Ni
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China; The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710100, China.
| | - Honglei Tian
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China; Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; Shaanxi Provincial Research Center of Functional Food Engineering Technology, Xi'an 710100, China.
| | - Ting Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
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23
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Owumi SE, Bello SA, Idowu TB, Arunsi UO, Oyelere AK. Protocatechuic acid protects against hepatorenal toxicities in rats exposed to Furan. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1840-1850. [PMID: 33645375 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1890109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Furan formed in processed food is hepatotoxic and likely carcinogenic in humans. We investigated protocatechuic acid (PCA) protective role in rats' hepatorenal function treated with furan. Rats were grouped and treated as follows: Control, PCA (50 mg/kg), furan alone (8 mg/kg), furan + PCA1 (25 + 8 mg/kg), and furan + PCA2 (50 + 8 mg/kg). Upon sacrifice, evaluation of hepatorenal function, oxidative stress status, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, among nitric oxide (NO) levels were performed. Cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-1ß, TNF-alpha), Caspase 3 and 9 activities, and histopathological examination were also assessed. We found that the final body and relative liver weights changed significantly (p < 0.05) in treated groups. Hepatic transaminases, urea, and creatinine increased (p < 0.05) in furan only treated group, and reduced in PCA co-treated groups. The furan-induced decrease in antioxidant status increased RONS, and LPO levels were alleviated (p < 0.05) by PCA co-treatment. Furthermore, furan-mediated increase in NO, IL-1ß, TNF-alpha levels, MPO, Cas-3, and 9 activities and suppressed IL-10 levels was reversed accordingly in rats' kidney and liver co-treated with PCA. The extent of furan-mediated hepatorenal lesions was lessened in PCA co-treated rats. Our findings suggest that PCA protects against oxido-inflammatory pathways, enhanced caspases 3 and 9 activations induced by furan in rat hepatorenal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A Bello
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitope B Idowu
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Uche O Arunsi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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He NX, Bayen S. An overview of chemical contaminants and other undesirable chemicals in alcoholic beverages and strategies for analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3916-3950. [PMID: 33337040 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of chemical contaminant in alcoholic beverages is a widespread and notable problem with potential implications for human health. With the complexity and wide variation in the raw materials, production processes, and contact materials involved, there are a multitude of opportunities for a diverse host of undesirable compounds to make their way into the final product-some of which may currently remain unidentified and undetected. This review provides an overview of the notable contaminants (including pesticides, environmental contaminants, mycotoxins, process-induced contaminants, residues of food contact material [FCM], and illegal additives) that have been detected in alcoholic products thus far based on prior reviews and findings in the literature, and will additionally consider the potential sources for contamination, and finally discuss and identify gaps in current analytical strategies. The findings of this review highlight a need for further investigation into unwanted substances in alcoholic beverages, particularly concerning chemical migrants from FCMs, as well as a need for comprehensive nontargeted analytical techniques capable of determining unanticipated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Xiaohe He
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Honda H, Masuda S. Does External Exposure of Glycidol-Related Chemicals Influence the Forming of the Hemoglobin Adduct, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine, as a Biomarker of Internal Exposure to Glycidol? TOXICS 2020; 8:E119. [PMID: 33322119 PMCID: PMC7768507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) are constituents of edible oils and fats, and are converted into glycidol, a genotoxic substance, in vivo. N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal), a hemoglobin adduct of glycidol, is used as a biomarker of glycidol and GE exposure. However, high background levels of diHOPrVal are not explained by daily dietary exposure to glycidol and GE. In the present study, several glycidol-related chemicals (glycidol, (±)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, glycidyl oleate, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde) that might be precursors of diHOPrVal, were administered to mice, and diHOPrVal formation from each substance was examined with LC-MS/MS. DiHOPrVal was detected in animals treated with glycidol and glycidyl oleate but not in mice treated with other chemicals (3-MCPD, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde). The amount of diHOPrVal per administered dose produced from other chemicals was negligible compared to the amounts associated with dietary glycidol and GE. The present study provides important knowledge for exploring other sources for internal exposure to glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- KAO Corporation, R&D Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
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26
