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Sarić N, Ishibashi N. The role of primary cilia in congenital heart defect-associated neurological impairments. Front Genet 2024; 15:1460228. [PMID: 39175754 PMCID: PMC11338889 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1460228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has, despite significant improvements in patient survival, increasingly become associated with neurological deficits during infancy that persist into adulthood. These impairments afflict a wide range of behavioral domains including executive function, motor learning and coordination, social interaction, and language acquisition, reflecting alterations in multiple brain areas. In the past few decades, it has become clear that CHD is highly genetically heterogeneous, with large chromosomal aneuploidies and copy number variants (CNVs) as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) being implicated in CHD pathogenesis. Intriguingly, many of the identified loss-of-function genetic variants occur in genes important for primary cilia integrity and function, hinting at a key role for primary cilia in CHD. Here we review the current evidence for CHD primary cilia associated genetic variants, their independent functions during cardiac and brain development and their influence on behavior. We also highlight the role of environmental exposures in CHD, including stressors such as surgical factors and anesthesia, and how they might interact with ciliary genetic predispositions to determine the final neurodevelopmental outcome. The multifactorial nature of CHD and neurological impairments linked with it will, on one hand, likely necessitate therapeutic targeting of molecular pathways and neurobehavioral deficits shared by disparate forms of CHD. On the other hand, strategies for better CHD patient stratification based on genomic data, gestational and surgical history, and CHD complexity would allow for more precise therapeutic targeting of comorbid neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Sarić
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
- Children’s National Heart Center, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
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2
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Amdani S, Conway J, George K, Martinez HR, Asante-Korang A, Goldberg CS, Davies RR, Miyamoto SD, Hsu DT. Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2024; 150:e33-e50. [PMID: 38808502 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
With continued medical and surgical advancements, most children and adolescents with congenital heart disease are expected to survive to adulthood. Chronic heart failure is increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to ongoing morbidity and mortality in this population as it ages, and treatment strategies to prevent and treat heart failure in the pediatric population are needed. In addition to primary myocardial dysfunction, anatomical and pathophysiological abnormalities specific to various congenital heart disease lesions contribute to the development of heart failure and affect potential strategies commonly used to treat adult patients with heart failure. This scientific statement highlights the significant knowledge gaps in understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, staging, and outcomes of chronic heart failure in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease not amenable to catheter-based or surgical interventions. Efforts to harmonize the definitions, staging, follow-up, and approach to heart failure in children with congenital heart disease are critical to enable the conduct of rigorous scientific studies to advance our understanding of the actual burden of heart failure in this population and to allow the development of evidence-based heart failure therapies that can improve outcomes for this high-risk cohort.
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3
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Verma SK, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN. RNA binding proteins in cardiovascular development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:51-119. [PMID: 38556427 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect affecting>1.35 million newborn babies worldwide. CHD can lead to prenatal, neonatal, postnatal lethality or life-long cardiac complications. RNA binding protein (RBP) mutations or variants are emerging as contributors to CHDs. RBPs are wizards of gene regulation and are major contributors to mRNA and protein landscape. However, not much is known about RBPs in the developing heart and their contributions to CHD. In this chapter, we will discuss our current knowledge about specific RBPs implicated in CHDs. We are in an exciting era to study RBPs using the currently available and highly successful RNA-based therapies and methodologies. Understanding how RBPs shape the developing heart will unveil their contributions to CHD. Identifying their target RNAs in the embryonic heart will ultimately lead to RNA-based treatments for congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Verma
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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4
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Blue EE, White JJ, Dush MK, Gordon WW, Wyatt BH, White P, Marvin CT, Helle E, Ojala T, Priest JR, Jenkins MM, Almli LM, Reefhuis J, Pangilinan F, Brody LC, McBride KL, Garg V, Shaw GM, Romitti PA, Nembhard WN, Browne ML, Werler MM, Kay DM, Mital S, Chong JX, Nascone-Yoder NM, Bamshad MJ. Rare variants in CAPN2 increase risk for isolated hypoplastic left heart syndrome. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100232. [PMID: 37663545 PMCID: PMC10474499 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart defect (CHD) characterized by hypoplasia of the left ventricle and aorta along with stenosis or atresia of the aortic and mitral valves. HLHS represents only ∼4%-8% of all CHDs but accounts for ∼25% of deaths. HLHS is an isolated defect (i.e., iHLHS) in 70% of families, the vast majority of which are simplex. Despite intense investigation, the genetic basis of iHLHS remains largely unknown. We performed exome sequencing on 331 families with iHLHS aggregated from four independent cohorts. A Mendelian-model-based analysis demonstrated that iHLHS was not due to single, large-effect alleles in genes previously reported to underlie iHLHS or CHD in >90% of families in this cohort. Gene-based association testing identified increased risk for iHLHS associated with variation in CAPN2 (p = 1.8 × 10-5), encoding a protein involved in functional adhesion. Functional validation studies in a vertebrate animal model (Xenopus laevis) confirmed CAPN2 is essential for cardiac ventricle morphogenesis and that in vivo loss of calpain function causes hypoplastic ventricle phenotypes and suggest that human CAPN2707C>T and CAPN21112C>T variants, each found in multiple individuals with iHLHS, are hypomorphic alleles. Collectively, our findings show that iHLHS is typically not a Mendelian condition, demonstrate that CAPN2 variants increase risk of iHLHS, and identify a novel pathway involved in HLHS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael K. Dush
