1
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Zhang J, Vohs KD, Carlson SM. Imagining the future improves saving in preschoolers. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105966. [PMID: 38852402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Preschoolers are notoriously poor at delaying gratification and saving limited resources, yet evidence-based methods of improving these behaviors are lacking. Using the marble game saving paradigm, we examined whether young children's saving behavior would increase as a result of engaging in future-oriented imagination using a storyboard. Participants were 115 typically developing 4-year-olds from a midwestern U.S. metropolitan area (Mage = 53.48 months, SD = 4.14, range = 47-60; 54.8% female; 84.5% White; 7.3% Hispanic/Latino ethnicity; median annual household income = $150,000-$174,999). Children were randomly assigned to one of four storyboard conditions prior to the marble game: Positive Future Simulation, Negative Future Simulation, Positive Routine, or Negative Routine. In each condition, children were asked to imagine how they would feel in the future situation using a smiley face rating scale. Results showed that children were significantly more likely to save (and to save more marbles) in the experimental conditions compared with the control conditions (medium effect sizes). Moreover, imagining saving for the future (and how good that would feel) was more effective at increasing saving behaviors than imagining not saving (and how bad that would feel). Emotion ratings were consistent with the assigned condition, but positive emotion alone did not account for these effects. Results held after accounting for game order and verbal IQ. Implications of temporal psychological distancing and emotion anticipation for children's future-oriented decision making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhang
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kathleen D Vohs
- Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Boroń A, Śmiarowska M, Grzywacz A, Chmielowiec K, Chmielowiec J, Masiak J, Pawłowski T, Larysz D, Ciechanowicz A. Association of Polymorphism within the Putative miRNA Target Site in the 3'UTR Region of the DRD2 Gene with Neuroticism in Patients with Substance Use Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9955. [PMID: 36011589 PMCID: PMC9408599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aims at looking into associations between the polymorphism rs6276 that occurs in the putative miRNA target site in the 3'UTR region of the DRD2 gene in patients with substance use disorder (SUD) comorbid with a maniacal syndrome (SUD MANIA). In our study, we did not state any essential difference in DRD2 rs6276 genotype frequencies in the studied samples of SUD MANIA, SUD, and control subjects. A significant result was found for the SUD MANIA group vs. SUD vs. controls on the Neuroticism Scale of NEO FFI test, and DRD2 rs6276 (p = 0.0320) accounted for 1.7% of the variance. The G/G homozygous variants were linked with lower results on the neuroticism scale in the SUD MANIA group because G/G alleles may serve a protective role in the expression of neuroticism in patients with SUD MANIA. So far, there have been no data in the literature on the relationship between the miRSNP rs6276 region in the DRD2 gene and neuroticism (personal traits) in patients with a diagnosis of substance use disorder comorbid with the affective, maniacal type disturbances related to SUD. This is the first report on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Boroń
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Śmiarowska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powstańcόw Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powstańcόw Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. L. Pasteura 10 St., 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Larysz
- 109 Military Hospital with Cutpatient Cinic in Szczecin, Piotra Skargi 9-11 St., 70-965 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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3
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Mikhael JG, Gershman SJ. Impulsivity and risk-seeking as Bayesian inference under dopaminergic control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:465-476. [PMID: 34376813 PMCID: PMC8674258 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian models successfully account for several of dopamine (DA)'s effects on contextual calibration in interval timing and reward estimation. In these models, tonic levels of DA control the precision of stimulus encoding, which is weighed against contextual information when making decisions. When DA levels are high, the animal relies more heavily on the (highly precise) stimulus encoding, whereas when DA levels are low, the context affects decisions more strongly. Here, we extend this idea to intertemporal choice and probability discounting tasks. In intertemporal choice tasks, agents must choose between a small reward delivered soon and a large reward delivered later, whereas in probability discounting tasks, agents must choose between a small reward that is always delivered and a large reward that may be omitted with some probability. Beginning with the principle that animals will seek to maximize their reward rates, we show that the Bayesian model predicts a number of curious empirical findings in both tasks. First, the model predicts that higher DA levels should normally promote selection of the larger/later option, which is often taken to imply that DA decreases 'impulsivity,' and promote selection of the large/risky option, often taken to imply that DA increases 'risk-seeking.' However, if the temporal precision is sufficiently decreased, higher DA levels should have the opposite effect-promoting selection of the smaller/sooner option (higher impulsivity) and the small/safe option (lower risk-seeking). Second, high enough levels of DA can result in preference reversals. Third, selectively decreasing the temporal precision, without manipulating DA, should promote selection of the larger/later and large/risky options. Fourth, when a different post-reward delay is associated with each option, animals will not learn the option-delay contingencies, but this learning can be salvaged when the post-reward delays are made more salient. Finally, the Bayesian model predicts correlations among behavioral phenotypes: Animals that are better timers will also appear less impulsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Mikhael
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProgram in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XMD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samuel J. Gershman
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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4
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Beyer DKE, Horn L, Klinker N, Freund N. Risky decision-making following prefrontal D1 receptor manipulation. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:432-443. [PMID: 34760299 PMCID: PMC8569284 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is involved in cognitive processes. Viral overexpression of this receptor in rats further increases the reward-related behaviors and even its termination induces anhedonia and helplessness. In this study, we investigated the risky decision-making during D1R overexpression and its termination. Rats conducted the rodent version of the Iowa gambling task daily. In addition, the methyl CpG–binding protein-2 (MeCP2), one regulator connecting the dopaminergic system, cognitive processes, and mood-related behavior, was investigated after completion of the behavioral tasks. D1R overexpressing subjects exhibited maladaptive risky decision-making and risky decisions returned to control levels following termination of D1R overexpression; however, after termination, animals earned less reward compared to control subjects. In this phase, MeCP2-positive cells were elevated in the right amygdala. Our results extend the previously reported behavioral changes in the D1R-manipulated animal model to increased risk-taking and revealed differential MeCP2 expression adding further evidence for a bipolar disorder-like phenotype of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K. E. Beyer
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Horn
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadine Klinker
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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5
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Using pharmacological manipulations to study the role of dopamine in human reward functioning: A review of studies in healthy adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:123-158. [PMID: 33202256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in reward processing and is implicated in psychological disorders such as depression, substance use, and schizophrenia. The role of DA in reward processing is an area of highly active research. One approach to this question is drug challenge studies with drugs known to alter DA function. These studies provide good experimental control and can be performed in parallel in laboratory animals and humans. This review aimed to summarize results of studies using pharmacological manipulations of DA in healthy adults. 'Reward' is a complex process, so we separated 'phases' of reward, including anticipation, evaluation of cost and benefits of upcoming reward, execution of actions to obtain reward, pleasure in response to receiving a reward, and reward learning. Results indicated that i) DAergic drugs have different effects on different phases of reward; ii) the relationship between DA and reward functioning appears unlikely to be linear; iii) our ability to detect the effects of DAergic drugs varies depending on whether subjective, behavioral, imaging measures are used.