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Stegmüller S, Beißmann N, Kremer JI, Mehl D, Baumann C, Richling E. A New UPLC-qTOF Approach for Elucidating Furan and 2-Methylfuran Metabolites in Human Urine Samples after Coffee Consumption. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215104. [PMID: 33153167 PMCID: PMC7663408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated urine samples after coffee consumption using targeted and untargeted approaches to identify furan and 2-methylfuran metabolites in urine samples by UPLC-qToF. The aim was to establish a fast, robust, and time-saving method involving ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-qToF-MS/MS). The developed method detected previously reported metabolites, such as Lys-BDA, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal or in vitro studies. The developed UPLC-qToF method detected previously reported metabolites, such as lysine-cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (Lys-BDA) adducts, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal and in vitro studies. In sum, the UPLC-qToF approach provides additional information that may be valuable in future human or animal intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stegmüller
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Nadine Beißmann
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Jonathan Isaak Kremer
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Denise Mehl
- AB SCIEX Germany GmbH, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (D.M.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Elke Richling
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax.: +0049-631-205-4061 (ext. 3085)
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27
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Abraham K, Hielscher J, Kuhlmann J, Monien BH. Urinary Excretion of 2/3-Monochloropropanediol (2/3-MCPD) and 2,3-Dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a Single High dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2/3-MCPD and Glycidol: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000735. [PMID: 33079463 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (2/3-MCPD) and glycidol are absorbed in the intestine after lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of their fatty acid esters. METHODS AND RESULTS In an exposure study with 12 non-smoking participants, the complete urinary excretion of the metabolite 2,3-dihydroxypropylmercapturic acid (DHPMA) and of 2/3-MCPD is measured on four consecutive days before and after consumption of 50 g glycidyl ester-rich palm fat or 12 g 2/3-MCPD ester-rich hazelnut oil. After controlled exposure, urinary excretion rates of 2/3-MCPD per hour strongly increase, followed by a decrease with average half-lives of 5.8 h (2-MCPD) and 3.6 h (3-MCPD). After consumption of hazelnut oil, mean excretion rates are 14.3% (2-MCPD) and 3.7% (3-MCPD) of the study doses. The latter rate is significantly higher (4.6%) after consumption of palm fat, indicating partial conversion (about 5%) of glycidol to 3-MCPD under the acidic conditions in the stomach. The average daily "background" exposure is estimated to be 0.12 and 0.32 µg per kg body weight (BW) for 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD, respectively. The relatively high and constant urinary excretion of DHPMA does not reflect the controlled exposure. CONCLUSION Urinary excretion of 2- and 3-MCPD is suitable as biomarker for the external exposure to the respective fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Abraham
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Jan Hielscher
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Jan Kuhlmann
- SGS Germany GmbH, Weidenbaumsweg 137, Hamburg, 21035, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
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28
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Hsu CN, Hou CY, Lu PC, Chang-Chien GP, Lin S, Tain YL. Association between Acrylamide Metabolites and Cardiovascular Risk in Children With Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5855. [PMID: 32824071 PMCID: PMC7461542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) begins early in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been associated with increased CVD in CKD patients. Children tend to have more exposure to acrylamide, one of the most common toxins in food. We aimed to determine whether urinary levels of acrylamide metabolites N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (GAMA) are associated with CV risk markers in children with CKD. Data on 112 children and adolescents ages three to 18 years old with CKD stage G1-G4 are reported. We observed that 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) abnormalities were greater, and left ventricular (LV) mass and ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) were higher in children with CKD stage G2-G4 versus G1. Patients with CKD stage G2-G4 had a lower urinary acrylamide level, but a higher AAMA-to-GAMA ratio than those with CKD stage G1. Urinary acrylamide level was negatively associated with high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) load on 24 h ABPM. Lower urinary levels of acrylamide, AAMA, and GAMA were correlated with LV mass. Additionally, GAMA are superior to AAMA related to NO-related parameters, namely citrulline and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). This study suggests that determinations of urinary acrylamide level and its metabolites in the early stages of pediatric CKD may identify patients at risk of CVD. Further studies should clarify mechanisms underlying acrylamide exposure to define the treatment for protection against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Chen Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (G.-P.C.-C.); (S.L.)
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sufan Lin
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (G.-P.C.-C.); (S.L.)