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - William W. Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent H. Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Peter White
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colby T. Marvin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmi Helle
- New Children’s Hospital and Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Ojala
- New Children’s Hospital and Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James R. Priest
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mary M. Jenkins
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Faith Pangilinan
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence C. Brody
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim L. McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Marilyn L. Browne
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Martha M. Werler
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - National Birth Defects Prevention Study
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Invitae, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- New Children’s Hospital and Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Invitae, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- New Children’s Hospital and Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Seema Mital
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Zhu W, Lo CW. Insights into the genetic architecture of congenital heart disease from animal modeling. Zool Res 2023; 44:577-590. [PMID: 37147909 PMCID: PMC10236297 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is observed in up to 1% of live births and is one of the leading causes of mortality from birth defects. While hundreds of genes have been implicated in the genetic etiology of CHD, their role in CHD pathogenesis is still poorly understood. This is largely a reflection of the sporadic nature of CHD, as well as its variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We reviewed the monogenic causes and evidence for oligogenic etiology of CHD, as well as the role of de novo mutations, common variants, and genetic modifiers. For further mechanistic insight, we leveraged single-cell data across species to investigate the cellular expression characteristics of genes implicated in CHD in developing human and mouse embryonic hearts. Understanding the genetic etiology of CHD may enable the application of precision medicine and prenatal diagnosis, thereby facilitating early intervention to improve outcomes for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhu
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201 USA. E-mail:
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6
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Parker LE, Kurzlechner LM, Landstrom AP. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Modeling of Single-Ventricle Congenital Heart Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:295-305. [PMID: 36930454 PMCID: PMC10726018 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital heart disease includes a wide variety of structural cardiac defects, the most severe of which are single ventricle defects (SVD). These patients suffer from significant morbidity and mortality; however, our understanding of the developmental etiology of these conditions is limited. Model organisms offer a window into normal and abnormal cardiogenesis yet often fail to recapitulate complex congenital heart defects seen in patients. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with single-ventricle defects opens the door to studying SVD in patient-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in a variety of different contexts, including organoids and chamber-specific cardiomyocytes. As the genetic and cellular causes of SVD are not well defined, patient-derived iPSC-CMs hold promise for uncovering mechanisms of disease development and serve as a platform for testing therapies. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in iPSC-based models of SVD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in patient-derived iPSC-CM differentiation, as well as the development of both chamber-specific and non-myocyte cardiac cell types, make it possible to model the complex genetic and molecular architecture involved in SVD development. Moreover, iPSC models have become increasingly complex with the generation of 3D organoids and engineered cardiac tissues which open the door to new mechanistic insight into SVD development. Finally, iPSC-CMs have been used in proof-of-concept studies that the molecular underpinnings of SVD may be targetable for future therapies. While each platform has its advantages and disadvantages, the use of patient-derived iPSC-CMs offers a window into patient-specific cardiogenesis and SVD development. Advancement in stem-cell based modeling of SVD promises to revolutionize our understanding of the developmental etiology of SVD and provides a tool for developing and testing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leonie M Kurzlechner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2652, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Rocha IEGM, Fonseca FLBDES, Silva J. The care of the patients with hipoplastic left heart syndrome in places of social and economic vulneability. An ethical analysis. Rev Col Bras Cir 2023; 50:e20233437. [PMID: 37075465 PMCID: PMC10508666 DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20233437-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The birth of a child means hope and joy, particularly for the parents and the healthcare team. When this child is born with a severe malformation and a poor