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6
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Woodcock EA, Zakiniaeiz Y, Morris ED, Cosgrove KP. Sex and the dopaminergic system: Insights from addiction studies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:141-165. [PMID: 33008522 PMCID: PMC11267480 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are present in psychiatric disorders associated with disrupted dopamine function, and thus, sex differences in dopamine neurobiology may underlie these clinical disparities. In this chapter, we review sex differences in the dopaminergic system with a focus on substance use disorders, especially tobacco smoking, as our exemplar disorder. This chapter is organized into five sections describing sex differences in the dopaminergic system: (1) neurobiology, (2) role of sex hormones, (3) genetic underpinnings, (4) cognitive function, and (5) influence on addiction. In each section, we provide an overview of the topic area, summarize sex differences identified to date, highlight addiction research, especially clinical neuroimaging studies, and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Woodcock
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmin Zakiniaeiz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Evan D Morris
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Invicro, LLC, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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7
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Zheng X, Luo L, Li J, Xu L, Zhou F, Gao Z, Becker B, Kendrick KM. A dimensional approach to jealousy reveals enhanced fronto-striatal, insula and limbic responses to angry faces. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3201-3212. [PMID: 31560099 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Jealousy is a complex social emotion combining the different primary emotions of anger, fear and sadness. Previous evidence has suggested the involvement of fronto-striatal dopaminergic circuitry in pathological jealousy, although little is known about overlaps with the neural representation of primary emotions involved in non-morbid jealousy and the utility of a dimensional neuroimaging approach. In the current study, 85 healthy subjects underwent fMRI during an emotional face recognition paradigm and resting state. A total of 150 faces (happy, angry, fearful, sad, neutral) were presented and subjects required to identify the expression and rate its intensity. Trait jealousy was assessed using the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale. Behavioral results showed that only intensity ratings of angry faces were positively associated with subjects' jealousy scores. During processing of angry versus neutral expression faces, subjects with elevated jealousy exhibited increased activation in the right thalamus, insula, fusiform gyrus and hippocampus, left dorsal striatum, superior parietal lobule and bilateral cerebellum and inferior frontal gyrus after controlling for trait aggression and sex. Functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsal striatum was also increased. No associations with resting-state functional connectivity were found. Overall, the present study demonstrates an association between exaggerated jealousy and increased intensity ratings of angry faces as well as activity and functional connectivity of the dorsal striatal-inferior frontal circuitry. Thus, increased emotional responsivity to social threat and enhanced activity in limbic regions and dopaminergic fronto-striatal circuitry may be features of both non-morbid and pathological jealousy confirming the utility of a dimensional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizhu Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialin Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave., West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Gallant C, Good D. Alcohol misuse and traumatic brain injury: a review of the potential roles of dopaminergic dysfunction and physiological underarousal post-injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 28:501-511. [PMID: 31561716 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1670181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many researchers have demonstrated an increase in alcohol use following traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is also a body of research indicating that alcohol misuse predisposes one to injury and precedes TBI. Accordingly, various mechanisms have been proposed (e.g., self-medication, dampened levels of arousal, dopaminergic dysfunction, etc.) and variable results have emerged. This paper reviews the empirical evidence, for and against, TBI as a risk factor for alcohol misuse. In particular, this paper focuses on the brain-behavior relationships involved and examines the roles of physiological underarousal and dopaminergic dysfunction in the development of alcohol misuse after injury. Alcohol misuse impedes community reintegration among TBI survivors and creates additional rehabilitative challenges. Thus, in order to inform and improve treatment outcomes among this vulnerable population, a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms implicated is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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9
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A comparison of implicit and explicit reward learning in low risk alcohol users versus people who binge drink and people with alcohol dependence. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100178. [PMID: 31193786 PMCID: PMC6542748 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use leads to specific neurobiological alterations in the dopaminergic brain reward system, which probably are leading to a reward deficiency syndrome in alcohol dependence. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of such hypothesized neurobiological alterations on the behavioral level, and more precisely on the implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol users were classified as dependent drinkers (using the DSM-IV criteria), binge drinkers (using criteria of the USA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) or low-risk drinkers (following recommendations of the Scientific board of trustees of the German Health Ministry). The final sample (n = 94) consisted of 36 low-risk alcohol users, 37 binge drinkers and 21 abstinent alcohol dependent patients. Participants were administered a probabilistic implicit reward learning task and an explicit reward- and punishment-based trial-and-error-learning task. Alcohol dependent patients showed a lower performance in implicit and explicit reward learning than low risk drinkers. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. The results support the assumption that binge drinking and alcohol dependence are related to a chronic reward deficit. Binge drinking accompanied by implicit reward learning deficits could increase the risk for the development of an alcohol dependence. Alcohol dependent patients were impaired in implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol dependence may lead to implicit and explicit reward learning deficits. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. Binge drinking is related to implicit reward learning deficits.
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10
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Shukla M, Rasmussen EC, Nestor PG. Emotion and decision-making: Induced mood influences IGT scores and deck selection strategies. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:341-352. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1562049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohinish Shukla
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eileen C. Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul G. Nestor
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Khoury JM, Couto LFSC, Santos DDA, E Silva VHDO, Drumond JPS, Silva LLDCE, Malloy-Diniz L, Albuquerque MR, das Neves MDCL, Duarte Garcia F. Bad Choices Make Good Stories: The Impaired Decision-Making Process and Skin Conductance Response in Subjects With Smartphone Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30853918 PMCID: PMC6395375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Smartphone Addiction (SA) has caused negative consequences and functional impairments in college students, such as reduction of academic performance and impairment in sleep quality. Studies have shown that individuals with chemical and behavioral dependencies have a bias in decision-making process, which leads to short-term advantageous choices even if they cause long-term harm. This bias in decision-making process is accompanied by a change in somatic markers and is associated with the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. The decision-making process and the measurement of physiological parameters have not yet been analyzed in SA. The neuropsychological and physiological characterization of the SA can contribute to its approach with the other dependency syndromes and to its recognition as a disease. Objective: we aimed to evaluate the decision-making process under risk and under ambiguity in individuals with SA and to measure the physiological parameters that accompany this process. Method: We compared the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Game of Dice Task (GDT) and skin conductance response (SCR) between 50 individuals with SA and 50 controls. Results: Smartphone dependents presented a profile of impairment in decision-making under ambiguity, without impairment in decision-making under risk. They demonstrated lower SCR before disadvantageous choices, higher SCR after rewards and lower SCR after punishments during decision-making, which suggests difficulty in recognizing disadvantageous alternatives, high sensitivity to rewards, and low sensitivity to punishments. Conclusion: The impairment in the decision-making process in smartphone dependents is similar to that found in other chemical and behavioral addictions, such as alcohol addiction, gambling disorders and pathological buy. The impairment in decision under ambiguity with preservation of decision under risk may reflect dysfunction of implicit emotional processes without dysfunction of explicit cognitive process. This profile can contribute to the recognition of SA as a behavioral dependence and to guide specific preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machado Khoury
