1
|
Royano S, Navarro I, de la Torre A, Martínez MÁ. Occurrence and human risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in indoor dust from homes, schools and offices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:49682-49693. [PMID: 39080161 PMCID: PMC11324665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the current situation and possible health risks due to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, and metabolites, in indoor environments. To achieve this objective, a total of 85 dust samples were collected in 2022 from three different Spanish indoor environments: homes, classrooms, and offices. The analytical method was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. All indoor dust samples except one presented at least one PhAC. Although concentration levels ranged from < LOQ to 18 µg/g, only acetaminophen, thiabendazole, clotrimazole, and anhydroerythromycin showed quantification frequencies (Qf %) above 19% with median concentrations of 166 ng/g, 74 ng/g, 25 ng/g and 14 ng/g, respectively. The PhAC distribution between dust deposited on the floor and settled on elevated (> 0.5 m) surfaces was assessed but no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) were found. However, concentrations quantified at the three types of locations showed significant differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). Homes turned out to be the indoor environment with higher pharmaceutical concentrations, especially acetaminophen (678 ng/g, median). The use of these medicines and their subsequent removal from the body were identified as the main PhAC sources in indoor dust. Relationships between occupant habits, building characteristics, and/or medicine consumption and PhAC concentrations were studied. Finally, on account of concentration differences, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation, ingestion and dermal adsorption exposure pathways were calculated for toddlers, adolescents and adults in homes, classrooms and offices separately. Results proved that dust ingestion is the main route of exposure, contributing more than 99% in all indoor environments. Moreover, PhAC intakes for all studied groups, at occupational locations (classrooms and offices) are much lower than that obtained for homes, where hazard indexes (HIs) obtained for acetaminophen (7%-12%) and clotrimazole (4%-7%) at the worst scenario (P95) highlight the need for continuous monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Royano
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- International Doctoral School of the UNED (EIDUNED), National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mane MK, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N, Bonnet P, Dumas O, Nchama AE, Saramito G, Duguépéroux C, Mandin C, Le Moual N, Le Bot B. Biocide and other semi-volatile organic compound concentrations in settled indoor dust of CRESPI daycare centers and implication for public health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134277. [PMID: 38657505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of biocides and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in cleaning products used in daycare centers and health impact through ingestion of settled dust by young children. In Paris metropolitan area, 106 daycares area were investigated between 2019-2022. Fifteen substances were analyzed in settled indoor dust by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Detection rates and concentrations ranged from 5 to 100%, and
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayoro Kebe Mane
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Orianne Dumas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Anastasie Eworo Nchama
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Gaëlle Saramito
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Camille Duguépéroux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Nicole Le Moual
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang J, Ding X, Patra SS, Cross JN, Huang C, Kumar V, Price P, Reidy EK, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Stevens PS, Boor BE, Jung N. Siloxane Emissions and Exposures during the Use of Hair Care Products in Buildings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19999-20009. [PMID: 37971371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are ubiquitous in hair care products (HCPs). cVMS emissions from HCPs are of concern, given the potential adverse impact of siloxanes on the environment and human health. To characterize cVMS emissions and exposures during the use of HCPs, realistic hair care experiments were conducted in a residential building. Siloxane-based HCPs were tested using common hair styling techniques, including straightening, curling, waving, and oiling. VOC concentrations were measured via proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. HCP use drove rapid changes in the chemical composition of the indoor atmosphere. cVMS dominated VOC emissions from HCP use, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) contributed the most to cVMS emissions. cVMS emission factors (EFs) during hair care routines ranged from 110-1500 mg/person and were influenced by HCP type, styling tools, operation temperatures, and hair length. The high temperature of styling tools and the high surface area of hair enhanced VOC emissions. Increasing the hair straightener temperature from room temperature to 210 °C increased cVMS EFs by 50-310%. Elevated indoor cVMS concentrations can result in substantial indoor-to-outdoor transport of cVMS via ventilation (0.4-6 tons D5/year in the U.S.); thus, hair care routines may augment the abundance of cVMS in the outdoor atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaosu Ding
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Satya S Patra
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jordan N Cross
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunxu Huang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vinay Kumar
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Paige Price
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emily K Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, LLC, Novelty, Ohio 44072, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nusrat Jung
