1
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Fiedler S, Frenzel F, Würth C, Tavernaro I, Grüne M, Schweizer S, Engel A, Resch-Genger U. Interlaboratory Comparison on Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Measurements of Solid Light Converting Phosphors with Three Commercial Integrating Sphere Setups. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6730-6737. [PMID: 38629445 PMCID: PMC11063975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Scattering luminescent materials dispersed in liquid and solid matrices and luminescent powders are increasingly relevant for fundamental research and industry. Examples are luminescent nano- and microparticles and phosphors of different compositions in various matrices or incorporated into ceramics with applications in energy conversion, solid-state lighting, medical diagnostics, and security barcoding. The key parameter to characterize the performance of these materials is the photoluminescence/fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), i.e., the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons. To identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty of absolute measurements of Φf of scattering samples, the first interlaboratory comparison (ILC) of three laboratories from academia and industry was performed by following identical measurement protocols. Thereby, two types of commercial stand-alone integrating sphere setups with different illumination and detection geometries were utilized for measuring the Φf of transparent and scattering dye solutions and solid phosphors, namely, YAG:Ce optoceramics of varying surface roughness, used as converter materials for blue light emitting diodes. Special emphasis was dedicated to the influence of the measurement geometry, the optical properties of the blank utilized to determine the number of photons of the incident excitation light absorbed by the sample, and the sample-specific surface roughness. While the Φf values of the liquid samples matched between instruments, Φf measurements of the optoceramics with different blanks revealed substantial differences. The ILC results underline the importance of the measurement geometry, sample position, and blank for reliable Φf data of scattering the YAG:Ce optoceramics, with the blank's optical properties accounting for uncertainties exceeding 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Fiedler
- Division
of Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Frenzel
- Division
of Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Würth
- Division
of Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- Division
of Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michelle Grüne
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, South Westphalia
University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Stefan Schweizer
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, South Westphalia
University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
- Fraunhofer
Application Center for Inorganic Phosphors, Branch Lab of Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials
and Systems IMWS, Lübecker
Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Axel Engel
- Schott
AG Technical Services, Hattenbergstrasse 10, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division
of Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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K N, A P S. Unveiling the Radiative Electron-Hole Recombination of MoS 2 Nanostructures at Extreme pH Conditions. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03616-w. [PMID: 38381234 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructures of MoS2 are in wide research for optoelectronic, energy and biological applications. Opto-electronic and biological applications requires the tuning of photoluminescence properties of MoS2 nanostructures. In this article, nanosized MoS2 is hydrothermally synthesized, and photoluminescence at extreme pH conditions (pH 1 and 13) is examined. As the photoluminescence gives a key to probe the radiative electron-hole recombination, here, photoluminescence emissions are used as an indicator to suggest the pattern of electron-hole recombination in the material at extreme pH conditions. Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Scanning electron microscopic image and energy dispersive x-ray analysis are done for material confirmation. At pH 1 and 13 as-synthesized nanostructured MoS2 exhibited both upconversion and downconversion photoluminescence. The intensity of photoluminescence is varied with respect to pH. Excitation-dependent photoluminescence mechanisms and preliminary understanding on the ratio of quantum yields and life span of excited state of as-synthesized nanostructured MoS2 are unveiled here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, 678001, Kerala, India
- Department of Physics, N. S. S. College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Ottapalam, Palakkad, 679103, Kerala, India
| | - Sunitha A P
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, 678001, Kerala, India.
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3
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Kim HJ, Cho HB, Kim HR, Lee S, Park JI, Park KH. Upconverting-photon quenching-mediated perforation influx as an intracellular delivery method using posAuNP@UCNPs nanocomposites for osteoarthritis treatment. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:1. [PMID: 38170345 PMCID: PMC10764707 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Photoporation techniques based on plasmonic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles have been extensively studied for the intracellular delivery of substances via cell membrane disruption. However, the clinical application of AuNP is challenging due to its absorption in the 500 nm region of the light spectrum. To overcome this challenge, upconversion nanoparticles were employed to stimulate AuNP at NIR wavelengths. posAuNP@UCNPs nanocomposites were produced by coating 30 nm UCNPs on 80 nm AuNPs using DOPA-PEI, which were then irradiated with 980 nm NIR light to facilitate their intracellular delivery. TEM and DLS confirmed that posAuNP and UCNP combine to form nanocomposites. Additionally, multiphysics simulation was used to analyze the distribution of the posAuNP electric field based on morphological differences that change as the UCNP ratio increases. Next, effective LED irradiation conditions were established by applying upconverting-photon quenching-mediated perforation influx to C28/I2 cells as suspensions or spheroids. posAuNP@UCNP nanocomposites were confirmed to be effective for the delivery of baricitinib as a treatment for osteoarthritis in a three-dimensional osteoarthritis model. Finally, chondrocyte differentiation was induced through intracellular delivery of baricitinib using posAuNP@UCNPs. The findings suggest that posAuNP@UCNPs have great potential as a tool for non-invasive drug delivery via UCPPin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Bang Cho
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Lee
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-In Park
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chen G, Swartzfager JR, Asbury JB. Matrix Dynamics and Their Crucial Role in Non-radiative Decay during Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25495-25504. [PMID: 37955854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interplay of matrix dynamics with the molecular dynamics of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, NAI-DMAC, to identify factors that influence the photophysical processes leading to TADF. The matrix dynamics surrounding NAI-DMAC molecules were varied continuously from the liquid to the solid state by depositing toluene solutions containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and NAI-DMAC onto optical substrates. We monitored changes of the NAI-DMAC emission as the liquid films dried to form solid PMMA films using temperature- and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We observed that, in low-viscosity solutions, the proportion of delayed fluorescence from NAI-DMAC was much smaller than that of prompt fluorescence, indicating that negligible TADF occurred in the low-viscosity environment. However, as the viscosity of the environment diverged at the final stages of dry-down to form solid PMMA films, the delayed fluorescence component of NAI-DMAC emission was extended to longer time scales and increased in amplitude relative to prompt emission as the temperature increased─signatures that TADF occurred in the solid state as expected. Our findings reveal the influence that matrix dynamics have on the competition between conformational motion needed to access emissive states and undergo TADF versus larger amplitude structural fluctuations that lead to non-radiative decay. Insights from these studies will inform ongoing work to understand and predict how host matrices used in organic light-emitting devices can be designed to maximize the radiative properties of TADF emitters by allowing molecular motion needed to undergo TADF while restricting larger amplitude motion leading to non-radiative decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John R Swartzfager
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Boudebs G, Zinoune JB, Cassagne C, Chis M. Thermal lens Z-scan measurements: theoretical and experimental uncertainties for low and high fluorescence quantum yields. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7669-7677. [PMID: 37855474 DOI: 10.1364/ao.500526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The single-beam Z-scan thermal lens technique is conducted to evaluate the fluorescence quantum yield of various solutions in the case of high-moderate absorption, considering both scenarios: solutions with substantial fluorescence and solutions with high thermal efficiency but low fluorescence. An analytical calculation is performed to determine the uncertainties associated with the random errors introduced by optical detectors. The results reveal that solutions with low fluorescence lead to a significant error, whereas higher fluorescence can help in decreasing the uncertainty. Additionally, the issue of random errors arising when multiple measurements are needed to accurately estimate the fluorescence of a solution will be discussed in different situations.