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Human Ecology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular Medicine (Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Filipe Silva Codorino Couto
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Almeida Santos
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Oliveira E Silva
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Malloy-Diniz
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular Medicine (Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Post-Graduation Program in Molecular Medicine (Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,INCT of Molecular Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maila de Castro Lourenço das Neves
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular Medicine (Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,INCT of Molecular Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular Medicine (Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,INCT of Molecular Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais–UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Unité Inserm U1073, Rouen, France
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12
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Nock NL, Minnes S, Alberts JL. Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1711-1729. [PMID: 29251846 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, opioids, cocaine., etc,) use often initiates during adolescence, a critical period of physiological and social development marked by an increase in risk-taking due, in part, to heightened motivation to obtain arousal from rewards. Substance use during adolescence has been associated with a greater risk of substance use disorders (SUD) in adulthood. Although use rates for most substances have remained relatively stable, the frequency of marijuana use and the perception that regular marijuana use is not harmful has increased in adolescents. Furthermore, the nonmedical use of opioids has increased, particularly in the South, Midwest, and rural low-income communities. Substance use in adolescence has been associated with adverse structural and functional brain changes and, may exacerbate the natural "imbalance" between frontal/regulatory and cortical-subcortical circuits, leading to further heightened impulsive and reward-driven behaviors. Exercise increases growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors that stimulate endogenous dopaminergic systems that, in turn, enhance general plasticity, learning, and memory. Exercise may help to reinforce the "naïve" or underdeveloped connections between neurological reward and regulatory processes in adolescence from the "bottom up" and "offset" reward seeking from substances, while concomitantly improving cardiovascular health, as well as academic and social achievement. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of substance use in adolescents and rationale for the utilization of exercise, particularly "assisted" exercise, which we have shown increases neural activity in cortical-subcortical regions and may modulate brain dopamine levels during adolescence, a unique window of heightened reward sensitivity and neural plasticity, for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay L Alberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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13
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Lee YA, Goto Y. The Roles of Serotonin in Decision-making under Social Group Conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10704. [PMID: 30013093 PMCID: PMC6048118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People in a social group often have to make decisions under conflict, for instance, to conform to the group or obey authority (subjects at higher social rank in the group). The neural mechanisms underlying how social group setting affects decision-making have largely remained unclear. In this study, we designed novel behavioral tests using food access priority and fear conditioning paradigms that captured decision-making under conflict associated with social group environments in mice and examined the roles of serotonin (5-HT) on these processes. Using these behavioral tests, administration of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, which increased 5-HT transmission, was found to attenuate conflicts in decision-making that may be associated with human cases of social obedience and conformity in mice under group housing. The results suggest that 5-HT plays important roles in the regulation of individual behaviors that organize social group dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeong-buk, 38430, South Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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14
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Zhang L, Cao X, Liang Q, Li X, Yang J, Yuan J. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex restores attention bias to negative information in methamphetamine addicts. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:151-160. [PMID: 29709789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (hereafter, meth) addiction results in various emotional problems linked to structural impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this paper, we investigated whether high-frequency (10 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) can improve emotional attention. Thirty-one meth addicts were randomly assigned to a 10 Hz or sham rTMS group; additionally, 31 healthy participants were enrolled, who were required to respond as correctly and quickly as possible to a yellow arrow embedded in an image depicting emotional content (neutral, fear, sadness, or disgust). Results showed that the healthy participants responded more rapidly to negative compared to neutral stimuli, while meth addicts responded indiscriminately to stimuli representing disgust, fear, and neutral content. The randomization check showed no significant differences in the pretest of emotional attention measures between the 10 Hz and sham groups. However, 10 Hz rTMS yielded faster response to negative pictures than to neutral pictures, which was similar to the performance of healthy participants but Sham not. However, this attention bias effect persisted in the 10 Hz group 2 weeks later. These results demonstrate that high-frequency rTMS of the left DLPFC can improve the emotional attention of meth addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Da Lian Shan Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiongdan Liang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China.
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15
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Abstract
Dopaminergic brain circuits participate in emotional processing and impulsivity. The dopamine transporter (DAT) modulates dopamine reuptake. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) affects DAT expression. The influence of DAT1 genotype on neural activation during emotional processing and impulse inhibition has not been examined. Forty-two healthy subjects were classified as 9DAT (n = 17) or 10DAT (n = 25) based on DAT1 genotype (9DAT = 9R/9R and 9R/10R; 10DAT = 10R/10R). Subjects underwent fMRI during non-emotional and emotional go/no-go tasks. Subjects were instructed to inhibit responses to letters, happy faces, or sad faces in separate blocks. Accuracy and reaction time did not differ between groups. Within group results showed activation in regions previously implicated in emotional processing and response inhibition. Between groups results showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during inhibition. During letter inhibition, 9DAT individuals exhibited greater activation in right inferior parietal regions. During sad inhibition, 9DAT Individuals exhibited greater activation in frontal, posterior cingulate, precuneus, right cerebellar, left paracentral, and right occipital brain regions. The interaction between DAT genotype and response type in sad versus letter stimuli showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during sad no-go responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, extending into frontal-orbital regions. 9DAT individuals have greater activation than 10DAT individuals during neutral and sad inhibition, showing that genotypic variation influencing basal dopamine levels can alter the neural basis of emotional processing and response inhibition. This may indicate that 9R carriers exert more effort to overcome increased basal dopamine activation when inhibiting responses in emotional contexts.
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Dopamine, depressive symptoms, and decision-making: the relationship between spontaneous eye blink rate and depressive symptoms predicts Iowa Gambling Task performance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:23-36. [PMID: 26383904 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptomatology has been associated with alterations in decision-making, although conclusions have been mixed, with depressed individuals showing impairments in some contexts but advantages in others. The dopaminergic system may link depressive symptoms with decision-making performance. We assessed the role of striatal dopamine D2 receptor density, using spontaneous eye blink rates, in moderating the relationship between depressive symptoms and decision-making performance in a large undergraduate sample that had not been screened for mental illness (N = 104). The regression results revealed that eye blink rate moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and advantageous decisions on the Iowa Gambling Task, in which individuals with more depressive symptomatology and high blink rates (higher striatal dopamine D2 receptor density) performed better on the task. Our computational modeling results demonstrated that depressive symptoms alone were associated with enhanced loss-aversive behavior, whereas individuals with high blink rates and elevated depressive symptoms tended to persevere in selecting options that led to net gains (avoiding options with net losses). These findings suggest that variation in striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability in individuals with depressive symptoms may contribute to differences in decision-making behavior.