prognosis, as in the case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the scenario is one of great uncertainty and emotional suffering. The role of the health team becomes fundamental for the identification of conflicts of values and for the search for shared decisions that promote the best benefit to the child. When the diagnosis is made during fetal life, it is necessary to develop counseling strategies appropriate to the context of each family. In places with limited care resources, precarious prenatal care and short temporal conditions, the recommended counseling is compromised. Indication of treatment requires technical competence and a detailed analysis of ethical issues, and consultation with institutional clinical bioethics services or commissions is important. The article proposes to address the moral conflicts of two clinical cases and the respective bioethical analysis that involves principles and values in contexts of vulnerability and uncertainty, contrasting two situations where the indication of treatment was based on accessibility to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Elaine Gonçalves Moreira Rocha
- - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Cirurgia - Recife - PE -Brasil
- - Universidade Federal do Cariri, Faculdade de Medicina - Barbalha - CE - Brasil
| | | | - Josimário Silva
- - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Cirurgia - Recife - PE -Brasil
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8
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Corno AF, Findley TO, Salazar JD. Narrative review of single ventricle: where are we after 40 years? Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:221-244. [PMID: 36891374 PMCID: PMC9986776 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Key medical and surgical advances have been made in the longitudinal management of patients with "functionally" single ventricle physiology, with the principles of Fontan circulation applied to other complex congenital heart defects. The purpose of this article is to review all of the innovations, starting from fetal life, that led to a change of strategy for single ventricle. METHODS Our literature review included all full articles published in English language on the Cochrane, MedLine, and Embase with references to "single ventricle" and "univentricular hearts", including the initial history of the treatments for this congenital heart defects as well as the innovations reported within the last decades. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS All innovations introduced have been analyzed, including: (I) fetal diagnosis and interventions, in particular to prevent or reduce brain damages; (II) neonatal care; (III) post-natal diagnosis; (IV) interventional cardiology procedures; (V) surgical procedures, including neonatal palliations, hybrid procedures, bidirectional Glenn and variations, Fontan completion, biventricular repair; (VI) peri-operative management; (VII) Fontan failure, with Fontan take-down and conversion, and mechanical circulatory support; (VIII) transplantation, including heart, heart and lung, heart and liver; (IX) exercise; (X) pregnancy; (XI) adolescents and adults without Fontan completion; (XII) future studies, including experimental studies on animals, computational studies, genetics, stem cells and bioengineering. CONCLUSIONS These last 40 years have certainly changed the course of natural history for children born with any form of "functionally" single ventricle, thanks to the improvement in diagnostic and treatment techniques, and particularly to the increased knowledge of the morphology and function of these complex hearts, from fetal to adult life. There is still much left unexplored and room for improvement, and all efforts should be concentrated in collaborations among different institutions and specialties, focused on the same matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Corno
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Children's Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tina O Findley
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jorge D Salazar
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Children's Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Jia Y, Chen J, Zhong J, He X, Zeng L, Wang Y, Li J, Xia S, Ye E, Zhao J, Ke B, Li C. Novel rare mutation in a conserved site of PTPRB causes human hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Clin Genet 2023; 103:79-86. [PMID: 36148623 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare but fatal birth defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. HLHS accounts for 2% to 4% of congenital heart anomalies. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted for a family trio consisting of a proband and his parents. A homozygous rare variant was detected in the PTPRB (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type B) gene of the proband by functional annotation and co-segregation analysis. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm genotypes of the variant. The in silico prediction tools, including Mutation Taster, SpliceAI, and CADD, were used to predict the impact of the mutation. The allele frequencies across populations were compared based on multiple databases, including "1000 genomes" and "gnomAD". We used two vectors (pcMINI and pcDNA3.1) to generate a minigene construct to validate the mutational effect at the transcriptional level. Family-based WGS analyses showed that only a homozygous splice acceptor variant (NC_000012.12: g.70636068T>G, NM_001109754.4: c.56-2A>C, NG_029940.2: g.6373A>C) at the exon-intron border of PTPRB gene associates with HLHS. This variant is also within the region with the enhancer activity based on UCSC genome annotation. Genotyping and Sanger sequencing revealed that the proband's parents are heterozygous for this variant. Evolutionary conservation analysis revealed that the site (NC_000012.12: g.70636068) is extremely conserved across species, supporting the evolutionary functional constraints of the ancestral wild type (T). In silico tools universally predicted a deleterious or disease-causing impact of the mutation from T to G. The mutation was not found in the 1000 genomes and gnomAD databases, which indicates that this mutation is very rare in most human populations. A splicing assay indicated that the mutated minigene caused aberrant splicing of mRNA, in which a 3 bp missing in the second exon resulted in the deletion of one amino acid (NP_001103224.1:p.Glu19del) compared to the normal protein of PRPTB (also the VE-PTP). Structure prediction revealed that the deletion occurred within the C-region of the signal peptide of VE-PTP, suggesting signal peptide-related defects as a potential mechanism for the HLHS cellular pathogeny. We report a rare homozygous variant with splicing error in PTPRB associated with HLHS. Previous model species studies revealed conserved functions of PTPRB in cardiovascular and heart development in mice and zebrafish. Our study is the first report to show the association between PTPRB and HLHS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangying Jia
