1
|
Carlyle M, de Wit H, Leknes S. Impact of childhood adversity on acute subjective effects of stimulant and opioid drugs: Evidence from placebo-controlled studies in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2024:2698811241268892. [PMID: 39118370 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241268892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Early-life adversities are known to alter drug reward processing in rodents. Despite the well-known link between early adversity and the risk of substance use disorder, few studies have measured how childhood adversity affects human drug reward. Here, we assessed the relationship between historical childhood adversities and responses to single doses of methamphetamine, d-amphetamine or buprenorphine in healthy participants. METHODS Using a secondary analysis approach, we assessed the impact of childhood adversity on drug effects from three randomised, placebo-controlled studies in which healthy volunteers received methamphetamine (20 mg oral; n = 35), d-amphetamine (20 mg oral; n = 54) or buprenorphine (0.2 mg sublingual; n = 35). Ratings of feeling effect, liking, disliking, feeling high and wanting more of the drug were collected 15-210 min post-administration, and heart rate changes were analysed using random-intercept mixed-effect models. The area under the curve from these and previous studies was calculated to visualise the relationship between childhood adversity severity and drug effects. RESULTS Greater childhood adversity was associated with reduced feel effects (significant three-way interactions b = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.12, -0.02], p = 0.009), like effects (b = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.00], p = 0.038) and feel high (b = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.10, -0.01], p = 0.020) towards the stimulant drugs 90-180 min post-administration. CONCLUSIONS Childhood adversity was not significantly associated with other subjective or heart rate responses to the drugs. Overall, participants with more childhood adversities reported dampened subjective responses to stimulant drugs, but not to buprenorphine. Future studies should examine the generalisability of these relationships, to identify the mechanisms underlying the link between childhood adversity and drug responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carlyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yates JR, Broderick MR, Berling KL, Gieske MG, Osborn E, Nelson MR, Wright MR. Effects of adolescent methylphenidate administration on methamphetamine conditioned place preference in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examination of potential sex differences. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110970. [PMID: 37748422 PMCID: PMC10615784 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder; however, the effects of long-term psychostimulant treatment on addiction are mixed. Preclinical studies are useful for further elucidating the relationship between ADHD and addiction-like behaviors, but these studies have focused on male subjects only. The goal of the current study was to determine if early-life administration of methylphenidate (MPH) augments methamphetamine (METH) conditioned place preference (CPP) and/or potentiates reinstatement of CPP in both male and female rats. METHODS Male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) received either MPH (1.5mg/kg; p.o.) or vehicle (1.0ml/kg) during adolescence (postnatal day [PND] ~29-57). Two weeks after cessation of MPH treatment, rats were tested for METH CPP (1.0mg/kg or 2.0mg/kg; s.c.). Rats were then given extinction sessions. Once rats met extinction criteria, they were tested for reinstatement of CPP following a priming injection of METH (0.25mg/kg; s.c.). RESULTS All groups developed METH CPP, except vehicle-treated SHR males and vehicle-treated WKY females conditioned with the higher dose of METH (2.0mg/kg). Female SHRs treated with MPH showed greater reinstatement of METH CPP compared to female SHRs treated with vehicle. Adolescent MPH treatment did not augment the locomotor-stimulant effects of METH in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the importance of considering biological sex when prescribing psychostimulant medications for ADHD as long-term MPH administration may increase the risk of continued drug use in females with ADHD following a period of abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
| | - Maria R Broderick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Kevin L Berling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - M Grace Gieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Ethan Osborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - M Ray Nelson
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Makayla R Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan A, Kharas N, King N, Yang P, Dafny N. Methylphenidate cross-sensitization with amphetamine is dose dependent but not age dependent. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114178. [PMID: 36341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPD) and amphetamine (AMP) are often prescribed to young children and adolescents to treat behavioral disorders, or used to improve their intellectual performance in our competitive society. This is concerning as the temporal effects of how MPD exposure at a young age influences the response to MPD and AMP administration later in adulthood remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test whether MPD has the characteristics of substances that elicit behavioral symptoms of dependence and whether those effects are influenced by the initial age of MPD exposure. Three control and nine experimental groups of male rats were used. They were exposed to repetitive (chronic) 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD in adolescence only, adulthood only, or adolescence and adulthood respectively. Then all groups were subsequently re-challenged with a single AMP dose in adulthood to test whether cross-sensitization between MPD and AMP was expressed, potentially as a result of prior MPD consumption. Exposure to 2.5 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg MPD in adolescence and adulthood or in adulthood alone led to cross-sensitization with AMP while exposure to 0.6 mg/kg MPD in adolescence and adulthood or in adulthood alone did not lead to cross-sensitization with AMP. Thus, these results indicate that MPD cross-sensitization with AMP is dose dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Pamela Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaiser A, Bottelier MA, de Ruiter MB, Solleveld MM, Tamminga HGH, Bouziane C, Geurts HM, Lindauer RJL, Kooij JJS, Lucassen PJ, Schrantee A, Reneman L. Effects of prolonged methylphenidate treatment on amygdala reactivity and connectivity: a randomized controlled trial in stimulant treatment-naive, male participants with ADHD. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2021; 1:152-163. [PMID: 38665807 PMCID: PMC10917223 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Problems with emotional processing are widely reported in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although methylphenidate (MPH) effectively alleviates inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD, its effects on emotional processing and internalizing symptoms have remained elusive. While we previously found that acute MPH administration modulated neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing in an age-dependent manner, the effects of prolonged administration remained unknown. Objectives Therefore, we investigated: (i) whether prolonged MPH treatment influences neural substrates (amygdala reactivity and connectivity) of emotional processing, and (ii) whether these effects are modulated by age. Methods The "effects of Psychotropic drugs On Developing brain-MPH" ("ePOD-MPH") randomized controlled trial was a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial with MPH in 50 boys (10-12 years of age) and 49 men (23-40 years of age), all stimulant treatment-naive and diagnosed with ADHD. Participants performed an emotional face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed their symptoms of ADHD and internalizing symptoms at baseline, during the trial (8 weeks), and 1 week after the trial end (17 weeks). Results and Conclusions We did not find effects of prolonged MPH treatment on emotional processing, as measured by amygdala reactivity and connectivity and internalizing symptoms in this trial with stimulant treatment-naive participants. This differs from our findings on emotional processing following acute MPH administration and the effects of prolonged MPH treatment on the dopamine system, which were both modulated by age. Interestingly, prolonged MPH treatment did improve ADHD symptoms, although depressive and anxiety symptoms showed a medication-independent decrease. Furthermore, our data indicate that baseline internalizing symptoms may be used to predict MPH treatment effects on ADHD symptoms, particularly in (male) adults with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaiser
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Marco A Bottelier
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Child Study Center, Accare, Groningen, 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel B de Ruiter
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Solleveld
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hyke G H Tamminga
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, 1018WT, the Netherlands
| | - Cheima Bouziane
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- University of Amsterdam, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, 1018WT, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon J L Lindauer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Levvel, Amsterdam, 1076EC, the Netherlands
| | - J J Sandra Kooij
