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Canzian J, Borba JV, Ames J, Silva RM, Resmim CM, Pretzel CW, Duarte MCF, Storck TR, Mohammed KA, Adedara IA, Loro VL, Gerlai R, Rosemberg DB. The influence of acute dopamine transporter inhibition on manic-, depressive-like phenotypes, and brain oxidative status in adult zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110961. [PMID: 38325745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Functional changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) are related to various psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder (BD) symptoms. In experimental research, the inhibition of DAT induces behavioral alterations that recapitulate symptoms found in BD patients, including mania and depressive mood. Thus, developing novel animal models that mimic BD-related conditions by pharmacologically modulating the dopaminergic signaling is relevant. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a suitable vertebrate system for modeling BD-like responses, due to the well-characterized behavioral responses and evolutionarily conservation of the dopaminergic system of this species. Here, we investigate whether GBR 12909, a selective inhibitor of DAT, causes neurobehavioral alterations in zebrafish similar to those observed in BD patients. Behaviors were recorded after a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of GBR 12909 at different doses (3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg). To observe temporal effects on behavior, swim path parameters were measured immediately after the administration period during 30 min. Locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, social preference, aggression, despair-like behavior, and oxidative stress-related biomarkers in the brain were measured 30 min post administration. GBR 12909 induced prominent effects on locomotor activity and vertical exploration during the 30-min period. Hyperactivity was observed in GBR 30 group after 25 min, while all doses markedly reduced vertical drifts. GBR 12909 elicited hyperlocomotion, anxiety-like behavior, decreased social preference, aggression, and induced depressive-like behavior in a behavioral despair task. Depending on the dose, GBR 12909 also decreased SOD activity and TBARS levels, as well as increased GR activity and NPSH content. Collectively, our novel findings show that a single GBR 12909 administration evokes neurobehavioral changes that recapitulate manic- and depressive-like states observed in rodents, fostering the use of zebrafish models to explore BD-like responses in translational neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - João V Borba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaíne Ames
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rossano M Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássio M Resmim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla W Pretzel
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília F Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tamiris R Storck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Khadija A Mohammed
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vania L Loro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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Petrenko CLM, Hamre KM, Brigman JL, Parnell S. Proceedings of the 2022 annual meeting of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders study group. Alcohol 2023; 113:11-20. [PMID: 37572729 PMCID: PMC10836604 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Study Group (FASDSG) meeting was held in coordination with the 45th annual Research Society on Alcoholism conference on June 25th, 2022. The theme of the meeting was "Enhancing the Relevance of Research for the Community." The program began with a moderated panel discussion on the value of community-engaged research, which included two self-advocates and a clinical and pre-clinical researcher. Invited plenary speakers included Jill Locke, Ph.D., who provided an engaging introduction to implementation science, and Jared Young, Ph.D., who discussed cross-species domain task specificity. The meeting also included updates from three government agencies, short presentations by junior and senior investigators showcasing late-breaking FASD research, trainee award winners, and a presentation on the Toward Health Outcomes intervention roadmap by Jacqueline Pei, Ph.D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin M Hamre
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Scott Parnell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Roberts BZ, O'Connor MA, Kenton JA, Barnes SA, Young JW. Short-active gestational photoperiod reduces effortful choice behavior in mice, partial normalization by d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2303-2315. [PMID: 36806900 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Seasonal birth patterns consistently implicate winter gestation as a risk factor for several psychiatric conditions. We recently demonstrated that short-active (SA; 19:5 light:dark)-i.e., "winter-like"-photoperiod exposure across gestation and early life (E0-P28) induces psychiatrically relevant behavioral abnormalities in adult mice, including reduced immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and effortful amotivation. It is unknown, however, whether these effects were driven primarily by prenatal or postnatal mechanisms, and whether perinatal SA photoperiod would similarly reduce effort expenditure in a task relevant to everyday decision-making. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We first tested male and female mice exposed to either gestational (E0-P0) or postnatal (E0-P28) SA photoperiod in the FST to determine whether the previously observed alteration was driven primarily by prenatal versus postnatal photoperiod. We then assessed whether SA gestational photoperiod reduces effortful choice behavior in the cross-species effort-based decision-making task (EBDMT) and whether any such deficit could be remediated by d-amphetamine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS Mice exposed to prenatal, but not postnatal, SA photoperiod exhibited reduced FST immobility relative to controls and also demonstrated condition-dependently reduced preference for high-effort/high-reward versus low-effort/low-reward contingencies in the EBDMT. This effortful choice deficit was normalized by 0.1 mg/kg amphetamine. CONCLUSIONS These data: (1) suggest a greater contribution of gestational versus postnatal light conditions to the behavioral effects of perinatal SA photoperiod; and (2) implicate altered dopamine signaling in the behavioral phenotype of the SA-born mouse and possibly in the etiology of winter gestation-associated cases of psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Molly A O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Samuel A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA.
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Zabegalov KN, Costa F, Viktorova YA, Maslov GO, Kolesnikova TO, Gerasimova EV, Grinevich VP, Budygin EA, Kalueff AV. Behavioral profile of adult zebrafish acutely exposed to a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor, GBR 12909. J Psychopharmacol 2023:2698811231166463. [PMID: 37125702 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231166463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the main regulator of dopamine concentration in the extrasynaptic space. The pharmacological inhibition of the DAT results in a wide spectrum of behavioral manifestations, which have been identified so far in a limited number of species, mostly in rodents. AIM Here, we used another well-recognized model organism, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), to explore the behavioral effects of GBR 12909, a highly-affine selective DAT blocker. METHODS We evaluated zebrafish locomotion, novelty-related exploration, spatial cognition, and social phenotypes in the novel tank, habituation and shoaling tests, following acute 20-min water immersion in GBR 12909. RESULTS Our findings show hypolocomotion, anxiety-like state, and impaired spatial cognition in fish acutely treated with GBR 12909. This behavioral profile generally parallels that of the DAT knockout rodents and zebrafish, and it overlaps with behavioral effects of other DAT-inhibiting drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and D-amphetamine. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data support the utility of zebrafish in translational studies on DAT targeting neuropharmacology and strongly implicate DAT aberration as an important mechanisms involved in neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Zabegalov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Fabiano Costa
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Viktorova
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Gleb O Maslov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Region, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Kolesnikova
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Elena V Gerasimova
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Grinevich
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Budygin
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Region, Russia
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Ayoub S, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben DS, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Young JW, Minassian A. iTat transgenic mice exhibit hyper-locomotion in the behavioral pattern monitor after chronic exposure to methamphetamine but are unaffected by Tat expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 222:173499. [PMID: 36462584 PMCID: PMC10014034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the quality of life and lifespan in people living with HIV (PWH), millions continue to suffer from the neurobehavioral effects of the virus. Additionally, the abuse of illicit drugs (methamphetamine in particular) is significantly higher in PWH compared to the general population, which may further impact their neurological functions. The HIV regulatory protein, Tat, has been implicated in the neurobehavioral impacts of HIV and is purported to inhibit dopamine transporter (DAT) function in a way similar to methamphetamine. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of Tat expression and methamphetamine would exert synergistic deleterious effects on behavior and DAT expression. We examined the impact of chronic methamphetamine exposure on exploration in transgenic mice expressing human Tat (iTat) vs. their wildtype littermates using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). During baseline, mice exhibited sex-dependent differences in BPM behavior, which persisted through methamphetamine exposure, and Tat activation with doxycycline. We observed a main effect of methamphetamine, wherein exposure, irrespective of genotype, increased locomotor activity and decreased specific exploration. After doxycycline treatment, mice continued to exhibit drug-dependent alterations in locomotion, with no effect of Tat, or methamphetamine interactions. DAT levels were higher in wildtype, saline-exposed males compared to all other groups. These data support stimulant-induced changes of locomotor activity and exploration, and suggest that viral Tat and methamphetamine do not synergistically interact to alter these behaviors in mice. These findings are important for future studies attempting to disentangle the effect of substances that impact DAT on HAND-relevant behaviors using such transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Debbie S Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Minassian A, Kelsoe JR, Miranda A, Young JW, Perry W. The relationship between novelty-seeking traits and behavior: Establishing construct validity for the human Behavioral Pattern Monitor. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114776. [PMID: 35964417 PMCID: PMC9885942 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Novelty seeking is a tendency to approach new situations, putatively driven by the brain's catecholaminergic system. It is traditionally measured via self-report, but a laboratory-based paradigm, the human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (hBPM), quantifies behavior in a novel environment and has utility in cross-species studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our primary aim assessed whether self-reported novelty-seeking traits were associated with novelty-seeking behavior in the hBPM. An existing sample of 106 volunteers were categorized as high vs. low novelty seekers using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Subjects had been randomized to one dose of amphetamine (10 or 20 mg) or modafinil (200 or 400 mg), allowing us to explore whether a pharmacological catecholamine challenge further enhanced novelty-seeking behavior. High TCI novelty-seekers had more hBPM motor activity and novel object interactions. The exploratory analyses, although limited by low power, suggested that amphetamine and modafinil did not markedly moderate novelty-seeking traits. The hBPM demonstrates construct validity as a lab-based measure of novelty seeking and thus useful in translational studies of neuropsychiatric conditions and treatment options. Further research may illuminate whether a biological predisposition towards higher catecholaminergic activity, combined with the novelty-seeking trait, may increase propensity for risky and addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpi Minassian
- University of California, San Diego, United States; VA Center of Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, United States.