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6
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Musavinezhad M, Shkarin A, Rattenbacher D, Renger J, Utikal T, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Quantum Efficiency of Single Dibenzoterrylene Molecules in p-Dichlorobenzene at Cryogenic Temperatures. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37267598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measure the quantum efficiency (QE) of individual dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules embedded in p-dichlorobenzene at cryogenic temperatures. To achieve this, we combine two distinct methods based on the maximal photon emission and on the power required to saturate the zero-phonon line to compensate for uncertainties in some key system parameters. We find that the outcomes of the two approaches are in good agreement for reasonable values of the parameters involved, reporting a large fraction of molecules with QE values above 50%, with some exceeding 70%. Furthermore, we observe no correlation between the observed lower bound on the QE and the lifetime of the molecule, suggesting that most of the molecules have a QE exceeding the established lower bound. This confirms the suitability of DBT for quantum optics experiments. In light of previous reports of low QE values at ambient conditions, our results hint at the possibility of a strong temperature dependence of the QE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Musavinezhad
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexey Shkarin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Renger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Utikal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Pauli J, Güttler A, Schneider T, Würth C, Resch-Genger U. Fluorescence Quantum Yield Standards for the UV/Visible/NIR: Development, Traceable Characterization, and Certification. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5671-5677. [PMID: 36920895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of next generation molecular and nanoscale reporters and the comparison of different emitter classes require the determination of the fluorometric key performance parameter fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), i.e., the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons. Main prerequisites for reliable Φf measurements, which are for transparent luminophore solutions commonly done relative to a reference, i.e., a fluorescence quantum yield standard of known Φf, are reliable and validated instrument calibration procedures to consider wavelength-, polarization-, and time-dependent instrument specific signal contributions, and sufficiently well characterized fluorescence quantum yield standards. As the standard's Φf value directly contributes to the calculation of the sample's Φf, its accuracy presents one of the main sources of uncertainty of relative Φf measurements. To close this gap, we developed a first set of 12 fluorescence quantum yield standards, which absorb and emit in the wavelength region of 330-1000 nm and absolutely determined their Φf values with two independently calibrated integrating sphere setups. Criteria for standard selection and the configuration of these novel fluorescence reference materials are given, and the certification procedure is presented including homogeneity and stability studies and the calculation of complete uncertainty budgets for the certified Φf values. The ultimate goal is to provide the community of fluorescence users with available reference materials as a basis for an improved comparability and reliability of quantum yield data since the measurement of this spectroscopic key property is an essential part of the characterization of any new emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Pauli
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Güttler
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Würth
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Investigation of CsBr:BiBr3 precursor ratio concentration on cesium bismuth bromide perovskite formation. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Swartzfager JR, Chen G, Francese T, Galli G, Asbury JB. Interplay of molecular dynamics and radiative decay of a TADF emitter in a glass-forming liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3151-3159. [PMID: 36621848 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of molecular dynamics in the luminescent properties of a prototypical thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, NAI-DMAC, in solution using a combination of temperature dependent time-resolved photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopies. We use a glass forming liquid, 2-methylfuran, to introduce an abrupt change in the temperature dependent diffusion dynamics of the solvent and examine the influence this has on the emission intensity of NAI-DMAC molecules. Comparison of experiment with first principles molecular dynamics simulations reveals that the emission intensity of NAI-DMAC molecules follows the temperature-dependent self-diffusion dynamics of the solvent. A marked reduction of emission intensity is observed as the temperature decreases toward the glass transition because the rate at which NAI-DMAC molecules can access emissive molecular conformations is greatly reduced. Below the glass transition, the diffusion dynamics of the solvent changes more slowly with temperature, which causes the emission intensity to decrease more slowly as well. The combination of experiment and computation suggests a pathway by which TADF emitters may transiently access a distribution of conformational states and avoid the need for an average conformation that strikes a balance between lower singlet-triplet energy splittings versus higher emission probabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Swartzfager
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Gary Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Tommaso Francese
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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10
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Pavlicek A, Neubauer S, Zafiu C, Huber-Humer M, Ehmoser EK, Part F. The use and detection of quantum dots as nanotracers in environmental fate studies of engineered nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120461. [PMID: 36272608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the behavior and effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on human health and the environment need detailed knowledge of their fate and transport in environmental compartments. Such studies are highly challenging due to low environmental concentrations, varying size distribution of the particles and the interference with the natural background. A strategy to overcome these limits is to use mimics of ENPs with unique detectable properties that match the properties of the ENPs as nanotracers. A special class of ENPs that can be tracked are quantum dots (QDs). QDs are composed of different metals, metalloids, or more recently also carbon (e.g., graphene), that result in unique optical properties. This allows the tracking of such particles by fluorescence microscopic and photometric techniques. Many types of QDs consist of heavy elements, allowing to track and visualize these particles also by electron microscopy and to quantitate the particles indirectly based on these elements. QDs can also be surface modified in various ways which enable them to be used as a label or as traceable mimics for ENPs. This review reflects a broad range of methods to synthesize and modify QDs based on metals, metalloids, and graphene for studying the environmental fate of nanoparticles and discusses and compares analytical methods that can be used for tracking and quantifying QDs. In addition, we review applications of QDs as ENP mimics in environmental studies of surface waters, soils, microorganisms, and plants with respect to the applied analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlicek
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Neubauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Zafiu
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marion Huber-Humer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Part