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuefei He
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zeng
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengqian Xia
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erdengqieqieke Ye
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Ke
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Yu Z, Liu Z, Ravichandran V, Lami B, Gu M. Endocardium in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Implications from In Vitro Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9120442. [PMID: 36547439 PMCID: PMC9786329 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocardium lines the inner layer of the heart ventricle and serves as the source of valve endothelial cells and interstitial cells. Previously, endocardium-associated abnormalities in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have been reported, including endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) and mitral and aortic valve malformation. However, few mechanistic studies have investigated the molecular pathological changes in endocardial cells. Recently, the emergence of a powerful in vitro system-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-was applied to study various genetic diseases, including HLHS. This review summarized current in vitro studies in understanding the endocardial pathology in HLHS, emphasizing new findings of the cellular phenotypes and underlying molecular mechanisms. Lastly, a future perspective is provided regarding the better recapitulation of endocardial phenotypes in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vidhya Ravichandran
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bonny Lami
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Genome Editing and Myocardial Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1396:53-73. [PMID: 36454459 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has a strong genetic etiology, making it a likely candidate for therapeutic intervention using genetic editing. Complex genetics involving an orchestrated series of genetic events and over 400 genes are responsible for myocardial development. Cooperation is required from a vast series of genetic networks, and mutations in such can lead to CHD and cardiovascular abnormalities, affecting up to 1% of all live births. Genome editing technologies are becoming better studied and with time and improved logistics, CHD could be a prime therapeutic target. Syndromic, nonsyndromic, and cases of familial inheritance all involve identifiable causative mutations and thus have the potential for genome editing therapy. Mouse models are well-suited to study and predict clinical outcome. This review summarizes the anatomical and genetic timeline of myocardial development in both mice and humans, the potential of gene editing in typical CHD categories, as well as the use of mice thus far in reproducing models of human CHD and correcting the mutations that create them.
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12
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Blue GM, Ip EKK, Troup M, Dale RC, Sholler GF, Harvey RP, Dunwoodie SL, Giannoulatou E, Winlaw DS. Insights into the genetic architecture underlying complex, critical congenital heart disease. Am Heart J 2022; 254:166-171. [PMID: 36115390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has a multifactorial aetiology, raising the possibility of an underlying genetic burden, predisposing to disease but also variable expression, including variation in disease severity, and incomplete penetrance. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), the findings of this study, indicate that complex, critical CHD is distinct from other types of disease due to increased genetic burden in common variation, specifically among established CHD genes. Additionally, these findings highlight associations with regulatory genes and environmental "stressors" in the final presentation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Blue
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie K K Ip
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Troup
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary F Sholler
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David S Winlaw
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Heart Institute, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, OH.
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13
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Intrinsic myocardial defects underlie an Rbfox-deficient zebrafish model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5877. [PMID: 36198703 PMCID: PMC9534849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is characterized by underdevelopment of left sided structures including the ventricle, valves, and aorta. Prevailing paradigm suggests that HLHS is a multigenic disease of co-occurring phenotypes. Here, we report that zebrafish lacking two orthologs of the RNA binding protein RBFOX2, a gene linked to HLHS in humans, display cardiovascular defects overlapping those in HLHS patients including ventricular, valve, and aortic deficiencies. In contrast to current models, we demonstrate that these structural deficits arise secondary to impaired pump function as these phenotypes are rescued when Rbfox is specifically expressed in the myocardium. Mechanistically, we find diminished expression and alternative splicing of sarcomere and mitochondrial components that compromise sarcomere assembly and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. Injection of human RBFOX2 mRNA restores cardiovascular development in rbfox mutant zebrafish, while HLHS-linked RBFOX2 variants fail to rescue. This work supports an emerging paradigm for HLHS pathogenesis that centers on myocardial intrinsic defects.