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Glatfelter GC, Chojnacki MR, McGriff SA, Wang T, Baumann MH. Automated Computer Software Assessment of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor-Mediated Head Twitch Responses from Video Recordings of Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:321-330. [PMID: 35592434 PMCID: PMC9112414 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelics are a class of drugs that produce unique subjective effects via agonist actions at the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A). The 5-HT2A-mediated head twitch response (HTR) in rodents is used as a reliable proxy for psychedelic drug activity in humans, but existing methods for measuring HTRs require surgery or time-consuming visual scoring. In the present work, we validated a simple noninvasive method for quantitating HTRs using computer-based analysis of experimental video recordings. Male C57BL/6J mice received injections of the 5-HT2 receptor agonist (±)2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; 0.03-3 mg/kg, s.c.) and were placed into cylindrical arenas. High frame rate videos were recorded via cameras mounted above the arenas. Antagonist experiments, which entailed pretreatment with the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg s.c.) prior to DOI (1 mg/kg s.c.), were also recorded. The experimental videos were analyzed for HTRs using a newly developed feature of a commercial software package and compared to visual scoring carried out by trained observers. As expected, DOI produced dose-related increases in HTRs, which were blocked by M100907. Computer scoring was positively correlated with visual scoring, and no statistical difference between the two methods was found. The software captured nearly all visually observed HTRs, false positives induced by other behaviors (e.g., grooming) were rare and easily identified, and results were improved by optimizing lighting conditions. Our findings demonstrate the utility of combining high frame rate video recordings with commercial software analyses to measure HTRs, validating an additional reliable method to study psychedelic-like drug activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Michael R. Chojnacki
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Shelby A. McGriff
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Tianpeng Wang
- Clever
Sys Inc., Reston, Virginia 20190, United
States
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Assessing positive and negative valence systems to refine animal models of bipolar disorders: the example of GBR 12909-induced manic phenotype. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7364. [PMID: 35513683 PMCID: PMC9072677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders are defined by recurrences of depressive and manic episodes. The pathophysiology is still unknown, and translating clinical symptoms into behaviors explorable in animal models is challenging. Animal models of bipolar disorder do not exist because cyclicity of the disease is impossible to mimic, and it is therefore necessary to study mania and depression models separately. Beyond mood, emotional biases differentiate bipolar states in humans. Mania is associated with positive biases, e.g. emotional stimuli become more rewarding and less aversive, and the opposite for depression. We propose to assess behavioral hedonic responses to innately appetitive and aversive olfactory and gustatory cues in mice as proxies for the assigned emotional valence. A mania model is therefore supposed to exhibit positive hedonic bias. Using the GBR 12909 mania model, we observed the classical hyperactivity phenotype, along with low depressive-like but high anxiety-like behaviors. Unexpectedly, GBR 12909-treated mice exhibited strong negative hedonic biases. Consequently, the GBR 12909 model of mania might not be appropriate for studying emotional disturbances associated with mania states. We propose olfactory and gustatory preference tests as crucial assessment for positive and negative valence biases, necessary for precisely characterizing animal models of bipolar disorders.
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Enlightened: addressing circadian and seasonal changes in photoperiod in animal models of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:373. [PMID: 34226504 PMCID: PMC8257630 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders (BDs) exhibit high heritability and symptoms typically first occur during late adolescence or early adulthood. Affected individuals may experience alternating bouts of mania/hypomania and depression, with euthymic periods of varying lengths interspersed between these extremes of mood. Clinical research studies have consistently demonstrated that BD patients have disturbances in circadian and seasonal rhythms, even when they are free of symptoms. In addition, some BD patients display seasonal patterns in the occurrence of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes as well as the time of year when symptoms initially occur. Finally, the age of onset of BD symptoms is strongly influenced by the distance one lives from the equator. With few exceptions, animal models useful in the study of BD have not capitalized on these clinical findings regarding seasonal patterns in BD to explore molecular mechanisms associated with the expression of mania- and depression-like behaviors in laboratory animals. In particular, animal models would be especially useful in studying how rates of change in photoperiod that occur during early spring and fall interact with risk genes to increase the occurrence of mania- and depression-like phenotypes, respectively. Another unanswered question relates to the ways in which seasonally relevant changes in photoperiod affect responses to acute and chronic stressors in animal models. Going forward, we suggest ways in which translational research with animal models of BD could be strengthened through carefully controlled manipulations of photoperiod to enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying seasonal patterns of BD symptoms in humans. In addition, we emphasize the value of incorporating diurnal rodent species as more appropriate animal models to study the effects of seasonal changes in light on symptoms of depression and mania that are characteristic of BD in humans.
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Gonçalves MCB, Glaser T, Oliveira SLBD, Ulrich H. Adenosinergic-Dopaminergic Signaling in Mood Disorders: A Mini-Review. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2020.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Young JW, Geyer MA, Halberstadt AL, van Enkhuizen J, Minassian A, Khan A, Perry W, Eyler LT. Convergent neural substrates of inattention in bipolar disorder patients and dopamine transporter-deficient mice using the 5-choice CPT. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:46-58. [PMID: 31025493 PMCID: PMC6815232 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric illness affecting 2%-5% of the population. Although mania is the cardinal feature of BD, inattention and related cognitive dysfunction are observed across all stages. Since cognitive dysfunction confers poor functional outcome in patients, understanding the relevant neural mechanisms remains key to developing novel-targeted therapeutics. METHODS The 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT) is a mouse and fMRI-compatible human attentional task, requiring responding to target stimuli while inhibiting responding to nontarget stimuli, as in clinical CPTs. This task was used to delineate systems-level neural deficits in BD contributing to inattentive performance in human subjects with BD as well as mouse models with either parietal cortex (PC) lesions or reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) expression. RESULTS Mania BD participants exhibited severe 5C-CPT impairment. Euthymic BD patients exhibited modestly impaired 5C-CPT. High impulsivity BD subjects exhibited reduced PC activation during target and nontarget responding compared with healthy participants. In mice, bilateral PC lesions impaired both target and nontarget responding. In the DAT knockdown mouse model of BD mania, knockdown mice exhibited severely impaired 5C-CPT performance versus wildtype littermates. CONCLUSIONS These data support the role of the PC in inattention in BD-specifically regarding identifying the appropriate response to target vs nontarget stimuli. Moreover, the findings indicate that severely reduced DAT function/hyperdopaminergia recreates the attentional deficits observed in BD mania patients. Determining the contribution of DAT in the PC to attention may provide a future target for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Asma Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Kwiatkowski MA, Hellemann G, Sugar CA, Cope ZA, Minassian A, Perry W, Geyer MA, Young JW. Dopamine transporter knockdown mice in the behavioral pattern monitor: A robust, reproducible model for mania-relevant behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 178:42-50. [PMID: 29289701 PMCID: PMC10014035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to replicate results from both basic and clinical models have highlighted problems with reproducibility in science. In psychiatry, reproducibility issues are compounded because the complex behavioral syndromes make many disorders challenging to model. We develop translatable tasks that quantitatively measure psychiatry-relevant behaviors across species. The behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) was designed to analyze exploratory behaviors, which are altered in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), especially during mania episodes. We have repeatedly assessed the behavioral effects of reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) expression in the BPM using a DAT knockdown (KD) mouse line (~10% normal expression). DAT KD mice exhibit a profile in the BPM consistent with acutely manic BD patients in the human version of the task-hyperactivity, increased exploratory behavior, and reduced spatial d (Perry et al., 2009). We collected data from multiple DAT KD BPM experiments in our laboratory to assess the reproducibility of behavioral outcomes across experiments. The four outcomes analyzed were: 1) transitions (amount of locomotor activity); 2) rearings (exploratory activity); 3) holepokes (exploratory activity); and 4) spatial d (geometrical pattern of locomotor activity). By comparing DAT KD mice to wildtype (WT) littermates in every experiment, we calculated effect sizes for each of the four outcomes and then calculated a mean effect size using a random effects model. DAT KD mice exhibited robust, reproducible changes in each of the four outcomes, including increased transitions, rearings, and holepokes, and reduced spatial d, vs. WT littermates. Our results demonstrate that the DAT KD mouse line in the BPM is a consistent, reproducible model of mania-relevant behaviors. More work must be done to assess reproducibility of behavioral outcomes across experiments in order to advance the field of psychiatry and develop more effective therapeutics for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA.; Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zackary A Cope
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA..