- Expertise Center Adult ADHD, PsyQ, The Hague, 2512VA, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, 1012WX, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the explore/exploit trade-off. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:614-621. [PMID: 33040092 PMCID: PMC8027173 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to maximize rewards and minimize the costs of obtaining them is vital to making advantageous explore/exploit decisions. Exploratory decisions are theorized to be greater among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), potentially due to deficient catecholamine transmission. Here, we examined the effects of ADHD status and methylphenidate, a common ADHD medication, on explore/exploit decisions using a 6-armed bandit task. We hypothesized that ADHD participants would make more exploratory decisions than controls, and that MPH would reduce group differences. On separate study days, adults with (n = 26) and without (n = 23) ADHD completed the bandit task at baseline, and after methylphenidate or placebo in counter-balanced order. Explore/exploit decisions were modeled using reinforcement learning algorithms. ADHD participants made more exploratory decisions (i.e., chose options without the highest expected reward value) and earned fewer points than controls in all three study days, and methylphenidate did not affect these outcomes. Baseline exploratory choices were positively associated with hyperactive ADHD symptoms across all participants. These results support several theoretical models of increased exploratory choices in ADHD and suggest the unexplained variance in ADHD decisions may be due to less value tracking. The inability to suppress actions with little to no reward value may be a key feature of hyperactive ADHD symptoms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shellenberg TP, Stoops WW, Lile JA, Rush CR. An update on the clinical pharmacology of methylphenidate: therapeutic efficacy, abuse potential and future considerations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:825-833. [PMID: 32715789 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1796636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methylphenidate remains a first-line medication for treating ADHD in children and adults. However, its behavioral pharmacological similarities to methamphetamine and cocaine have historically created concern for its potential as a drug of abuse. In September 2019, the FDA published a docket requesting comments for the development of abuse deterrent formulations for CNS stimulants, emphasizing the abuse of methylphenidate as a public health concern. AREAS COVERED We conducted a narrative review of research on the clinical pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy, and abuse potential of methylphenidate. EXPERT OPINION Several studies indicate that methylphenidate has at least some abuse potential. Methylphenidate, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine overlap in their subjective, reinforcing, and discriminative stimulus effects. Regardless, methylphenidate remains an efficacious treatment for ADHD in children and adults when properly adhered to, especially when paired with non-pharmacological treatments. The development of abuse deterrent formulations of methylphenidate is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Shellenberg
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
King N, Floren S, Kharas N, Thomas M, Dafny N. Glutaminergic signaling in the caudate nucleus is required for behavioral sensitization to methylphenidate. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 184:172737. [PMID: 31228508 PMCID: PMC6692216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a widely prescribed psychostimulant for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and is growing in use as a recreational drug and academic enhancer. MPD acts on the reward/motive and motor circuits of the CNS to produce its effects on behavior. The caudate nucleus (CN) is known to be a part of these circuits, so a lesion study was designed to elucidate the role of the CN in response to acute and chronic MPD exposure. Five groups of n = 8 rats were used: control, sham CN lesions, non-specific electrolytic CN lesions, dopaminergic-specific (6-OHDA toxin) CN lesion, and glutaminergic-specific (ibotenic acid toxin) CN lesions. On experimental day (ED) 1, all groups received saline injections. On ED 2, surgeries took place, followed by a 5-day recovery period (ED 3-7). Groups then received six daily MPD 2.5 mg/kg injections (ED 9-14), then three days of washout with no injection (ED 15-17), followed by a re-challenge with the previous 2.5 mg/kg MPD dose (ED 18). Locomotive activity was recorded for 60 min after each injection by a computerized animal activity monitor. The electrolytic CN lesion group responded to the MPD acute and chronic exposures similarly to the control and sham groups, showing an increase in locomotive activity, i.e. sensitization. The dopaminergic-specific CN lesion group failed to respond to MPD exposure both acute and chronically. The glutaminergic-specific CN lesion group responded to MPD exposure acutely but failed to manifest chronic effects. This confirms the CN's dopaminergic system is necessary for MPD to manifest its acute and chronic effects on behavior, and demonstrates that the CN's glutaminergic system is necessary for the chronic effects of MPD such as sensitization. Thus, the dopaminergic and glutaminergic components of the CN play a significant role in differentially modulating the acute and chronic effects of MPD respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Samuel Floren
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Ming Thomas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evans DE, To CN, Ashare RL. The Role of Cognitive Control in the Self-Regulation and Reinforcement of Smoking Behavior. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:747-754. [PMID: 29432572 PMCID: PMC6528155 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control (CC)-the ability to regulate attention and memory-plays an important role in a variety of health behaviors, including smoking behavior. In this theoretical review of the literature, we propose a CC and smoking behavior framework that includes (1) the positive influence of CC on the self-regulation of smoking, (2) nicotine-induced improvements in CC that may indirectly reinforce smoking (including withdrawal reversal effects), and (3) the long-term effects of smoking on the brain that may result in reduced CC. Integration of these literatures suggests that CC contributes to both self-regulation (ie, brake pedal) and nicotine-related reinforcement (ie, gas pedal) amid the catastrophic effects of long-term smoking, which may reduce self-regulatory control over smoking while also enhancing indirect reinforcement. Supportive evidence and limitations of this approach will be presented, as well as ideas for future research directions that may fully examine this multifaceted modeling of CC in relation to smoking behavior. IMPLICATIONS There is substantial evidence that CC contributes to self-regulation (ie, brake pedal) and reinforcement (ie, gas pedal) of smoking behavior as well as evidence that long-term smoking may cause reduced CC. The proposed model delineates how these opposing influences of CC may mask the unique contribution of self-regulation and reinforcement in maintaining smoking behavior. Targeting CC for treating nicotine dependence will require more nuanced approaches that consider the independent and combined effects of self-regulation and reinforcement to improve smoking cessation success rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Evans
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Chan N To
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rebecca L Ashare
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carias E, Fricke D, Vijayashanthar A, Smith L, Somanesan R, Martin C, Kalinowski L, Popoola D, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu DE, Thanos PK. Weekday-only chronic oral methylphenidate self-administration in male rats: Reversibility of the behavioral and physiological effects. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:189-196. [PMID: 30149034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a commonly prescribed psychostimulant for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We recently reported behavioral and developmental effects of chronic MP use in healthy rats. The current study investigated how interrupting chronic MP treatment with weekend abstinence altered the behavioral and physiological consequences of chronic MP treatment, and if prolonged abstinence would reverse the observed effects. Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups: water (W); low dose (LD) MP; and high dose (HD) MP. For 13 weeks, rats had access to drink from a bottle containing 4 mg/kg MP (LD), 30 mg/kg MP (HD) or water (W) for 1 h, and 10 mg/kg MP (LD), 60 mg/kg MP (HD) or water (W) for the next 7 h, each week day. During weekends, all animals received only water as well as throughout the 5-week-long abstinence phase, which immediately followed the treatment phase. Throughout the treatment phase, regardless of weekend abstinence, chronic MP resulted in significant decreased food and fluid intake and body weight. Also, HD MP exposure resulted in the following behavioral effects: increased open field and circadian locomotor activity; increased latency to immobility and decreased time spent immobile in the forced swim test; increased center activity in the open field and percent of time spent in an open arm of the elevated-plus-maze; and increased social affiliation and memory in the Crawley's three chamber sociability test. During the prolonged (5-week) abstinence phase, all these effects were reversed while HD treated rats increased their fluid intake. These results indicated that intermittent brief abstinence periods (weekend's off-treatment) produced the same behavioral and developmental effects as those previously reported with chronic (7 days/week) MP treatment, but were reversible following a prolonged abstinence period (5 weeks).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Carias
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Fricke
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abisha Vijayashanthar
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Smith
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rathini Somanesan
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Connor Martin
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leanna Kalinowski
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Popoola