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Heesink G, Caron C, van Leijenhorst-Groener K, Molenaar R, Gadella TWJ, Claessens MMAE, Blum C. Quantification of Dark Protein Populations in Fluorescent Proteins by Two-Color Coincidence Detection and Nanophotonic Manipulation. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7906-7915. [PMID: 36190918 PMCID: PMC9574928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Genetically encoded visible fluorescent proteins (VFPs)
are a key
tool used to visualize cellular processes. However, compared to synthetic
fluorophores, VFPs are photophysically complex. This photophysical
complexity includes the presence of non-emitting, dark proteins within
the ensemble of VFPs. Quantitative fluorescence microcopy approaches
that rely on VFPs to obtain molecular insights are hampered by the
presence of these dark proteins. To account for the presence of dark
proteins, it is necessary to know the fraction of dark proteins (fdark) in the ensemble. To date, fdark has rarely been quantified, and different methods
to determine fdark have not been compared.
Here, we use and compare two different methods to determine the fdark of four commonly used VFPs: EGFP, SYFP2,
mStrawberry, and mRFP1. In the first, direct method, we make use of
VFP tandems and single-molecule two-color coincidence detection (TCCD).
The second method relies on comparing the bright state fluorescence
quantum yield obtained by photonic manipulation to the ensemble-averaged
fluorescence quantum yield of the VFP. Our results show that, although
very different in nature, both methods are suitable to obtain fdark. Both methods show that all four VFPs contain
a considerable fraction of dark proteins. We determine fdark values between 30 and 60% for the different VFPs.
The high values for fdark of these commonly
used VFPs highlight that fdark has to
be accounted for in quantitative microscopy and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobert Heesink
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Caron
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten van Leijenhorst-Groener
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Molenaar
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GEAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille M A E Claessens
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Recknagel S, Bresch H, Kipphardt H, Koch M, Rosner M, Resch-Genger U. Trends in selected fields of reference material production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4281-4289. [PMID: 35316348 PMCID: PMC9142448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particularly fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Recknagel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Harald Bresch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kipphardt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Rosner
- IsoAnalysis UG, Volmerstr. 7a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Jones CMS, Gakamsky A, Marques-Hueso J. The upconversion quantum yield (UCQY): a review to standardize the measurement methodology, improve comparability, and define efficiency standards. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:810-848. [PMID: 34992499 PMCID: PMC8725918 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1967698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancing the upconversion materials field relies on accurate and contrastable photoluminescence efficiency measurements, which are characterised by the absolute upconversion quantum yield (UCQY). However, the methodology for such measurements cannot be extrapolated directly from traditional photoluminescence quantum yield techniques, primarily due to issues that arise from the non-linear behaviour of the UC process. Subsequently, no UCQY standards exist, and significant variations in their reported magnitude can occur between laboratories. In this work, our aim is to provide a path for determining and reporting the most reliable UCQYs possible, by addressing all the effects and uncertainties that influence its value. Here the UCQY standard, at a given excitation power density, is defined under a range of stated experimental conditions, environmental conditions, material properties, and influential effects that have been estimated or corrected for. A broad range of UCQYs reported for various UC materials are scrutinized and categorized based on our assertion of the provided information associated with each value. This is crucial for improved comparability with other types of photoluminescent materials, and in addition, the next generation of UC materials can be built on top of these reliable standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M. S. Jones
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Moll J, Wang C, Päpcke A, Förster C, Resch-Genger U, Lochbrunner S, Heinze K. Green-Light Activation of Push-Pull Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:6820-6832. [PMID: 32162414 PMCID: PMC7318647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, and photophysics of homo- and heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(cpmp)2 ]2+ (22+ ) and [Ru(cpmp)(ddpd)]2+ (32+ ) bearing the tridentate ligands 6,2''-carboxypyridyl-2,2'-methylamine-pyridyl-pyridine (cpmp) and N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridin-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine (ddpd) are reported. The complexes possess one (32+ ) or two (22+ ) electron-deficient dipyridyl ketone fragments as electron-accepting sites enabling intraligand charge transfer (ILCT), ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL'CT) and low-energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions. The latter peak around 544 nm (green light). Complex 22+ shows 3 MLCT phosphorescence in the red to near-infrared spectral region at room temperature in deaerated acetonitrile solution with an emission quantum yield of 1.3 % and a 3 MLCT lifetime of 477 ns, whereas 32+ is much less luminescent. This different behavior is ascribed to the energy gap law and the shape of the parasitic excited 3 MC state potential energy surface. This study highlights the importance of the excited-state energies and geometries for the actual excited-state dynamics. Aromatic and aliphatic amines reductively quench the excited state of 22+ paving the way to photocatalytic applications using low-energy green light as exemplified with the green-light-sensitized thiol-ene click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannnes Moll
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division 1.2 Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayla Päpcke
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division 1.2 Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Vonk SW, Fridriksson MB, Hinterding SOM, Mangnus MJJ, van Swieten TP, Grozema FC, Rabouw FT, van der Stam W. Trapping and Detrapping in Colloidal Perovskite Nanoplatelets: Elucidation and Prevention of Nonradiative Processes through Chemical Treatment. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:8047-8054. [PMID: 32421082 PMCID: PMC7217613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals show promise as the future active material in photovoltaics, lighting, and other optoelectronic applications. The appeal of these materials is largely due to the robustness of the optoelectronic properties to structural defects. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of most types of perovskite nanocrystals is nevertheless below unity, evidencing the existence of nonradiative charge-carrier decay channels. In this work, we experimentally elucidate the nonradiative pathways in CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets, before and after chemical treatment with PbBr2 that improves the PLQY. A combination of picosecond streak camera and nanosecond time-correlated single-photon counting measurements is used to probe the excited-state dynamics over 6 orders of magnitude in time. We find that up to 40% of the nanoplatelets from a synthesis batch are entirely nonfluorescent and cannot be turned fluorescent through chemical treatment. The other nanoplatelets show fluorescence, but charge-carrier trapping leads to losses that are prevented by chemical treatment. Interestingly, even without chemical treatment, some losses due to trapping are mitigated because trapped carriers spontaneously detrap on nanosecond-to-microsecond timescales. Our analysis shows that multiple nonradiative pathways are active in perovskite nanoplatelets, which are affected differently by chemical treatment with PbBr2. More generally, our work highlights that in-depth studies using a combination of techniques are necessary to understand nonradiative pathways in fluorescent nanocrystals. Such understanding is essential to optimize synthesis and treatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander