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13
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Sungur AÖ, Redecker TM, Andres E, Dürichen W, Schwarting RKW, Del Rey A, Wöhr M. Reduced Efficacy of d-Amphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Inducing Hyperactivity in Mice Lacking the Postsynaptic Scaffolding Protein SHANK1. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:419. [PMID: 30505269 PMCID: PMC6250831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the three SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains (SHANK) genes (SHANK1, SHANK2, and SHANK3) are associated with multiple major neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BPD). Psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity is a commonly applied paradigm to assess behavioral phenotypes related to BPD and considered to be the gold standard for modeling mania-like elevated drive in mouse models. Therefore, the goal of our present study was to test whether Shank1 plays a role in the behavioral effects of psychostimulants and whether this is associated with genotype-dependent neurochemical alterations. To this aim, male and female null mutant Shank1-/- mice were treated with d-amphetamine (AMPH; 2.5 mg/kg) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy; 20 mg/kg), and psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity was compared to heterozygous Shank1+/- and wildtype Shank1+/+ littermate controls. Results show that Shank1-/- mice display reduced psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity, although psychostimulants robustly stimulated locomotor activity in littermate controls. Shank1 deletion effects emerged throughout development, were particularly prominent in adulthood, and seen in response to both psychostimulants, i.e., AMPH and MDMA. Specifically, while AMPH-induced hyperactivity was reduced but still detectable in Shank1-/- mice, MDMA-induced hyperactivity was robustly blocked and completely absent in Shank1-/- mice. Reduced efficacy of psychostimulants to stimulate hyperactivity in Shank1-/- mice might be associated with alterations in the neurochemical architecture in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hypothalamus. Our observation that psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity is reduced rather than enhanced in Shank1-/- mice clearly speaks against a behavioral phenotype with relevance to BPD. Lack of BPD-like phenotype is consistent with currently available human data linking mutations in SHANK2 and SHANK3 but not SHANK1 to BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Özge Sungur
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias M Redecker
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Andres
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Dürichen
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Del Rey
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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14
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Bastos JR, Perico KM, Marciano Vieira ÉL, Teixeira AL, Machado FS, de Miranda AS, Moreira FA. Inhibition of the dopamine transporter as an animal model of bipolar disorder mania: Locomotor response, neuroimmunological profile and pharmacological modulation. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:142-149. [PMID: 29656188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of dopamine transporter (DAT) by GBR12909 has been proposed as a pharmacological model of mania related to bipolar disorder (BD). Here we tested the hypothesis that GBR12909 injection impairs habituation and induces hyperlocomotion in mice, along with changes in cytokines and neurotrophic factors levels, as observed in BD patients. We also tested if lithium carbonate, sodium valproate and aripiprazole prevent GBR12909-induced locomotion. Male Swiss mice received GBR12909 (15 mg/kg) injections and locomotor responses were quantified in an open field. Cytokines and neurotrophic factors levels were assessed in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus 30 min and 24 h after injections. Pre-treatments with lithium, valproate or aripiprazole were performed with single and repeated injection protocols. GBR12909 prevented motoric habituation and increased basal locomotion in habituated mice in the open field. This compound also induced changes in IL-2 and BDNF levels in prefrontal cortex; IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in striatum; and IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ and NGF in hippocampus. GBR12909-induced hyperlocomotion was attenuated by lithium (12.5-100 mg/kg), but not valproate (75-300 mg/kg), and prevented by aripiprazole (0.1-10 mg/kg). Repeated injections of these drugs (twice a day for 3 days), however, failed to inhibit hyperlocomotion. The main limitations of the protocols in this study are the analysis of locomotion as the only behavioral parameter, changes in immune factors that may overlap with other psychiatric disorders and the lack chronic drug injections. Despite of these limitations, this study adds to previous literature suggesting DAT inhibition as a potential animal model of mania related to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Bastos
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Katherinne M Perico
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica L Marciano Vieira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline S de Miranda
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Grad School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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15
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Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation with lithium and aripiprazole for improving the balance of circulating hormones and brain neurotransmitters in manic mice model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:335-346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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de Queiroz AIG, Chaves Filho AJM, Araújo TDS, Lima CNC, Machado MDJS, Carvalho AF, Vasconcelos SMM, de Lucena DF, Quevedo J, Macedo D. Antimanic activity of minocycline in a GBR12909-induced model of mania in mice: Possible role of antioxidant and neurotrophic mechanisms. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:40-51. [PMID: 28783519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mania/hypomania is the cardinal feature of bipolar disorder. Recently, single administration of the dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, GBR12909, was related to mania-like alterations. In the present study we aimed at testing behavioral and brain oxidant/neurotrophic alterations induced by the repeated administration of GBR12909 and its prevention/reversal by the mood stabilizing drugs, lithium (Li) and valproate (VAL) as well as by the neuroprotective drug, minocycline (Mino). METHODS Adult Swiss mice were submitted to 14 days protocols namely prevention and reversal. In the reversal protocol mice were given GBR12909 or saline and between days 8 and 14 received Li, VAL, Mino (25 or 50mg/kg) or saline. In the prevention treatment, mice were pretreated with Li, VAL, Mino or saline prior to GBR12909. RESULTS GBR12909 repeated administration induced hyperlocomotion and increased risk taking behavior that were prevented and reversed by the mood stabilizers and both doses of Mino. Li, VAL or Mino were more effective in the reversal of striatal GSH alterations induced by GBR12909. Regarding lipid peroxidation Mino was more effective in the prevention and reversal of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus whereas Li and VAL prevented this alteration in the striatum and PFC. Li, VAL and Mino25 reversed the decrease in BDNF levels induced by GBR12909. CONCLUSION GBR12909 repeated administration resembles manic phenotype. Similarly to classical mood-stabilizing agents, Mino prevented and reversed GBR12909 manic-like behavior in mice. Thus, our data provide preclinical support to the design of trials investigating Mino's possible antimanic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabelle G de Queiroz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tatiane da Silva Araújo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane Carvalho Lima
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michel de Jesus Souza Machado
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvania Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Milienne-Petiot M, Groenink L, Minassian A, Young JW. Blockade of dopamine D 1-family receptors attenuates the mania-like hyperactive, risk-preferring, and high motivation behavioral profile of mice with low dopamine transporter levels. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1334-1346. [PMID: 28950781 PMCID: PMC10773978 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117731162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bipolar disorder mania exhibit poor cognition, impulsivity, risk-taking, and goal-directed activity that negatively impact their quality of life. To date, existing treatments for bipolar disorder do not adequately remediate cognitive dysfunction. Reducing dopamine transporter expression recreates many bipolar disorder mania-relevant behaviors (i.e. hyperactivity and risk-taking). The current study investigated whether dopamine D1-family receptor blockade would attenuate the risk-taking, hypermotivation, and hyperactivity of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. METHODS Dopamine transporter knockdown and wild-type littermate mice were tested in mouse versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (risk-taking), Progressive Ratio Breakpoint Test (effortful motivation), and Behavioral Pattern Monitor (activity). Prior to testing, the mice were treated with the dopamine D1-family receptor antagonist SCH 23390 hydrochloride (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle. RESULTS Dopamine transporter knockdown mice exhibited hyperactivity and hyperexploration, hypermotivation, and risk-taking preference compared with wild-type littermates. SCH 23390 hydrochloride treatment decreased premature responding in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and attenuated their hypermotivation. SCH 23390 hydrochloride flattened the safe/risk preference, while reducing activity and exploratory levels of both genotypes similarly. CONCLUSIONS Dopamine transporter knockdown mice exhibited mania-relevant behavior compared to wild-type mice. Systemic dopamine D1-family receptor antagonism attenuated these behaviors in dopamine transporter knockdown, but not all effects were specific to only the knockdown mice. The normalization of behavior via blockade of dopamine D1-family receptors supports the hypothesis that D1 and/or D5 receptors could contribute to the mania-relevant behaviors of dopamine transporter knockdown mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States of America
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States of America
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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18
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Terrillion CE, Dao DT, Cachope R, Lobo MK, Puche AC, Cheer JF, Gould TD. Reduced levels of Cacna1c attenuate mesolimbic dopamine system function. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:495-505. [PMID: 28186690 PMCID: PMC5457318 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which codes for the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) Cav 1.2, is associated with clinical diagnoses of bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia. Dysregulation of the mesolimbic-dopamine (ML-DA) system is linked to these syndromes and LTCCs are required for normal DAergic neurotransmission between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). It is unclear, however, how variations in CACNA1C genotype, and potential subsequent changes in expression levels in these regions, modify risk. Using constitutive and conditional knockout mice, and treatment with the LTCC antagonist nimodipine, we examined the role of Cacna1c in DA-mediated behaviors elicited by psychomotor stimulants. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, DA release and reuptake in the NAc were measured. We find that subsecond DA release in Cacna1c haploinsufficient mice lacks normal sensitivity to inhibition of the DA transporter (DAT). Constitutive haploinsufficiency of Cacna1c led to attenuation of hyperlocomotion following acute administration of stimulants specific to DAT, and locomotor sensitization of these mice to the DAT antagonist GBR12909 did not reach the same level as wild-type mice. The maintenance of sensitization to GBR12909 was attenuated by administration of nimodipine. Sensitization to GBR12909 was attenuated in mice with reduced Cacna1c selectively in the VTA but not in the NAc. Our findings show that Cacna1c is crucial for normal behavioral responses to DA stimulants and that its activity in the VTA is required for behavioral sensitization. Cacna1c likely exerts these effects through modifications to presynaptic ML-DA system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle E. Terrillion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David T. Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Cachope