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- New York Institute of Technology, Department of Life Sciences, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lookatch SJ, Fivecoat HC, Moore TM. Neuropsychological Effects of Placebo Stimulants in College Students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 49:398-407. [PMID: 28699832 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1344897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many college students underestimate or ignore the side-effects associated with nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) and are motivated by hopes of academic enhancement. The present study measured the effect a placebo stimulant and personal expectancies have on subjective physiological changes and cognitive enhancement. Undergraduate college students participated in a two-phase study. Phase 1 (n = 305) involved completing an online survey to gather distal study variables and individual stimulant expectancy data. Phase 2 (n = 166) required students to attend an in-person session where they completed physiological and neuropsychological measures (e.g., Physical Symptom Checklist, Digit Span, Passage Comprehension). Students were randomized to receive a placebo stimulant medication (experimental) or no medication (control). Following a 30-minute absorption period, participants completed another set of physiological and neuropsychological measures. Experimental participants reported significant increases in positive symptoms resulting from the placebo stimulant. Expectancies moderated the impact of the placebo stimulant on Passage Comprehension performance; no other neuropsychological task performance was impacted. Despite subjective reports of feeling the effects of stimulants, task performance was unaffected. Moreover, expectancies may play a small role in perceptions of the effects of stimulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Lookatch
- a Postdoctoral Fellow, Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Clinical Associate, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Hayley C Fivecoat
- a Postdoctoral Fellow, Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Clinical Associate, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Todd M Moore
- c Interim Associate Dean for Graduate Studies/Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adult ADHD: Questioning Diagnosis and Treatment in a Patient with Multiple Psychiatric Comorbidities. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:1364894. [PMID: 28695034 PMCID: PMC5485267 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1364894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a contentious diagnostic issue, which has been increasing in prevalence in recent years, and is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. This report presents a detailed account of a clinical case involving a middle-aged man with a history of recurrent depressive episodes and an unsubstantiated diagnosis of ADHD, treated with stimulants. There is persistent debate around the use of psychostimulants both in adult ADHD and in the treatment of depression. Despite promising activating properties, psychostimulants carry significant risks of misuse and substance use disorder. In this report, we consider the potential benefits and adverse effects of stimulants in the treatment of adult ADHD and mood disorders and review the learning points of this complicated, but not uncommon, clinical case.
Collapse
|
12
|
Seo BK, Sartory G, Kis B, Scherbaum N, Müller BW. Attenuated Readiness Potential in the Absence of Executive Dysfunction in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:331-342. [PMID: 24163327 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713508602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with ADHD display a decreased contingent negative variation in Go/NoGo tasks. It is unclear whether the attenuation is due to deficits of executive function or to disorder of motor planning. The readiness potential (RP) recorded during self-initiated movements could cast light on this question. METHOD RP was recorded in 25 stably medicated adult ADHD patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, education, and verbal IQ. Participants also completed neuropsychological tests of executive function. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, ADHD patients showed significantly diminished RP peaks and also decreased negativity in preparation of the movement at frontal locations. There were no significant group differences with regard to tests of executive function. CONCLUSION In adults with ADHD, deficits of motor organization are also manifest in situations not involving external stimulus processing. The attenuated RP occurred in the absence of executive dysfunction. Results are consistent with partial independence between motor and executive dysfunction in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyung Seo
- 1 University of Wuppertal, Germany.,2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Sartory
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard W Müller
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martinez-Raga J, Ferreros A, Knecht C, de Alvaro R, Carabal E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: factors involved in prescribing, safety aspects and outcomes. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2016; 8:87-99. [PMID: 28382197 DOI: 10.1177/2042098616679636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While treatment of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on a multimodal approach that combines medication with specific psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy alone is generally considered an essential and cost-effective element. This paper aims to comprehensively and critically review factors involved in prescribing and medication use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, focusing on the difficulties facing patients with ADHD seeking treatment, as well as the safety and tolerability aspects of ADHD pharmacotherapies, with particular attention on the cardiovascular adverse events and the potential risk of misuse or diversion of ADHD medications. A comprehensive and systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals until 1 August 2016. Children, adolescents and adults often encounter significant difficulties in the process of accessing specialist assessment and treatment for ADHD as a consequence of disparities in service organization and available treatment provision. Despite the well-established efficacy and overall safety profile, ADHD medications are not exempt from adverse events. The cardiovascular safety of pharmacotherapies used for treating individuals with ADHD has raised particular concerns; however there is little evidence of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including no serious corrected QT (QTc) abnormalities associated with stimulants, atomoxetine or α2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Although the abuse of prescription stimulant drugs, particularly, short-acting stimulants is a prevalent and growing problem, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants within the clinical context is very limited. In addition, nonstimulant ADHD medications lack any reinforcing effects and consequently any abuse potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Martinez-Raga
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Valencia, University Cardenal Herrera CEU and Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Knecht
- Mental Health Area, Hospital Padre Jofré, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel de Alvaro
- Hospital General de Castellón, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eloisa Carabal
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain University Cardenal Herrera CEU, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barrett SP, Jemcov A, Darredeau C. Patterns and Effects of Alcohol and Psychostimulant Co-administration: a Brief Review of Pharmacological Considerations and Subjective Responses. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Yallop L, Brownell M, Chateau D, Walker J, Warren M, Bailis D, Lebow M. Lifetime Prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adults: Examining Variations in the Socioeconomic Gradient. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2015; 60:432-40. [PMID: 26720190 PMCID: PMC4679119 DOI: 10.1177/070674371506001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has only recently been accepted that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood. Accordingly, less is known about adult diagnostic and treatment prevalence. We aimed to determine the lifetime prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and psychostimulant prescriptions for young adults in the province of Manitoba and to explore how diagnosis differs according to sociodemographic characteristics and age at diagnosis; and to investigate whether a socioeconomic gradient exists within young adults with a lifetime ADHD diagnosis, as well as the variables that moderate the gradient. METHODS Using the Manitoba Population Health Research Data Repository, our cross-sectional analysis used 24 fiscal years of data (1984/85 to 2008/09) and included all adults aged 18 to 29 during 2007/08 to 2008/09 in Manitoba (n = 207 544) who had a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD (n = 14 762). Regression analyses tested for differences in rates by sex, region, age, age at diagnosis, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence for ADHD diagnosis (7.11%) and psychostimulant prescriptions (3.09%) differed according to sex, region, and age. In contrast to previous Manitoban research on childhood ADHD, the socioeconomic gradient for ADHD diagnosis was not found in young adulthood. When region was accounted for, a small negative gradient in the urban population and a positive gradient in the rural population were evident. People from the highest income quintile were significantly less likely to be diagnosed before age 18, compared with other income quintiles. CONCLUSIONS Given the high lifetime prevalence of ADHD in Manitoban young adults and significant socioeconomic correlates for diagnosis, further investigation into the trajectory of this relatively unexplored population is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Yallop
