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Fahr DJ, Hinz FO, Reisinger AJ, Huddleston GM, Bisesi JH, Wilson PC. Influence of Water Resource Recovery Facility Effluents on the Presence of Selected Trace Organic Contaminants (TOrCs) in the Reedy River, South Carolina. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:868-875. [PMID: 34652459 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation facilities are known sources of emerging contaminants associated with human health and sanitation. This study evaluated the contribution of trace organic contaminants to a previously unmonitored river by water resource reclamation facilities. Six sampling events were conducted on the Reedy River in South Carolina. Sampling locations included sites upstream and downstream of two WRRFs located on the river to examine potential contributions under drought conditions where WRRF effluents comprise a large proportion of total stream flow. Five target analytes were monitored including atrazine, carbamazepine, 17β-estradiol, perfluorooctanoic acid, and sulfamethoxazole. On a mass basis, the WRRFs contributed additional loadings of carbamazepine ranging from 5.4 g/d to 7.2 g/d (mean: 6.3 ± 0.4 g/d), PFOA ranging from 8.6 to 31.9 g/d (mean: 20.0 ± 4.9), and sulfamethoxazole ranging from 49.4 g/d to 75.1 g/d (mean: 62.1 ± 4.8). 17β-estradiol was detected once and atrazine was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fahr
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110290, 2181 McCarty Hall A, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0290, USA
| | - Francisca O Hinz
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110290, 2181 McCarty Hall A, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0290, USA
| | - Alexander J Reisinger
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110290, 2181 McCarty Hall A, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0290, USA
| | - George M Huddleston
- Copperhead Environmental Consulting, Inc., 471 Main Street, Paint Lick, KY, 40461, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P Chris Wilson
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110290, 2181 McCarty Hall A, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0290, USA.
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Paschoalini AL, Savassi LA, Arantes FP, Rizzo E, Bazzoli N. Heavy metals accumulation and endocrine disruption in Prochilodus argenteus from a polluted neotropical river. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:539-550. [PMID: 30476816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered major pollutants of aquatic environments due to the difficulty of metabolization and the bioaccumulative potential in tissues of aquatic organisms, especially fish muscle that is often used as food worldwide. In addition to causing cell damage, some metals such as aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) can act as endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish. The Paraopeba and Abaete Rivers are important tributaries of the upper São Francisco River basin, but the Paraopeba River receives, along its course, the discharge of many types of effluents that affect fish species, including widely consumed species such as Prochilodus argenteus. This study evaluated histological and molecular changes caused by chronic exposure to heavy metals in P. argenteus from the Paraopeba River and compared this to fish from the non-impacted Abaete River. Sampled fish from both rivers were used in histological analyses and immunohistochemical assays. The results showed increased incidence of histopathologies and changes in number and morphology of germline cells in both sexes. In addition, up-regulated expression of oestrogens-induced proteins in the liver of males were detected in polluted environment. All the alterations were related to the concentration of metals in water and fish. The high concentration of various metals observed in water and fish from Paraopeba River serves as an alert to the environmental and public health regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Paschoalini
- Morphology department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L A Savassi
- Morphology department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F P Arantes
- Post-Graduate Program in Vertebrate Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte 30535-610, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E Rizzo
- Morphology department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - N Bazzoli
- Post-Graduate Program in Vertebrate Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte 30535-610, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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van den Hurk P, Haney DC. Biochemical effects of pollutant exposure in fish from urban creeks in Greenville, SC (USA). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:211. [PMID: 28391451 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The city of Greenville, SC is a rapidly expanding urban area located on the Reedy River in the upstate of South Carolina. Historical and current point-source pollutants and runoff from impermeable surfaces have resulted in a contaminated river environment, which through previous studies was demonstrated to be reflected in biological effects in fish species in the river. Because it was not known how much smaller tributaries in the urbanized area were contributing to the pollution of the main stem of the Reedy River, we collected fish (bluehead chub (Nocomis leptocephalus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus)) from five smaller urban creeks in the Greenville area and measured several biomarkers of exposure in these animals. Enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured, and bile samples were analyzed for fluorescence caused by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and for excreted estrogenic compounds. The results show that some creeks triggered significant biomarker responses in collected fish, while others were relatively clean. In particular, PAHs appear to be prevalent and caused biochemical effects, while estrogenic compounds were not significantly increased in the bile of fish from these urban creeks. A striking observation was the difference in enzyme activities in chub species compared to sunfish species; sunfish had up to five times higher CYP1A activities than chubs, while the chubs had significantly higher GST activity than sunfish. These species differences should be taken into account when they are incorporated in environmental risk assessment and biological effect monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van den Hurk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dennis C Haney
- Biology Department, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Hwy, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA.