J. W. Vonk
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus B. Fridriksson
- Opto-Electronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn O. M. Hinterding
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. J. Mangnus
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P. van Swieten
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Opto-Electronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T. Rabouw
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Opto-Electronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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16
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Brites CDS, Kuznetsov SV, Konyushkin VA, Nakladov AN, Fedorov PP, Carlos LD. Simultaneous Measurement of the Emission Quantum Yield and Local Temperature: The Illustrative Example of SrF
2
:Yb
3+
/Er
3+
Single Crystals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. S. Brites
- Phantom‐g CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Physics Universidade de Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sergey V. Kuznetsov
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vasilii A. Konyushkin
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Andrey N. Nakladov
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Pavel P. Fedorov
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Luís D. Carlos
- Phantom‐g CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Physics Universidade de Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
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17
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Prangsma JC, Molenaar R, van Weeren L, Bindels DS, Haarbosch L, Stouthamer J, Gadella TWJ, Subramaniam V, Vos WL, Blum C. Quantitative Determination of Dark Chromophore Population Explains the Apparent Low Quantum Yield of Red Fluorescent Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1383-1391. [PMID: 32011884 PMCID: PMC7049984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence quantum yield of four representative red fluorescent proteins mCherry, mKate2, mRuby2, and the recently introduced mScarlet was investigated. The excited state lifetimes were measured as a function of the distance to a gold mirror in order to control the local density of optical states (LDOS). By analyzing the total emission rates as a function of the LDOS, we obtain separately the emission rate and the nonradiative rate of the bright states. We thus obtain for the first time the bright state quantum yield of the proteins without interference from dark, nonemitting states. The bright state quantum yields are considerably higher than previously reported quantum yields that average over both bright and dark states. We determine that mCherry, mKate2, and mRuby2 have a considerable fraction of dark chromophores up to 45%, which explains both the low measured quantum yields of red emitting proteins reported in the literature and the difficulties in developing high quantum yield variants of such proteins. For the recently developed bright mScarlet, we find a much smaller dark fraction of 14%, accompanied by a very high quantum yield of the bright state of 81%. The presence of a considerable fraction of dark chromophores has implications for numerous applications of fluorescent proteins, ranging from quantitative fluorescence microscopy to FRET studies to monitoring protein expression levels. We recommend that future optimization of red fluorescent proteins should pay more attention to minimizing the fraction of dark proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jord C. Prangsma
- Nanobiophysics
(NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Molenaar
- Nanobiophysics
(NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Weeren
- Section
of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne S. Bindels
- Section
of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay Haarbosch
- Section
of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jente Stouthamer
- Section
of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W. J. Gadella
- Section
of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics
(NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L. Vos
- Complex
Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics
(NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical Centre,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Runser A, Dujardin D, Ernst P, Klymchenko AS, Reisch A. Zwitterionic Stealth Dye-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Intracellular Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:117-125. [PMID: 31872751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular applications of fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) as probes and labels are currently limited by significant molecular crowding and the high level of complexity encountered inside living cells. The solution is to develop very small, bright, and noninteracting (stealth) NPs. Combining these properties requires implementing the stealth behavior through the thinnest possible hydrophilic shell. Here, we propose a one-step process for preparing ultrasmall and bright stealth NPs based on a zwitterionic (ZI) methacrylate-based copolymer. Dye-loaded polymer NPs are assembled through nanoprecipitation of the copolymer together with the salt of a rhodamine B derivative and a bulky hydrophobic counterion to achieve high particle brightness. We found that 10 mol % ZI groups in the polymer yield NPs of less than 15 nm that are stable in physiological salt conditions and practically resistant to protein adsorption, as suggested by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The combination of the very small size with the nonfouling nature of these particles enables spreading of ZI polymer NPs in the whole cytosol after their microinjection into living cells. In addition, single-particle tracking showed up to four times faster diffusion of ZI NPs in the cytosol compared to PEGylated NPs. The obtained dye-loaded ZI polymer NPs open the route to intracellular single-particle tracking and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Runser
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Pauline Ernst
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
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19
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light-Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long-Lived Excited State of a Non-Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18075-18085. [PMID: 31600421 PMCID: PMC6916301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive metal complexes employing Earth-abundant metal ions are a key to sustainable photophysical and photochemical applications. We exploit the effects of an inversion center and ligand non-innocence to tune the luminescence and photochemistry of the excited state of the [CrN6 ] chromophore [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ with close to octahedral symmetry (tpe=1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane). [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ exhibits the longest luminescence lifetime (τ=4500 μs) reported up to date for a molecular polypyridyl chromium(III) complex together with a very high luminescence quantum yield of Φ=8.2 % at room temperature in fluid solution. Furthermore, the tpe ligands in [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ are redox non-innocent, leading to reversible reductive chemistry. The excited state redox potential and lifetime of [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ surpass those of the classical photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) enabling energy transfer (to oxygen) and photoredox processes (with azulene and tri(n-butyl)amine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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20
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light‐Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long‐Lived Excited State of a Non‐Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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21
