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Buckley A, Guo C, Laycock A, Cui X, Belinga-Desaunay-Nault MF, Valsami-Jones E, Leonard M, Smith R. Aerosol exposure at air-liquid-interface (AE-ALI) in vitro toxicity system characterisation: Particle deposition and the importance of air control responses. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 100:105889. [PMID: 38971396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Experimental systems allowing aerosol exposure (AE) of cell cultures at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) are increasingly being used to assess the toxicity of inhaled contaminants as they are more biomimetic than standard methods using submerged cultures, however, they require detailed characterisation before use. An AE-ALI system combining aerosol generation with a CULTEX® exposure chamber was characterised with respect to particle deposition and the cellular effects of filtered air (typical control) exposures. The effect of system parameters (electrostatic precipitator voltage, air flowrate to cells and insert size) on deposition efficiency and spatial distribution were investigated using ICP-MS and laser ablation ICP-MS, for an aerosol of CeO2 nanoparticles. Deposition varied with conditions, but appropriate choice of operating parameters produced broadly uniform deposition at suitable levels. The impact of air exposure duration on alveolar cells (A549) and primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) was explored with respect to LDH release and expression of selected genes. Results indicated that air exposures could have a significant impact on cells (e.g., cytotoxicity and expression of genes, including CXCL1, HMOX1, and SPP1) at relatively short durations (from 10 mins) and that SAECs were more sensitive. These findings indicate that detailed system characterisation is essential to ensure meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Buckley
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Adam Laycock
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Xianjin Cui
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Nanodot Limited, Loughborough LE11 4NT, UK
| | | | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
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2
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Costabile F, Gualtieri M, Rinaldi M, Canepari S, Vecchi R, Massimi L, Di Iulio G, Paglione M, Di Liberto L, Corsini E, Facchini MC, Decesari S. Exposure to urban nanoparticles at low PM[Formula: see text] concentrations as a source of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18616. [PMID: 37903867 PMCID: PMC10616204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM[Formula: see text]) have been associated with health impacts, but the understanding of the PM[Formula: see text] concentration-response (PM[Formula: see text]-CR) relationships, especially at low PM[Formula: see text], remains incomplete. Here, we present novel data using a methodology to mimic lung exposure to ambient air (2[Formula: see text] 60 [Formula: see text]g m[Formula: see text]), with minimized sampling artifacts for nanoparticles. A reference model (Air Liquid Interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B) was used for aerosol exposure. Non-linearities observed in PM[Formula: see text]-CR curves are interpreted as a result of the interplay between the aerosol total oxidative potential (OP[Formula: see text]) and its distribution across particle size (d[Formula: see text]). A d[Formula: see text]-dependent condensation sink (CS) is assessed together with the distribution with d[Formula: see text] of reactive species . Urban ambient aerosol high in OP[Formula: see text], as indicated by the DTT assay, with (possibly copper-containing) nanoparticles, shows higher pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses, this occurring at lower PM[Formula: see text] concentrations (< 5 [Formula: see text]g m[Formula: see text]). Among the implications of this work, there are recommendations for global efforts to go toward the refinement of actual air quality standards with metrics considering the distribution of OP[Formula: see text] with d[Formula: see text] also at relatively low PM[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 26126 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano,and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Iulio
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Di Liberto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Al-Rekabi Z, Dondi C, Faruqui N, Siddiqui NS, Elowsson L, Rissler J, Kåredal M, Mudway I, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Shaw M. Uncovering the cytotoxic effects of air pollution with multi-modal imaging of in vitro respiratory models. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221426. [PMID: 37063998 PMCID: PMC10090883 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Annually, an estimated seven million deaths are linked to exposure to airborne pollutants. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence supporting clear associations between poor air quality and a range of short- and long-term health effects, there are considerable gaps in our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which pollutant exposure induces adverse biological responses at the cellular and tissue levels. The development of more complex, predictive, in vitro respiratory models, including two- and three-dimensional cell cultures, spheroids, organoids and tissue cultures, along with more realistic aerosol exposure systems, offers new opportunities to investigate the cytotoxic effects of airborne particulates under controlled laboratory conditions. Parallel advances in high-resolution microscopy have resulted in a range of in vitro imaging tools capable of visualizing and analysing biological systems across unprecedented scales of length, time and complexity. This article considers state-of-the-art in vitro respiratory models and aerosol exposure systems and how they can be interrogated using high-resolution microscopy techniques to investigate cell-pollutant interactions, from the uptake and trafficking of particles to structural and functional modification of subcellular organelles and cells. These data can provide a mechanistic basis from which to advance our understanding of the health effects of airborne particulate pollution and develop improved mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Camilla Dondi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nilofar Faruqui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nazia S. Siddiqui