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14
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Gabriel GC, Yagi H, Xu X, Lo CW. Novel Insights into the Etiology, Genetics, and Embryology of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2022; 13:565-570. [PMID: 36053093 PMCID: PMC10010598 DOI: 10.1177/21501351221102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a relatively rare severe congenital heart defect (CHD) closely linked to other left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) lesions including bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), one of the most common heart defects. While HLHS, BAV, and other LVOT lesions have a strong genetic underpinning, their genetic etiology remains poorly understood. Findings from a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen showed HLHS has a multigenic etiology and is genetically heterogenous, explaining difficulties in identifying the genetic causes of HLHS. In Ohia mice, HLHS shows incomplete penetrance. Some mice exhibited small LV with normal aorta, and others a normal LV with hypoplastic aorta, indicating the LV hypoplasia is not hemodynamically driven. In Ohia mutants, HLHS was found to have a digenic modular construction, with mutation in a chromatin modifier causing the small LV phenotype and mutation in Pcdha9 causing the aorta/aortic valve hypoplasia. The Pcdha9 mutation alone can cause BAV, and in the human genome two common deletion copy number variants spanning PCDHA7-10 are associated with BAV. Hence the digenic etiology of HLHS can account for the close association of HLHS, a rare CHD, with BAV, one of the most common CHD. Functional analysis of Ohia HLHS heart tissue showed severe mitochondrial dysfunction in the small LV, while the normal size RV is also affected but milder, suggesting possible role in vulnerability of surgically palliated HLHS patients to heart failure. These findings suggest insights into the genetics of HLHS may yield new therapies for improving outcome for patients with HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, 6614University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, 6614University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, 6614University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, 6614University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Tran NN, Tran M, Lemus RE, Woon J, Lopez J, Dang R, Votava-Smith JK. Preoperative Care of Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease. Neonatal Netw 2022; 41:200-210. [PMID: 35840337 DOI: 10.1891/nn-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common types of birth defects, with 40,000 newborns diagnosed yearly in the United States. This article describes: (1) four common heart defects seen in neonatal intensive care units, (2) the typical medical/nursing care of these neonates, and (3) common surgical management for the defects. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, dextro-transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum are four common types of CHD requiring NICU admission. Knowledge of these defects will help nurses to appropriately manage and treat neonates with these types of CHD.
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16
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Flow-Mediated Factors in the Pathogenesis of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050154. [PMID: 35621865 PMCID: PMC9144087 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a life-threatening congenital heart disease that is characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures. Currently, there is no cure, and affected individuals require surgical palliation or cardiac transplantation to survive. Despite these resource-intensive measures, only about half of individuals reach adulthood, often with significant comorbidities such as liver disease and neurodevelopmental disorders. A major barrier in developing effective treatments is that the etiology of HLHS is largely unknown. Here, we discuss how intracardiac blood flow disturbances are an important causal factor in the pathogenesis of impaired left heart growth. Specifically, we highlight results from a recently developed mouse model in which surgically reducing blood flow through the mitral valve after cardiogenesis led to the development of HLHS. In addition, we discuss the role of interventional procedures that are based on improving blood flow through the left heart, such as fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Lastly, using the surgically-induced mouse model, we suggest investigations that can be undertaken to identify the currently unknown biological pathways in left heart growth failure and their associated therapeutic targets.
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17
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Significance of α-Myosin Heavy Chain ( MYH6) Variants in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050144. [PMID: 35621855 PMCID: PMC9147009 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart disease (CHD) with complex genetic inheritance. HLHS segregates with other left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) malformations in families, and can present as either an isolated phenotype or as a feature of a larger genetic disorder. The multifactorial etiology of HLHS makes it difficult to interpret the clinical significance of genetic variants. Specific genes have been implicated in HLHS, including rare, predicted damaging MYH6 variants that are present in >10% of HLHS patients, and which have been shown to be associated with decreased transplant-free survival in our previous studies. MYH6 (α-myosin heavy chain, α-MHC) variants have been reported in HLHS and numerous other CHDs, including LVOT malformations, and may provide a genetic link to these disorders. In this paper, we outline the MYH6 variants that have been identified, discuss how bioinformatic and functional studies can inform clinical decision making, and highlight the importance of genetic testing in HLHS.