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Brunet G, Marin R, Monk MJ, Resch-Genger U, Gálico DA, Sigoli FA, Suturina EA, Hemmer E, Murugesu M. Exploring the dual functionality of an ytterbium complex for luminescence thermometry and slow magnetic relaxation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6799-6808. [PMID: 31391901 PMCID: PMC6657417 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive investigation of the magnetic and optical properties of an ytterbium complex, which combines two desirable and practical features into a single molecular system. Based upon YbIII ions that promote near-infrared optical activity and a chemical backbone that is ideal for an in-depth understanding of the magnetic behaviour, we have designed a multifunctional opto-magnetic species that operates as a luminescent thermometer and as a single-molecule magnet (SMM). Our magnetic investigations, in conjunction with ab initio calculations, reveal one of the highest energy barriers reported for an YbIII-based complex. Moreover, we correlate this anisotropic barrier with the emission spectrum of the compound, wherein we provide a complete assignment of the energetic profile of the complex. Such studies lay the foundation for the design of exciting multi-faceted materials that are able to retain information at the single-molecule level and possess built-in thermal self-monitoring capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Brunet
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Melissa-Jane Monk
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Division Biophotonics , Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Division Biophotonics , Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Diogo A Gálico
- Institute of Chemistry - University of Campinas - UNICAMP , School of Chemistry , P.O. Box 6154 , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Fernando A Sigoli
- Institute of Chemistry - University of Campinas - UNICAMP , School of Chemistry , P.O. Box 6154 , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | | | - Eva Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
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22
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Rosiuk V, Runser A, Klymchenko A, Reisch A. Controlling Size and Fluorescence of Dye-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles through Polymer Design. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7009-7017. [PMID: 31081637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprecipitation is a straightforward yet powerful technique to synthesize polymer nanoparticles loaded with various biologically active compounds or contrast agents. Particle formation in this approach is kinetically controlled, and various assembly parameters have been used to control the size distribution and properties of the formed nanoparticles. Here, the influence of the nature of the polymer on the formation of nanoparticles in nanoprecipitation is studied systematically by varying its hydrophobicity and charge over a broad range. For this, methacrylate copolymers with different types and fractions of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and charged side groups are synthesized. Nanoprecipitation of these polymers shows that particle size increases with increasing global hydrophobicity of the polymers. At the same time, both hydrophilic and charged groups reduce particle size. In this way, we achieve control over particle size from ∼10 to 200 nm. Furthermore, the effect of the polymer nature on the photophysical properties of nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent dye, a rhodamine B derivative with a bulky hydrophobic counterion (fluorinated tetraphenylborate), is studied. It is found that the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the polymer modulates to a large extent the spectral properties and fluorescence quantum yield of the dye encapsulated at high concentration, which reflects changes in the dye aggregation within the polymer matrix. Thus, we show how polymer chemistry can tune kinetically controlled formation of nanoparticles and encapsulation of the load. The concepts introduced here should be valuable tools for the design of nanoparticles for imaging and drug-delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Rosiuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Strasbourg , Cedex 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Anne Runser
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Strasbourg , Cedex 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Strasbourg , Cedex 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Strasbourg , Cedex 67401 Illkirch , France
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23
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Nawara K, Waluk J. Goodbye to Quinine in Sulfuric Acid Solutions as a Fluorescence Quantum Yield Standard. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5389-5394. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nawara
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Mandl GA, Cooper DR, Hirsch T, Seuntjens J, Capobianco JA. Perspective: lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:012004. [PMID: 30572318 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aafa3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we aim to present an overview of some important physical and chemical aspects of lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticle research to be considered, from synthesis considerations to bioapplications. To this end, we have reviewed several practical considerations and prepared several straightforward recommendations toward improved cohesion in the field, based on observed trends over the last decade of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Mandl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4b 1R6, Canada
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25
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Nawara K, Rana A, Panda PK, Waluk J. Versatile Approach for Reliable Determination of Both High and Low Values of Luminescence Quantum Yields. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10139-10143. [PMID: 30080412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of luminescence quantum yields by means of relative methods requires setting identical experimental conditions for both sample and reference compounds. This requirement has a critical impact on the applicability of these protocols, as it does not allow for the precise determination of low quantum-yield values using well-characterized high-quantum-yield standards. We show that using the simultaneous absorption and fluorescence-emission measurement (SAFE) approach [ Nawara and Waluk. Anal. Chem. 2017 , 89 , 8650 ], the sample and reference compounds can be effectively measured with different excitation-slit spectral bandpass or integration times, separately optimized for each chromophore. This unique feature simplifies the determination of luminescence quantum yields, allowing measurements of low quantum-yield values using well-characterized high-quantum-yield standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nawara
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5 , 01-815 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anup Rana
- School of Chemistry and Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM) , University of Hyderabad , 500046 Hyderabad , India
| | - Pradeepta K Panda
- School of Chemistry and Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM) , University of Hyderabad , 500046 Hyderabad , India
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5 , 01-815 Warsaw , Poland.,Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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26
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Otto S, Förster C, Wang C, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. A Strongly Luminescent Chromium(III) Complex Acid. Chemistry 2018; 24:12555-12563. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division 1.2 Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division 1.2 Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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27