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Linda Elowsson
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Shaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Primavessy D, Metz J, Schnur S, Schneider M, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Pulmonary in vitro instruments for the replacement of animal experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:62-75. [PMID: 34438019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro systems often combine a mechanical-physical instrument with a biological component e.g. cell culture models. For testing of aerosols, it is of advantage to consider aerosol behavior, particle deposition and lung region specific cell lines. Although there are many good reviews on the selection of cell cultures, articles on instruments are rare. This article focuses on the development of in vitro instruments targeting the exposure of aerosols on cell cultures. In this context, guidelines for toxicity investigation are taken into account as the aim of new methods must be the prediction of human relevant data and the replacement of existing animal experiments. We provide an overview on development history of research-based instruments from a pharmaceutical point of view. The standardized commercial devices resulting from the research-based instruments are presented and the future perspectives on pulmonary in vitro devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Primavessy
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Julia Metz
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schnur
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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5
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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6
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Lovén K, Dobric J, Bölükbas DA, Kåredal M, Tas S, Rissler J, Wagner DE, Isaxon C. Toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle exposure: an in vitro comparison between dry aerosol air-liquid interface and submerged exposure systems. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:494-510. [PMID: 33576698 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1884301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly produced and used today, but health risks due to their occupational airborne exposure are incompletely understood. Traditionally, nanoparticle (NP) toxicity is tested by introducing NPs to cells through suspension in the growth media, but this does not mimic respiratory exposures. Different methods to introduce aerosolized NPs to cells cultured at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) have been developed, but require specialized equipment and are associated with higher cost and time. Therefore, it is important to determine whether aerosolized setups induce different cellular responses to NPs than traditional ones, which could provide new insights into toxicological responses of NP exposure. This study evaluates the response of human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) to zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs after dry aerosol exposure in the Nano Aerosol Chamber for In Vitro Toxicity (NACIVT) system as compared to conventional, suspension-based exposure: cells at ALI or submerged. Similar to other studies using nebulization of ZnO NPs, we found that dry aerosol exposure of ZnO NPs via the NACIVT system induced different cellular responses as compared to conventional methods. ZnO NPs delivered at 1.0 µg/cm2 in the NACIVT system, mimicking occupational exposure, induced significant increases in metabolic activity and release of the cytokines IL-8 and MCP-1, but no differences were observed using traditional exposures. While factors associated with the method of exposure, such as differing NP aggregation, may contribute toward the different cellular responses observed, our results further encourage the use of more physiologically realistic exposure systems for evaluating airborne ENM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lovén
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Dobric
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deniz A Bölükbas
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sinem Tas
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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8
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New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062124. [PMID: 32210027 PMCID: PMC7143849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of highly variable and complex mixtures recognized as major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vast number of chemicals, coupled with limitations surrounding epidemiological and animal studies, has necessitated the development of new approach methods (NAMs) to evaluate air pollution toxicity. These alternative approaches include in vitro (cell-based) models, wherein toxicity of test atmospheres can be evaluated with increased efficiency compared to in vivo studies. In vitro exposure systems have recently been developed with the goal of evaluating air pollutant-induced toxicity; though the specific design parameters implemented in these NAMs-based studies remain in flux. This review aims to outline important design parameters to consider when using in vitro methods to evaluate air pollutant toxicity, with the goal of providing increased accuracy, reproducibility, and effectiveness when incorporating in vitro data into human health evaluations. This review is unique in that experimental considerations and lessons learned are provided, as gathered from first-hand experience developing and testing in vitro models coupled to exposure systems. Reviewed design aspects include cell models, cell exposure conditions, exposure chambers, and toxicity endpoints. Strategies are also discussed to incorporate in vitro findings into the context of in vivo toxicity and overall risk assessment.