- Clinical Psychologist, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Marni Brownell
- Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences (Manitoba Centre for Health Policy), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Dan Chateau
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences (Manitoba Centre for Health Policy), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - John Walker
- Professor, Department of Clinical Health Psychology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Michelle Warren
- Clinical Psychologist, Manitoba Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Dan Bailis
- Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Michael Lebow
- Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparative Ethanol-Induced Potentiation of Stimulatory Responses to Dexmethylphenidate Versus Methylphenidate. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:464-7. [PMID: 26075488 PMCID: PMC4485535 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potentiation of positive subjective responses to immediate-release dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH) or dl-methylphenidate (dl-MPH) by ethanol was investigated over the time course of maximal drug exposure after a single dose. In a 4-way, randomized, crossover study design, 12 men and 12 women normal volunteers received d-MPH (0.15 mg/kg) or dl-MPH (0.3 mg/kg) with or without ethanol (0.6 g/kg). Serial visual analog scales were used as surrogates for drug abuse liability ("high," "good," "like," "stimulated," and "any drug effect"). Combining pure d-MPH with ethanol significantly (P < 0.005) increased the area under the effect curves (AUC(0-5.25h)) of all 5 subscales. The dl-MPH-ethanol combination significantly (P < 0.05) increased these AUCs with the exception of like (P = 0.08). Effects of the pure d-MPH-ethanol combination exhibited delayed potentiation relative to dl-MPH-ethanol. A pharmacokinetic interaction between the l-isomer of dl-MPH and ethanol has previously been shown to increase early exposure to d-MPH. Administration of the pure isomer d-MPH precludes this absorption phase pharmacokinetic interaction with ethanol. This notwithstanding, the pure d-MPH-ethanol combination resulted in comparable, if not greater, cumulative stimulant potentiation than the dl-MPH-ethanol combination. These findings provide evidence of a pharmacodynamic component to d-MPH-ethanol synergistic interactions and carry implications for the rational drug individualization in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Collapse
|
17
|
Influence of sensitization on the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:766-74. [PMID: 25325285 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) remains an important therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, but aspects of its pharmacology remain unclear. In the present study, we used a regimen of MPH (8 mg/kg daily×14 days) in C57BL/6J mice to determine whether establishing locomotor sensitization to MPH influenced the acquisition and the dose-response function of MPH in a classic drug discrimination procedure. MPH-sensitized mice (SENS group) showed enhanced locomotor activity to the 8 mg/kg exposure dose as well as a 2 mg/kg dose before discrimination training. However, the SENS mice did not acquire discrimination of either a low dose (2 mg/kg) or a higher dose (4 mg/kg) of MPH any more rapidly than the CTRL mice. Further, during generalization testing, the dose-response functions for the SENS and CTRL mice were identical. Therefore, we did not find that previous exposure to MPH, which produced a sensitized locomotor response, facilitated MPH discrimination.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dürsteler KM, Berger EM, Strasser J, Caflisch C, Mutschler J, Herdener M, Vogel M. Clinical potential of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine addiction: a review of the current evidence. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2015; 6:61-74. [PMID: 26124696 PMCID: PMC4476488 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s50807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cocaine use continues to be a public health problem, yet there is no proven effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. A promising approach to treating cocaine dependence may be agonist-replacement therapy, which is already used effectively in the treatment of opioid and tobacco dependence. The replacement approach for cocaine dependence posits that administration of a long-acting stimulant medication should normalize the neurochemical and behavioral perturbations resulting from chronic cocaine use. One potential medication to be substituted for cocaine is methylphenidate (MPH), as this stimulant possesses pharmacobehavioral properties similar to those of cocaine. Aim To provide a qualitative review addressing the rationale for the use of MPH as a cocaine substitute and its clinical potential in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Methods We searched MEDLINE for clinical studies using MPH in patients with cocaine abuse/dependence and screened the bibliographies of the articles found for pertinent literature. Results MPH, like cocaine, increases synaptic dopamine by inhibiting dopamine reuptake. The discriminative properties, reinforcing potential, and subjective effects of MPH and cocaine are almost identical and, importantly, MPH has been found to substitute for cocaine in animals and human volunteers under laboratory conditions. When taken orally in therapeutic doses, its abuse liability, however, appears low, which is especially true for extended-release MPH preparations. Though there are promising data in the literature, mainly from case reports and open-label studies, the results of randomized controlled trials have been disappointing so far and do not corroborate the use of MPH as a substitute for cocaine dependence in patients without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conclusion Clinical studies evaluating MPH substitution for cocaine dependence have provided inconsistent findings. However, the negative findings may be explained by specific study characteristics, among them dosing, duration of treatment, or sample size. This needs to be considered when discussing the potential of MPH as replacement therapy for cocaine dependence. Finally, based on the results, we suggest possible directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Dürsteler
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland ; Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva-Maria Berger
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Strasser
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Caflisch
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Mutschler
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vogel
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Clemow DB, Walker DJ. The Potential for Misuse and Abuse of Medications in ADHD: A Review. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:64-81. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
20
|
Lufi D, Bassin-Savion S, Rubel L. The effect of methylphenidate on sustained attention among adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurocase 2015; 21:802-8. [PMID: 25771849 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2015.1023317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven adolescents diagnosed as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were tested twice with a computerized MATH-CPT (mathematics continuous performance test). In one administration, the participants took medication (methylphenidate, MPH) 1.5 hr before being tested. In another administration, the MATH-CPT was administered without the medication. Treatment with MPH improved the "overall attention level" and in measures of "reaction time" and "impulsivity." MPH did not improve the performance in the four measures of sustained attention. Knowing that treatment with MPH does not improve sustained attention can be helpful in reaching a decision of whether or not a child should be treated with MPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dubi Lufi
- a Department of Behavioral Sciences , Yezreel Valley College , Yezreel , Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews methylphenidate misuse, abuse, dependence, diversion, and malingering associated with its use as a prescription medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the nonmedical use linked to its stimulant effects. Methylphenidate-induced regional elevations in brain dopamine appear to be integral to both efficacy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and potential for abuse, raising potential concerns for drug safety and prescription drug diversion costs associated with nonmedical use. Regardless, methylphenidate is an important treatment option, and detecting malingering for the purpose of illicit access to methylphenidate for subsequent misuse or diversion is a difficult challenge. Also discussed are the effects of methylphenidate in patients with comorbid substance use disorder and the potential linkage of methylphenidate use with subsequent substance abuse. The current data suggest that methylphenidate misuse and diversion are common health-care problems with a stimulant prescription drug diversion prevalence of approximately 5-10 % of high school students and 5-35 % of college students. The effectiveness and speed of action of methylphenidate are deemed desirable to enhance attention and focus performance for activities such as studying for exams, but methylphenidate is also misused recreationally. These data suggest a need for close screening and therapeutic monitoring of methylphenidate use in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Clemow
- Senior Clinical Research Scientist, Lilly Corporate Center, 46285, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