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Tong Y, Cheng F, Shi J, Huang J, Yu M, You J. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in pet hair and indoor air: integrative health risk assessment using multiple ToxCast endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1839-1849. [PMID: 37427597 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposome is a growing concern, including a mixture of legacy and emerging contaminants. Recent studies suggest that indoor pollutants may accumulate in pet hair, a part of indoor exposome, increasing health risks to pet owners; however, the source and hazards of pollutants associated with pet hair are largely unknown. Here, we found that hydrophobic pollutants often had higher indoor concentrations than hydrophilic ones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most dominant fractions (61.1%) in indoor air exposome while polycyclic musks (PCMs) had the highest concentrations among all contaminant classes in indoor dust (1559 ± 1598 ng g-1 dw) and pet hair (2831 ± 2458 ng g-1 dw). The levels of hygiene-related contaminants (PCMs, current-use pesticides (CUPs), and antibiotics) were higher in pet hair than dust due to direct contact during applications. Health risk assessment using toxicity thresholds from high-throughput screening data showed that human health risks from the five classes of indoor contaminants (PAHs, PCMs, organophosphate esters, CUPs, and antibiotics) via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact were within acceptable limits, but the children may be exposed to a higher risk than the adults. The thresholds estimated from the ToxCast data using endpoint sensitivity distribution make the exposome risk assessment feasible in the absence of benchmarks, which is beneficial for including a mixture of emerging pollutants in risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Fei Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jingwen Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jiehui Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Minqi Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang T, Zou H, Li D, Gao J, Bu Q, Wang Z. Global distribution and ecological risk assessment of synthetic musks in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121893. [PMID: 37245793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, as an alternative product of natural musks, are widely used in almost all fragrances of consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics and detergents. During the past few decades, the production of synthetic musks has been increasing year by year, subsequently followed by large concern about their adverse effects on ecosystems and human beings. Until now, several studies have reviewed the latest development of analytical methods of synthetic musks in biological samples and cosmetics products, while there is still lack of a systematic analysis of their global distribution in different environmental media. Thus, this review summarizes the occurrence of synthetic musks in the environment including biota around the world and explores their global distribution patterns. The results show that galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) are generally the most frequently detected synthetic musks in different samples with HHCB and AHTN being predominant. Higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN are normally found in western countries compared to Asian countries, indicating more consumptions of these musks in western countries. The persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of synthetic musks (mainly for polycyclic musks and nitro musks) are also discussed. The risk quotients (RQs) of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK in most waters and sediments are below 0.1, reflecting a low risk to aqueous and sediment-dwelling species. In some sites, e.g., close to STPs, high risks (RQs>1) are characterized. Currently, limited data are available for macrocyclic musks and alicyclic musks in terms of either occurrence or PBT properties. More studies with an expanded scope of chemical type, geographical distribution and (synergic) toxicological effects especially from a long-term point of view are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chi ZH, Goodyer CG, Hales BF, Bayen S. Characterization of different contaminants and current knowledge for defining chemical mixtures in human milk: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107717. [PMID: 36630790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of xenobiotics, with very diverse origins, have been detected in human milk, including contaminants of emerging concern, personal care products and other current-use substances reflecting lifestyle. The routes of exposure to these chemicals include dermal absorption, ingestion and inhalation. Specific families of chemicals are dominant among human milk monitoring studies (e.g., organochlorine pesticides, bisphenol A, dioxins), even though other understudied families may be equally toxicologically relevant (e.g., food-processing chemicals, current-use plasticizers and flame retardants, mycotoxins). Importantly, the lack of reliable human milk monitoring data for some individual chemicals and, especially, for complex mixtures, is a major factor hindering risk assessment. Non-targeted screening can be used as an effective tool to identify unknown contaminants of concern in human milk. This approach, in combination with novel methods to conduct risk assessments on the chemical mixtures detected in human milk, will assist in elucidating exposures that may have adverse effects on the development of breastfeeding infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hao Chi
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Cindy Gates Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balci E, Genisoglu M, Sofuoglu SC, Sofuoglu A. Indoor air partitioning of Synthetic Musk Compounds: Gas, particulate matter, house dust, and window film. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138798. [PMID: 32361436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to diversity of contaminants indoors and complexity in the physical structure of particulate matter, partition process of chemicals affects indoor concentration distribution. Synthetic Musk Compounds (SMCs) are ubiquitously found in household and personal care products, thus, in the environment. Exposure to SMCs is important for human health, therefore, their partitioning in indoor environmental media is a key issue. In this study, gas - particle, house dust, and window film partitioning of SMCs were investigated in an indoor micro-environment. In a sealed and unoccupied room, a polycyclic and nitro musk mixture was left for volatilization for an hour. Then, samples were collected using XAD-2 sandwiched between two PUF plugs, glass-fiber filter, and wipes for gas, PM10, window-film, house dust phases, respectively, for 145 h. Collected samples were analyzed using a GC-MS. Results demonstrated that SMC concentrations decreased over time, non-linearly. Six of the SMCs partitioned to PM10 with at least 10% at beginning of the experiment, whereas the number of compounds dropped to two at the end, showing that SMCs may partition well between the two phases but they tend to be in the gas phase. They were also detected in the film and dust phases but a decrease pattern similar to gas-particle was not observed. Spearman correlations indicate that the dust and film-associated concentrations were governed by similar processes but PM-associated concentrations were not. SMCs may be found in all phases, mainly in house dust in terms of mass among the studied media and unaccounted surface reservoirs. Therefore, their partitioning between indoor media has key implications for human exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esin Balci
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Mesut Genisoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Aysun Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Urla, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rasheed T, Bilal M, Hassan AA, Nabeel F, Bharagava RN, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Tran HN, Iqbal HMN. Environmental threatening concern and efficient removal of pharmaceutically active compounds using metal-organic frameworks as adsorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109436. [PMID: 32278154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An alarming number of contaminants of emerging concern, including active residues from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), are increasingly being introduced in water systems and environmental matrices due to unavoidable outcomes of modern-day lifestyle. Most of the PPCPs based contaminants are not completely eliminated during the currently used water/wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, highly selective and significant removal of PPCPs from environmental matrices remains a scientific challenge. In recent years, a wide range of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based nanocomposites have been designed and envisioned for environmental remediation applications. MOF-derived novel cues had shown an adsorptive capability for the extraction and removal of an array of trace constituents in environmental samples. Noteworthy features such as substantial surface area, size, dispersibility, tunable structure, and repeated use capability provide MOFs-derived platform a superiority over in-practice conventional adsorptive materials. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the efficient removal or mitigation of various categories of PPCPs by diverse types of MOF-derived adsorbents with suitable examples. The growing research investigations in this direction paves the way for designing more efficient porous nanomaterials that would be useful for the elimination of PPCPs, and separation perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Rasheed
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhamad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Adeel Ahmad Hassan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Faran Nabeel
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research, Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300 - Prédio do ITP, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Hai Nguyen Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, CP 64849, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen PM, Afzal M, Ullah I, Shahid N, Baqar M, Arslan M. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products using constructed wetlands: effective plant-bacteria synergism may enhance degradation efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21109-21126. [PMID: 31134537 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-industrial era has witnessed significant advancements at unprecedented rates in the field of medicine and cosmetics, which has led to affluent use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, this has exacerbated the influx of various pollutants in the environment affecting living organisms through multiple routes. Thousands of PPCPs of various classes-prescription and non-prescription drugs-are discharged directly into the environment. In this review, we have surveyed literature investigating plant-based remediation practices to remove PPCPs from the environment. Our specific aim is to highlight the importance of plant-bacteria interplay for sustainable remediation of PPCPs. The green technologies not only are successfully curbing organic pollutants but also have displayed certain limitations. For example, the presence of biologically active compounds within plant rhizosphere may affect plant growth and hence compromise the phytoremediation potential of constructed wetlands. To overcome these hindrances, combined use of plants and beneficial bacteria has been employed. The microbes (both rhizo- and endophytes) in this type of system not only degrade PPCPs directly but also accelerate plant growth by producing growth-promoting enzymes and hence remediation potential of constructed wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Inaam Ullah
- International Join laboratory for Global Climate Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Naeem Shahid
- Department System Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong F, Robson M, Melymuk L, Shunthirasingham C, Alexandrou N, Shoeib M, Luk E, Helm P, Diamond ML, Hung H. Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:74-88. [PMID: 30575830 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and potential sources of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in the urban and surrounding environment were investigated. We analyzed air, soils and surface waters from a wide array of land-use types and urban densities including air from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indoor, urban, rural, and remote Arctic sites; surface waters from urban and rural tributaries; and effluents of three WWTPs. In air, the median sum concentration of six selected polycyclic musks (Σ6PCMs) (i.e., galaxolide, tonalide, cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide) were the highest from WWTP on-site > indoor > urban > WWTP off-site > rural. SMCs were not found in remote Arctic air indicating low potential for long-range atmospheric transport. SMCs were not found in soils, likely because of their high volatility and fast biodegradation rate. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were the two most abundant SMCs in air, tributaries and WWTP effluents. Σ6PCM concentrations in air taken along urban-rural transects and in tributary water were positively correlated with population density. In WWTP on-site air, trace levels of the toxic nitro-musks, namely musk xylene and musk ketone were detected and macrocyclic musks accounted for ∼10% of the total SMCs measured. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations of Σ6PCMs were proportional to the population served. We conclude that sources of SMCs to the outdoor urban environment and hence the surrounding region, originate from releases from indoor air, and temperature-dependent volatilization from WWTPs during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trabalón L, Alves RN, Castro Ó, Nadal M, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marques A. Preliminary assessment of galaxolide bioaccessibility in raw and cooked FISH. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Zhuang H, Wan X. Hapten Syntheses, Antibody Generation, and Ultrasensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Tonalid in Human Blood. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1392546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Zhuang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, South Campus, Renji Hospital, Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lucattini L, Poma G, Covaci A, de Boer J, Lamoree MH, Leonards PEG. A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:466-482. [PMID: 29529574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chemicals in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A number of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concentrations of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 μg/g in textiles, 5.8 μg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concentrations of chemicals in consumer goods and often only the presence of chemicals is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chemicals in products to chemicals detected in indoor air and dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu S, Yu Y, Ren L, Zhang X, Liu G, Yu Y. Estimation of intake and uptake of bisphenols and triclosan from personal care products by dermal contact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1389-1396. [PMID: 29054660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern has been raised in respect of exposure to bisphenols and triclosan (TCS) due to their widespread use. However, little is known about their occurrence in personal care products (PCPs) or, particularly, their dermal uptake following daily application. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the human health risk of bisphenols and TCS via dermal absorption. In this study, 150 PCPs, covering 11 different categories, were collected in China. The concentrations of seven bisphenol analogues and TCS were measured, and the associated human health risks by dermal contact were estimated. High detection frequencies of TCS (46.7%) and bisphenol AF (38.7%) were found in the PCPs. The highest mean concentration of Σ7BPs (sum concentration of all seven bisphenols) was 77.8ngg-1 found in masks, and the highest mean concentration of TCS was 86.7ngg-1 in hand sanitizers. The bisphenol composition profiles varied among different categories. Bisphenol A and bisphenol F generally showed higher concentrations. Combining the concentrations of the target substances with the daily usage quantities of PCPs and other parameters, the total estimated dermal intakes and uptakes of Σ7BPs and TCS were calculated. The results showed that the former (12.1 and 1.06ng·kg-1bwday-1) were markedly higher than the latter (1.21 and 9.58×10-2ng·kg-1bwday-1), which included dermal absorption rates of the chemicals in the estimation. Although diet is the main source, and oral ingestion is the main route, for human BPA exposure, the results of the estimated dermal uptakes of BPA in the present study combined with those from a European study show that dermal contact is the main route with thermal paper being the main contributor when both unconjugated and conjugated BPA in the human body are considered. The present study also showed that exposure to BPA in PCPs following dermal contact should not be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuling Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lu Ren
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fan M, Liu Z, Dyer S, Xia P, Zhang X. Environmental risk assessment of polycyclic musks HHCB and AHTN in consumer product chemicals in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:771-779. [PMID: 28499225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An environmental risk assessment (ERA) framework was recently developed for consumer product chemicals in China using a tiered approach, applying an existing Chinese regulatory qualitative method in Tier Zero and, then, utilizing deterministic and probabilistic methods for Tiers One and Two. The exposure assessment methodology in the framework applied conditions specific to China including physical setting, infrastructure, and consumers' habits and practices. Furthermore, two scenarios were identified for quantitatively assessing environmental exposure: (1) Urban with wastewater treatment, and; (2) Rural without wastewater treatment (i.e., direct-discharge of wastewater). Upon a brief discussion on the framework methodology, this paper primarily presented a case study conducted using this new approach for assessing two fragrance chemicals, the polycyclic musks HHCB (Galaxolide, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-[gamma]-2-benzopyran) and AHTN (Tonalide, 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene). Both HHCB and AHTN are widely used as fragrances in a variety of consumer products in China, and occurrences of both compounds have been reported in wastewater influents, effluents, and sludge, in addition to surface water and sediments across several major metropolitan regions throughout China. This case study illustrated the very conservative nature of Tier Zero, which indicated a high risk potential of the fragrances to receiving water aquatic communities due to the fragrance's non-ready biodegradability and eco-toxicity profiles. However, the higher-tiered assessments (including deterministic and site-specific probabilistic) demonstrated greater environmental realism with the conclusion of HHCB and AHTN posing minimal risk, consistent with local monitoring data as well as a recent similar study conducted in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fan