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9
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Matsumura K, Ito S. Novel biomarker genes which distinguish between smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with machine learning approach. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:29. [PMID: 32013930 PMCID: PMC6998147 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is combination of progressive lung diseases. The diagnosis of COPD is generally based on the pulmonary function testing, however, difficulties underlie in prognosis of smokers or early stage of COPD patients due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the pathogenesis. Computational analyses of omics technologies are expected as one of the solutions to resolve such complexities. Methods We obtained transcriptomic data by in vitro testing with exposures of human bronchial epithelial cells to the inducers for early events of COPD to identify the potential descriptive marker genes. With the identified genes, the machine learning technique was employed with the publicly available transcriptome data obtained from the lung specimens of COPD and non-COPD patients to develop the model that can reflect the risk continuum across smoking and COPD. Results The expression levels of 15 genes were commonly altered among in vitro tissues exposed to known inducible factors for earlier events of COPD (exposure to cigarette smoke, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation), and 10 of these genes and their corresponding proteins have not previously reported as COPD biomarkers. Although these genes were able to predict each group with 65% accuracy, the accuracy with which they were able to discriminate COPD subjects from smokers was only 29%. Furthermore, logistic regression enabled the conversion of gene expression levels to a numerical index, which we named the “potential risk factor (PRF)” index. The highest significant index value was recorded in COPD subjects (0.56 at the median), followed by smokers (0.30) and non-smokers (0.02). In vitro tissues exposed to cigarette smoke displayed dose-dependent increases of PRF, suggesting its utility for prospective risk estimation of tobacco products. Conclusions Our experimental-based transcriptomic analysis identified novel genes associated with COPD, and the 15 genes could distinguish smokers and COPD subjects from non-smokers via machine-learning classification with remarkable accuracy. We also suggested a PRF index that can quantitatively reflect the risk continuum across smoking and COPD pathogenesis, and we believe it will provide an improved understanding of smoking effects and new insights into COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Matsumura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
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10
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Zhang S, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Genotoxicity evaluation of carbon monoxide and 1,3-butadiene using a new joint technology: the in vitro γH2AX HCS assay combined with air–liquid interface system. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 29:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1477897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - An Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Zavala J, Ledbetter AD, Morgan DS, Dailey LA, Puckett E, McCullough SD, Higuchi M. A new cell culture exposure system for studying the toxicity of volatile chemicals at the air-liquid interface. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:169-177. [PMID: 30086657 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1483983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A cell culture exposure system (CCES) was developed to expose cells established at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to volatile chemicals. We characterized the CCES by exposing indigo dye-impregnated filter inserts inside culture wells to 125 ppb ozone (O3) for 1 h at flow rates of 5 and 25 mL/min/well; the reaction of O3 with an indigo dye produces a fluorescent product. A 5-fold increase in fluorescence at 25 mL/min/well versus 5 mL/min/well was observed, suggesting higher flows were more effective. We then exposed primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to 0.3 ppm acrolein for 2 h at 3, 5, and 25 mL/min/well and compared our results against well-established in vitro exposure chambers at the U.S. EPA's Human Studies Facility (HSF Chambers). We measured transcript changes of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, at 0, 1, and 24 h post-exposure. Comparing responses from HSF Chambers to the CCES, differences were only observed at 1 h post-exposure for HMOX1. Here, the HSF Chamber produced a ∼6-fold increase while the CCES at 3 and 5 mL/min/well produced a ∼1.7-fold increase. Operating the CCES at 25 mL/min/well produced a ∼4.5-fold increase; slightly lower than the HSF Chamber. Our biological results, supported by our comparison against the HSF Chambers, agree with our fluorescence results, suggesting that higher flows through the CCES are more effective at delivering volatile chemicals to cells. This new CCES will be deployed to screen the toxicity of volatile chemicals in EPA's chemical inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David S Morgan
- b NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- b NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Earl Puckett
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Mark Higuchi
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Guo C, Buckley A, Marczylo T, Seiffert J, Römer I, Warren J, Hodgson A, Chung KF, Gant TW, Smith R, Leonard MO. The small airway epithelium as a target for the adverse pulmonary effects of silver nanoparticle inhalation. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:539-553. [PMID: 29750584 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1465140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental modeling to identify specific inhalation hazards for nanomaterials has in the main focused on in vivo approaches. However, these models suffer from uncertainties surrounding species-specific differences and cellular targets for biologic response. In terms of pulmonary exposure, approaches which combine 'inhalation-like' nanoparticulate aerosol deposition with relevant human cell and tissue air-liquid interface cultures are considered an important complement to in vivo work. In this study, we utilized such a model system to build on previous results from in vivo exposures, which highlighted the small airway epithelium as a target for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) deposition. RNA-SEQ was used to characterize alterations in mRNA and miRNA within the lung. Organotypic-reconstituted 3D human primary small airway epithelial cell cultures (SmallAir) were exposed to the same spark-generated AgNP and at the same dose used in vivo, in an aerosol-exposure air-liquid interface (AE-ALI) system. Adverse effects were characterized using lactate, LDH release and alterations in mRNA and miRNA. Modest toxicological effects were paralleled by significant regulation in gene expression, reflective mainly of specific inflammatory events. Importantly, there was a level of concordance between gene expression changes observed in vitro and in vivo. We also observed a significant correlation between AgNP and mass equivalent silver ion (Ag+) induced transcriptional changes in SmallAir cultures. In addition to key mechanistic information relevant for our understanding of the potential health risks associated with AgNP inhalation exposure, this work further highlights the small airway epithelium as an important target for adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Alison Buckley