dela Peña I, Gonzales EL, de la Peña JB, Kim BN, Han DH, Shin CY, Cheong JH. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of methylphenidate in the high novelty-preferring subpopulation. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 252:48-54. [PMID: 25169048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High novelty seeking has been assumed to predict vulnerability to use addictive drugs. Notably, it is also a symptom associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to identify whether spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), putative animal models of ADHD, display individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior, and whether high novelty-seeking SHRs show enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of methylphenidate, the most commonly prescribed stimulant ADHD medication. METHODS First, we established that SHRs show higher levels of novelty-seeking behavior than their normotensive control strain, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Novelty seeking was measured in two tests: open field test in a novel test arena, and novel object preference tests. Thereafter, SHRs were classified into high responders (HR) or low responders (LR), high novelty-preferring (HNP) or low novelty-preferring (LNP) rats, based on individual scores in the two behavioral assays. Methylphenidate self-administration was assessed thereafter. RESULTS SHRs showed higher levels of novelty-seeking behavior than WKY rats. HR/LR and HNP/LNP subgroups were identified. HR and LR rats showed comparable rates of methylphenidate self-administration. However, HNP SHRs worked more for methylphenidate infusions than their LNP counterparts. CONCLUSIONS We showed some evidence on inter-individual variations in novelty seeking in SHRs. Importantly, we demonstrated enhanced sensitivity of HNP SHRs to the reinforcing effect of methylphenidate, indicating a "drug-vulnerable" SHR subpopulation. These findings are important as they may provide basis for a potential screening tool to identify a subset of ADHD patients (i.e. high novelty seekers) who may be at risk for misusing/abusing methylphenidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ike dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yungundong, Chongrogu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Medical School, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kollins SH, Schoenfelder EN, English JS, Holdaway A, Van Voorhees E, O'Brien BR, Dew R, Chrisman AK. An exploratory study of the combined effects of orally administered methylphenidate and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cardiovascular function, subjective effects, and performance in healthy adults. J Subst Abuse Treat 2014; 48:96-103. [PMID: 25175495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly prescribed for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and is often used illicitly by young adults. Illicit users often coadminister MPH with marijuana. Little is known about physiologic and subjective effects of these substances used in combination. In this double-blind, cross-over experiment, sixteen healthy adult subjects free from psychiatric illness (including ADHD) and reporting modest levels of marijuana use participated in 6 experimental sessions wherein all combinations of placebo or 10mg oral doses of delta-9-tetrahydocannibinol (THC); and 0mg, 10mg and 40 mg of MPH were administered. Sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Vital signs, subjective effects, and performance measure were collected. THC and MPH showed additive effects on heart rate and rate pressure product (e.g., peak heart rate for 10mg THC+0mg, 10mg, and 40 mg MPH=89.1, 95.9, 102.0 beats/min, respectively). Main effects of THC and MPH were also observed on a range of subjective measures of drug effects, and significant THC dose × MPH dose interactions were found on measures of "Feel Drug," "Good Effects," and "Take Drug Again." THC increased commission errors on a continuous performance test (CPT) and MPH reduced reaction time variability on this measure. Effects of THC, MPH, and their combination were variable on a measure of working memory (n-back task), though in general, MPH decreased reaction times and THC mitigated these effects. These results suggest that the combination of low to moderate doses of MPH and THC produces unique effects on cardiovascular function, subjective effects and performance measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
| | | | - Joseph S English
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Alex Holdaway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Benjamin R O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Rachel Dew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Allan K Chrisman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mori T, Uzawa N, Kazawa H, Watanabe H, Mochizuki A, Shibasaki M, Yoshizawa K, Higashiyama K, Suzuki T. Differential substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methylphenidate in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:403-11. [PMID: 24917544 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that methylphenidate, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and other psychostimulants exert stimulant-like subjective effects in humans. Furthermore, MDMA and methylphenidate substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, in animals, which suggests that MDMA and methylphenidate may produce similar discriminative stimulus effects in rats. However, there is no evidence regarding the similarities between the discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA and methylphenidate. To explore this issue, cross-substitution, substitution, and combination tests were conducted in rats that had been trained to discriminate between MDMA (2.5 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (5.0 mg/kg) and saline. In the cross-substitution tests, MDMA and methylphenidate did not cross-substitute for each other. In the substitution test, methamphetamine substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate, but not for those of MDMA. Furthermore, ephedrine and bupropion, which activate dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate. On the other hand, serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA. These results suggest that activation of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems is important for the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate, whereas activation of the serotonergic system is crucial for the discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA. Even though MDMA, like psychostimulants, exerts stimulant-like effects, our findings clearly indicate that the discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA are distinctly different from those of other psychostimulants in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Naoki Uzawa
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Haruyo Kazawa
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Hirohiko Watanabe
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Ayano Mochizuki
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Masahiro Shibasaki
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Kimio Higashiyama
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology (T.M., N.U., H.K., H.W., A.M., M.S., T.S.) and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (K.H.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kollins SH, Adcock RA. ADHD, altered dopamine neurotransmission, and disrupted reinforcement processes: implications for smoking and nicotine dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:70-8. [PMID: 24560930 PMCID: PMC4004668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing disorder affecting millions of children, adolescents, and adults. Individuals with ADHD smoke cigarettes at rates significantly higher than their non-diagnosed peers and the disorder also confers risk for a number of related adverse smoking outcomes including earlier age of initiation, faster progression to regular use, heavier smoking/greater dependence, and more difficulty quitting. Progress in our understanding of dopamine neurotransmission and basic behavioral reinforcement processes in ADHD may help increase our understanding of the ADHD-smoking comorbidity. This review will examine how these areas have been studied and how further work may aid in the development of better prevention and treatment for smoking in those with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - R Alison Adcock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL. Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) "inverse agonism"--a novel hypothesis to explain the enigmatic pharmacology of cocaine. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:19-40. [PMID: 24953830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The long held view is cocaine's pharmacological effects are mediated by monoamine reuptake inhibition. However, drugs with rapid brain penetration like sibutramine, bupropion, mazindol and tesofensine, which are equal to or more potent than cocaine as dopamine reuptake inhibitors, produce no discernable subjective effects such as drug "highs" or euphoria in drug-experienced human volunteers. Moreover they are dysphoric and aversive when given at high doses. In vivo experiments in animals demonstrate that cocaine's monoaminergic pharmacology is profoundly different from that of other prescribed monoamine reuptake inhibitors, with the exception of methylphenidate. These findings led us to conclude that the highly unusual stimulant profile of cocaine and related compounds, eg methylphenidate, is not mediated by monoamine reuptake inhibition alone. We describe the experimental findings which suggest cocaine serves as a negative allosteric modulator to alter the function of the dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) and reverse its direction of transport. This results in a firing-dependent, retro-transport of dopamine into the synaptic cleft. The proposed mechanism of cocaine is, therefore, different from other small molecule negative allostereric modulators of the monoamine reuptake transporters, eg SoRI-6238, which merely reduce the rate of inward transport. Because the physiological role of DAT is to remove dopamine from the synapse and the action of cocaine is the opposite of this, we have postulated that cocaine's effect is analogous to an inverse agonist. If this hypothesis is validated then cocaine is the prototypical compound that exemplifies a new class of monoaminergic drugs; DAT "inverse agonists". This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- RenaSci Limited, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK.