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17
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Chang DC, Piaggi P, Burkholder JE, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Higher insulin and higher body fat via leptin are associated with disadvantageous decisions in the Iowa gambling task. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:392-398. [PMID: 27746259 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated body mass index and post-prandial state are associated with disadvantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Whether physiological factors including percent body fat, and peripheral glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations, are associated with IGT performance is unknown. In196 healthy adults without diabetes, we measured body fat by DXA scan, glucose, insulin and leptin (n=138) concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test and IGT performance after a standardized meal. Glucose was not associated with IGT performance. Disadvantageous IGT performance was associated with higher percent body fat (r=-0.16, p=0.03), 30-min insulin concentrations (insulin30, r=-0.27, p<0.001), and 30-min leptin concentrations (leptin30, r=-0.23, p=0.008). Mediation analysis demonstrated that leptin30 was almost completely responsible for the percent body fat effect on IGT performance. Even adjusted for age, sex, race, and education, insulin30 (b=-46.5, p=0.03) and leptin30 (b=-50.9, p=0.03) concentrations remained independently associated with IGT performance and interacted together such that higher leptin30 blunted effects of higher insulin30 (b=23.8, p=0.048). These findings may indicate an internal metabolic signature of energy availability (higher body fat, insulin, and leptin levels) associated with disadvantageous IGT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Chang
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joushua E Burkholder
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marci E Gluck
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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18
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Nicotine-dopamine-transporter interactions during reward-based decision making. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:938-47. [PMID: 27112968 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our everyday-life comprises a multitude of decisions that we take whilst trying to maximize advantageous outcomes, limit risks and update current needs. The cognitive processes that guide decision making as well as the brain circuits they are based on are only poorly understood. Numerous studies point to a potential role of dopamine and nicotine in decision making but less is known about their interactions. Here, 26 healthy male subjects performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in two sessions following the administration of either nicotine or placebo. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Results indicate that lower DAT levels were associated with better performance in the IGT (p=0.0004). Cognitive modelling analysis using the prospect valence learning (PVL) model indicated that low DAT subjects' performance deteriorated following nicotine administration as indicated by an increased learning rate and a decreased response consistency. Our results shed light on the neurochemistry underlying reward-based decision making in humans by demonstrating a significant interaction between nicotine and the DAT. The observed interaction is consistent with the hypothesized associations between DAT expression and extracellular dopamine levels, suggestive of an inverted U-shape relationship between baseline dopamine and magnitude in response to a pro-dopaminergic compound. Our findings are of particular interest in the context of psychiatric disorders where aberrant decision making represents a part of the core symptomatology, such as addiction, schizophrenia or depression.
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19
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20
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Fattore L, Diana M. Drug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:341-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Broche-Pérez Y, Herrera Jiménez L, Omar-Martínez E. Bases neurales de la toma de decisiones. Neurologia 2016; 31:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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22
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Singh V. Sex-Differences, Handedness, and Lateralization in the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:708. [PMID: 27303316 PMCID: PMC4885871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In a widely used decision-making task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), male performance is observed to be superior to that of females, and is attributed to right lateralization (i.e., right hemispheric dominance). It is as yet unknown whether sex-differences in affect and motor lateralization have implications for sex-specific lateralization in the IGT, and specifically, whether sex-difference in performance in the IGT changes with right-handedness or with affect lateralization (decision valence, and valence-directed motivation). The present study (N = 320; 160 males) examined the effects of right-handedness (right-handedness vs. non-right-handedness) as a measure of motor lateralization, decision valence (reward vs. punishment IGT), and valence-directedness of task motivation (valence-directed vs. non-directed instructions), as measures of affective lateralization on IGT decision making. Analyses of variance revealed that both male and female participants showed valence-induced inconsistencies in advantageous decision-making; however, right-handed females made more disadvantageous decisions in a reward IGT. These results suggest that IGT decision-making may be largely right-lateralized in right-handed males, and show that sex and lateralized differences (motor and affect) have implications for sex-differences in IGT decision-making. Implications of the results are discussed with reference to lateralization and sex-differences in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, India
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23
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Szmulewicz A, Samamé C, Caravotta P, Martino DJ, Igoa A, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Colom F, Strejilevich SA. Behavioral and emotional adverse events of drugs frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorders: clinical and theoretical implications. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26879750 PMCID: PMC4754238 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-016-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral and emotional adverse events induced by drugs commonly prescribed to patients with bipolar disorders are of paramount importance to clinical practice and research. However, no reviews on the topic have been published so far. METHODS An extensive search was performed. Reports were reviewed if they described behavioral side effects related to pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorders in healthy subjects or patients with different neuropsychiatric disorders. For this review, lithium, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were included. RESULTS Apathy or emotional blunting, diminished sexual desire, and inability to cry were reported to be associated with exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome/emotional detachment and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and decision-making modifications. A lithium-related amotivational syndrome was also reported in the literature. Furthermore, hypersexuality and obsessive-compulsive symptoms have been noted in subjects treated with lamotrigine. LIMITATIONS Primary studies on drug-related adverse events are scant so far and most of the data currently available derive from case reports. Moreover, most of the evidence reviewed is based on studies performed on healthy subjects and patients with neuropsychiatric conditions other than bipolar disorders. DISCUSSION There is a remarkable dearth of data on behavioral adverse events of pharmacological treatment for bipolar disorders. However, the pieces of evidence available at present, though scant and scattered, suggest that different behavioral adverse events may be related to pharmacological treatment for these disorders. The implications of these findings for research and management of patients with mood disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Szmulewicz
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Hospital de Emergencias Psiquiátricas Torcuato de Alvear (HEPTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia Samamé
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Caravotta
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diego J Martino
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Igoa
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Francesc Colom
- Bipolar Disorders Program, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Sergio A Strejilevich
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,, Congreso 2477 Dto. D (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Weeland J, Overbeek G, de Castro BO, Matthys W. Underlying Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 18:413-42. [PMID: 26537239 PMCID: PMC4637001 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several candidate genes (i.e., MAOA, DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, 5-HTTLPR, and COMT) have been extensively studied as potential moderators of the detrimental effects of postnatal family adversity on child externalizing behaviors, such as aggression and conduct disorder. Many studies on such candidate gene by environment interactions (i.e., cG × E) have been published, and the first part of this paper offers a systematic review and integration of their findings (n = 53). The overview shows a set of heterogeneous findings. However, because of large differences between studies in terms of sample composition, conceptualizations, and power, it is difficult to determine if different findings indeed illustrate inconsistent cG × E findings or if findings are simply incomparable. In the second part of the paper, therefore, we argue that one way to help resolve this problem is the development of theory-driven a priori hypotheses on which biopsychosocial mechanisms might underlie cG × E. Such a theoretically based approach can help us specify our research strategies, create more comparable findings, and help us interpret different findings between studies. In accordance, we describe three possible explanatory mechanisms, based on extant literature on the concepts of (1) emotional reactivity, (2) reward sensitivity, and (3) punishment sensitivity. For each mechanism, we discuss the link between the putative mechanism and externalizing behaviors, the genetic polymorphism, and family adversity. Possible research strategies to test these mechanisms, and implications for interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Weeland
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Geertjan Overbeek
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Orobio de Castro