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Joanna Seiffert
- c Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Isabella Römer
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - James Warren
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Alan Hodgson
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- c Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Oxfordshire , UK.,b The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London , London , UK
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13
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Zavala J, Krug JD, Warren SH, Krantz QT, King C, McKee J, Gavett SH, Lewandowski M, Lonneman WA, Kleindienst TE, Meier MJ, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. Evaluation of an Air Quality Health Index for Predicting the Mutagenicity of Simulated Atmospheres. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3045-3053. [PMID: 29406743 PMCID: PMC5858694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
No study has evaluated the mutagenicity of atmospheres with a calculated air quality health index (AQHI). Thus, we generated in a UV-light-containing reaction chamber two simulated atmospheres (SAs) with similar AQHIs but different proportions of criteria pollutants and evaluated them for mutagenicity in three Salmonella strains at the air-agar interface. We continuously injected into the chamber gasoline, nitric oxide, and ammonium sulfate, as well as either α-pinene to produce SA-PM, which had a high concentration of particulate matter (PM): 119 ppb ozone (O3), 321 ppb NO2, and 1007 μg/m3 PM2.5; or isoprene to produce SA-O3, which had a high ozone (O3) concentration: 415 ppb O3, 633 ppb NO2, and 55 μg/m3 PM2.5. Neither PM2.5 extracts, NO2, or O3 alone, nor nonphoto-oxidized mixtures were mutagenic or cytotoxic. Both photo-oxidized atmospheres were largely direct-acting base-substitution mutagens with similar mutagenic potencies in TA100 and TA104. The mutagenic potencies [(revertants/h)/(mgC/m3)] of SA-PM (4.3 ± 0.4) and SA-O3 (9.5 ± 1.3) in TA100 were significantly different ( P < 0.0001), but the mutation spectra were not ( P = 0.16), being ∼54% C → T and ∼46% C → A. Thus, the AQHI may have some predictive value for the mutagenicity of the gas phase of air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- ORISE Research Fellow, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Krug
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Charly King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John McKee
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Stephen H. Gavett
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William A. Lonneman
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Dong TTT, Hinwood AL, Callan AC, Zosky G, Stock WD. In vitro assessment of the toxicity of bushfire emissions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:268-278. [PMID: 28628818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bushfires produce many toxic pollutants and the smoke has been shown to have negative effects on human health, especially to the respiratory system. Bushfires are predicted to increase in size and frequency, leading to a greater incidence of smoke and impacts. While there are many epidemiological studies of the potential impact on populations, there are few studies using in vitro methods to investigate the biological effects of bushfire emissions to better understand its toxicity and significance. This review focused on the literature pertaining to in vitro toxicity testing to determine the state of knowledge on current methods and findings on the impacts of bushfire smoke. There was a considerable variation in the experimental conditions, outcomes and test concentrations used by researchers using in vitro methods. Of the studies reviewed, most reported adverse impacts of particulate matter (PM) on cytotoxic and genotoxic responses. Studies on whole smoke were rare. Finer primary particulates from bushfire smoke were generally found to be more toxic than the coarse particulates and the toxicological endpoints of bushfire PM different to ambient PM. However the variation in study designs and experimental conditions made comparisons difficult. This review highlights the need for standard protocols to enable appropriate comparisons between studies to be undertaken including the assessment of physiologically relevant outcomes. Further work is essential to establish the effect of burning different vegetation types and combustion conditions on the toxicity of bushfire emissions to better inform both health and response agencies on the significance of smoke from bushfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Dong
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
| | - Andrea L Hinwood
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Anna C Callan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Graeme Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - William D Stock
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
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15
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First Results of the “Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)” Experiment: Beyond Current Standards for PM10. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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17
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Evaluating Adverse Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles by Realistic In Vitro Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7020049. [PMID: 28336883 PMCID: PMC5333034 DOI: 10.3390/nano7020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The number of daily products containing nanoparticles (NP) is rapidly increasing. NP in powders, dispersions, or sprays are a yet unknown risk for incidental exposure, especially at workplaces during NP production and processing, and for consumers of any health status and age using NP containing sprays. We developed the nano aerosol chamber for in vitro toxicity (NACIVT), a portable instrument for realistic safety testing of inhaled NP in vitro and evaluated effects of silver (Ag) and carbon (C) NP—which belong to the most widely used nanomaterials—on normal and compromised airway epithelia. We review the development, physical performance, and suitability of NACIVT for short and long-term exposures with air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures in regard to the prerequisites of a realistic in vitro test system for inhalation toxicology and in comparison to other commercially available, well characterized systems. We also review doses applied to cell cultures in vitro and acknowledge that a single exposure to realistic doses of spark generated 20-nm Ag- or CNP results in small, similar cellular responses to both NP types and that cytokine release generally increased with increasing NP dose.