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals (MEP), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Scott Dyer
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Yu Y, Gu Y, Li X, Zhang X, Yu Y. In vitro determination of transdermal permeation of synthetic musks and estimated dermal uptake through usage of personal care products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:417-424. [PMID: 28129620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, chemical constituents of personal care products, enter the human body through dermal contact. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying transdermal permeation of synthetic musks should enhance our understanding of their uptake and distribution in human skin and allow accurate evaluation of associated human exposure. Here, the transdermal permeation dynamics and distribution of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were investigated using an in vitro skin diffusion model. The transdermal permeation amounts of HHCB and AHTN increased rapidly during the first 6 h. The applied HHCB and AHTN amounts did not affect percutaneous absorption rates. HHCB and AHTN remained primarily in the stratum corneum, accounting for 70.0% and 70.3% of the totals during the 24-h period, respectively. The percutaneous absorption rate of both chemicals was ∼11%. HHCB, AHTN, musk ketone, musk xylene, and Musk-T were detected in 29 personal care products. The average total concentrations of the musks were 3990, 54.0, 17.7, and 9.8 μg g-1 in perfume, shampoo, lotion, and shower gel, respectively. Among the four product categories, HHCB was dominant (57.4%-99.6%), followed by AHTN. The data clearly indicate that polycyclic and nitro musks are most commonly used in personal care products. The total estimated dermal intake (51.6 μg kg-1bw day-1) was markedly higher than total dermal uptake (5.9 μg kg-1bw day-1) when percutaneous absorption rates of the chemicals were added into the calculation. Uptake of HHCB and AHTN via dermal contact of personal care products was significantly higher than that from dust inhalation calculated according to earlier literature data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yuling Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yue Gu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dudzina T, Delmaar CJE, Biesterbos JWH, Bakker MI, Bokkers BGH, Scheepers PTJ, van Engelen JGM, Hungerbuehler K, von Goetz N. The probabilistic aggregate consumer exposure model (PACEM): validation and comparison to a lower-tier assessment for the cyclic siloxane D5. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 79:8-16. [PMID: 25768720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current practice of chemical risk assessment for consumer product ingredients still rarely exercises the aggregation of multi-source exposure. However, focusing on a single dominant source/pathway combination may lead to a significant underestimation of the risk for substances present in numerous consumer products, which often are used simultaneously. Moreover, in most cases complex multi-route exposure scenarios also need to be accounted for. This paper introduces and evaluates the performance of the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model (PACEM) applied in the context of a tiered approach to exposure assessment for ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products (C&PCPs) using decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) as a worked example. It is demonstrated that PACEM predicts a more realistic, but still conservative aggregate exposure within the Dutch adult population when compared to a deterministic point estimate obtained in a lower tier screening assessment. An overall validation of PACEM is performed by quantitatively relating and comparing its estimates to currently available human biomonitoring and environmental sampling data. Moderate (by maximum one order of magnitude) overestimation of exposure is observed due to a justified conservatism built into the model structure, resulting in the tool being suitable for risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Dudzina
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martine I Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Bas G H Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud UMC, Department for Health Evidence (133), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline G M van Engelen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Konrad Hungerbuehler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang X, Jing Y, Ma L, Zhou J, Fang X, Zhang X, Yu Y. Occurrence and transport of synthetic musks in paired maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
20
|
Nakata H, Hinosaka M, Yanagimoto H. Macrocyclic-, polycyclic-, and nitro musks in cosmetics, household commodities and indoor dusts collected from Japan: implications for their human exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:248-255. [PMID: 25450941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reported the occurrence and concentrations of macrocyclic-, polycyclic- and nitro musks in cosmetics and household commodities collected from Japan. The high concentrations and detection frequencies of Musk T, habanolide, and exaltolides were found in commercial products, suggesting their large amounts of production and usage in Japan. Polycyclic musks, HHCB and OTNE, also showed high concentrations in cosmetics and products. The estimated dairy intakes of Musk T and HHCB by the dermal exposure to commercial products were 7.8 and 7.9 μg/kg/day in human, respectively, and perfume and body lotion are dominant exposure sources. We also analyzed synthetic musks in house dusts. Polycyclic musks, HHCB and OTNE, showed high concentrations in samples, but macrocyclic musks were detected only in a few samples, although these types of musks were highly detected in commercial products. This is probably due to easy-degradation of macrocyclic musks in indoor environment. The dairy intakes of HHCB by dust ingestions were 0.22 ng/kg/day in human, which were approximately five orders of magnitudes lower than those of dermal absorption from commercial household commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan.