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Morgado P, Marques F, Ribeiro B, Leite-Almeida H, Pêgo JM, Rodrigues AJ, Dalla C, Kokras N, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ. Stress induced risk-aversion is reverted by D2/D3 agonist in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1744-52. [PMID: 26233608 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure triggers cognitive and behavioral impairments that influence decision-making processes. Decisions under a context of uncertainty require complex reward-prediction processes that are known to be mediated by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system in brain areas sensitive to the deleterious effects of chronic stress, in particular the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Using a decision-making task, we show that chronic stress biases risk-based decision-making to safer behaviors. This decision-making pattern is associated with an increased activation of the lateral part of the OFC and with morphological changes in pyramidal neurons specifically recruited by this task. Additionally, stress exposure induces a hypodopaminergic status accompanied by increased mRNA levels of the dopamine receptor type 2 (Drd2) in the OFC; importantly, treatment with a D2/D3 agonist quinpirole reverts the shift to safer behaviors induced by stress on risky decision-making. These results suggest that the brain mechanisms related to risk-based decision-making are altered after chronic stress, but can be modulated by manipulation of dopaminergic transmission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Decision Making/drug effects
- Decision Making/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/pathology
- Pyramidal Cells/drug effects
- Pyramidal Cells/metabolism
- Pyramidal Cells/pathology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/metabolism
- Risk-Taking
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Uncertainty
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José M Pêgo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João J Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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26
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Olsen VV, Lugo RG, Sütterlin S. The somatic marker theory in the context of addiction: contributions to understanding development and maintenance. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2015; 8:187-200. [PMID: 26185474 PMCID: PMC4501162 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s68695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theoretical accounts of addiction have acknowledged that addiction to substances and behaviors share inherent similarities (eg, insensitivity to future consequences and self-regulatory deficits). This recognition is corroborated by inquiries into the neurobiological correlates of addiction, which has indicated that different manifestations of addictive pathology share common neural mechanisms. This review of the literature will explore the feasibility of the somatic marker hypothesis as a unifying explanatory framework of the decision-making deficits that are believed to be involved in addiction development and maintenance. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a neuroanatomical and cognitive framework of decision making, which posits that decisional processes are biased toward long-term prospects by emotional marker signals engendered by a neuronal architecture comprising both cortical and subcortical circuits. Addicts display markedly impulsive and compulsive behavioral patterns that might be understood as manifestations of decision-making processes that fail to take into account the long-term consequences of actions. Evidence demonstrates that substance dependence, pathological gambling, and Internet addiction are characterized by structural and functional abnormalities in neural regions, as outlined by the somatic marker hypothesis. Furthermore, both substance dependents and behavioral addicts show similar impairments on a measure of decision making that is sensitive to somatic marker functioning. The decision-making deficits that characterize addiction might exist a priori to addiction development; however, they may be worsened by ingestion of substances with neurotoxic properties. It is concluded that the somatic marker model of addiction contributes a plausible account of the underlying neurobiology of decision-making deficits in addictive disorders that is supported by the current neuroimaging and behavioral evidence. Implications for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard V Olsen
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ricardo G Lugo
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Stefan Sütterlin
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Oswald LM, Wand GS, Wong DF, Brown CH, Kuwabara H, Brašić JR. Risky decision-making and ventral striatal dopamine responses to amphetamine: a positron emission tomography [(11)C]raclopride study in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2015; 113:26-36. [PMID: 25795343 PMCID: PMC4433778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided compelling evidence that corticolimbic brain regions are integrally involved in human decision-making. Although much less is known about molecular mechanisms, there is growing evidence that the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter system may be an important neural substrate. Thus far, direct examination of DA signaling in human risk-taking has centered on gambling disorder. Findings from several positron emission tomography (PET) studies suggest that dysfunctions in mesolimbic DA circuits may play an important role in gambling behavior. Nevertheless, interpretation of these findings is currently hampered by a need for better understanding of how individual differences in regional DA function influence normative decision-making in humans. To further our understanding of these processes, we used [(11)C]raclopride PET to examine associations between ventral striatal (VS) DA responses to amphetamine (AMPH) and risky decision-making in a sample of healthy young adults with no history of psychiatric disorder, Forty-five male and female subjects, ages 18-29 years, completed a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Participants then underwent two 90-minute PET studies with high specific activity [(11)C]raclopride. The first scan was preceded by intravenous saline; the second, by intravenous AMPH (0.3mg/kg). Findings of primary analyses showed that less advantageous decision-making was associated with greater right VS DA release; the relationship did not differ as a function of gender. No associations were observed between risk-taking and left VS DA release or baseline D2/D3 receptor availability in either hemisphere. Overall, the results support notions that variability in striatal DA function may mediate inter-individual differences in risky decision-making in healthy adults, further suggesting that hypersensitive DA circuits may represent a risk pathway in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Oswald
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gary S Wand
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clayton H Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hiroto Kuwabara
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James R Brašić
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ishii H, Ohara S, Tobler PN, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of anterior insular and orbitofrontal cortex function in risky decision making. Neurosci Res 2015; 92:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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D'Amour-Horvat V, Leyton M. Impulsive actions and choices in laboratory animals and humans: effects of high vs. low dopamine states produced by systemic treatments given to neurologically intact subjects. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:432. [PMID: 25566001 PMCID: PMC4274964 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases and decreases in dopamine (DA) transmission have both been suggested to influence reward-related impulse-control. The present literature review suggests that, in laboratory animals, the systemic administration of DA augmenters preferentially increases susceptibility to premature responding; with continued DA transmission, reward approach behaviors are sustained. Decreases in DA transmission, in comparison, diminish the appeal of distal and difficult to obtain rewards, thereby increasing susceptibility to temporal discounting and other forms of impulsive choice. The evidence available in humans is not incompatible with this model but is less extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University Montreal, QC, Canada
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van Enkhuizen J, Henry BL, Minassian A, Perry W, Milienne-Petiot M, Higa KK, Geyer MA, Young JW. Reduced dopamine transporter functioning induces high-reward risk-preference consistent with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3112-22. [PMID: 25005251 PMCID: PMC4229584 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) exhibit deleterious decision making, negatively impacting their lives. Such aberrant decision making can be quantified using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which requires choosing between advantageous and disadvantageous options based on different reward/punishment schedules. The mechanisms underlying this behavioral deficit are unknown, but may include the reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) functioning reported in BD patients. Using both human and mouse IGTs, we tested whether reduced DAT functioning would recreate patterns of deficient decision making of BD patients. We assessed the IGT performance of 16 BD subjects (7 female) and 17 healthy control (HC) subjects (12 female). We recorded standard IGT performance measures and novel post-reward and post-punishment decision-making strategies. We characterized a novel single-session mouse IGT using C57BL/6J mice (n = 44). The BD and HC IGT performances were compared with the effects of chronic (genetic knockdown (KD; n = 31) and wild-type (n = 28) mice) and acute (C57BL/6J mice (n = 89) treated with the DAT inhibitor GBR12909) reductions of DAT functioning in mice performing this novel IGT. BD patients exhibited impaired decision making compared with HC subjects. Both the good-performing DAT KD and GBR12909-treated mice exhibited poor decision making in the mouse IGT. The deficit of each population was driven by high-reward sensitivity. The single-session mouse IGT measures dynamic risk-based decision making similar to humans. Chronic and acute reductions of DAT functioning in mice impaired decision-making consistent with poor IGT performance of BD patients. Hyperdopaminergia caused by reduced DAT may impact poor decision making in BD patients, which should be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brook L Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerin K Higa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205, E-mail:
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Pilarski CR, Skeel RL, Reilly MP. Acute Effects of Nicotine on Risky Choice among Non-Smokers. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States. Use, particularly when it occurs early, has been associated with cognitive impairments in executive functioning, learning, and memory. METHOD This study comprehensively measured cognitive ability as well as comorbid psychopathology and substance use history to determine the neurocognitive profile associated with young adult marijuana use. College-aged marijuana users who initiated use prior to age 17 (n = 35) were compared to demographically matched controls (n = 35). RESULTS Marijuana users were high functioning, demonstrating comparable IQs to controls and relatively better processing speed. Marijuana users demonstrated relative cognitive impairments in verbal memory, spatial working memory, spatial planning, and motivated decision making. Comorbid use of alcohol, which was heavier in marijuana users, was unexpectedly found to be associated with better performance in some of these areas. CONCLUSIONS This study provides additional evidence of neurocognitive impairment in the context of adolescent and young adult marijuana use. Findings are discussed in relation to marijuana's effects on intrinsic motivation and discrete aspects of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Becker