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18
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Ishikawa S, Ito S. Repeated whole cigarette smoke exposure alters cell differentiation and augments secretion of inflammatory mediators in air-liquid interface three-dimensional co-culture model of human bronchial tissue. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 38:170-178. [PMID: 27596523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of human bronchial epithelium are useful for toxicological testing because of their resemblance to in vivo tissue. We constructed a model of human bronchial tissue which has a fibroblast layer embedded in a collagen matrix directly below a fully-differentiated epithelial cell layer. The model was applied to whole cigarette smoke (CS) exposure repeatedly from an air-liquid interface culture while bronchial epithelial cells were differentiating. The effects of CS exposure on differentiation were determined by histological and gene expression analyses on culture day 21. We found a decrease in ciliated cells and perturbation of goblet cell differentiation. We also analyzed the effects of CS exposure on the inflammatory response, and observed a significant increase in secretion of IL-8, GRO-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF. Interestingly, secretion of these mediators was augmented with repetition of whole CS exposure. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of our bronchial tissue model for in vitro testing and the importance of exposure repetition in perturbing the differentiation and inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
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19
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Li X. In vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:105-113. [PMID: 27470133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol comprising particulate phase and gaseous vapour phase. The air-liquid interface exposure provides a possible technical means to implement whole smoke exposure for the assessment of tobacco products. In this review, the research progress in the in vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure is summarized. The contents presented involve mainly cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, systems toxicology, 3D culture and cigarette smoke dosimetry related to cigarette smoke, as well as the assessment of electronic cigarette aerosol. Prospect of the application of the air-liquid interface exposure method in assessing the biological effects of tobacco smoke is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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20
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Mathis C, Gebel S, Poussin C, Belcastro V, Sewer A, Weisensee D, Hengstermann A, Ansari S, Wagner S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems biology approach reveals the dose- and time-dependent effect of primary human airway epithelium tissue culture after exposure to cigarette smoke in vitro. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:19-35. [PMID: 25788831 PMCID: PMC4357630 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s19908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish a relevant in vitro model for systems toxicology-based mechanistic assessment of environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke (CS), we exposed human organotypic bronchial epithelial tissue cultures at the air liquid interface (ALI) to various CS doses. Previously, we compared in vitro gene expression changes with published human airway epithelia in vivo data to assess their similarities. Here, we present a follow-up evaluation of these in vitro transcriptomics data, using complementary computational approaches and an integrated mRNA-microRNA (miRNA) analysis. The main cellular pathways perturbed by CS exposure were related to stress responses (oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism), inflammation (inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and the interferon gamma-dependent pathway), and proliferation/differentiation. Within post-exposure periods up to 48 hours, a transient kinetic response was observed at lower CS doses, whereas higher doses resulted in more sustained responses. In conclusion, this systems toxicology approach has potential for product testing according to "21st Century Toxicology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carine Poussin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Weisensee
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Hengstermann
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Driven by new regulatory demands to demonstrate risk reduction, the toxicity assessment of tobacco products increasingly employs innovative in vitro methods, including biphasic cell and tissue cultures exposed to whole cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface, cell transformation assays, and genomic analyses. At the same time, novel tobacco products are increasingly compared to traditional cigarettes. This overview of in vitro toxicology studies of tobacco products reported in the last five years provides evidence to support the prioritisation of in vitro over in vivo methods by industry and their recommendation by regulatory authorities.