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18
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Feulner L, van Vliet PP, Puceat M, Andelfinger G. Endocardial Regulation of Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050122. [PMID: 35621833 PMCID: PMC9144171 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocardium is a specialized form of endothelium that lines the inner side of the heart chambers and plays a crucial role in cardiac development. While comparatively less studied than other cardiac cell types, much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of and by the endocardium over the past two decades. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known regarding endocardial origin and development, the relationship between endocardium and other cardiac cell types, and the various lineages that endocardial cells derive from and contribute to. These processes are driven by key molecular mechanisms such as Notch and BMP signaling. These pathways in particular have been well studied, but other signaling pathways and mechanical cues also play important roles. Finally, we will touch on the contribution of stem cell modeling in combination with single cell sequencing and its potential translational impact for congenital heart defects such as bicuspid aortic valves and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The detailed understanding of cellular and molecular processes in the endocardium will be vital to further develop representative stem cell-derived models for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Feulner
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Puceat
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
- INSERM U-1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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19
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Karunakaran KB, Gabriel GC, Balakrishnan N, Lo CW, Ganapathiraju MK. Novel Protein-Protein Interactions Highlighting the Crosstalk between Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Ciliopathies and Neurodevelopmental Delays. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040627. [PMID: 35456433 PMCID: PMC9032108 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart disease (CHD) affecting 1 in 5000 newborns. We constructed the interactome of 74 HLHS-associated genes identified from a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen, augmenting it with 408 novel protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using our High-Precision Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction (HiPPIP) model. The interactome is available on a webserver with advanced search capabilities. A total of 364 genes including 73 novel interactors were differentially regulated in tissue/iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes of HLHS patients. Novel PPIs facilitated the identification of TOR signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress modules. We found that 60.5% of the interactome consisted of housekeeping genes that may harbor large-effect mutations and drive HLHS etiology but show limited transmission. Network proximity of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and liver carcinoma-associated genes to HLHS genes suggested a mechanistic basis for their comorbidity with HLHS. Interactome genes showed tissue-specificity for sites of extracardiac anomalies (placenta, liver and brain). The HLHS interactome shared significant overlaps with the interactomes of ciliopathy- and microcephaly-associated genes, with the shared genes enriched for genes involved in intellectual disability and/or developmental delay, and neuronal death pathways, respectively. This supported the increased burden of ciliopathy variants and prevalence of neurological abnormalities observed among HLHS patients with developmental delay and microcephaly, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B. Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (K.B.K.); (N.B.)
| | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; (G.C.G.); (C.W.L.)
| | - Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (K.B.K.); (N.B.)
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; (G.C.G.); (C.W.L.)
| | - Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
- Intelligent Systems Program, School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Verma SK, Deshmukh V, Thatcher K, Belanger KK, Rhyner A, Meng S, Holcomb R, Bressan M, Martin J, Cooke J, Wythe J, Widen S, Lincoln J, Kuyumcu-Martinez M. RBFOX2 is required for establishing RNA regulatory networks essential for heart development. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2270-2286. [PMID: 35137168 PMCID: PMC8881802 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies identified a strong association between loss of function mutations in RBFOX2 and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). There are currently no Rbfox2 mouse models that recapitulate HLHS. Therefore, it is still unknown how RBFOX2 as an RNA binding protein contributes to heart development. To address this, we conditionally deleted Rbfox2 in embryonic mouse hearts and found profound defects in cardiac chamber and yolk sac vasculature formation. Importantly, our Rbfox2 conditional knockout mouse model recapitulated several molecular and phenotypic features of HLHS. To determine the molecular drivers of these cardiac defects, we performed RNA-sequencing in Rbfox2 mutant hearts and identified dysregulated alternative splicing (AS) networks that affect cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) mediated by Rho GTPases. We identified two Rho GTPase cycling genes as targets of RBFOX2. Modulating AS of these two genes using antisense oligos led to cell cycle and cell-ECM adhesion defects. Consistently, Rbfox2 mutant hearts displayed cell cycle defects and inability to undergo endocardial-mesenchymal transition, processes dependent on cell-ECM adhesion and that are seen in HLHS. Overall, our work not only revealed that loss of Rbfox2 leads to heart development defects resembling HLHS, but also identified RBFOX2-regulated AS networks that influence cell-ECM communication vital for heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Verma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vaibhav Deshmukh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Thatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children's WI, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - KarryAnne K Belanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander M Rhyner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Organ Repair and Renewal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shu Meng
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Joshua Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Organ Repair and Renewal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab;Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Organ Repair and Renewal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab;Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children's WI, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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21