- a Department of Psychology, Center for Neurobehavioral Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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Staller JA, Faraone SV. Targeting the dopamine system in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:351-62. [PMID: 17425490 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable condition that affects a significant number of children and adults worldwide. During the past 30 years, the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD has relied on clinical assessment and empirical experience with stimulant medications. More recently, advances in family genetic studies, molecular genetic studies, preclinical research, radiographic imaging techniques and neuropsychological evaluation have significantly enhanced our understanding of the neurobiology of ADHD. This review highlights the current central role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of ADHD and implications for future advances in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jud A Staller
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Powers RL, Russo M, Mahon K, Brand J, Braga RJ, Malhotra AK, Burdick KE. Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: relationships with neurocognitive dysfunction and substance use history. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:876-84. [PMID: 24028391 PMCID: PMC3855192 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impulsivity is a core feature in bipolar disorder. Although mood symptoms exacerbate impulsivity, self-reports of impulsivity are elevated, even during euthymia. Neurocognitive processes linked to impulsivity (e.g., attention, inhibition) are also impaired in patients with bipolar disorder, and a high frequency of comorbidities associated with impulsivity, such as substance use disorders, further highlights the clinical relevance of this dimension of the illness. Our objective was to assess the relationship between impulsivity and cognition in bipolar disorder. METHODS We evaluated impulsivity in 98 patients with bipolar disorder and its relationship with symptoms, cognition, and substance use history. We assessed self-reports of trait impulsivity [Barrett Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)] and impulsive behaviors on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). A comprehensive clinical and neurocognitive battery was also completed. Patients were compared with 95 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with bipolar disorder had higher scores versus healthy controls on all BIS scales. Performance on the IGT was significantly impaired and patients showed a tendency toward more erratic choices. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with trait impulsivity and with an increased tendency to attend more readily to losses versus gains on the IGT. We found no significant associations between impulsivity and neurocognition in the full bipolar sample; however, when sub-grouped based on substance abuse history, significant relationships were revealed only in subjects without a substance abuse history. CONCLUSIONS Our data support prior reports of increased trait impulsivity and impairment on behavioral tasks of impulsiveness in bipolar disorder and suggest a differential relationship between these illness features that is dependent upon history of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Powers
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital–North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks
| | - Manuela Russo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Katie Mahon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jesse Brand
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital–North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks
| | - Raphael J Braga
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital–North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks,Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore–LIJ School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital–North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks,Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore–LIJ School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Katherine E Burdick
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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Linnet J. The Iowa Gambling Task and the three fallacies of dopamine in gambling disorder. Front Psychol 2013; 4:709. [PMID: 24115941 PMCID: PMC3792697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling disorder sufferers prefer immediately larger rewards despite long term losses on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and these impairments are associated with dopamine dysfunctions. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter linked with temporal and structural dysfunctions in substance use disorder, which has supported the idea of impaired decision-making and dopamine dysfunctions in gambling disorder. However, evidence from substance use disorders cannot be directly transferred to gambling disorder. This article focuses on three hypotheses of dopamine dysfunctions in gambling disorder, which appear to be “fallacies,” i.e., have not been supported in a series of positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The first “fallacy” suggests that gambling disorder sufferers have lower dopamine receptor availability, as seen in substance use disorders. However, no evidence supported this hypothesis. The second “fallacy” suggests that maladaptive decision-making in gambling disorder is associated with higher dopamine release during gambling. No evidence supported the hypothesis, and the literature on substance use disorders offers limited support for this hypothesis. The third “fallacy” suggests that maladaptive decision-making in gambling disorder is associated with higher dopamine release during winning. The evidence did not support this hypothesis either. Instead, dopaminergic coding of reward prediction and uncertainty might better account for dopamine dysfunctions in gambling disorder. Studies of reward prediction and reward uncertainty show a sustained dopamine response toward stimuli with maximum uncertainty, which may explain the continued dopamine release and gambling despite losses in gambling disorder. The findings from the studies presented here are consistent with the notion of dopaminergic dysfunctions of reward prediction and reward uncertainty signals in gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Linnet
- Research Clinic on Gambling Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark ; Clinical Department, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Medical School of Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark ; Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
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Xiao L, Koritzky G, Johnson CA, Bechara A. The cognitive processes underlying affective decision-making predicting adolescent smoking behaviors in a longitudinal study. Front Psychol 2013; 4:685. [PMID: 24101911 PMCID: PMC3787307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between three different cognitive processes underlying the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and adolescent smoking behaviors in a longitudinal study. We conducted a longitudinal study of 181 Chinese adolescents in Chengdu City, China. The participants were followed from 10th to 11th grade. When they were in the 10th grade (Time 1), we tested these adolescents' decision-making using the IGT and working memory capacity using the Self-ordered Pointing Test (SOPT). Self-report questionnaires were used to assess school academic performance and smoking behaviors. The same questionnaires were completed again at the 1-year follow-up (Time 2). The Expectancy-Valence (EV) Model was applied to distill the IGT performance into three different underlying psychological components: (i) a motivational component which indicates the subjective weight the adolescents assign to gains vs. losses; (ii) a learning-rate component which indicates the sensitivity to recent outcomes vs. past experiences; and (iii) a response component which indicates how consistent the adolescents are between learning and responding. The subjective weight to gains vs. losses at Time 1 significantly predicted current smokers and current smoking levels at Time 2, controlling for demographic variables and baseline smoking behaviors. Therefore, by decomposing the IGT into three different psychological components, we found that the motivational process of weight gain vs. losses may serve as a neuropsychological marker to predict adolescent smoking behaviors in a general youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Dana and David Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Malloy-Diniz LF, Lage GM, Campos SB, de Paula JJ, de Souza Costa D, Romano-Silva MA, de Miranda DM, Correa H. Association between the Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158met polymorphism and different dimensions of impulsivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73509. [PMID: 24039968 PMCID: PMC3769314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct which has been associated with dopaminergic neurotransmission. Nonetheless, until this moment, few studies addressed the relationship between different types of impulsivity and the single nucleotide polymorphism caused by a substitution of valine (val) with methionine (met) in the 158 codon of the Catechol-o-Methyltransferase gene (COMT-val158met). The present study aimed to investigate the association between val158met COMT polymorphism and impulsive behavior measured by two neuropsychological tests. Methodology/Principal Findings We administered two neuropsychological tests, a Continuous Performance Task and the Iowa Gambling Task were applied to 195 healthy participants to characterize their levels of motor, attentional and non-planning impulsivity. Then, subjects were grouped by genotype, and their scores on impulsivity measures were compared. There were no significant differences between group scores on attentional and motor impulsivity. Those participants who were homozygous for the met allele performed worse in the Iowa Gambling Task than val/val and val/met subjects. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that met allele of val158met COMT polymorphism is associated with poor performance in decision-making/cognitive impulsivity task. The results reinforce the hypothesis that val and met alleles of the val158met polymorphism show functional dissociation and are related to different prefrontal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Guilherme Menezes Lage
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Becho Campos
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Souza Costa
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Humberto Correa
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas (LIN), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Child dopamine active transporter 1 genotype and parenting: evidence for evocative gene-environment correlations. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:163-73. [PMID: 23398760 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine active transporter 1 (DAT1) gene is implicated in psychopathology risk. Although the processes by which this gene exerts its effects on risk are poorly understood, a small body of research suggests that the DAT1 gene influences early emerging negative emotionality, a marker of children's psychopathology risk. As child negative emotionality evokes negative parenting practices, the DAT1 gene may also play a role in gene-environment correlations. To test this model, children (N = 365) were genotyped for the DAT1 gene and participated in standardized parent-child interaction tasks with their primary caregiver. The DAT1 gene 9-repeat variant was associated with child negative affect expressed toward the parent during parent-child interactions, and parents of children with a 9-repeat allele exhibited more hostility and lower guidance/engagement than parents of children without a 9-repeat allele. These gene-environment associations were partially mediated by child negative affect toward the parent. The findings implicate a specific polymorphism in eliciting negative parenting, suggesting that evocative associations play a role in elevating children's risk for emotional trajectories toward psychopathology risk.