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam C. Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd D. Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Milienne-Petiot M, Kesby JP, Graves M, van Enkhuizen J, Semenova S, Minassian A, Markou A, Geyer MA, Young JW. The effects of reduced dopamine transporter function and chronic lithium on motivation, probabilistic learning, and neurochemistry in mice: Modeling bipolar mania. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:260-270. [PMID: 27732870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) mania patients exhibit poor cognition and reward-seeking/hypermotivation, negatively impacting a patient's quality of life. Current treatments (e.g., lithium), do not treat such deficits. Treatment development has been limited due to a poor understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Here, we investigated putative mechanisms underlying cognition and reward-seeking/motivational changes relevant to BD mania patients using two validated mouse models and neurochemical analyses. METHODS The effects of reducing dopamine transporter (DAT) functioning via genetic (knockdown vs. wild-type littermates), or pharmacological (GBR12909- vs. vehicle-treated C57BL/6J mice) means were assessed in the probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT), and progressive ratio breakpoint (PRB) test, during either water or chronic lithium treatment. These tasks quantify reward learning and effortful motivation, respectively. Neurochemistry was performed on brain samples of DAT mutants ± chronic lithium using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Reduced DAT functioning increased reversals in the PRLT, an effect partially attenuated by chronic lithium. Chronic lithium alone slowed PRLT acquisition. Reduced DAT functioning increased motivation (PRB), an effect attenuated by lithium in GBR12909-treated mice. Neurochemical analyses revealed that DAT knockdown mice exhibited elevated homovanillic acid levels, but that lithium had no effect on these elevated levels. CONCLUSIONS Reducing DAT functioning recreates many aspects of BD mania including hypermotivation and improved reversal learning (switching), as well as elevated homovanillic acid levels. Chronic lithium only exerted main effects, impairing learning and elevating norepinephrine and serotonin levels of mice, not specifically treating the underlying mechanisms identified in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Mary Graves
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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20
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Browne CJ, Fletcher PJ, Zeeb FD. Responding for a conditioned reinforcer or unconditioned sensory reinforcer in mice: interactions with environmental enrichment, social isolation, and monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:983-93. [PMID: 26690588 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Environmental factors influence the etiology of many psychiatric disorders. Likewise, environmental factors can alter processes central to motivation. Therefore, motivational deficits present in many disorders may be influenced by early life environmental conditions. OBJECTIVE We examined whether housing animals in different environmental conditions influenced the ability of sensory stimuli to acquire incentive value and whether elevated monoamine activity altered responsing for these stimuli. METHODS Isolation-housed (IH), pair-housed (PH), and environmentally enriched (EE) male C57BL/6N mice were examined in tests of responding for a conditioned reinforcer (CRf) or an unconditioned sensory reinforcer (USRf). The CRf was previously paired with saccharin delivery through Pavlovian conditioning, while the USRf was not conditioned with a reward. Following baseline tests of responding for the CRf or USRf, the effects of elevated monoamine activity were examined. RESULTS At baseline, PH and EE mice responded similarly for the CRf or USRf. IH mice responded more for the CRf but exhibited slower acquisition of responding for the USRf. Administration of citalopram, a serotonin transporter blocker, or atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter blocker, decreased responding for the CRf and USRf in all groups. The dopamine transporter blocker GBR 12909 generally increased responding for the CRf and USRf, but further analysis revealed enhanced responding for both reinforcers only in EE mice. CONCLUSIONS Baseline incentive motivation is strongly influenced by the social component of housing conditions. Furthermore, environmental enrichment increased the sensitivity to elevated dopamine activity, while acute elevations in serotonin and norepinephrine inhibit incentive motivation irrespective of housing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3.
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Fiona D Zeeb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
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Amphetamine increases activity but not exploration in humans and mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:225-33. [PMID: 26449721 PMCID: PMC4703551 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cross-species quantification of physiological behavior enables a better understanding of the biological systems underlying neuropsychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder (BD). Cardinal symptoms of manic BD include increased motor activity and goal-directed behavior, thought to be related to increased catecholamine activity, potentially selective to dopamine homeostatic dysregulation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to test whether acute administration of amphetamine, a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and dopamine releaser, would replicate the profile of activity and exploration observed in both humans with manic BD and mouse models of mania. METHODS Healthy volunteers with no psychiatric history were randomized to a one-time dose of placebo (n = 25), 10 mg d-amphetamine (n = 18), or 20 mg amphetamine (n = 23). Eighty mice were administered one of four doses of d-amphetamine or vehicle. Humans and mice were tested in the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which quantifies motor activity, exploratory behavior, and spatial patterns of behavior. RESULTS In humans, the 20-mg dose of amphetamine increased motor activity as measured by acceleration without marked effects on exploration or spatial patterns of activity. In mice, amphetamine increased activity, decreased specific exploration, and caused straighter, one-dimensional movements in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with mice, amphetamine increased motoric activity in humans without increasing exploration. Given that BD patients exhibit heightened exploration, these data further emphasize the limitation of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity as a suitable model for BD. Further, these studies highlight the utility of cross-species physiological paradigms in validating biological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases.
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Queiroz AIG, de Araújo MM, da Silva Araújo T, de Souza GC, Cavalcante LM, de Jesus Souza Machado M, de Lucena DF, Quevedo J, Macêdo D. GBR 12909 administration as an animal model of bipolar mania: time course of behavioral, brain oxidative alterations and effect of mood stabilizing drugs. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1207-15. [PMID: 26073232 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the human dopamine transporter (DAT) are associated with bipolar endophenotype. Based on this, the acute inhibition of DAT using GBR12909 causes behavioral alterations that are prevented by valproate (VAL), being related to a mania-like model. Herein our first aim was to analyze behavioral and brain oxidative alterations during a 24 h period post-GBR12909 to better characterize this model. Our second aim was to determine the preventive effects of lithium (Li) or VAL 2 h post-GBR12909. For this, adult male mice received GBR12909 or saline being evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h post-administration. Hyperlocomotion, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation in brain areas were assessed at all these time-points. GBR12909 caused hyperlocomotion at 2 and 24 h. Rearing behavior increased only at 2 h. GSH levels decreased in the hippocampus and striatum at the time points of 2, 4, 8 and 12 h. Increased lipid peroxidation was detected at the time-points of 2 and 12 h in all brain areas studied. At the time-point of 2 h post-GBR12909 Li prevented the hyperlocomotion and rearing alterations, while VAL prevented only rearing alterations. Both drugs prevented pro-oxidative changes. In conclusion, we observed that the main behavioral and oxidative alterations took place at the time-period of 2 h post-GBR12909, what points to this time-period as the best for the assessment of alterations in this model. Furthermore, the present study expands the predictive validity of the model by the determination of the preventive effects of Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabelle G Queiroz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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van Enkhuizen J, Milienne-Petiot M, Geyer MA, Young JW. Modeling bipolar disorder in mice by increasing acetylcholine or dopamine: chronic lithium treats most, but not all features. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3455-67. [PMID: 26141192 PMCID: PMC4537820 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling and life-threatening disease characterized by states of depression and mania. New and efficacious treatments have not been forthcoming partly due to a lack of well-validated models representing both facets of BD. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that cholinergic- and dopaminergic-pharmacological manipulations would model depression and mania respectively, each attenuated by lithium treatment. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice received the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine or saline before testing for "behavioral despair" (immobility) in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Physostigmine effects on exploration and sensorimotor gating were assessed using the cross-species behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigms. Other C57BL/6 J mice received chronic lithium drinking water (300, 600, or 1200 mg/l) before assessing their effects alone in the BPM or with physostigmine on FST performance. Another group was tested with acute GBR12909 (dopamine transporter inhibitor) and chronic lithium (1000 mg/l) in the BPM. RESULTS Physostigmine (0.03 mg/kg) increased immobility in the TST and FST without affecting activity, exploration, or PPI. Lithium (600 mg/l) resulted in low therapeutic serum concentrations and normalized the physostigmine-increased immobility in the FST. GBR12909 induced mania-like behavior in the BPM of which hyper-exploration was attenuated, though not reversed, after chronic lithium (1000 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS Increased cholinergic levels induced depression-like behavior and hyperdopaminergia induced mania-like behavior in mice, while chronic lithium treated some, but not all, facets of these effects. These data support a cholinergic-monoaminergic mechanism for modeling BD aspects and provide a way to assess novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Correspondence: Jared W. Young, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, California, 92093-0804, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205,
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van Enkhuizen J, Geyer MA, Minassian A, Perry W, Henry BL, Young JW. Investigating the underlying mechanisms of aberrant behaviors in bipolar disorder from patients to models: Rodent and human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:4-18. [PMID: 26297513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients with bipolar disorder suffer from states of depression and mania, during which a variety of symptoms are present. Current treatments are limited and neurocognitive deficits in particular often remain untreated. Targeted therapies based on the biological mechanisms of bipolar disorder could fill this gap and benefit patients and their families. Developing targeted therapies would benefit from appropriate animal models which are challenging to establish, but remain a vital tool. In this review, we summarize approaches to create a valid model relevant to bipolar disorder. We focus on studies that use translational tests of multivariate exploratory behavior, sensorimotor gating, decision-making under risk, and attentional functioning to discover profiles that are consistent between patients and rodent models. Using this battery of translational tests, similar behavior profiles in bipolar mania patients and mice with reduced dopamine transporter activity have been identified. Future investigations should combine other animal models that are biologically relevant to the neuropsychiatric disorder with translational behavioral assessment as outlined here. This methodology can be utilized to develop novel targeted therapies that relieve symptoms for more patients without common side effects caused by current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Brook L Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a shared action believed to be involved in the regulation of behavior by psychoactive drugs such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. However, little is known about the identity of the substrates through which GSK3β affects behavior. We identified fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1P), a RNA binding protein associated to genetic risk for schizophrenia, as a substrate for GSK3β. Phosphorylation of FXR1P by GSK3β is facilitated by prior phosphorylation by ERK2 and leads to its down-regulation. In contrast, behaviorally effective chronic mood stabilizer treatments in mice inhibit GSK3β and increase FXR1P levels. In line with this, overexpression of FXR1P in the mouse prefrontal cortex also leads to comparable mood-related responses. Furthermore, functional genetic polymorphisms affecting either FXR1P or GSK3β gene expression interact to regulate emotional brain responsiveness and stability in humans. These observations uncovered a GSK3β/FXR1P signaling pathway that contributes to regulating mood and emotion processing. Regulation of FXR1P by GSK3β also provides a mechanistic framework that may explain how inhibition of GSK3β can contribute to the regulation of mood by psychoactive drugs in mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. Moreover, this pathway could potentially be implicated in other biological functions, such as inflammation and cell proliferation, in which FXR1P and GSK3 are known to play a role.