| | - Jane Gosden
- RenaSci Limited, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Sharon L Smith
- RenaSci Limited, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kollins SH, Schoenfelder E, English JS, McClernon FJ, Dew RE, Lane SD. Methylphenidate does not influence smoking-reinforced responding or attentional performance in adult smokers with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 21:375-84. [PMID: 24099358 PMCID: PMC4145471 DOI: 10.1037/a0033851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) smoke cigarettes at rates higher than the general population and questions have been raised about how stimulant drugs-the frontline pharmacological treatment for ADHD-influence smoking risk and behavior in those with ADHD. In the present study adult regular smokers with (n = 16) and without (n = 17) ADHD participated in 3 experimental sessions in which they completed a Progressive Ratio (PR) task to measure the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking and money after oral administration of placebo and 2 active doses of methylphenidate (10 mg and 40 mg). We also measured attention and inhibitory control via a Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Methylphenidate had no effect on smoking-reinforced responding, attention, or inhibitory control in either group. Attention and inhibitory control were associated with smoking-reinforced responding, but unsystematically and only in the non-ADHD group. Several design features, such as the value of the monetary response option, the PR schedule, and the potential effects of smoking on attention and inhibitory control, could have contributed to the negative findings and are discussed as such. Although inconsistent with some previous human laboratory studies of stimulant drugs and smoking, results are consistent with recent trials of stimulant drugs as adjuncts for smoking cessation in adult smokers with ADHD. In general, methylphenidate at mild and moderate doses did not influence the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking in adults with and without ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H. Kollins
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Erin Schoenfelder
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Joseph S. English
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham VAMC, 116B, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Rachel E. Dew
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Scott D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston, Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ramaekers JG, Evers EA, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Goulas A, Stiers P. Methylphenidate reduces functional connectivity of nucleus accumbens in brain reward circuit. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:219-26. [PMID: 23604336 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is essential for acute drug reward. The present study was designed to trace the reinforcing effect of dopamine release by measuring the functional connectivity (FC) between the NAcc and brain regions involved in a limbic cortical-subcortical circuit during a dopaminergic challenge. Twenty healthy volunteers received single doses of methylphenidate (40 mg) and placebo on separate test days according to a double-blind, cross-over study design. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was measured between 1.5 and 2 h postdosing. FC between regions of interest (ROI) in the NAcc, the medial dorsal nucleus (MDN) of the thalamus and remote areas within the limbic circuit was explored. Methylphenidate significantly reduced FC between the NAcc and the basal ganglia (i.e., subthalamic nucleus and ventral pallidum (VP)), relative to placebo. Methylphenidate also decreased FC between the NAcc and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the temporal cortex. Methylphenidate did not affect FC between MDN and the limbic circuit. It is concluded that methylphenidate directly affects the limbic reward circuit. Drug-induced changes in FC of the NAcc may serve as a useful marker of drug activity in in the brain reward circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bolin BL, Reynolds AR, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Relationship between oral D-amphetamine self-administration and ratings of subjective effects: do subjective-effects ratings correspond with a progressive-ratio measure of drug-taking behavior? Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:533-42. [PMID: 23881044 PMCID: PMC4012251 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283645047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The abuse potential of drugs has traditionally been determined in humans using subjective ratings of drug effects. However, drug self-administration procedures also provide valuable information about the reinforcing effects of drugs that may contribute to their potential for abuse. Although ratings of subjective effects and drug self-administration data are generally concordant, some divergent findings have been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present analysis was to directly investigate the relationship between the subjective-effects profile and self-administration of oral D-amphetamine in healthy volunteers with a history of stimulant use or abuse, using Pearson's correlational analyses. The results indicated that positive subjective and reinforcing effects significantly increased as a function of D-amphetamine dose. Further, significant, but modest, correlations were observed between ratings of six of 17 total items (Any Effect, High, Like Drug, Good Effects, Willing to Pay For, and Willing to Take Again) and D-amphetamine self-administration under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. The current findings suggest that, at least under the current set of conditions with oral D-amphetamine, subjective-effects measures and drug self-administration data likely provide different but complimentary information about abuse potential. The most informative findings will thus be obtained from studies that use ratings of subjective effects and drug self-administration methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Levi Bolin
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086
| | - Anna R. Reynolds
- University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044
| | - William W. Stoops
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086
- University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044
| | - Craig R. Rush
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086
- University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simmler LD, Wandeler R, Liechti ME. Bupropion, methylphenidate, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone antagonize methamphetamine-induced efflux of dopamine according to their potencies as dopamine uptake inhibitors: implications for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:220. [PMID: 23734766 PMCID: PMC3679734 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine-abuse is a worldwide health problem for which no effective therapy is available. Inhibition of methamphetamine-induced transporter-mediated dopamine (DA) release could be a useful approach to treat methamphetamine-addiction. We assessed the potencies of bupropion, methylphenidate, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) to block DA uptake or to inhibit methamphetamine-induced DA release in HEK-293 cells expressing the human DA transporter. FINDINGS Bupropion, methylphenidate, and MDPV inhibited methamphetamine-induced DA release with relative potencies corresponding to their potencies to block DA uptake (potency ranks: MDPV > methylphenidate > bupropion). CONCLUSIONS Bupropion and methylphenidate antagonize the effects of methamphetamine in vitro and may be potential candidates for the treatment of stimulant addiction. However, drugs that very potently antagonize the effect of methamphetamine are likely to also exhibit considerable abuse liability (MDPV > methylphenidate > bupropion).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Simmler
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 2, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Wandeler
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 2, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 2, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kollins SH, English JS, Roley ME, O’Brien B, Blair J, Lane SD, McClernon FJ. Effects of smoking abstinence on smoking-reinforced responding, withdrawal, and cognition in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:19-30. [PMID: 23247366 PMCID: PMC3624067 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a more difficult time quitting smoking compared to their non-ADHD peers. Little is known about the underlying behavioral mechanisms associated with this increased risk. OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the effects of 24-h smoking abstinence in adult smokers with and without ADHD on the following outcomes: smoking-reinforced responding, withdrawal, and cognitive function. METHODS Thirty-three (n = 16 with ADHD, 17 without ADHD) adult smokers (more than or equal to ten cigarettes/day) were enrolled. Each participant completed two experimental sessions: one following smoking as usual and one following biochemically verified 24-h smoking abstinence. Smoking-reinforced responding measured via a progressive ratio task, smoking withdrawal measured via questionnaire, and cognition measured via a continuous performance test (CPT) were assessed at each session. RESULTS Smoking abstinence robustly increased responding for cigarette puffs in both groups, and ADHD smokers responded more for puffs regardless of condition. Males in both groups worked more for cigarette puffs and made more commission errors on the CPT than females, regardless of condition. Smoking abstinence also increased ratings of withdrawal symptoms in both groups and smokers with ADHD, regardless of condition, reported greater symptoms of arousal, habit withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Across groups, smoking abstinence decreased inhibitory control and increased reaction time variability on the CPT. Abstinence-induced changes in inhibitory control and negative affect significantly predicted smoking-reinforced responding across groups. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with ADHD reported higher levels of withdrawal symptoms and worked more for cigarette puffs, regardless of condition, which could help explain higher levels of nicotine dependence and poorer cessation outcomes in this population. Abstinence-induced changes in smoking-reinforced responding are associated with changes in inhibitory control and negative affect regardless of ADHD status, a finding that may lead to novel prevention and treatment programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H. Kollins