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Symmonds M, Wright ND, Fagan E, Dolan RJ. Assaying the effect of levodopa on the evaluation of risk in healthy humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68177. [PMID: 23844168 PMCID: PMC3700857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, dopamine is implicated in reward and risk-based decision-making. However, the specific effects of dopamine augmentation on risk evaluation are unclear. Here we sought to measure the effect of 100 mg oral levodopa, which enhances synaptic release of dopamine, on choice behaviour in healthy humans. We use a paradigm without feedback or learning, which solely isolates effects on risk evaluation. We present two studies (n = 20; n = 20) employing a randomised, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design. We manipulated different dimensions of risk in a controlled economic paradigm. We test effects on risk-reward tradeoffs, assaying both aversion to variance (the spread of possible outcomes) and preference for relative losses and gains (asymmetry of outcomes - skewness), dissociating this from potential non-specific effects on choice randomness using behavioural modelling. There were no systematic effects of levodopa on risk attitudes, either for variance or skewness. However, there was a drift towards more risk-averse behaviour over time, indicating that this paradigm was sensitive to detect changes in risk-preferences. These findings suggest that levodopa administration does not change the evaluation of risk. One possible reason is that dopaminergic influences on decision making may be due to changing the response to reward feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mkael Symmonds
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Brambilla P, Perlini C, Bellani M, Tomelleri L, Ferro A, Cerruti S, Marinelli V, Rambaldelli G, Christodoulou T, Jogia J, Dima D, Tansella M, Balestrieri M, Frangou S. Increased salience of gains versus decreased associative learning differentiate bipolar disorder from schizophrenia during incentive decision making. Psychol Med 2013; 43:571-580. [PMID: 22687364 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in incentive decision making, typically assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), have been reported in both schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). We applied the Expectancy-Valence (E-V) model to determine whether motivational, cognitive and response selection component processes of IGT performance are differentially affected in SZ and BD. METHOD Performance on the IGT was assessed in 280 individuals comprising 70 remitted patients with SZ, 70 remitted patients with BD and 140 age-, sex- and IQ-matched healthy individuals. Based on the E-V model, we extracted three parameters, 'attention to gains or loses', 'expectancy learning' and 'response consistency', that respectively reflect motivational, cognitive and response selection influences on IGT performance. RESULTS Both patient groups underperformed in the IGT compared to healthy individuals. However, the source of these deficits was diagnosis specific. Associative learning underlying the representation of expectancies was disrupted in SZ whereas BD was associated with increased incentive salience of gains. These findings were not attributable to non-specific effects of sex, IQ, psychopathology or medication. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to dissociable processes underlying abnormal incentive decision making in BD and SZ that could potentially be mapped to different neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brambilla
- DISM, Inter-University Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Udine, Italy
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Baarendse PJ, Winstanley CA, Vanderschuren LJ. Simultaneous blockade of dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake promotes disadvantageous decision making in a rat gambling task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:719-31. [PMID: 22968659 PMCID: PMC3531574 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The inability to make profitable long-term decisions has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. There is emerging evidence to support a role for dopamine (DA) in decision making, but our understanding of the role of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) in decision making, and of possible interactions between the three monoamines, is limited. Moreover, impulsivity has been associated with aberrant decision making, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of the neuropharmacological mechanisms of decision making and impulse control. METHODS We investigated the effects of amphetamine (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) and selective reuptake inhibitors of DA (GBR12909; 2.5-10 mg/kg), NA (atomoxetine; 0.3-3.0 mg/kg), and 5-HT (citalopram; 0.3-3.0 mg/kg) in a rat gambling task (rGT). Since the rGT allows for detection of impulsive action, i.e., premature responding, we also assessed the relationship between decision making and impulsivity. RESULTS In the rGT, rats developed an optimal choice strategy from the first session onwards. Elevation of endogenous DA or NA levels increased and decreased impulsivity, respectively, but did not alter decision making. However, simultaneous blockade of DA and NA disrupted decision making, reflected by a relative decrease in choice for the advantageous choice options. Increasing 5-HT neurotransmission did not affect decision making or impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest important but complementary or redundant roles of DA and NA neurotransmission in decision-making processes based on reward probability and punishment. Moreover, impulse control and decision making in the rGT rely on dissociable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra J.J. Baarendse
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharine A. Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The effect of acute tyrosine phenylalanine depletion on emotion-based decision-making in healthy adults. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 105:51-7. [PMID: 23369984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite interest in dopamine's role in emotion-based decision-making, few reports of the effects of dopamine manipulations are available in this area in humans. This study investigates dopamine's role in emotion-based decision-making through a common measure of this construct, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), using Acute Tyrosine Phenylalanine Depletion (ATPD). In a between-subjects design, 40 healthy adults were randomized to receive either an ATPD beverage or a balanced amino acid beverage (a control) prior to completing the IGT, as well as pre- and post-manipulation blood draws for the neurohormone prolactin. Together with conventional IGT performance metrics, choice selections and response latencies were examined separately for good and bad choices before and after several key punishment events. Changes in response latencies were also used to predict total task performance. Prolactin levels increased significantly in the ATPD group but not in the control group. However, no significant group differences in performance metrics were detected, nor were there sex differences in outcome measures. However, the balanced group's bad deck latencies speeded up across the task, while the ATPD group's latencies remained adaptively hesitant. Additionally, modulation of latencies to the bad decks predicted total score for the ATPD group only. One interpretation is that ATPD subtly attenuated reward salience and altered the approach by which individuals achieved successful performance, without resulting in frank group differences in task performance.