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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29
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Karlstetter D, Mally A. Biomonitoring of heat-induced food contaminants: Quantitative analysis of furan dependent glutathione- and lysine-adducts in rat urine as putative biomarkers of exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111562. [PMID: 32640330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Furan is a liver toxicant and carcinogen that occurs in heat-processed foods. Due to its volatility, analysis of furan in food does not provide reliable estimates of exposure. Biomarker-based approaches offer the opportunity to more accurately assess human exposure, but a correlation between concentrations of potential biomarkers of furan exposure and external dose has not been established. Bioactivation of furan and subsequent reaction of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) with cellular nucleophiles gives rise to a range of metabolites that may serve as biomarkers of furan exposure. In this study, N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-L-cysteinylglycine cyclic sulfide, a mono-glutathione adduct of BDA (GSH-BDA), and R-2-acetylamino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid, an adduct of BDA with Nα-acetyl-L-lysine (NAcLys-BDA), were synthesized and analysed by LC-MS/MS in urine of rats treated with furan at 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg bw for 5 and 28 days. GSH-BDA and NAcLys-BDA were both excreted in a dose-related manner. 24 h excretion rates ranged between 0.6 and 1.1% of the administered dose for GSH-BDA, and 1.4-2.1% for NAcLys-BDA. In contrast to GSH-BDA, NAcLys-BDA was also present in urine of controls, suggesting either endogenous formation or background exposure. Overall, the close correlation between urinary furan metabolites and external dose provides experimental support for biomarker-based approaches to monitor human exposure to furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karlstetter
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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30
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Batool Z, Xu D, Zhang X, Li X, Li Y, Chen Z, Li B, Li L. A review on furan: Formation, analysis, occurrence, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and reduction methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:395-406. [PMID: 32146825 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1734532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Furan (C4H4O) is a volatile, heterocyclic and carcinogenic heterocyclic chemical compound occurring in a wide range of thermally processed foods. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the formation conditions, triggering furan formation via model systems. Furan can be encountered via various pathways including thermal degradation, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thermal rearrangement of carbohydrates in the presence of amino acids, thermal degradation of certain amino acids. Furan has been proven to cause cancer in experimental animal models and classified as a possible human carcinogen by International agency for research on cancer based on sufficient evidences. Thus, different strategies should be developed to reduce furan contents in commercially available food stuffs while food processing. This review summarizes some current evidences of furan formation from different precursors, analytical methods for its detection, and its toxicity that might lead to carcinogenicity and genotoxicity with human risk assessment. In addition, furan occurrence in different thermally processed foods entailed by several recent studies as well as furan mitigation strategies during food processing have also been illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Batool
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
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Schlörmann W, Zetzmann S, Wiege B, Haase N, Greiling A, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C, Glei M. Impact of different roasting conditions on sensory properties and health-related compounds of oat products. Food Chem 2020; 307:125548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ünver Saraydin S, Saraydin D, Şahin İnan ZD. A study of digital image analysis on the acrylamide derivative monomers induced apoptosis in rat cerebrum. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:436-445. [PMID: 31916363 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, apoptosis is mostly evaluated visually in histological studies. By using the quantitative digital image analysis, this study aimed to investigate the effect of acrylamide-based monomers (acrylamide [AAm], methacrylamide [MAAm], N-isopropylacrylamide [NIPAm]) on the cerebrum tissues in rats, which are the most common water-soluble monomers in the production of polymeric hydrogels used as biomaterials. The Wistar albino rats weighing ~220-240 g were divided into control and three test groups. The control group received 1 mL of saline, and the test groups received 1 mL of aqueous 50 mg/kg/day intramuscular injection of AAm, MAAm, and NIPAm, respectively. At the end of the experiments, brain tissues of all rats euthanized by intramuscular injection of sodium pentobarbital were removed. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL) method was applied to brain tissue sections. The monomers have been shown to cause apoptosis due to oxidative stress in cerebrum tissue. Based on apoptosis by tunneling method, quantitative digital image analysis of cell fragments was performed with Olympus cellSens Dimension 1.15 software, and the number, total count area, selected area, average area, and ROI% values of the fragments were found. In addition, the total area and ROI% values of the fragments increased linearly with increasing the molar mass of monomers from the digital image analysis data. Quantitative digital image analysis can facilitate the monitoring of apoptosis caused by the oxidative stress of monomers used in the production of the biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Ünver Saraydin
- Medicine Faculty, Histology & Embryology Department, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Dursun Saraydin