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Majeed S, Frentzel S, Wagner S, Kuehn D, Leroy P, Guy PA, Knorr A, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Characterization of the Vitrocell® 24/48 in vitro aerosol exposure system using mainstream cigarette smoke. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:62. [PMID: 25411580 PMCID: PMC4236458 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few exposure systems are presently available that enable cigarette smoke exposure of living cells at the air–liquid interface, of which one of the most versatile is the Vitrocell® system (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH). To assess its performance and optimize the exposure conditions, we characterized a Vitrocell® 24/48 system connected to a 30-port carousel smoking machine. The Vitrocell® 24/48 system allows for simultaneous exposure of 48 cell culture inserts using dilution airflow rates of 0–3.0 L/min and exposes six inserts per dilution. These flow rates represent cigarette smoke concentrations of 7–100%. Results By characterizing the exposure inside the Vitrocell® 24/48, we verified that (I) the cigarette smoke aerosol distribution is uniform across all inserts, (II) the utility of Vitrocell® crystal quartz microbalances for determining the online deposition of particle mass on the inserts, and (III) the amount of particles deposited per surface area and the amounts of trapped carbonyls and nicotine were concentration dependent. At a fixed dilution airflow of 0.5 L/min, the results showed a coefficient of variation of 12.2% between inserts of the Vitrocell® 24/48 module, excluding variations caused by different runs. Although nicotine and carbonyl concentrations were linear over the tested dilution range, particle mass deposition increased nonlinearly. The observed effect on cell viability was well-correlated with increasing concentration of cigarette smoke. Conclusions Overall, the obtained results highlight the suitability of the Vitrocell® 24/48 system to assess the effect of cigarette smoke on cells under air–liquid interface exposure conditions, which is closely related to the conditions occurring in human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Eurofins Umwelt West GmbH, Vorgebirgsstraße 20, D-50389 Wesseling, Germany
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Guy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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23
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Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Zavala J, Lichtveld K, Ebersviller S, Carson JL, Walters GW, Jaspers I, Jeffries HE, Sexton KG, Vizuete W. The Gillings Sampler--an electrostatic air sampler as an alternative method for aerosol in vitro exposure studies. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:158-68. [PMID: 25010910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying the toxicity and health risk of exposure to multi-pollutant mixtures found in ambient air, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is moving towards setting standards for these types of mixtures. Additionally, the Health Effects Institute's strategic plan aims to develop and apply next-generation multi-pollutant approaches to understanding the health effects of air pollutants. There's increasing concern that conventional in vitro exposure methods are not adequate to meet EPA's strategic plan to demonstrate a direct link between air pollution and health effects. To meet the demand for new in vitro technology that better represents direct air-to-cell inhalation exposures, a new system that exposes cells at the air-liquid interface was developed. This new system, named the Gillings Sampler, is a modified two-stage electrostatic precipitator that provides a viable environment for cultured cells. Polystyrene latex spheres were used to determine deposition efficiencies (38-45%), while microscopy and imaging techniques were used to confirm uniform particle deposition. Negative control A549 cell exposures indicated the sampler can be operated for up to 4h without inducing any significant toxic effects on cells, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). A novel positive aerosol control exposure method, consisting of a p-tolualdehyde (TOLALD) impregnated mineral oil aerosol (MOA), was developed to test this system. Exposures to the toxic MOA at a 1 ng/cm(2) dose of TOLALD yielded a reproducible 1.4 and 2-fold increase in LDH and IL-8 mRNA levels over controls. This new system is intended to be used as an alternative research tool for aerosol in vitro exposure studies. While further testing and optimization is still required to produce a "commercially ready" system, it serves as a stepping-stone in the development of cost-effective in vitro technology that can be made accessible to researchers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kim Lichtveld
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Seth Ebersviller
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Johnny L Carson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Glenn W Walters
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Harvey E Jeffries
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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25
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Toxicological assessment of inhaled nanoparticles: role of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4795-822. [PMID: 24646916 PMCID: PMC3975425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium of the lung is by far the most permeable epithelial barrier of the human body. The risk for adverse effects by inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) depends on their hazard (negative action on cells and organism) and on exposure (concentration in the inhaled air and pattern of deposition in the lung). With the development of advanced in vitro models, not only in vivo, but also cellular studies can be used for toxicological testing. Advanced in vitro studies use combinations of cells cultured in the air-liquid interface. These cultures are useful for particle uptake and mechanistic studies. Whole-body, nose-only, and lung-only exposures of animals could help to determine retention of NPs in the body. Both approaches also have their limitations; cellular studies cannot mimic the entire organism and data obtained by inhalation exposure of rodents have limitations due to differences in the respiratory system from that of humans. Simulation programs for lung deposition in humans could help to determine the relevance of the biological findings. Combination of biological data generated in different biological models and in silico modeling appears suitable for a realistic estimation of potential risks by inhalation exposure to NPs.