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Wen A, Peng X, Zhang P, Long Y, Gong H, Xie Q, Yue M, Chen S. Spectrofluorometric determination of berberine using a novel Au nanocluster with large Stokes shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6489-6495. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Gopi A, Sajitha M, Haridas R, Varghese L, Yoosaf K. Cooperative and FRET-Assisted Brightness Enhancement in Oligo(phenylene ethynylene): Quantum Dot Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1492-1499. [PMID: 29573188 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we combine the ideas of concerted emission from fluorophore ensembles and its further amplification through FRET in an organic-inorganic hybrid approach. Spherical and highly fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs, Φf =0.38), prepared by the self-assembly of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) molecules, were selected as a potential donor material. This organic core was then decorated with a shell of fluorescent CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs; <d>≅5.5 nm, Φf =0.27) with the aid of a bifunctional ligand, mercaptopropionic acid. Its high extinction coefficient (ϵ≈4.1×105 m-1 cm-1 ) and good spectral match with the emission of the FONPs (J(λ)≈4.08×1016 m-1 cm-1 nm4 ) made them a better acceptor candidate to constitute an efficient FRET pair (ΦFRET =0.8). As a result, the QD fluorescence intensity was enhanced by more than twofold. The fundamental calculations carried out indicated an improvement in all the FRET parameters as the number of QDs around the FONPs was increased. This, together with the localization of multiple QDs in a nanometric dimension (volume≈1.8×106 nm3 ), gave highly bright reddish luminescent hybrid particles as visualized under a fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Gopi
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Manikantan Sajitha
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Reethu Haridas
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Listo Varghese
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Karuvath Yoosaf
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
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29
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Abbandonato G, Hoffmann K, Resch-Genger U. Determination of quantum yields of semiconductor nanocrystals at the single emitter level via fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7147-7154. [PMID: 29616686 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09332b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Comparing the photoluminescence (PL) properties of ensembles of nanocrystals like semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with single particle studies is of increasing interest for many applications of these materials as reporters in bioimaging studies performed under very dilute conditions or even at the single particle level. Particularly relevant is here the PL quantum yield (ΦF), which determines the signal size together with the reporter's molar extinction coefficient and is a direct measure for nanocrystal quality, especially for the inorganic surface passivation shell and its tightness, which can be correlated also with nanocrystal stability and the possible release of heavy metal ions. Exemplarily for red and green emitting CdTe nanocrystals, we present a method for the determination of ΦF of nanoparticle dispersions at ultralow concentration compared to cuvette measurements using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a single molecule method, and compared to molecular dyes with closely matching spectral properties and known ΦF. Our results underline the potential of this approach, provided that material-inherent limitations like ligand- and QD-specific aggregation affecting particle diffusion and QD drawbacks such as their complex and power-dependent blinking behavior are properly considered as shown here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Abbandonato
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Fennel F, Gershberg J, Stolte M, Würthner F. Fluorescence quantum yields of dye aggregates: a showcase example based on self-assembled perylene bisimide dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7612-7620. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Two measurement approaches for the precise quantum yield determination of supramolecular aggregates in highly concentrated solutions are presented and experimentally tested for an emissive perylene bisimide H-type aggregate with a quantum yield of 28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fennel
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Jana Gershberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie
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31
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Reisch A, Trofymchuk K, Runser A, Fleith G, Rawiso M, Klymchenko AS. Tailoring Fluorescence Brightness and Switching of Nanoparticles through Dye Organization in the Polymer Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43030-43042. [PMID: 29185702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) help to increase spatial and temporal resolution in bioimaging. Advanced microscopy techniques require very bright NPs that exhibit either stable emission for single-particle tracking or complete on/off switching (blinking) for super-resolution imaging. Here, ultrabright dye-loaded polymer NPs with controlled switching properties are developed. To this aim, the salt of a dye (rhodamine B octadecyl ester) with a hydrophobic counterion (fluorinated tetraphenylborate) is encapsulated at very high concentrations up to 30 wt % in NPs made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polycaprolactone (PCL) through nanoprecipitation. The obtained 35 nm NPs are nearly 100 times brighter than quantum dots. The nature of the polymer is found to define the collective behavior of the encapsulated dyes so that NPs containing thousands of dyes exhibit either whole particle blinking, for PLGA, or stable emission, for PMMA and PCL. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements together with small-angle X-ray scattering experiments suggest that in less hydrophobic PLGA, dyes tend to cluster, whereas in more hydrophobic PMMA and PCL, dyes are dispersed within the matrix, thus altering the switching behavior of NPs. Experiments using a perylene diimide derivative show a similar effect of the polymer nature. The resulting fluorescent NPs are suitable for a wide range of imaging applications from tracking to super-resolution imaging. The findings on the organization of the load innside NPs will have impact on the development of materials for applications ranging from photovoltaics to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Kateryna Trofymchuk
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Anne Runser
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Fleith
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-UdS) , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Michel Rawiso
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-UdS) , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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32
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Wang Z, Senden T, Meijerink A. Photonic Effects for Magnetic Dipole Transitions. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5689-5694. [PMID: 29111761 PMCID: PMC5724029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The radiative transition probability is a fundamental property for optical transitions. Extensive research, theoretical and experimental, has been conducted to establish the relation between the photonic environment and electric dipole (ED) transition probabilities. Recent work shows that the nanocrystal (NC)-cavity model accurately describes the influence of the refractive index n on ED transition rates for emitters in NCs. For magnetic dipole (MD) transitions, theory predicts a simple n3 dependence. However, experimental evidence is sparse and difficult to obtain. Here we report Eu3+-(with distinct ED+MD transitions) and Gd3+-(MD transitions) doped β-NaYF4 NC model systems to probe the influence of n on ED and MD transition probabilities through luminescence lifetime and ED/MD intensity ratio measurements. The results provide strong experimental evidence for an n3 dependence of MD transition probabilities. This insight is important for understanding and controlling the variation of spectral distribution in emission spectra by photonic effects.