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van den Bos R, Homberg J, de Visser L. A critical review of sex differences in decision-making tasks: focus on the Iowa Gambling Task. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:95-108. [PMID: 23078950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been observed that men and women show performance differences in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task of decision-making in which subjects through exploration learn to differentiate long-term advantageous from long-term disadvantageous decks of cards: men choose more cards from the long-term advantageous decks than women within the standard number of 100 trials. Here, we aim at discussing psychological mechanisms and neurobiological substrates underlying sex differences in IGT-like decision-making. Our review suggests that women focus on both win-loss frequencies and long-term pay-off of decks, while men focus on long-term pay-off. Furthermore, women may be more sensitive to occasional losses in the long-term advantageous decks than men. As a consequence hereof, women need 40-60 trials in addition before they reach the same level of performance as men. These performance differences are related to differences in activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as in serotonergic activity and left-right hemispheric activity. Sex differences in orbitofrontal cortex activity may be due to organisational effects of gonadal hormones early in life. The behavioural and neurobiological differences in the IGT between men and women are an expression of more general sex differences in the regulation of emotions. We discuss these findings in the context of sex differences in information processing related to evolutionary processes. Furthermore we discuss the relationship between these findings and real world decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud van den Bos
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Xue G, He Q, Lei X, Chen C, Liu Y, Chen C, Lu ZL, Dong Q, Bechara A. The gambler's fallacy is associated with weak affective decision making but strong cognitive ability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47019. [PMID: 23071701 PMCID: PMC3465297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans demonstrate an inherent bias towards making maladaptive decisions, as shown by a phenomenon known as the gambler's fallacy (GF). The GF has been traditionally considered as a heuristic bias supported by the fast and automatic intuition system, which can be overcome by the reasoning system. The present study examined an intriguing hypothesis, based on emerging evidence from neuroscience research, that the GF might be attributed to a weak affective but strong cognitive decision making mechanism. With data from a large sample of college students, we found that individuals' use of the GF strategy was positively correlated with their general intelligence and executive function, such as working memory and conflict resolution, but negatively correlated with their affective decision making capacities, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task. Our result provides a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the GF, which highlights the significant role of affective mechanisms in adaptive decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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46
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Grégoire S, Michaud V, Chapuy E, Eschalier A, Ardid D. Study of emotional and cognitive impairments in mononeuropathic rats: Effect of duloxetine and gabapentin. Pain 2012; 153:1657-1663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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de Visser L, Homberg JR, Mitsogiannis M, Zeeb FD, Rivalan M, Fitoussi A, Galhardo V, van den Bos R, Winstanley CA, Dellu-Hagedorn F. Rodent versions of the iowa gambling task: opportunities and challenges for the understanding of decision-making. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:109. [PMID: 22013406 PMCID: PMC3189637 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired decision-making is a core problem in several psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, mania, drug addiction, eating disorders, and substance abuse as well as in chronic pain. To ensure progress in the understanding of the neuropathophysiology of these disorders, animal models with good construct and predictive validity are indispensable. Many human studies aimed at measuring decision-making capacities use the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a task designed to model everyday life choices through a conflict between immediate gratification and long-term outcomes. Recently, new rodent models based on the same principle have been developed to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying IGT-like decision-making on behavioral, neural, and pharmacological levels. The comparative strengths, as well as the similarities and differences between these paradigms are discussed. The contribution of these models to elucidate the neurobehavioral factors that lead to poor decision-making and to the development of better treatments for psychiatric illness is considered, along with important future directions and potential limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Visser
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands
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Adida M, Jollant F, Clark L, Besnier N, Guillaume S, Kaladjian A, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Jeanningros R, Goodwin GM, Azorin JM, Courtet P. Trait-related decision-making impairment in the three phases of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:357-65. [PMID: 21429477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In bipolar disorder (BD), little is known about how deficits in neurocognitive functions such as decision-making are related to phase of illness. We predicted that manic, depressed, and euthymic bipolar patients (BPs) would display impaired decision-making, and we tested whether clinical characteristics could predict patients' decision-making performance. METHODS Subjects (N = 317; age range: 18-65 years) including 167 BPs (45 manic and 32 depressed inpatients, and 90 euthymic outpatients) and 150 age-, IQ-, and gender-matched healthy control (HC) participants, were included within three university psychiatric hospitals using a cross-sectional design. The relationship between predictor variables and decision-making was assessed by one-step multivariate analysis. The main outcome measures were overall decision-making ability on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and an index of sensitivity to punishment frequency. RESULTS Manic, depressed, and euthymic BPs selected significantly more cards from the risky decks than HCs (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .05, respectively), with no significant differences between the three BD groups. However, like HCs, BPs preferred decks that yielded infrequent penalties over those yielding frequent penalties. In multivariate analysis, decision-making impairment was significantly (p < .001) predicted by low level of education, high depressive scores, family history of BD, use of benzodiazepines, and nonuse of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS BPs have a trait-related impairment in decision-making that does not vary across illness phase. However, some subtle differences between the BD groups in the individual deck analyses may point to subtle state influences on reinforcement mechanisms, in addition to a more fundamental trait impairment in risk-sensitive decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Adida
- Mediterranean Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology and Neuropsychology of Emotions Related to Risk Taking and Reward, National Research Scientific Centre, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Mediterranean University, Marseille, France.
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Linnet J, Møller A, Peterson E, Gjedde A, Doudet D. Inverse association between dopaminergic neurotransmission and Iowa Gambling Task performance in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Scand J Psychol 2011; 52:28-34. [PMID: 20704689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine system is believed to affect gambling behavior in pathological gambling. Particularly, dopamine release in the ventral striatum appears to affect decision-making in the disorder. This study investigated dopamine release in the ventral striatum in relation to gambling performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in 16 Pathological Gamblers (PG) and 14 Healthy Controls (HC). We used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to measure the binding potential of [(11)C] raclopride to dopamine D2/3 receptors during a baseline and gambling condition. We hypothesized that decreased raclopride binding potentials in the ventral striatum during gambling (indicating dopamine release) would be associated with higher IGT performance in Healthy Controls, but lower IGT performance in Pathological Gamblers. The results showed that Pathological Gamblers with dopamine release in the ventral striatum had significantly lower IGT performance than Healthy Controls. Furthermore, dopamine release was associated with significantly higher IGT performance in Healthy Controls and significantly lower IGT performance in Pathological Gamblers. The results suggest that dopamine release is involved both in adaptive and maladaptive decision-making. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of dopaminergic dysfunctions in pathological gambling and substance related addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Linnet
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Arhus University Hospital, Arhus C, Denmark.
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50
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Forstmann BU, Wagenmakers EJ, Eichele T, Brown S, Serences JT. Reciprocal relations between cognitive neuroscience and formal cognitive models: opposites attract? Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:272-9. [PMID: 21612972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists study how the brain implements particular cognitive processes such as perception, learning, and decision-making. Traditional approaches in which experiments are designed to target a specific cognitive process have been supplemented by two recent innovations. First, formal cognitive models can decompose observed behavioral data into multiple latent cognitive processes, allowing brain measurements to be associated with a particular cognitive process more precisely and more confidently. Second, cognitive neuroscience can provide additional data to inform the development of formal cognitive models, providing greater constraint than behavioral data alone. We argue that these fields are mutually dependent; not only can models guide neuroscientific endeavors, but understanding neural mechanisms can provide key insights into formal models of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte U Forstmann
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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