| | - Mari Hinosaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Hayato Yanagimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shin HM, McKone TE, Nishioka MG, Fallin MD, Croen LA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Newschaffer CJ, Bennett DH. Determining source strength of semivolatile organic compounds using measured concentrations in indoor dust. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:260-71. [PMID: 24118221 PMCID: PMC4018806 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Consumer products and building materials emit a number of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment. Because indoor SVOCs accumulate in dust, we explore the use of dust to determine source strength and report here on analysis of dust samples collected in 30 US homes for six phthalates, four personal care product ingredients, and five flame retardants. We then use a fugacity-based indoor mass balance model to estimate the whole-house emission rates of SVOCs that would account for the measured dust concentrations. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) were the most abundant compounds in these dust samples. On the other hand, the estimated emission rate of diethyl phthalate is the largest among phthalates, although its dust concentration is over two orders of magnitude smaller than DEHP and DiNP. The magnitude of the estimated emission rate that corresponds to the measured dust concentration is found to be inversely correlated with the vapor pressure of the compound, indicating that dust concentrations alone cannot be used to determine which compounds have the greatest emission rates. The combined dust-assay modeling approach shows promise for estimating indoor emission rates for SVOCs. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The combined dust-assay modeling approach in this study can be used to predict the source strength of indoor released compounds, integrating emissions from consumer products, building materials, and other home furnishings. Our findings show that estimated emission rates are closely related to not only the level of compounds on dust, but also the vapor pressure of the compound. Thus, a fugacity-based indoor mass balance model and measured dust concentrations can be used to estimate the whole-house emission rates from all sources in actual indoor settings, when individual sources of emissions are unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Hyeong-Moo Shin, PhD, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, MS1-C, Davis, CA 95616, , Phone: 1.949.648.1614, Fax: 1.530.752.5300
| | - Thomas E. McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Craig J. Newschaffer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3959-69. [PMID: 24588211 DOI: 10.1021/es405269q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu N, Shi Y, Li W, Xu L, Cai Y. Concentrations and distribution of synthetic musks and siloxanes in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:65-72. [PMID: 24463026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the occurrence and distribution patterns of seven synthetic musks (SMs) and 17 siloxanes in anaerobic digested sludge samples collected at the dewatering process from 42 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in China. SMs in sludge from different WWTPs exhibited similar composition profiles, and their total concentrations ranged from 47.3 ng/g to 68.2 μg/g dry weight (dw). On average, galaxolide (HHCB, 63.8%) and tonalide (AHTN, 31.7%) accounted for 95.5% of ∑SMs. The total concentrations of cyclic siloxanes ranged from <LOQ (limit of quantitation) to 36.1 μg/g dw (mean: 1.98 μg/g), while from <LOQ to 13.2 μg/g dw (mean: 0.937 μg/g) for linear siloxanes. On average, cyclic siloxanes accounted for 68% of the total siloxanes. High concentrations and detection frequencies of SMs and siloxanes in sewage sludge indicated that both of them were widely used in China. Among the sludge samples from 42 WWTPs, the concentrations of both ∑SMs and ∑siloxanes had considerable variations. We investigated the influence of potential factors (wastewater and sludge characteristics, the treatment capacity, serving population, and the treatment techniques of WWTPs) on the levels of target compounds in sludge, and found that SMs were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the total organic carbon (TOC) of the sludge and the serving population of WWTP. There were also strong correlations (p<0.05) between the treatment capacity of WWTPs and cyclic siloxanes, as well as between the TOC of the sludge and linear siloxanes. In addition, the ecological risks of SMs and siloxanes in sewage sludge addressed to land application were assessed, which suggested that there was a low risk to the soil environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taylor KM, Weisskopf M, Shine J. Human exposure to nitro musks and the evaluation of their potential toxicity: an overview. Environ Health 2014; 13:14. [PMID: 24618224 PMCID: PMC4007519 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nitro musks are fragrant chemicals found in household and personal care products. The use of these products leads to direct exposures via dermal absorption, as well as inhalation of contaminated dust and volatilized fragrances. Evidence also suggests that humans are exposed to low doses of these chemicals through oral absorption of contaminated liquids and foods. As these compounds are lipophilic, they and their metabolites, have been found not only in blood, but also breast milk and adipose tissue. After personal use, these environmentally persistent pollutants then pass through sewage treatment plants through their effluent into the environment.Little is known about the biological effects in humans after such a prolonged low dose exposure to these chemicals. While epidemiologic studies evaluating the effects of nitro musk exposures are lacking, there is limited evidence that suggest blood levels of nitro musks are inversely related to luteal hormone levels. This is supported by animal models and laboratory studies that have shown that nitro musks are weakly estrogenic. Nitro musks exposure has been associated with an increased risk of tumor formation in mice. The evidence suggests that while nitro musks by themselves are not genotoxic, they may increase the genotoxicity of other chemicals. However, animal models for nitro musk exposure have proven to be problematic since certain outcomes are species specific. This may explain why evidence for developmental effects in animals is conflicting and inconclusive. Given that animal models and cell-line experiments are suggestive of adverse outcomes, further epidemiologic studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Shine
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Determinations of airborne synthetic musks by polyurethane foam coupled with triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