- Chemistry Department, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Science Faculty, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Deniz Şahin İnan
- Medicine Faculty, Histology & Embryology Department, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Drakula S, Novotni D, Mustač NČ, Voučko B, Krpan M, Hruškar M, Ćurić D. A Simple HS-SPME/GC-MS Method for Determination of Acrolein from Sourdough to Bread. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Jia W, Wu D, Chen X, Mao L, Miao H, Chen D, Ren Y, Zhang Y. Metabolomics-based biomarker analysis of dihydroxypropyl mercapturic acid isomers from 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol for evaluation of toxicokinetics in rats and daily internal exposure in humans. Talanta 2019; 204:329-336. [PMID: 31357301 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), glycidol, and their esters are some major sources of risk factors during food processing. Here we showed the biomarker analysis of 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (DHPMA) isomers which derived from the metabolism of 3-MCPD, glycidol, and their esters in urine of rats and humans. Iso-DHPMA, a novel urinary metabolite, was discovered and detected in urine of rats, which were orally administered with glycidol but not 3-MCPD. Using the quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, we confirmed that iso-DHPMA appeared a specific biomarker which derived from glycidol. The limit of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio, 10:1) of the analytes in urine of rats and humans were 1.33 ng/mL and 1.56 ng/mL, respectively. Acceptable within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD<9.0%) and spiking recovery (94.7%-100.1%) substantially supported the use of current method for robust biomarker analysis, which was successfully applied to the toxicokinetic study of DHPMA in rats and short-term internal exposure to 3-MCPD and glycidol in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Fujita Y, Honda H, Yamane M, Morita T, Matsuda T, Morita O. A decision tree-based integrated testing strategy for tailor-made carcinogenicity evaluation of test substances using genotoxicity test results and chemical spaces. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:101-109. [PMID: 30551173 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity evaluation has been widely used to estimate the carcinogenicity of test substances during safety evaluation. However, the latest strategies using genotoxicity tests give more weight to sensitivity; therefore, their accuracy has been very low. For precise carcinogenicity evaluation, we attempted to establish an integrated testing strategy for the tailor-made carcinogenicity evaluation of test materials, considering the relationships among genotoxicity test results (Ames, in vitro mammalian genotoxicity and in vivo micronucleus), carcinogenicity test results and chemical properties (molecular weight, logKow and 179 organic functional groups). By analyzing the toxicological information and chemical properties of 230 chemicals, including 184 carcinogens in the Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity eXperience database, a decision tree for carcinogenicity evaluation was optimised statistically. A decision forest model was generated using a machine-learning method-random forest-which comprises thousands of decision trees. As a result, balanced accuracies in cross-validation of the optimised decision tree and decision forest model, considering chemical space (71.5% and 75.5%, respectively), were higher than balanced accuracy of an example regulatory decision tree (54.1%). Moreover, the statistical optimisation of tree-based models revealed significant organic functional groups that would cause false prediction in standard genotoxicity tests and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity (e.g., organic amide and thioamide, saturated heterocyclic fragment and aryl halide). In vitro genotoxicity tests were the most important parameters in all models, even when in silico parameters were integrated. Although external validation is required, the findings of the integrated testing strategies established herein will contribute to precise carcinogenicity evaluation and to determine new mechanistic hypotheses of carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Fujita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan
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Multari S, Marsol-Vall A, Heponiemi P, Suomela JP, Yang B. Changes in the volatile profile, fatty acid composition and other markers of lipid oxidation of six different vegetable oils during short-term deep-frying. Food Res Int 2019; 122:318-329. [PMID: 31229085 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oil deterioration during deep-frying influences the quality of fried foods to a great extent. In this study, the frying performance of six vegetable oils, i.e., hemp, lupin, oat, rapeseed, soy, and sunflower, was evaluated following short-term (60 min) deep-frying of French fries at 180 °C. The frying oils were investigated for fatty acid profile, volatile compound composition, and parameters of oxidative stability, such as iodine, peroxide, and p-anisidine values. The examination showed that the content of ƩPUFA in hemp oil decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 60 min of deep-frying, although the degree of change was relatively small (close to 1.5%). Similarly, soy oil presented a fatty acid profile prone to oxidation, and generated the highest level of peroxides at the end of the thermal treatment (PV = 16.6 ± 2.3 mEq O2 kg-1). As for the volatile compound composition of the oils, sunflower oil was extensively affected by the deep-frying treatment with a significant decrease (p > 0.05) in total terpenes, accompanied by a considerable rise in total aldehydes. Oppositely, the proportions of MUFA and PUFA of lupin and oat oils remained stable (p > 0.05) during the short-term deep-frying, indicating high stability of these oils. The research provided new data for evaluating the suitability of these oils for household food preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Multari
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexis Marsol-Vall
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Heponiemi
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Suomela
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland..