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Joseph S. English
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Michelle E. Roley
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Benjamin O’Brien
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Justin Blair
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, University of Texas Health Science Center–Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Duke ADHD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA. The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VAMC, 116B, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Strain differences in self-administration of methylphenidate and sucrose pellets in a rat model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 22:794-804. [PMID: 22015805 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834d623e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite its abuse potential, methylphenidate (MPH) is widely prescribed for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of the present study was to examine MPH self-administration in a rat model of ADHD. Experiment 1 examined the acquisition of MPH self-administration and assessed the MPH dose-effect curve in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an inbred rat model of ADHD, Wistar Kyotos (WKY), the progenitor strain for SHR, and Sprague-Dawley (SD), an outbred control strain. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, but replaced MPH infusions with sucrose pellets. Initial acquisition of MPH self-administration was greater in SHR and SD than WKY. However, with extended training using an incrementing fixed ratio schedule SHR and WKY did not differ in responding for MPH using the training dose (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) or other unit doses, except that SHR showed greater responding than WKY at 0.1 mg/kg/infusion. SHR also showed greater acquisition and maintenance of sucrose-reinforced responding compared with both WKY and SD. Greater initial acquisition of MPH self-administration in SHR than WKY may not be due to a strain-specific difference in sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of MPH.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tamburella A, Micale V, Mazzola C, Salomone S, Drago F. The selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine counteracts behavioral impairments in trimethyltin-intoxicated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:148-54. [PMID: 22426162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the behavioral effects of the non-psychostimulant drug atomoxetine, in rats prenatally-exposed to the organic compound trimethyltin chloride (TMT) and in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), two rodent models of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). At birth, neonatal reflexes (righting, cliff aversion, forelimb placing, forelimb grasping, bar holding and startle) had an earlier onset (i.e. percent of appearance) and completion (maximum appearance, i.e. 100% of the brood exhibiting each reflex) in prenatally TMT-exposed and SHR pups as compared to control groups. Two months after birth, TMT-exposed and SHR rats showed impaired cognitive performances in both the step-through passive avoidance test and the shuttle box active avoidance test. Atomoxetine (1, 3 and 6 mg/kg, i.p.), already at the lowest dose tested, improved learning and memory capacity of prenatally TMT-exposed rats and SHR; while methylphenidate (1, 3 and 6 mg/kg, i.p.), used here as positive control, elicited a significant cognitive enhancing effect only at the higher doses. In the open field test, both TMT-exposed rats and SHR displayed enhanced locomotor activity. Methylphenidate further increased locomotor activity in all groups, whereas atomoxetine reduced the enhanced locomotor activity of TMT-exposed rats and SHR down to the level of controls. These results suggest that prenatal TMT-exposure could be considered as a putative experimental model of ADHD and further support the effectiveness of atomoxetine in the ADHD pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, despite the similar effect of the two drugs on cognitive tasks, they exhibit distinct profiles of activity on locomotion, in ADHD models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tamburella
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
During the past two decades, there has been an increased recognition that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is overrepresented in treatment and community populations of both adolescents and adults with substance use disorders (SUDs). This chapter explores this relationship, including a review of the prevalence of this comorbidity, ADHD and the risk for the development of SUDs. Possible neurobiological underpinnings of the relationship are also discussed. Because of the salience of the association between smoking (tobacco) and ADHD, this topic is included in the discussion of substance use and SUDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar G Bukstein
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Winhusen TM, Lewis DF, Riggs PD, Davies RD, Adler LA, Sonne S, Somoza EC. Subjective effects, misuse, and adverse effects of osmotic-release methylphenidate treatment in adolescent substance abusers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011; 21:455-63. [PMID: 22040190 PMCID: PMC3243465 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2011.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychostimulants are effective treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but may be associated with euphoric effects, misuse/diversion, and adverse effects. These risks are perceived by some clinicians to be greater in substance-abusing adolescents relative to non-substance-abusing adults. The present study evaluates the subjective effects, misuse/diversion, and adverse effects associated with the use of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH), relative to placebo, for treating ADHD in adolescents with a substance use disorder (SUD) as a function of substance use severity and compared these risks with those associated with the treatment of ADHD in adults without a non-nicotine SUD. METHOD Datasets from two randomized placebo-controlled trials of OROS-MPH for treating ADHD, one conducted with 303 adolescents (13-18) with at least one non-nicotine SUD and one with 255 adult smokers (18-55), were analyzed. Outcome measures included the Massachusetts General Hospital Liking Scale, self-reported medication compliance, pill counts, and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Euphoric effects and misuse/diversion of OROS-MPH were not significantly affected by substance use severity. The euphoric effects of OROS-MPH did not significantly differ between the adolescent and adult samples. Adults rated OROS-MPH as more effective in treating ADHD, whereas adolescents reported feeling more depressed when taking OROS-MPH. The adolescents lost more pills relative to the adults regardless of treatment condition, which suggests the importance of careful medication monitoring. Higher baseline use of alcohol and cannabis was associated with an increased risk of experiencing a treatment-related AE in OROS-MPH, but baseline use did not increase the risk of serious AEs or of any particular category of AE and the adolescents did not experience more treatment-related AEs relative to the adults. CONCLUSIONS With good monitoring, and in the context of substance abuse treatment, OROS-MPH can be safely used in adolescents with an SUD despite non-abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daniel F. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paula D. Riggs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert D. Davies
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lenard A. Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine and Psychiatry Service, VA NY Harbor Healthcare System (VA NYHHS), New York, New York
| | - Susan Sonne