26
|
Liu N, Shi Y, Xu L, Li W, Cai Y. Occupational exposure to synthetic musks in barbershops, compared with the common exposure in the dormitories and households. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1804-1810. [PMID: 23849834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) have been widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care and sanitary commodities. Due to their high volatility and particle-binding affinity, the indoor dust is a major reservoir of SMs, and dust ingestion could be an important exposure way to special populations, such as hairdressers. In spite of the known toxicity of SMs, there is no information regarding the occurrence of SMs in barbershop dusts and the exposure of hairdressers through indoor dust ingestion. In the present study, the levels of two nitro musks and five polycyclic musks were measured from indoor dust samples collected from barbershops, and some other indoor dust samples were also collected from dormitories, bathhouses and households for comparison. The concentrations of ∑SMs in barbershop dusts were 10-100 times higher than those from the other three indoor microenvironments. Polycyclic musks accounted for 89.4% of ∑SMs on average in all samples, of which two compounds, HHCB and AHTN jointly dominated 97.9% of polycyclic musks. The levels of HHCB and AHTN varied from 12.2 to 8.39×10(5) and from 13.2 to 3.49×10(5) ng g(-1), respectively. The daily intakes (DIs) of ∑SMs through house dust ingestion were estimated using the model of high dust ingestion and worst-case exposure (P95), and the corresponding exposure rates were 2791, 135 and 727 ng d(-1) for the hairdressers, general population and toddlers. SMs were also detected in blood samples collected from the hairdressers and normal adults (n=50 and 10, respectively). There was no significant difference between these two groups. Despite the absence of higher SM concentrations in hairdresser's blood, we should not overlook the potential occupational health risks due to their high SMs ingestion rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu JL, Wong MH. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): a review on environmental contamination in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:208-24. [PMID: 23838081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which contain diverse organic groups, such as antibiotics, hormones, antimicrobial agents, synthetic musks, etc., have raised significant concerns in recently years for their persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. China is a large country with high production and consumption of PPCPs for its economic development and population growth in recent years. This may result in PPCP contamination in different environmental media of China. This review summarizes the current contamination status of different environment media, including sewage, surface water, sludge, sediments, soil, and wild animals, in China by PPCPs. The human body burden and adverse effects derived from PPCPs are also evaluated. Based on this review, it has been concluded that more contamination information of aquatic environment and wildlife as well as human body burden of PPCPs in different areas of China is urgent. Studies about their environmental behavior and control technologies need to be conducted, and acute and chronic toxicities of different PPCP groups should be investigated for assessing their potential ecological and health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Liu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fujii Y, Harada KH, Koizumi A. Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:538-44. [PMID: 23932147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9 μg g(-1) for cosmetics and from not detected to 19 μg g(-1) for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5 μg g(-1) for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0 μg g(-1) for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pieri F, Katsoyiannis A, Martellini T, Hughes D, Jones KC, Cincinelli A. Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in indoor air samples (UK and Italy) and their isotopic characterization. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:363-71. [PMID: 23892293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of linear- and cyclic-volatile methyl siloxanes (lVMSs and cVMSs, respectively) in various indoor environments, occupational and domestic, in Italy and in the United Kingdom was studied. The results show that the cVMSs are the most abundant, detected in average concentrations that in some cases were as high as 170μgm(-3). Our study highlights the differences that can be observed between various indoor environments (e.g. domestic like bathrooms, bedrooms, or occupational) and between two countries. In most cases, the concentrations found in the UK are higher than in the respective indoor environments in Italy. The assessment of exposure to these two countries for adults and children revealed significant differences both not only in the levels of exposure, but also in the patterns. In Italy, the biggest part of the exposure to VMSs takes place domestically, whereas in the UK, it is observed for occupational environments. Additionally, the compound specific isotopic analysis was employed as a source identification technique. The results are promising mainly for D5 that occurs in higher concentrations, but not for the less abundant lVMSs and cVMSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Pieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Homem V, Avelino Silva J, Cunha C, Alves A, Santos L. New analytical method for the determination of musks in personal care products by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe extraction followed by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2176-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Homem
- LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | | | - Carina Cunha
- LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Correia P, Cruz A, Santos L, Alves A. Human dermal exposure to galaxolide from personal care products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:299-309. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Cruz
- Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia; Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA); Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto/Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP/IPP); Rua Valente Perfeito, 322; 4400-330; Vila Nova de Gaia; Portugal
| | - L. Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia, (LEPAE); Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
| | - A. Alves