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26
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Jeannet N, Fierz M, Kalberer M, Burtscher H, Geiser M. Nano aerosol chamber for in-vitro toxicity (NACIVT) studies. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:34-42. [PMID: 24552156 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.886739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of ambient air particles or engineered nanoparticles (NP) handled as powders, dispersions or sprays in industrial processes and contained in consumer products pose a potential and largely unknown risk for incidental exposure. For efficient, economical and ethically sound evaluation of health hazards by inhaled nanomaterials, animal-free and realistic in vitro test systems are desirable. The new Nano Aerosol Chamber for in-vitro Toxicity studies (NACIVT) has been developed and fully characterized regarding its performance. NACIVT features a computer-controlled temperature and humidity conditioning, preventing cellular stress during exposure and allowing long-term exposures. Airborne NP are deposited out of a continuous air stream simultaneously on up to 24 cell cultures on Transwell® inserts, allowing high-throughput screening. In NACIVT, polystyrene as well as silver particles were deposited uniformly and efficiently on all 24 Transwell® inserts. Particle-cell interaction studies confirmed that deposited particles reach the cell surface and can be taken up by cells. As demonstrated in control experiments, there was no evidence for any adverse effects on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) due to the exposure treatment in NACIVT. The new, fully integrated and transportable deposition chamber NACIVT provides a promising tool for reliable, acute and sub-acute dose-response studies of (nano)particles in air-exposed tissues cultured at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jeannet
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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27
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Lin B, Li X, Zhang H, Lin Z, Tian L, Nie C, Fang Y, Xi Z. Comparison of in vitro toxicity of mainstream cigarette smoke particulate matter from nano- to micro-size. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:353-60. [PMID: 24333866 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the interrelationship between particulate matter (PM) size and in vitro toxicological effects of mainstream cigarette smoke, PM sized between 10 nm and 10 μm in mainstream cigarette smoke was sampled and divided into six stages. The in vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cell inhibition effects of PM were assessed by the neutral red cytotoxicity assay, Salmonella mutagenicity assay, micronucleus test and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The results showed that all test samples were cytotoxic in the neutral red cytotoxicity assay. The IC50 values in the small-sized groups were significantly lower than those in the large-sized groups. Most test samples were mutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (TA98 with S9 and TA100 with S9) and increased the frequency of micronucleated cells. Most PM disturbed the normal progression of the cell cycle, resulting in the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and the induction of apoptosis. In these tests, PM of a large size induced less toxicity compared with PM of a small size. These findings suggest that most PM samples induced toxicity in vitro, and PM of a small size was more toxic than PM of a large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bencheng Lin
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Huashan Zhang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Cong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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28
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Evaluation method for the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke by in vitro whole smoke exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Rach J, Halter B, Aufderheide M. Importance of material evaluation prior to the construction of devices for in vitro techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:973-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Thorne D, Adamson J. A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2013; 65:1183-93. [PMID: 23850067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro test methods may be vital in understanding tobacco smoke, the main toxicants responsible for adverse health effects, and elucidating disease mechanisms. There is a variety of 'whole smoke' exposure systems available for the generation, dilution and delivery of tobacco smoke in vitro; these systems can be procured commercially from well-known suppliers or can be bespoke set-ups. These exposure technologies aim to ensure that there are limited changes in the tobacco smoke aerosol from generation to exposure. As the smoke aerosol is freshly generated, interactions in the smoke fractions are captured in any subsequent in vitro analysis. Of the commercially available systems, some have been characterised more than others in terms of published scientific literature and developed biological endpoints. Others are relatively new to the scientific field and are still establishing their presence. In addition, bespoke systems are widely used and offer a more flexible approach to the challenges of tobacco smoke exposure. In this review, the authors present a summary of the major tobacco smoke exposure systems available and critically review their function, set-up and application for in vitro exposure scenarios. All whole smoke exposure systems have benefits and limitations, often making it difficult to make comparisons between set-ups and the data obtained from such diverse systems. This is where exposure and dose measurements can add value and may be able to provide a platform on which comparisons can be made. The measurement of smoke dose, as an emerging field of research, is therefore also discussed and how it may provide valuable and additional data to support existing whole smoke exposure set-ups and aid validation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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31
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Rach J, Budde J, Möhle N, Aufderheide M. Direct exposure at the air-liquid interface: evaluation of an in vitro approach for simulating inhalation of airborne substances. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:506-15. [PMID: 23765558 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In toxicology, the strategies for testing the hazardous potential of substances are changing as a result of the ongoing progress in the development of in vitro methods and the demand of the authorities to reduce animal testing. Even in the complex field of inhalation toxicology with its high requirements on the technical implementation and cell culture models, the preconditions for using such methods are fulfilled. We here introduce a sophisticated technique that enables the stable and reproducible exposure of cultivated cells to airborne substances at the air-liquid interface by means of the CULTEX(®) Radial Flow System (RFS) module. The feasibility and suitability of the experimental setup is demonstrated by dose-response investigations of mainstream cigarette smoke and particulate matter of four substances in different lung epithelial cell lines. A dose-dependent cytotoxcity of the test substances was verified by applying different exposure times. The high reproducibility of the results indicate the reliability of the presented method and recommend the integration of such in vitro approaches in the field of inhalation toxicology by advancing their regulatory validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rach