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33
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Otto S, Moll J, Förster C, Geißler D, Wang C, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. Three-in-One Crystal: The Coordination Diversity of Zinc Polypyridine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Johannes Moll
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Daniel Geißler
- Division 1.10 Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division 1.10 Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division 1.10 Biophotonics; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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34
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Multi-wavelength thermal-lens spectrometry for high-accuracy measurements of absorptivities and quantum yields of photodegradation of a hemoprotein–lipid complex. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Meroni D, Porati L, Demartin F, Poelman D. Sol-Gel Synthesis of CaTiO 3:Pr 3+ Red Phosphors: Tailoring the Synthetic Parameters for Luminescent and Afterglow Applications. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4972-4981. [PMID: 30023733 PMCID: PMC6044957 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two sol-gel synthetic routes for the preparation of CaTiO3:Pr3+ red emitting phosphors were compared, with the aim of producing nanostructured materials with tailored luminescence/afterglow properties. The effect of the synthetic parameters, such as the addition of a stabilizer and calcination temperature, on the structural, morphological, and optical properties was investigated. The desired perovskite phase was obtained at a calcination temperature of 800 °C or higher. Although the use of acetic acid as the chelating agent leads to micrometric particles with heterogeneous composition, the presence of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) results in smaller, less aggregated particles as well as in a high phase purity. At the highest HPC content, surface Ca-rich impurities were detected, although no segregated Ca-rich phases were detectable by X-ray powder diffraction analyses. Luminescence properties were found to be positively related to the phase purity of the oxide, with the highest quantum yields at temperatures equal to or higher than 1000 °C. On the contrary, persistent luminescence properties were highest at intermediate calcination temperatures and for samples synthesized with acetic acid. Overall, a notable role of oxygen vacancies resulting from local Ca excess was observed, acting as trap levels promoting longer relaxation pathways. Thanks to the small-sized particles and best steady-state luminescent properties due to a substantial decrease of lattice defects, the HPC synthesis is a promising strategy for light-emitting diode applications. On the other hand, the acetic acid synthesis promoted a higher defect density, which is required for an efficient yield of light emission in the long time range and is thus more suitable for afterglow applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meroni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali
(INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Porati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Demartin
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Poelman
- LumiLab,
Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent
University, Krijgslaan
281, S1 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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36
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Kaiser M, Würth C, Kraft M, Hyppänen I, Soukka T, Resch-Genger U. Power-dependent upconversion quantum yield of NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3+ nano- and micrometer-sized particles - measurements and simulations. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10051-10058. [PMID: 28686275 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02449e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical studies of nonlinear lanthanide-doped photon upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) increasingly used in biophotonics and photovoltaics require absolute measurements of the excitation power density (P)-dependent upconversion luminescence (UCL) and luminescence quantum yields (ΦUC) for quantifying the material performance, UCL deactivation pathways, and possible enhancement factors. We present here the P-dependence of the UCL spectra, ΦUC, and slope factors of the different emission bands of representative 25 nm-sized oleate-capped β-NaYF4:17% Yb3+, 3% Er3+ UCNPs dispersed in toluene and as powder as well as ΦUC of 3 μm-sized upconversion particles (UCμP), all measured with a newly designed integrating sphere setup, enabling controlled variation of P over four orders of magnitude. This includes quantifying the influence of the beam shape on the measured ΦUC and comparison of experimental ΦUC with simulations utilizing the balancing power density model of the Andersson-Engels group and the simulated ΦUC of UCμP from the Berry group, underpinned by closely matching decay kinetics of our UC material. We obtained a maximum ΦUC of 10.5% for UCμP and a ΦUC of 0.6% and 2.1% for solid and dispersed UCNPs, respectively. Our results suggest an overestimation of the contribution of the purple and an underestimation of that of the red emission of β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+: microparticles by the simulations of the Berry group. Moreover, our measurements can be used as a guideline to the absolute determination of UCL and ΦUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaiser
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division Biophotonics (1.10), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Resch-Genger U, Gorris HH. Perspectives and challenges of photon-upconversion nanoparticles - Part I: routes to brighter particles and quantitative spectroscopic studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5855-5874. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Würth C, Kaiser M, Wilhelm S, Grauel B, Hirsch T, Resch-Genger U. Excitation power dependent population pathways and absolute quantum yields of upconversion nanoparticles in different solvents. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:4283-4294. [PMID: 28294258 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of brighter upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) requires a better understanding of the radiationless deactivation pathways in these materials. Here, we demonstrate the potential of excitation power density (P)-dependent studies of upconversion (UC) luminescence intensities, slope factors, and absolute quantum yields (ΦUC) of popular β-NaYF4:20% Yb3+,2% Er3+ UCNPs of different surface chemistries in organic solvents, D2O, and water as a tool to gain deeper insight into the UC mechanism including population and deactivation pathways particularly of the red emission. Our measurements, covering a P regime of three orders of magnitude, reveal a strong difference of the P-dependence of the ratio of the green and red luminescence bands (Ig/r) in water and organic solvents and P-dependent population pathways of the different emissive energy levels of Er3+. In summary, we provide experimental evidence for three photon processes in UCNPs, particularly for the red emission. Moreover, we demonstrate changes in the excited population dynamics via bi- and triphotonic processes dependent on the environment, surface chemistry, and P, and validate our findings theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Würth
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Kaiser