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Johnson SL, Carver CS, Joormann J, Cuccaro M. A genetic analysis of the validity of the Hypomanic Personality Scale. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:331-9. [PMID: 25219588 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies of mania risk have increasingly relied on measures of subsyndromal tendencies to experience manic symptoms. The measures of mania risk employed in those studies have been shown to predict manic onset, to show familial associations, and to demonstrate expected correlations with psychosocial variables related to bipolar disorder. However, little work has been conducted to validate such measures against biologically relevant indices, or to consider whether early adversity, which has been shown to be highly elevated among those with bipolar disorder, is related to higher scores on mania risk measures. This study tested whether a well-used, self-report measure of vulnerability to mania is associated with several candidate genes that have previously been linked with bipolar disorder or with early adversity. Interactions of genes with early adversity in the prediction of mania vulnerability were also tested. METHODS Undergraduate students from the University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL, USA) (N = 305) completed the Hypomanic Personality Scale and the Risky Families Scale, and provided blood for genotyping. RESULTS Findings indicated that the Hypomanic Personality Scale was related to a number of dopamine-relevant polymorphisms and with early adversity. A polymorphism of ANKK1 appeared to specifically increase mania risk in the context of early adversity. CONCLUSIONS These results provide additional support for the validity of the Hypomanic Personality Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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27
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Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:151-62. [PMID: 25814263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a unique disorder that transcends domains of function since the same patient can exhibit depression or mania, states with polar opposite mood symptoms. During depression, people feel helplessness, reduced energy, and risk aversion, while with mania behaviors include grandiosity, increased energy, less sleep, and risk preference. The neural mechanism(s) underlying each state are gaining clarity, with catecholaminergic disruption seen during mania, and cholinergic dysfunction during depression. The fact that the same patient cycles/switches between these states is the defining characteristic of BD however. Of greater importance therefore, is the mechanism(s) underlying cycling from one state - and its associated neural changes - to another, considered the 'holy grail' of BD research. Herein, we review studies investigating triggers that induce switching to these states. By identifying such triggers, researchers can study neural mechanisms underlying each state and importantly how such mechanistic changes can occur in the same subject. Current animal models of this switch are also discussed, from submissive- and dominant-behaviors to kindling effects. Focus however, is placed on how seasonal changes can induce manic and depressive states in BD sufferers. Importantly, changing photoperiod lengths can induce local switches in neurotransmitter expression in normal animals, from increased catecholaminergic expression during periods of high activity, to increased somatostatin and corticotrophin releasing factor during periods of low activity. Identifying susceptibilities to this switch would enable the development of targeted animal models. From animal models, targeted treatments could be developed and tested that would minimize the likelihood of switching.
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Abstract
The quantification of unconditioned motoric activity is one of the oldest and most commonly utilized tools in behavioral studies. Although typically measured in reference to psychiatric disorders, e.g., amphetamine-induced hyperactivity used as a model of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and Tourette's syndrome, the motoric behavior of psychiatric patients had not been quantified similarly to rodents until recently. The rodent behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) was reverse-translated for use in humans, providing the quantification of not only motoric activity but also the locomotor exploratory profile of various psychiatric populations. This measurement includes the quantification of specific exploration and locomotor patterns. As an example, patients with BD, schizophrenia, and those with history of methamphetamine dependence exhibited unique locomotor profiles. It was subsequently determined that reducing dopamine transporter function selectively recreated the locomotor profile of BD mania patients and not any other patient population. Hence, multivariate locomotor profiling offers a first-step approach toward understanding the neural mechanism(s) underlying abnormal behavior in patients with psychiatric disorders. Advances in wearable technology will undoubtedly enable similar multivariate assessments of exploratory and locomotor behavior in "real-world" contexts. Furthermore, trans-diagnostic studies of locomotor activity profiles will inform about essential brain-based functions that cut across diagnostic nosologies.