- Psychiatry and Pharmacy Clinical Neuroscience Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Eugene C. Somoza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VISN 10), Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, Döpfner M, Hamilton R, Hollis C, Holtmann M, Hulpke-Wette M, Lecendreux M, Rosenthal E, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Sergeant J, Simonoff E, Sonuga-Barke E, Wong ICK, Zuddas A, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E. European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20:17-37. [PMID: 21042924 PMCID: PMC3012210 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The safety of ADHD medications is not fully known. Concerns have arisen about both a lack of contemporary-standard information about medications first licensed several decades ago, and signals of possible harm arising from more recently developed medications. These relate to both relatively minor adverse effects and extremely serious issues such as sudden cardiac death and suicidality. A guidelines group of the European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS) has therefore reviewed the literature, recruited renowned clinical subspecialists and consulted as a group to examine these concerns. Some of the effects examined appeared to be minimal in impact or difficult to distinguish from risk to untreated populations. However, several areas require further study to allow a more precise understanding of these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Graham
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Centre for Child Health, Dundee, UK
| | - T. Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, Mannheim, Germany ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Coghill
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Danckaerts
- Department Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. W. Dittmann
- Psychosomatic Department, Children’s Hospital, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Döpfner
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of Childhood and Adolescence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R. Hamilton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Hollis
- Section of Developmental Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M. Holtmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M. Hulpke-Wette
- Pediatric Cardiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M. Lecendreux
- Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Unit, Robert Debre Hospital, Paris VII University, Paris, France
| | - E. Rosenthal
- Evelina Children’s Hospital, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - A. Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P. Santosh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - J. Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. Simonoff
- Social, Developmental and Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - E. Sonuga-Barke
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I. C. K. Wong
- University of London and Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A. Zuddas
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - H.-C. Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E. Taylor
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Levant B, Zarcone TJ, Davis PF, Ozias MK, Fowler SC. Differences in methylphenidate dose response between periadolescent and adult rats in the familiar arena-novel alcove task. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 337:83-91. [PMID: 21205916 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant widely used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this study, the effects of two nonstereotypy-inducing doses of methylphenidate (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg s.c.) were examined in periadolescent [postnatal days (P) 35 and 42] and young adult (P70), male Long-Evans rats using a three-period locomotor activity paradigm that affords inferences about exploration, habituation, and attention to a novel stimulus (an "alcove") in a familiar environment in a single test session. In the first test period, P35 and P42 rats were more active than P70 rats, and methylphenidate increased locomotion in a dose-related manner. The introduction of a novel spatial stimulus in the third test period revealed a significant interaction of dose and age such that P70 rats exhibited dose-related increases in distance traveled, but P35 rats did not. Furthermore, methylphenidate dose-relatedly disrupted the rats' tendency to spend increasing amounts of time in the alcove across the test period at P70 but not at P35. Brain and serum methylphenidate concentrations were significantly lower at P35 than at P70, with intermediate levels at P42. Developmental differences in dopaminergic neurochemistry were also observed, including increased dopamine content in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex and decreased densities of D(1)-like receptors in the frontal cortex in P70 than in P42 rats. These results raise the possibility that children and adults may respond differently when treated with this drug, particularly in situations involving response to novelty and that these effects involve developmental differences in pharmacokinetics and dopaminergic neurochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1018, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is common in children and adults. Concerns regarding abuse of MPH prompted studies to better understand its pharmacology. We used an established drug discrimination task to determine whether MPH could be discriminated by C57BL/6J (B6) mice. B6 mice learned to discriminate cues produced by racemic MPH (dl-MPH 5.0 mg/kg) or half the dose of pure d-isomer (2.5 mg/kg), and dose-response tests established appropriate reductions in discrimination with declining dose. Importantly, the two drug forms generalized to each other completely in substitution tests; consistent with reports that the l-isomer is pharmacodynamically inactive. An additional experiment indicated that lower doses (1 and 2 mg/kg) of dl-MPH did not support acquisition of MPH discrimination despite extensive training. Mice acquired discrimination of dl-MPH only when the dose was increased to 4 mg/kg. Thus, although these lower doses increased drug lever responding in mice trained on the higher dose, their stimuli were not sufficient to support acquisition of the discrimination task. These findings correspond to earlier studies conducted in our laboratory on threshold doses needed to produce stimulatory effects of motor activity in B6 mice. These preclinical findings provide insight into the relative potency, and by extension, efficacy of dl-MPH versus d-MPH doses.
Collapse
|
39
|
Sevak RJ, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans: influence of subclinical levels of inattention and hyperactivity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2010; 36:220-227. [PMID: 20560842 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2010.494213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies suggest a link between stimulant abuse and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms (e.g., inattention and hyperactivity). To further assess the nature of this relationship, the present study examined the association between subclinical symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity and the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine. METHODS Participants were classified into a High- (n = 8) or Low-Score (n = 9) group based on their responses on a rating scale that assessed inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. RESULTS The participants did not differ across the High-Score and Low-Score groups in their ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. The participants in the High-Score group were significantly more sensitive to the positive participant-rated effects of d-amphetamine (e.g., Good Effects, Like Drug), but less sensitive to drug-induced increases in blood pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSION The selective increase in positive subjective effects of d-amphetamine suggests that individuals with subclinical inattention and hyperactivity symptoms may have increased vulnerability to stimulant abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar J Sevak
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0086, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koda K, Ago Y, Cong Y, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice. J Neurochem 2010; 114:259-70. [PMID: 20403082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs, activates catecholaminergic systems in rat brain, but the effects of their chronic administration are not known. This study examined the effects of acute and chronic administration of ADHD drugs on the extracellular levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), and the expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice. Acute ADHD drugs increased NA and DA, but not 5-HT, levels in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Maximal effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate were observed at 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively. At these doses, both drugs did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. Chronic administration of atomoxetine 1 mg/kg and methylphenidate 3 mg/kg for 21 days also increased NA and DA, but not 5-HT, levels in the prefrontal cortex. The increases in NA levels induced by atomoxetine, but not methylphenidate, were reduced by chronic treatment. In contrast, acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine 1 mg/kg and methylphenidate 3 mg/kg did not affect the monoamine levels in the striatum. Acute and chronic atomoxetine 1 mg/kg and methylphenidate 3 mg/kg increased the expression of c-Fos in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the striatum, to a similar extent. These results suggest that acute and chronic administration of the ADHD drugs selectively activate the prefrontal catecholamine systems in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Koda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|