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Wilhelm
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - B Grauel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - T Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - U Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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39
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40
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Geißler D, Würth C, Wolter C, Weller H, Resch-Genger U. Excitation wavelength dependence of the photoluminescence quantum yield and decay behavior of CdSe/CdS quantum dot/quantum rods with different aspect ratios. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12509-12516. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our results reveal a strong λexc-dependence of PL quantum yields and decay times, particularly for longer quantum dot-quantum rods with high aspect ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Geißler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - C. Würth
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - C. Wolter
- University of Hamburg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | - H. Weller
- University of Hamburg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | - U. Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Berlin
- Germany
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41
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42
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Daumann LJ, Werther P, Ziegler MJ, Raymond KN. Siderophore inspired tetra- and octadentate antenna ligands for luminescent Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Demchenko AP, Dekaliuk MO. The origin of emissive states of carbon nanoparticles derived from ensemble-averaged and single-molecular studies. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14057-14069. [PMID: 27399599 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is no consensus understanding on the origin of photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles, particularly the so-called carbon dots. Providing comparative analysis of spectroscopic studies in solution and on a single-molecular level, we demonstrate that these particles behave collectively as fixed single dipoles and probably are the quantum emitter entities. Their spectral and lifetime heterogeneity in solutions is explained by variation of the local chemical environment within and around luminescence centers. Hence, the carbon dots possess a unique hybrid combination of fluorescence properties peculiar to dye molecules, their conjugates and semiconductor nanocrystals. It is proposed that their optical properties are due to generation of H-aggregate-type excitonic states with their coherence spreading over the whole nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Demchenko
- A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovicha street 9, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
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Rabouw FT, Kamp M, van Dijk-Moes RJA, Gamelin DR, Koenderink AF, Meijerink A, Vanmaekelbergh D. Delayed Exciton Emission and Its Relation to Blinking in CdSe Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7718-25. [PMID: 26496661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and stability of emission from semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) is negatively affected by "blinking" on the single-nanocrystal level, that is, random alternation of bright and dark periods. The time scales of these fluctuations can be as long as many seconds, orders of magnitude longer than typical lifetimes of exciton states in QDs. In this work, we investigate photoluminescence from QDs delayed over microseconds to milliseconds. Our results prove the existence of long-lived charge-separated states in QDs. We study the properties of delayed emission as a direct way to learn about charge carrier separation and recovery of the exciton state. A new microscopic model is developed to connect delayed emission to exciton recombination and blinking from which we conclude that bright periods in blinking are in fact not characterized by uninterrupted optical cycling as often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy T Rabouw
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Kamp
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Relinde J A van Dijk-Moes
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - A Femius Koenderink
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël Vanmaekelbergh
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Senden T, Rabouw FT, Meijerink A. Photonic effects on the radiative decay rate and luminescence quantum yield of doped nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1801-8. [PMID: 25584627 DOI: 10.1021/nn506715t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystals (NCs) doped with luminescent ions form an emerging class of materials. In contrast to excitonic transitions in semiconductor NCs, the optical transitions are localized and not affected by quantum confinement. The radiative decay rates of the dopant emission in NCs are nevertheless different from their bulk analogues due to photonic effects, and also the luminescence quantum yield (QY, important for applications) is affected. In the past, different theoretical models have been proposed to describe the photonic effects for dopant emission in NCs, with little experimental validation. In this work we investigate the photonic effects on the radiative decay rate of luminescent doped NCs using 4 nm LaPO4 NCs doped with Ce(3+) or Tb(3+) ions in different refractive index solvents and bulk crystals. We demonstrate that the measured influence of the refractive index on the radiative decay rate of the Ce(3+) emission, having near unity QY, is in excellent agreement with the theoretical nanocrystal-cavity model. Furthermore, we show how the nanocrystal-cavity model can be used to quantify the nonunity QY of Tb(3+)-doped LaPO4 NCs and demonstrate that, as a general rule, the QY is higher in media with higher refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Senden
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Filho ESDL, Krishnaiah KV, Ledemi Y, Yu YJ, Messaddeq Y, Nemova G, Kashyap R. Ytterbium-doped glass-ceramics for optical refrigeration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:4630-4640. [PMID: 25836500 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.004630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time the characterization of glass-ceramics for optical refrigeration. Ytterbium-doped nanocrystallites were grown in an oxyfluoride glass matrix of composition 2YbF(3):30SiO(2)-15Al(2)O(3)-25CdF(2)-22PbF(2)-4YF(3), forming bulk glass-ceramics at three different crystalisation levels. The samples are compared with a corresponding uncrystalised (glass) sample, as well as a Yb:YAG sample which has presented optical cooling. The measured X-ray diffraction spectra, and thermal capacities of the samples are reported. We also report for the first time the use of Yb:YAG as a reference for absolute photometric quantum efficiency measurement, and use the same setup to characterize the glass and glass-ceramic samples. The cooling figure-of-merit was measured by optical calorimetry using a fiber Bragg grating and found to depend on the level of crystallization of the sample, and that samples with nanocrystallites result in higher quantum efficiency and lower background absorption than the pure-glass sample. In addition to laser-induced cooling, the glass-ceramics have the potential to serve as a reference for quantum efficiency measurements.
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