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Nguyen M, Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Aquatic blues: modeling depression and antidepressant action in zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:26-39. [PMID: 24657522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a serious psychiatric condition affecting millions of patients worldwide. Unipolar depression is characterized by low mood, anhedonia, social withdrawal and other severely debilitating psychiatric symptoms. Bipolar disorder manifests in alternating depressed mood and 'hyperactive' manic/hypomanic states. Animal experimental models are an invaluable tool for research into the pathogenesis of bipolar/unipolar depression, and for the development of potential treatments. Due to their high throughput value, genetic tractability, low cost and quick reproductive cycle, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a promising new model species for studying brain disorders. Here, we discuss the developing utility of zebrafish for studying depression disorders, and outline future areas of research in this field. We argue that zebrafish represent a useful model organism for studying depression and its behavioral, genetic and physiological mechanisms, as well as for anti-depressant drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
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30
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van Enkhuizen J, Henry BL, Minassian A, Perry W, Milienne-Petiot M, Higa KK, Geyer MA, Young JW. Reduced dopamine transporter functioning induces high-reward risk-preference consistent with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3112-22. [PMID: 25005251 PMCID: PMC4229584 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) exhibit deleterious decision making, negatively impacting their lives. Such aberrant decision making can be quantified using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which requires choosing between advantageous and disadvantageous options based on different reward/punishment schedules. The mechanisms underlying this behavioral deficit are unknown, but may include the reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) functioning reported in BD patients. Using both human and mouse IGTs, we tested whether reduced DAT functioning would recreate patterns of deficient decision making of BD patients. We assessed the IGT performance of 16 BD subjects (7 female) and 17 healthy control (HC) subjects (12 female). We recorded standard IGT performance measures and novel post-reward and post-punishment decision-making strategies. We characterized a novel single-session mouse IGT using C57BL/6J mice (n = 44). The BD and HC IGT performances were compared with the effects of chronic (genetic knockdown (KD; n = 31) and wild-type (n = 28) mice) and acute (C57BL/6J mice (n = 89) treated with the DAT inhibitor GBR12909) reductions of DAT functioning in mice performing this novel IGT. BD patients exhibited impaired decision making compared with HC subjects. Both the good-performing DAT KD and GBR12909-treated mice exhibited poor decision making in the mouse IGT. The deficit of each population was driven by high-reward sensitivity. The single-session mouse IGT measures dynamic risk-based decision making similar to humans. Chronic and acute reductions of DAT functioning in mice impaired decision-making consistent with poor IGT performance of BD patients. Hyperdopaminergia caused by reduced DAT may impact poor decision making in BD patients, which should be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brook L Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerin K Higa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205, E-mail:
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van Enkhuizen J, Janowsky DS, Olivier B, Minassian A, Perry W, Young JW, Geyer MA. The catecholaminergic-cholinergic balance hypothesis of bipolar disorder revisited. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:114-26. [PMID: 25107282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a unique illness characterized by fluctuations between mood states of depression and mania. Originally, an adrenergic-cholinergic balance hypothesis was postulated to underlie these different affective states. In this review, we update this hypothesis with recent findings from human and animal studies, suggesting that a catecholaminergic-cholinergic hypothesis may be more relevant. Evidence from neuroimaging studies, neuropharmacological interventions, and genetic associations support the notion that increased cholinergic functioning underlies depression, whereas increased activations of the catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) underlie mania. Elevated functional acetylcholine during depression may affect both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a compensatory fashion. Increased functional dopamine and norepinephrine during mania on the other hand may affect receptor expression and functioning of dopamine reuptake transporters. Despite increasing evidence supporting this hypothesis, a relationship between these two neurotransmitter systems that could explain cycling between states of depression and mania is missing. Future studies should focus on the influence of environmental stimuli and genetic susceptibilities that may affect the catecholaminergic-cholinergic balance underlying cycling between the affective states. Overall, observations from recent studies add important data to this revised balance theory of bipolar disorder, renewing interest in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David S Janowsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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YOUNG JW, RATTY A, DAWE GS, GEYER MA. Altered exploration and sensorimotor gating of the chakragati mouse model of schizophrenia. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:460-7. [PMID: 24708299 PMCID: PMC4107138 DOI: 10.1037/a0036425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a prevalent neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder with poor prognosis and limited understanding of its etiology. This limited etiological understanding renders developing animal models of schizophrenia difficult. Although attempts are made to recreate putative etiologies in models, these models may only enable the generation of treatments targeted at the mechanisms manipulated. Although the chakragati mouse was not created as a result of a specific gene target, reports to date suggest these mice exhibit behavioral abnormalities that are consistent with some observed in patients with schizophrenia. As an initial screen on the relevance of these mice to schizophrenia, we tested the exploration and sensorimotor gating of male and female chakragati mice in the cross-species tests behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) and prepulse inhibition (PPI), respectively. The chakragati mice exhibited hyperactive yet more meandering/circling movements of exploration compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. Moreover, chakragati mice exhibited impaired PPI compared with WT mice, primarily at high prepulse intensity levels. Thus, chakragati mice share some of the abnormal exploratory and PPI behaviors that are observed in patients with schizophrenia. These behaviors can be used to screen for novel antipsychotics which may be based on novel mechanisms of action. The multivariate abnormal exploration of these mice may also yield further information for treatment effects. Further characterization of these mice in tasks with putative links to negative or cognitive symptoms may further advance the utility of these mice as a screen for novel treatments for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W. YOUNG
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500
Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,
CA
| | - Anil RATTY
- Chakra Biotech Pte Ltd, 20 Ayer Rajah Crescent, Singapore
139964
| | - Gavin S. DAWE
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical
Drive, Singapore 117597
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Life
Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore
117456
| | - Mark A. GEYER
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500
Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,
CA
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Squillace M, Dodero L, Federici M, Migliarini S, Errico F, Napolitano F, Krashia P, Di Maio A, Galbusera A, Bifone A, Scattoni ML, Pasqualetti M, Mercuri NB, Usiello A, Gozzi A. Dysfunctional dopaminergic neurotransmission in asocial BTBR mice. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e427. [PMID: 25136890 PMCID: PMC4150243 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by pronounced social and communication deficits and stereotyped behaviours. Recent psychosocial and neuroimaging studies have highlighted reward-processing deficits and reduced dopamine (DA) mesolimbic circuit reactivity in ASD patients. However, the neurobiological and molecular determinants of these deficits remain undetermined. Mouse models recapitulating ASD-like phenotypes could help generate hypotheses about the origin and neurophysiological underpinnings of clinically relevant traits. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), behavioural and molecular readouts to probe dopamine neurotransmission responsivity in BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J mice (BTBR), an inbred mouse line widely used to model ASD-like symptoms owing to its robust social and communication deficits, and high level of repetitive stereotyped behaviours. C57BL/6J (B6) mice were used as normosocial reference comparators. DA reuptake inhibition with GBR 12909 produced significant striatal DA release in both strains, but failed to elicit fMRI activation in widespread forebrain areas of BTBR mice, including mesolimbic reward and striatal terminals. In addition, BTBR mice exhibited no appreciable motor responses to GBR 12909. DA D1 receptor-dependent behavioural and signalling responses were found to be unaltered in BTBR mice, whereas dramatic reductions in pre- and postsynaptic DA D2 and adenosine A2A receptor function was observed in these animals. Overall these results document profoundly compromised DA D2-mediated neurotransmission in BTBR mice, a finding that is likely to have a role in the distinctive social and behavioural deficits exhibited by these mice. Our results call for a deeper investigation of the role of dopaminergic dysfunction in mouse lines exhibiting ASD-like phenotypes, and possibly in ASD patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Squillace
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - L Dodero
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pavis, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,Laboratorio di Neurologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - S Migliarini
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Errico
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - F Napolitano
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - P Krashia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Maio
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - A Galbusera
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Bifone
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - M L Scattoni
- Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Section, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pasqualetti
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - N B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,Laboratorio di Neurologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Usiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), Caserta, Italy, Dr , Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy E-mail:
| | - A Gozzi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences@uniTn, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy. E-mail:
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de Bartolomeis A, Buonaguro EF, Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C. The emerging role of dopamine-glutamate interaction and of the postsynaptic density in bipolar disorder pathophysiology: Implications for treatment. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:505-26. [PMID: 24554693 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114523864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant synaptic plasticity, originating from abnormalities in dopamine and/or glutamate transduction pathways, may contribute to the complex clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder (BD). Dopamine and glutamate systems cross-talk at multiple levels, such as at the postsynaptic density (PSD). The PSD is a structural and functional protein mesh implicated in dopamine and glutamate-mediated synaptic plasticity. Proteins at PSD have been demonstrated to be involved in mood disorders pathophysiology and to be modulated by antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. On the other side, post-receptor effectors such as protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), which are implicated in both molecular abnormalities and treatment of BD, may interact with PSD proteins, and participate in the interplay of the dopamine-glutamate signalling pathway. In this review, we describe emerging evidence on the molecular cross-talk between dopamine and glutamate signalling in BD pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment, mainly focusing on dysfunctions in PSD molecules. We also aim to discuss future therapeutic strategies that could selectively target the PSD-mediated signalling cascade at the crossroads of dopamine-glutamate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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van Enkhuizen J, Geyer MA, Halberstadt AL, Zhuang X, Young JW. Dopamine depletion attenuates some behavioral abnormalities in a hyperdopaminergic mouse model of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 155:247-54. [PMID: 24287168 PMCID: PMC3924859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with BD suffer from multifaceted symptoms, including hyperactive and psychomotor agitated behaviors. Previously, we quantified hyperactivity, increased exploration, and straighter movements of patients with BD mania in the human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM). A similar BPM profile is observed in mice that are hyperdopaminergic due to reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) functioning. We hypothesized that dopamine depletion through alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) administration would attenuate this mania-like profile. METHODS Male and female DAT wild-type (WT; n=26) and knockdown (KD; n=28) mice on a C57BL/6 background were repeatedly tested in the BPM to assess profile robustness and stability. The optimal AMPT dose was identified by treating male C57BL/6 mice (n=39) with vehicle or AMPT (10, 30, or 100mg/kg) at 24, 20, and 4h prior to testing in the BPM. Then, male and female DAT WT (n=40) and KD (n=37) mice were tested in the BPM after vehicle or AMPT (30mg/kg) treatment. RESULTS Compared to WT littermates, KD mice exhibited increased activity, exploration, straighter movement, and disorganized behavior. AMPT-treatment reduced hyperactivity and increased path organization, but potentiated specific exploration in KD mice without affecting WT mice. LIMITATIONS AMPT is not specific to dopamine and also depletes norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS KD mice exhibit abnormal exploration in the BPM similar to patients with BD mania. AMPT-induced dopamine depletion attenuated some, but potentiated other, aspects of this mania-like profile in mice. Future studies should extend these findings into other aspects of mania to determine the suitability of AMPT as a treatment for BD mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Correspondence: Jared W. Young, Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804 La Jolla, California 92093-0804 Tel: +1 619 543 3582 Fax: +1 619 735 9205
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Henry BL, Geyer MA, Buell MR, Perry W, Young JW, Minassian A. Prepulse inhibition in HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice after withdrawal from chronic methamphetamine. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:12-22. [PMID: 24281153 PMCID: PMC3926694 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is frequently comorbid with methamphetamine (METH) dependence. Both factors are associated with impairment in inhibitory function that continues even after abstinence from the drug. Deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, are induced by acute stimulant administration, but the combined effect of HIV and chronic METH exposure on PPI is not well characterized. We quantified baseline acoustic startle and PPI in mice expressing the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein (gp120tg) and in wild-type (WT) littermates; thereafter, we administered a chronic regimen of METH or vehicle and tested startle and PPI after 7 days of drug withdrawal. We hypothesized that METH-treated gp120tg mice would exhibit PPI deficits compared with vehicle-treated WT or gp120tg animals. Before METH administration, drug-naive female gp120tg mice exhibited decreased PPI compared with female WT mice, whereas male gp120tg mice exhibited increased startle compared with other groups. After drug withdrawal, no consistent genotype effect was observed, but METH-treated mice exhibited increased PPI compared with vehicle, in contrast to previous reports of acute METH-induced PPI deficits. In summary, PPI impairment in HIV could depend on factors such as sex, whereas changes in PPI following METH withdrawal may depend on the quantity and duration of drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook L. Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, (CESAMH), Veteran’s Administration, San Diego, California, USA
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Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:587-94. [PMID: 23728881 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and gene expression studies, in humans and animal models of psychiatric and other medical disorders, are becoming increasingly integrated. Particularly for genomics, the convergence and integration of data across species, experimental modalities and technical platforms is providing a fit-to-disease way of extracting reproducible and biologically important signal, in contrast to the fit-to-cohort effect and limited reproducibility of human genetic analyses alone. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing and the realization that a major portion of the non-coding genome may contain regulatory variants, Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approaches are going to be essential to identify disease-relevant signal from the tremendous polymorphic variation present in the general population. Such work in psychiatry can provide an example of how to address other genetically complex disorders, and in turn will benefit by incorporating concepts from other areas, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) mania is a psychiatric disorder with multifaceted symptoms. Development of targeted treatments for BD mania may benefit from animal models that mimic multiple symptoms, as opposed to hyperactivity alone. Using the reverse-translated multivariate exploratory paradigm, the behavioural pattern monitor (BPM), we reported that patients with BD mania exhibit hyperactivity as well as increased specific exploration and more linear movements through space. This abnormal profile is also observed in mice with reduced function of the dopamine transporter (DAT) through either constitutive genetic [knockdown (KD)] or acute pharmacological (GBR12909) means. Here, we assessed the pharmacological predictive validity of these models by administering the BD-treatment valproic acid (VPA) for 28 d. After 1.5% VPA- or regular-chow treatment for 28 d, C57BL/6J mice received GBR12909 (9 mg/kg) or saline and were tested in the BPM. Similarly, DAT KD and wild type (WT) littermates were treated with VPA-chow and tested in the BPM. GBR12909-treated and DAT KD mice on regular chow were hyperactive, exhibited increased specific exploration and moved in straighter patterns compared to saline-treated and WT mice respectively. Chronic 1.5% VPA-chow treatment resulted in therapeutic concentrations of VPA and ameliorated hyperactivity in both models, while specific exploration and behavioural organization remained unaffected. Hence, the mania-like profile of mice with reduced functional DAT was partially attenuated by chronic VPA treatment, consistent with the incomplete symptomatic effect of VPA treatment in BD patients. Both DAT models may help to identify therapeutics that impact the full spectrum of BD mania.
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Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA. Characterization of the head-twitch response induced by hallucinogens in mice: detection of the behavior based on the dynamics of head movement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:727-39. [PMID: 23407781 PMCID: PMC3866102 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The head-twitch response (HTR) is a rapid side-to-side rotational head movement that occurs in rats and mice after administration of serotonergic hallucinogens and other 5-HT2A agonists. The HTR is widely used as a behavioral assay for 5-HT2A activation and to probe for interactions between the 5-HT2A receptor and other transmitter systems. OBJECTIVE High-speed video recordings were used to analyze the head movement that occurs during head twitches in C57BL/6J mice. Experiments were also conducted in C57BL/6J mice to determine whether a head-mounted magnet and a magnetometer coil could be used to detect the HTR induced by serotonergic hallucinations based on the dynamics of the response. RESULTS Head movement during the HTR was highly rhythmic and occurred within a specific frequency range (mean head movement frequency of 90.3 Hz). Head twitches produced wave-like oscillations of magnetometer coil voltage that matched the frequency of head movement during the response. The magnetometer coil detected the HTR induced by the serotonergic hallucinogens 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) with extremely high sensitivity and specificity. Magnetometer coil recordings demonstrated that the non-hallucinogenic compounds (+)-amphetamine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and lisuride (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not induce the HTR. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm that a magnetometer coil can be used to detect the HTR induced by hallucinogens. The use of magnetometer-based HTR detection provides a high-throughput, semi-automated assay for this behavior, and offers several advantages over traditional assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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van Enkhuizen J, Minassian A, Young JW. Further evidence for ClockΔ19 mice as a model for bipolar disorder mania using cross-species tests of exploration and sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res 2013; 249:44-54. [PMID: 23623885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a pervasive neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression. The switch between mania and depression may reflect seasonal changes and certainly can be affected by alterations in sleep and circadian control. The circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) protein is a key component of the cellular circadian clock. Mutation of the Clock gene encoding this protein in ClockΔ19 mutant mice leads to behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of BD mania. To date, however, these mice have not been assessed in behavioral paradigms that have cross-species translational validity. In the present studies of ClockΔ19 and wildtype (WT) littermate mice, we quantified exploratory behavior and sensorimotor gating, which are abnormal in BD manic patients. We also examined the saccharin preference of these mice and their circadian control in different photoperiods. ClockΔ19 mice exhibited behavioral alterations that are consistent with BD manic patients tested in comparable tasks, including hyperactivity, increased specific exploration, and reduced sensorimotor gating. Moreover, compared to WT mice, ClockΔ19 mice exhibited a greater preference for sweetened solutions and greater sensitivity to altered photoperiod. In contrast with BD manic patients however, ClockΔ19 mice exhibited more circumscribed movements during exploration. Future studies will extend the characterization of these mice in measures with cross-species translational relevance to human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
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van Enkhuizen J, Geyer MA, Young JW. Differential effects of dopamine transporter inhibitors in the rodent Iowa gambling task: relevance to mania. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:661-74. [PMID: 22945515 PMCID: PMC3537839 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) can be used to quantify impulsive and risky choice behaviors in psychiatric patients, e.g., bipolar disorder (BD) sufferers. Although developing treatments for these behaviors is important, few predictive animal models exist. Inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) can model profiles of altered motor activity and exploration seen in patients with BD. The effect of DAT inhibition on impulsive choices related to BD has received limited study however. We used a rodent IGT to elucidate the effects of similarly acting drugs on risky choice behavior. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that (1) C57BL/6 mice could adopt the "safe" choice options in the IGT and (2) DAT inhibition would alter risk preference. METHODS Mice were trained in the IGT to a stable risk-preference and then administered the norepinephrine/DAT inhibitor amphetamine, or the more selective DAT inhibitors modafinil or GBR12909. RESULTS Mice developed a preference for the "safe" option, which was potentiated by amphetamine administration. GBR12909 or modafinil administration increased motor impulsivity, motivation significantly, and risk preference subtly. CONCLUSIONS The rodent IGT can measure different impulse-related behaviors and differentiate similarly acting BD-related drugs. The contrasting effects of amphetamine and modafinil in mice are similar to effects in rats and humans in corresponding IGT tasks, supporting the translational validity of the task. GBR12909 and modafinil elicited similar behaviors in the IGT, likely through a shared mechanism. Future studies using a within-session IGT are warranted to confirm the suitability of DAT inhibitors to model risk-preference in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Correspondence: Jared W. Young, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, California, 92093-0804, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205,