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia, (LEPAE); Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Xu Q, Man S, Zeng X, Yu Y, Pang Y, Sheng G, Fu J. Tissue concentrations, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of synthetic musks in freshwater fish from Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:311-322. [PMID: 22855355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic environments. As hydrophobic chemicals, they can accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Investigations into the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in aquatic ecosystem have, however, been limited, and previous results were inconsistent among species and ecosystem. Studies on this topic have been carried out in European countries, the USA, and Japan, but very few are known of the situation in China. The aim of this study was to investigate contaminant levels of musks in fish from Taihu Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, as well as bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the pollutants in the freshwater food chain. Five polycyclic musks and two nitro musks were determined in 24 fish species and nine surface sediment samples from Taihu Lake. HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) and AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) were the predominant contaminants in the fish samples, with concentrations ranging from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 52.9 and from <LOD to 7.5 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Other contaminants were at low detection frequencies. The results indicated low concentrations of musks yet widespread occurrence of these contaminants in fish from Taihu Lake. Species-specific and lipid-related bioaccumulation characteristics were suggested, but no significant region-specific differences were observed. Normalized biota-sediment accumulation factors for HHCB and AHTN were noted to increase with trophic levels in fish. Trophic magnification factors were estimated at 1.12 for HHCB and 0.74 for AHTN. A biomagnification for HHCB, and probably biodilution for AHTN, in the freshwater food chain are indicated, when trophic magnification factors were concerned. However, the correlations between logarithmic concentrations of the chemicals and trophic levels were not statistically significant. Further study using long food chains in this lake is still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou J, Zeng X, Zheng K, Zhu X, Ma L, Xu Q, Zhang X, Yu Y, Sheng G, Fu J. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:325-333. [PMID: 22921253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of musks (polycyclic musks and nitro musks) and traditional organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDT, DDE, DDD, and total DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in breast milk collected in Shanghai, China during the period 2006-2010, were determined. The total concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 276.2 (median: 58.4) ng/glipid weight (lw) for musks and from 88.3 to 2532.9 (median: 1003.8) ng/glw for OCPs. 4,4'-DDE (median: 655.4 ng/glw) was the predominant OCP, followed by β-HCH (median: 172.5 ng/g lw), and HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) (median: 17.7 ng/g lw) was the dominant musk. There was no statistical correlation between total musk concentrations, and HCB, HCHs, DDTs or total OCP concentrations, indicating their different exposure routes and metabolism in humans (p=0.182-0.325). Clear reductions in temporal trends in the levels of DDTs and HCB, especially HCHs (p<0.01) were observed during the sampling period, and the high DDE/DDT ratios in the samples indicated past exposure to DDTs. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCB and HHCB-lactone in 2010 suggested a probably increasing tendency. There were statistically significant influences regarding maternal age and parity on OCP accumulation (p=0.001-0.002), but no significant effect on musks was found (p=0.542-0.919). Musk exposure in neonates via breast milk was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than suggested provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDI). The estimated daily intakes for HCB and DDTs were below the PTDI in Canada, however, 56% of those for HCHs exceeded the Canadian PTDI. OCP contamination of breast milk requires further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kubwabo C, Fan X, Rasmussen PE, Wu F. Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:467-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
35
|
Moon HB, Lee DH, Lee YS, Kannan K. Occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in adipose tissues of Korean females. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:485-490. [PMID: 22055311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have reported on the occurrence and accumulation profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in human adipose tissue. In this study, concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues collected from Korean women in 2007 and 2008 were determined. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues ranged from 15 to 361 (mean: 119) ngg(-1) lipid weight and from 38 to 253 (mean: 106) ngg(-1) lipid weight, respectively. Concentrations of SMCs in Korean adipose tissues were lower than those reported for European countries and the United States. Naphthalene was the most predominant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC found in adipose tissues. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, suggesting that the sources of human exposure to these two classes of compounds are different. No correlation was found between donor's age and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs. The results of this study provide baseline information on exposure of PAHs and SMCs to the general population in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lu Y, Yuan T, Wang W, Kannan K. Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3522-8. [PMID: 21899935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentrations and profiles of 15 siloxanes (four cyclic siloxanes, D(4)-D(7); 11 linear siloxanes, L(4)-L(14)), four synthetic musks (two polycyclic musks, HHCB and AHTN; two nitro musks, MX and MK), and HHCB-lactone, in 158 personal care products marketed in China. Siloxanes were detected in 88% of the samples analyzed, at concentrations as high as 52.6 mg g(-1); Linear siloxanes were the predominant compounds. Among synthetic musks, more than 80% of the samples contained at least one of these compounds, and their total concentrations were as high as 1.02 mg g(-1). HHCB was the predominant musk in all of the samples analyzed, on average, accounting for 52% of the total musk concentrations. Based on the median concentrations of siloxanes and musks and the average daily usage amounts of consumer products, dermal exposure rates in adults were calculated to be 3.69 and 3.38 mg d(-1) for siloxanes and musks, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|