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Kettlitz B, Scholz G, Theurillat V, Cselovszky J, Buck NR, O’ Hagan S, Mavromichali E, Ahrens K, Kraehenbuehl K, Scozzi G, Weck M, Vinci C, Sobieraj M, Stadler RH. Furan and Methylfurans in Foods: An Update on Occurrence, Mitigation, and Risk Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:738-752. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Kettlitz
- FoodDrinkEurope (FDE) Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Nestlé ResearchVers‐chez‐les‐Blanc 1000 Lausanne 26 Switzerland
| | - Viviane Theurillat
- Nestlé Research & Development Rte de Chavornay 3 CH‐1350 Orbe Switzerland
| | - Jörg Cselovszky
- Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A. Rte de Chavornay 7 CH‐1350 Orbe Switzerland
| | - Neil R. Buck
- General Mills Inc. Ave. Reverdil 12–14 CH‐1260 Nyon Switzerland
| | - Sue O’ Hagan
- Pepsico Beaumont Park, 4 Leycroft Rd., Leiecster LE4 1ET United Kingdom
| | - Eva Mavromichali
- Specialised Nutrition Europe (SNE) Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Katja Ahrens
- German Federation for Food Law and Food Science Claire‐Waldoff‐Str. 7 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Karin Kraehenbuehl
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Entre‐deux‐Villes 10–12 1814 La Tour‐de‐Peilz Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Scozzi
- European Breakfast Cereal Assn. Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 B‐1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Markus Weck
- CULINARIA Europe Reuterstraße 151 D‐53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Claudia Vinci
- European Assn. of Fruit and Vegetable Processors (Profel) Av. De Tervueren 188A B‐1150 Brussels Belgium
| | - Marta Sobieraj
- European Fruit Juice Assn. (AIJN) Rue de la Loi 221 box 5 B‐1040 Brussels Belgium
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Recent advances in toxicity and analytical methods of monochloropropanediols and glycidyl fatty acid esters in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huang M, Zhuang P, Jiao J, Wang J, Zhang Y. Association of acrylamide hemoglobin biomarkers with obesity, abdominal obesity and overweight in general US population: NHANES 2003-2006. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:589-596. [PMID: 29533795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemical contaminants is considered as one of risk factors to the current epidemic of obesity. Acrylamide (AA) is a ubiquitous chemical contaminant in environmental waste, mainstream cigarette smoke and carbohydrate-rich foods, and widely used in industrial manufacturers and cosmetics. Few studies have highlighted the association of daily exposure to AA with obesity-related outcomes. We analyzed data from 8364 participants who aged 20-85years and were recruited in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2006. We established the model of PROC Survey Logistic regressions via using AA biomarkers in blood, hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide (HbAA and HbGA), as the measure of internal exposure to AA, and assessing obesity, abdominal obesity and overweight with body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC). After the adjustment of sociodemographic variables, lifestyle behaviors, and health-related factors, the ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA) was significantly associated with obesity (p for trend<0.0001). The odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HbGA/HbAA across increasing quartiles were 1.740 (1.413-2.144), 2.604 (2.157-3.144), and 2.863 (2.425-3.380) compared with the lowest quartile. HbGA was positively associated with obesity [OR (95% CI): 1.226 (1.041-1.443), 1.283 (1.121-1.468), and 1.398 (1.165-1.679); p for trend=0.0004], while HbAA was inversely associated with obesity [OR (95% CI): 0.839 (0.718-0.980), 0.713 (0.600-0.848), and 0.671 (0.554-0.811); p for trend<0.0001]. Negative associations were found between the sum of HbAA and HbGA (HbAA+HbGA) and the body weight outcomes. Similar associations were also observed between the hemoglobin biomarkers of AA and abdominal obesity as well as overweight. Thus, the hemoglobin adducts of AA as long-term internal exposure biomarkers are strongly associated with obesity-related outcomes in a population of US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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