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Modafinil disrupts prepulse inhibition in mice: Strain differences and involvement of dopaminergic and serotonergic activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 699:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Henry BL, Geyer MA, Buell M, Perry W, Young JW, Minassian A. Behavioral effects of chronic methamphetamine treatment in HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 236:210-220. [PMID: 22960458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) dependence is frequently comorbid with HIV infection. Both factors are independently characterized by inhibitory deficits, which may manifest as increased motor activity, inappropriate perseverative behavior, and elevated exploratory responses to novel stimuli, but the effect of combined METH exposure and HIV is not well understood. In this study, we administered a chronic escalation/binge regimen of METH or vehicle treatment to wildtype (WT) or transgenic (tg) mice expressing the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein and quantified disinhibition during the 7 days following drug withdrawal. We hypothesized that gp120tg mice administered chronic METH would exhibit more pronounced inhibitory deficits compared to vehicle-treated WT or gp120tg animals. Our results showed that METH treatment alone increased novel object interaction while female METH-treated gp120tg mice exhibited the highest level of exploration (holepoking) compared to other female mice. Transgenic mice exhibited fewer rears relative to WT, slightly less locomotion, and also demonstrated a trend toward more perseverative motor patterns. In summary, both METH treatment and gp120 expression may modify inhibition, but such effects are selective and dependent upon variations in age and sex that could impact dopamine and frontostriatal function. These findings illustrate the need to improve our knowledge about the combined effects of HIV and substance use and facilitate improved treatment methods for comorbid disease and drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook L Henry
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mahalah Buell
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - William Perry
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arpi Minassian
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; Center for Excellence in Substance Abuse and Mental Health (CESAMH), Veteran's Administration, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Beeler JA, Frazier CRM, Zhuang X. Putting desire on a budget: dopamine and energy expenditure, reconciling reward and resources. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:49. [PMID: 22833718 PMCID: PMC3400936 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates integration of dopamine function with metabolic signals, highlighting a potential role for dopamine in energy balance, frequently construed as modulating reward in response to homeostatic state. Though its precise role remains controversial, the reward perspective of dopamine has dominated investigation of motivational disorders, including obesity. In the hypothesis outlined here, we suggest instead that the primary role of dopamine in behavior is to modulate activity to adapt behavioral energy expenditure to the prevailing environmental energy conditions, with the role of dopamine in reward and motivated behaviors derived from its primary role in energy balance. Dopamine has long been known to modulate activity, exemplified by psychostimulants that act via dopamine. More recently, there has been nascent investigation into the role of dopamine in modulating voluntary activity, with some investigators suggesting that dopamine may serve as a final common pathway that couples energy sensing to regulated voluntary energy expenditure. We suggest that interposed between input from both the internal and external world, dopamine modulates behavioral energy expenditure along two axes: a conserve-expend axis that regulates generalized activity and an explore-exploit axes that regulates the degree to which reward value biases the distribution of activity. In this view, increased dopamine does not promote consumption of tasty food. Instead increased dopamine promotes energy expenditure and exploration while decreased dopamine favors energy conservation and exploitation. This hypothesis provides a mechanistic interpretation to an apparent paradox: the well-established role of dopamine in food seeking and the findings that low dopaminergic functions are associated with obesity. Our hypothesis provides an alternative perspective on the role of dopamine in obesity and reinterprets the "reward deficiency hypothesis" as a perceived energy deficit. We propose that dopamine, by facilitating energy expenditure, should be protective against obesity. We suggest the apparent failure of this protective mechanism in Western societies with high prevalence of obesity arises as a consequence of sedentary lifestyles that thwart energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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Tanaka S, Young JW, Halberstadt AL, Masten VL, Geyer MA. Four factors underlying mouse behavior in an open field. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:55-61. [PMID: 22569582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The observation of the locomotor and exploratory behaviors of rodents in an open field is one of the most fundamental methods used in the field of behavioral pharmacology. A variety of behaviors can be recorded automatically and can readily generate a multivariate pattern of pharmacological effects. Nevertheless, the optimal ways to characterize observed behaviors and concomitant drug effects are still under development. The aim of this study was to extract meaningful behavioral factors that could explain variations in the observed variables from mouse exploration. Behavioral data were recorded from male C57BL/6J mice (n=268) using the Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM). The BPM data were subjected to the exploratory factor analysis. The factor analysis extracted four factors: activity, sequential organization, diversive exploration, and inspective exploration. The activity factor and the two types of exploration factors correlated positively with one another, while the sequential organization factor negatively correlated with the remaining factors. The extracted factor structure constitutes a behavioral model of mouse exploration. This model will provide a platform on which one can assess the effects of psychoactive drugs and genetic manipulations on mouse exploratory behavior. Further studies are currently underway to examine the factor structure of similar multivariate data sets from humans tested in a human BPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Young JW, Henry BL, Geyer MA. Predictive animal models of mania: hits, misses and future directions. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1263-84. [PMID: 21410454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mania has long been recognized as aberrant behaviour indicative of mental illness. Manic states include a variety of complex and multifaceted symptoms that challenge clear clinical distinctions. Symptoms include over-activity, hypersexuality, irritability and reduced need for sleep, with cognitive deficits recently linked to functional outcome. Current treatments have arisen through serendipity or from other disorders. Hence, treatments are not efficacious for all patients, and there is an urgent need to develop targeted therapeutics. Part of the drug discovery process is the assessment of therapeutics in animal models. Here we review pharmacological, environmental and genetic manipulations developed to test the efficacy of therapeutics in animal models of mania. The merits of these models are discussed in terms of the manipulation used and the facet of mania measured. Moreover, the predictive validity of these models is discussed in the context of differentiating drugs that succeed or fail to meet criteria as approved mania treatments. The multifaceted symptomatology of mania has not been reflected in the majority of animal models, where locomotor activity remains the primary measure. This approach has resulted in numerous false positives for putative treatments. Recent work highlights the need to utilize multivariate strategies to enable comprehensive assessment of affective and cognitive dysfunction. Advances in therapeutic treatment may depend on novel models developed with an integrated approach that includes: (i) a comprehensive battery of tests for different aspects of mania, (ii) utilization of genetic information to establish aetiological validity and (iii) objective quantification of patient behaviour with translational cross-species paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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Abstract
For over two decades, theorists have suggested that mania relates to heightened sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS). In this article, we review a burgeoning empirical literature on this model, drawing on both cross-sectional and prospective studies. As evidence has emerged for this model, we argue that it is time to consider more specific aspects of BAS sensitivity in this disorder. We review evidence that bipolar disorder relates to an increased willingness to expend effort toward reward and to increases in energy and goal pursuit after an initial reward. We conclude by considering the strengths and weaknesses of this literature, with an eye toward future directions and implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Abstract
For over two decades, theorists have suggested that mania relates to heightened sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS). In this article, we review a burgeoning empirical literature on this model, drawing on both cross-sectional and prospective studies. As evidence has emerged for this model, we argue that it is time to consider more specific aspects of BAS sensitivity in this disorder. We review evidence that bipolar disorder relates to an increased willingness to expend effort toward reward and to increases in energy and goal pursuit after an initial reward. We conclude by considering the strengths and weaknesses of this literature, with an eye toward future directions and implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Douma TN, Kolarz A, Postma Y, Olivier B, Groenink L. The amphetamine-chlordiazepoxide mixture, a pharmacological screen for mood stabilizers, does not enhance amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:377-81. [PMID: 21820012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, administration of a mixture of the psychostimulant d-amphetamine and the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide results in supra-additive hyperlocomotion, a phenomenon used to identify mood stabilizers. In an attempt to determine whether the d-amphetamine/chlordiazepoxide assay could extend to other behaviors that are affected in mania, we evaluated the effects of the mixture on prepulse inhibition. In addition, we combined chlordiazepoxide with the selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 or the noradrenergic stimulant (-) ephedrine, and tested these alternative mixtures in locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition tests. Chlordiazepoxide (3mg/kg) robustly potentiated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, but did not change the amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition. This indicates that the d-amphetamine-chlordiazepoxide-induced hyperlocomotion does not extend to other dopamine-driven behaviors. GBR 12909 (16mg/kg) and (-) ephedrine (50mg/kg) both enhanced locomotor activity and disrupted PPI, but combined treatment of either of these compounds with chlordiazepoxide had no significant additive effect on locomotor activity or prepulse inhibition. These findings suggest that the effect of the d-amphetamine/chlordiazepoxide mixture cannot be accounted for by the dopamine enhancing properties of amphetamine alone. Last, valproic acid (120-240mg/kg) did not reduce the GBR-induced hyperactivity. Therefore, further pharmacological evaluation of GBR 12909-induced hyperactivity is warranted to determine its pharmacological potential to model mania-like behavior. Based on the current results, it is concluded that the utility of the pharmacological d-amphetamine/chlordiazepoxide assay as a tool to study brain mechanisms relevant to mania is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N Douma
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Young JW, van Enkhuizen J, Winstanley CA, Geyer MA. Increased risk-taking behavior in dopamine transporter knockdown mice: further support for a mouse model of mania. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:934-43. [PMID: 21421642 PMCID: PMC3568506 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced functioning of the dopamine transporter (DAT) has been linked to bipolar disorder (BD). Mice with reduced DAT functioning (knockdown, KD) exhibit a behavioral profile in the mouse Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) consistent with patients with BD mania in the human BPM. Patients with BD also exhibit increased risk taking, which can be quantified using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). We hypothesized that DAT KD mice would exhibit increased risk-taking behavior in a novel mouse version of the IGT. DAT KD and wildtype (WT) littermates were trained in the mouse IGT. In session 1, KD mice initially made riskier choices, but later performed comparably to WT mice. Once trained to stable choice performance, DAT KD mice continued to exhibit a trend to choose the riskier options more than WT mice. Finally, we confirmed that these DAT KD mice also exhibited an exploratory profile in the BPM consistent with patients with BD mania, where risky choice behavior modestly correlated with specific exploration. These data demonstrate that DAT KD mice chose the riskier options more than WT mice, providing further support for the use of DAT KD mice as a model of BD mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA CA 92093-0804, USA.
| | | | | | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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