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Nazari E, Suja F. Effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on aqueous organisms and its treatment problem: a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:465-491. [PMID: 27883330 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural estrogens, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are discharged consistently and directly into surface waters with wastewater treatment plants (WWPTs) effluents, disposal sludges and in storm-water runoff. The most common and highest potential natural estrogen that causes estrogen activity in wastewater influent is E2. This review describes and attempts to summarize the main problems involved in the removal of E2 from WWTP by traditional processes, which fundamentally rely on activated sludge and provide an insufficient treatment for E2, as well as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that are applied in tertiary section treatment works. Biological processes affect and play an important role in the degradation of E2. However, some investigations have reported that operations that rely on high retention times have low efficiencies. Although advanced treatment technologies are available, their cost and operational considerations do not make them sustainable solutions. Therefore, E2 is still being released into aqueous areas, as shown in this study that investigates results from different countries. E2 is present on the watch list of substances in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union since 2013 and the minimum acceptable concentration of it is 0.4 ng/L.
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Mierzejewski J, Haney DC, van den Hurk P. Biomarker responses in sunfish species and largemouth bass from the Saluda River, South Carolina. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 110:8-15. [PMID: 25173848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The upstate and Piedmont region of South Carolina is a rapidly urbanizing area as a result of a steadily growing population. This increase in population and development has the potential to negatively impact local aquatic systems like the Saluda River due to increased pollution from runoff, and effluents from industrial and wastewater treatment facilities. During the summer months of 2010, 159 fish from the Centrarchidae family (sunfish species (Lepomis) and largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides) were collected from 13 sites along the Saluda River. A suite of biomarker assays, including ethoxyresosufin-O-deethylase, bile fluorescence, glutathione S-transferase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, bile estrogens, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, metallothionein and tissue metal levels were applied to investigate the impacts of diminished water quality on fish health. Results indicate that fish from the Saluda River are responding to contamination in a site specific manner, with up to four significant biomarker responses in the most impacted sites. Sampling sites in the lower portion of the Saluda watershed are less impacted by pollution than the upper and central sections. The observed biomarker responses can be explained by the proximity of urban areas, point sources and general land use, and demonstrate the applicability of biomarkers in environmental biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mierzejewski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Dennis C Haney
- Department of Biology, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Hwy, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
| | - Peter van den Hurk
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Prado PS, Pinheiro APB, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. Reproductive biomarkers responses induced by xenoestrogens in the characid fish Astyanax fasciatus inhabiting a South American reservoir: an integrated field and laboratory approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:165-73. [PMID: 24721135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Field studies evaluating the effects of endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) on the fish reproduction are scarce worldwide. The goal of this study was to assess hepatic levels of vitellogenin (Vtg), zona radiata proteins (Zrp) and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), and relating them to reproductive endpoints in a wild fish population habiting a reservoir that receive domestic sewage, agricultural and industrial residues. Adult fish Astyanax fasciatus were sampled during the reproductive season in five sites from the Furnas Reservoir, Grande River, and Paraguay-Paraná basin. As a control to field data, fish were experimentally exposed via dietary intake, to oestradiol benzoate (OB) for 7 days. Fish from site with little anthropogenic interference showed hepatic levels of Vtg, Zrp and IGF-I and IGF-II similar to those from the non-treated experimental group. In sites located immediately downstream from the municipal wastewater discharges, the water total oestrogen was >120 ng/l, and male fish displayed increased Vtg and Zrp and decreased IGF-I levels similar to OB treated fish. In females, levels of Vtg, Zrp, IGF-I and IGF-II suggest an impairment of final oocyte maturation and spawning, as also detected by frequency of over-ripening, follicular atresia and fecundity. At the sites that receive agricultural and industrial residues, the water total oestrogen was <50 ng/l and females showed decreased Zrp and increased IGF-II levels associated to reduced diameter of vitellogenic follicles, indicating an inhibition of oocyte growth. Overall, the current study reports oestrogenic contamination impairing the reproduction of a wild fish from a hydroeletric reservoir and, the data contribute to improving the current knowledge on relationship between hepatic Vtg, Zrp and IGF-I and IGF-II, and reproductive endpoints in a teleost fish. In addition, our data point out novel reproductive biomarkers (IGF-I, IGF-II and over-ripening) to assessing xenoestrogenic contamination in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Prado
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula B Pinheiro
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte 30535-610, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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