- CULTEX Laboratories GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Steinritz D, Möhle N, Pohl C, Papritz M, Stenger B, Schmidt A, Kirkpatrick CJ, Thiermann H, Vogel R, Hoffmann S, Aufderheide M. Use of the Cultex® Radial Flow System as an in vitro exposure method to assess acute pulmonary toxicity of fine dusts and nanoparticles with special focus on the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:479-90. [PMID: 23669118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the respiratory tract to airborne particles (including metal-dusts and nano-particles) is considered as a serious health hazard. For a wide range of substances basic knowledge about the toxic properties and the underlying pathomechanisms is lacking or even completely missing. Legislation demands the toxicological characterization of all chemicals placed on the market until 2018 (REACH). As toxicological in vivo data are rare with regard to acute lung toxicity or exhibit distinct limitations (e.g. inter-species differences) and legislation claims the reduction of animal experiments in general ("3R" principle), profound in vitro models have to be established and characterized to meet these requirements. In this paper we characterize a recently introduced advanced in vitro exposure system (Cultex® RFS) showing a great similarity to the physiological in vivo exposure situation for the assessment of acute pulmonary toxicity of airborne materials. Using the Cultex® RFS, human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells) were exposed to different concentrations of airborne metal dusts (nano- and microscale particles) at the air-liquid-interface (ALI). Cell viability (WST-1 assay) as a parameter of toxicity was assessed 24h after exposure with special focus on the intra- and inter-laboratory (three independent laboratories) reproducibility. Our results show the general applicability of the Cultex® RFS with regard to the requirements of the ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods) principles on test validity underlining its robustness and stability. Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility can be considered as sufficient if predefined quality criteria are respected. Special attention must be paid to the pure air controls that turned out to be a critical parameter for a rational interpretation of the results. Our results are encouraging and future work is planned to improve the inter-laboratory reproducibility, to consolidate the results so far and to develop a valid prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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33
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Adamson J, Thorne D, Dalrymple A, Dillon D, Meredith C. Assessment of cigarette smoke particle deposition within the Vitrocell® exposure module using quartz crystal microbalances. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:50. [PMID: 23497606 PMCID: PMC3635897 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a cause of a variety of serious diseases, and to understand the toxicological impact of tobacco smoke in vitro, whole smoke exposure systems can be used. One of the main challenges of the different whole smoke exposure systems that are commercially available is that they dilute and deliver smoke in different ways, limiting/restricting the cross-comparison of biological responses. This is where dosimetry - dose quantification - can play a key role in data comparison. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology has been put forward as one such tool to quantify smoke particle deposition in vitro, in real-time. RESULTS Using four identical QCMs, installed into the Vitrocell® mammalian 6/4 CF Stainless exposure module, we were able to quantify deposited smoke particle deposition, generated and diluted by a Vitrocell® VC 10 Smoking Robot. At diluting airflows 0.5-4.0 L/min and vacuum flow rate 5 ml/min/well through the exposure module, mean particle deposition was in the range 8.65 ± 1.51 μg/cm(2)-0.72 ± 0.13 μg/cm(2). Additionally, the effect of varying vacuum flow rate on particle deposition was assessed from 5 ml/min/well - 100 ml/min/well. Mean deposited mass for all four airflows tested per vacuum decreased as vacuum rate was increased: mean deposition was 3.79, 2.75, 1.56 and 1.09 μg/cm(2) at vacuum rates of 5, 10, 50 and 100 ml/min/well respectively. CONCLUSIONS QCMs within the Vitrocell® exposure module have demonstrated applicability at defining particle dose ranges at various experimental conditions. This tool will prove useful for users of the Vitrocell® system for dose-response determination and QC purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Debbie Dillon
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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The CULTEX RFS: a comprehensive technical approach for the in vitro exposure of airway epithelial cells to the particulate matter at the air-liquid interface. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:734137. [PMID: 23509768 PMCID: PMC3581133 DOI: 10.1155/2013/734137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The EU Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) demands the implementation of alternative methods for analyzing the hazardous effects of chemicals including particulate formulations. In the field of inhalation toxicology, a variety of in vitro models have been developed for such studies. To simulate the in vivo situation, an adequate exposure device is necessary for the direct exposure of cultivated lung cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). The CULTEX RFS fulfills these requirements and has been optimized for the exposure of cells to atomized suspensions, gases, and volatile compounds as well as micro- and nanosized particles. This study provides information on the construction and functional aspects of the exposure device. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, the technical design was optimized to realize a stable, reproducible, and homogeneous deposition of particles. The efficiency of the exposure procedure is demonstrated by exposing A549 cells dose dependently to lactose monohydrate, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) oxide, and micro- and nanoparticles. All copper compounds induced cytotoxic effects, most pronounced for soluble copper(II) sulfate. Micro- and nanosized copper(II) oxide also showed a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, whereby the nanosized particles decreased the metabolic activity of the cells more severely.
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