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van Andel MM, Groenink M, van den Berg MP, Timmermans J, Scholte AJHA, Mulder BJM, Zwinderman AH, de Waard V. Genome-wide methylation patterns in Marfan syndrome. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 34895303 PMCID: PMC8665617 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the Fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Here, we undertook the first epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) in patients with MFS aiming at identifying DNA methylation loci associated with MFS phenotypes that may shed light on the disease process. Methods The Illumina 450 k DNA-methylation array was used on stored peripheral whole-blood samples of 190 patients with MFS originally included in the COMPARE trial. An unbiased genome-wide approach was used, and methylation of CpG-sites across the entire genome was evaluated. Additionally, we investigated CpG-sites across the FBN1-locus (15q21.1) more closely, since this is the gene defective in MFS. Differentially Methylated Positions (DMPs) and Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs) were identified through regression analysis. Associations between methylation levels and aortic diameters and presence or absence of 21 clinical features of MFS at baseline were analyzed. Moreover, associations between aortic diameter change, and the occurrence of clinical events (death any cause, type-A or -B dissection/rupture, or aortic surgery) and methylation levels were analyzed. Results We identified 28 DMPs that are significantly associated with aortic diameters in patients with MFS. Seven of these DMPs (25%) could be allocated to a gene that was previously associated with cardiovascular diseases (HDAC4, IGF2BP3, CASZ1, SDK1, PCDHGA1, DIO3, PTPRN2). Moreover, we identified seven DMPs that were significantly associated with aortic diameter change and five DMP’s that associated with clinical events. No significant associations at p < 10–8 or p < 10–6 were found with any of the non-cardiovascular phenotypic MFS features. Investigating DMRs, clusters were seen mostly on X- and Y, and chromosome 18–22. The remaining DMRs indicated involvement of a large family of protocadherins on chromosome 5, which were not reported in MFS before. Conclusion This EWAS in patients with MFS has identified a number of methylation loci significantly associated with aortic diameters, aortic dilatation rate and aortic events. Our findings add to the slowly growing literature on the regulation of gene expression in MFS patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01204-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi M van Andel
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Groenink
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P van den Berg
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Timmermans
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J H A Scholte
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J M Mulder
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Huseynova R, Bin Mahmoud L, Alshenqiti A, Alomran K, Alodaidan N, Huseynov O. A Rare Combination of Chromosomal Abnormalities in an Infant With Turner Syndrome and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Cureus 2021; 13:e16500. [PMID: 34430115 PMCID: PMC8375010 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a fatal congenital complex heart defect where the heart's left side is critically undeveloped. However, its pathogenesis remains unknown. We report a unique case of HLHS because of the rare combination of two abnormalities in the cell lines: partial monosomy X (Turner syndrome) and partial trisomy 14 (14q11.2 microduplication syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Huseynova
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Nabeel Alodaidan
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
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Xie X, Kendzior MC, Ge X, Mainzer LS, Sinha S. VarSAn: associating pathways with a set of genomic variants using network analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8471-8487. [PMID: 34313777 PMCID: PMC8421213 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need today to mechanistically interpret sets of genomic variants associated with diseases. Here we present a tool called ‘VarSAn’ that uses a network analysis algorithm to identify pathways relevant to a given set of variants. VarSAn analyzes a configurable network whose nodes represent variants, genes and pathways, using a Random Walk with Restarts algorithm to rank pathways for relevance to the given variants, and reports P-values for pathway relevance. It treats non-coding and coding variants differently, properly accounts for the number of pathways impacted by each variant and identifies relevant pathways even if many variants do not directly impact genes of the pathway. We use VarSAn to identify pathways relevant to variants related to cancer and several other diseases, as well as drug response variation. We find VarSAn's pathway ranking to be complementary to the standard approach of enrichment tests on genes related to the query set. We adopt a novel benchmarking strategy to quantify its advantage over this baseline approach. Finally, we use VarSAn to discover key pathways, including the VEGFA-VEGFR2 pathway, related to de novo variants in patients of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, a rare and severe congenital heart defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Xie
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew C Kendzior
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiyu Ge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liudmila S Mainzer
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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24
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Strzelecka I, Biedrzycka M, Karuga FF, Szmyd B, Batarowicz K, Respondek-Liberska M. Seasonality of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Single Ventricle Heart in Poland in the Context of Air Pollution. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3207. [PMID: 34361990 PMCID: PMC8347882 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and single ventricle (SV) remain a significant cause of cardiac deaths occurring in the first week of life. Their pathogenesis and seasonal frequency are still unknown. Therefore, we attempt to look at the genesis of the HLHS and SV in the context of territorial distribution as well as seasonality. A total of 193 fetuses diagnosed with HLHS and 92 with SV were selected. The frequency was analyzed depending on the year, calendar month, quarter and season (fall-winter vs. spring-summer). The spatial distribution of HLHS and SV in Poland was analyzed. We observed a statistically significant overrepresentation of HLHS formation frequency in March: 27 (14.00%) in comparison to a monthly median of 15 (IQR: 13.75-16.25; p = 0.039), as well as a significantly higher frequency of HLHS in 2007-2009: 65 cases (33.68%) in comparison to the annual mean of 13.79 ± 6.36 (p < 0.001). We noted a higher frequency of SV among parous with the last menstrual period reported in the fall/winter season of 58 vs. 34 in the spring/summer season (p = 0.014). The performed analysis also revealed significant SV overrepresentation in 2008: 11 cases (12.00%) in comparison to the annual mean of 6.57 ± 2.71 (p = 0.016). Every single case of HLHS was observed when the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene and/or PM10 exceeded the acceptable/target level. Our research indicates that both the season and the level of pollution are significant factors affecting the health of parous women and their offspring. The reason why HLHS and SV develop more frequently at certain times of the year remains unclear, therefore research on this topic should be continued, as well as on the effects of PM10 and benzo(a)pyrene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Strzelecka
- Department for Diagnoses and Prevention, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Łódź, Poland; (I.S.); (K.B.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Małgorzata Biedrzycka
- Student’s Scientific Association Prenatal Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Filip Franciszek Karuga
- Student’s Scientific Association Prenatal Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Szmyd
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Batarowicz
- Department for Diagnoses and Prevention, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Łódź, Poland; (I.S.); (K.B.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Maria Respondek-Liberska
- Department for Diagnoses and Prevention, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Łódź, Poland; (I.S.); (K.B.); (M.R.-L.)
- Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
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25
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Teekakirikul P, Zhu W, Gabriel GC, Young CB, Williams K, Martin LJ, Hill JC, Richards T, Billaud M, Phillippi JA, Wang J, Wu Y, Tan T, Devine W, Lin JH, Bais AS, Klonowski J, de Bellaing AM, Saini A, Wang MX, Emerel L, Salamacha N, Wyman SK, Lee C, Li HS, Miron A, Zhang J, Xing J, McNamara DM, Fung E, Kirshbom P, Mahle W, Kochilas LK, He Y, Garg V, White P, McBride KL, Benson DW, Gleason TG, Mital S, Lo CW. Common deletion variants causing protocadherin-α deficiency contribute to the complex genetics of BAV and left-sided congenital heart disease. HGG ADVANCES 2021; 2:100037. [PMID: 34888534 PMCID: PMC8653519 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) with ~1%-2% prevalence is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD). It frequently results in valve disease and aorta dilation and is a major cause of adult cardiac surgery. BAV is genetically linked to rare left-heart obstructions (left ventricular outflow tract obstructions [LVOTOs]), including hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). Mouse and human studies indicate LVOTO is genetically heterogeneous with a complex genetic etiology. Homozygous mutation in the Pcdha protocadherin gene cluster in mice can cause BAV, and also HLHS and other LVOTO phenotypes when accompanied by a second mutation. Here we show two common deletion copy number variants (delCNVs) within the PCDHA gene cluster are associated with LVOTO. Analysis of 1,218 white individuals with LVOTO versus 463 disease-free local control individuals yielded odds ratios (ORs) at 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.92; p = 4.2 × 10-3) for LVOTO, 1.47 (95% CI, 1.10-1.97; p = 0.01) for BAV, 6.13 (95% CI, 2.75-13.7; p = 9.7 × 10-6) for CoA, and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.07-2.08; p = 0.019) for HLHS. Increased OR was observed for all LVOTO phenotypes in homozygous or compound heterozygous PCDHA delCNV genotype comparison versus wild type. Analysis of an independent white cohort (381 affected individuals, 1,352 control individuals) replicated the PCDHA delCNV association with LVOTO. Generalizability of these findings is suggested by similar observations in Black and Chinese individuals with LVOTO. Analysis of Pcdha mutant mice showed reduced PCDHA expression at regions of cell-cell contact in aortic smooth muscle and cushion mesenchyme, suggesting potential mechanisms for BAV pathogenesis and aortopathy. Together, these findings indicate common variants causing PCDHA deficiency play a significant role in the genetic etiology of common and rare LVOTO-CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polakit Teekakirikul
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cullen B. Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kylia Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Hill
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tara Richards
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie Billaud
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie A. Phillippi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tuantuan Tan
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Devine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiuann-huey Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abha S. Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Klonowski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne Moreau de Bellaing
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker-Sick Children Hospital and University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ankur Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael X. Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonid Emerel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Salamacha
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel K. Wyman
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carrie Lee
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung Sing Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anastasia Miron
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Xing
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis M. McNamara
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erik Fung
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Heart Failure and Circulation Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, CARE Programme, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, and Gerald Choa Cardiac Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kirshbom
- Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - William Mahle
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lazaros K. Kochilas
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yihua He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kim L. McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D. Woodrow Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thomas G. Gleason
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seema Mital
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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26
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Diz OM, Toro R, Cesar S, Gomez O, Sarquella-Brugada G, Campuzano O. Personalized Genetic Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects in Newborns. J Pers Med 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34208491 PMCID: PMC8235407 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is a group of pathologies characterized by structural malformations of the heart or great vessels. These alterations occur during the embryonic period and are the most frequently observed severe congenital malformations, the main cause of neonatal mortality due to malformation, and the second most frequent congenital malformations overall after malformations of the central nervous system. The severity of different types of congenital heart disease varies depending on the combination of associated anatomical defects. The causes of these malformations are usually considered multifactorial, but genetic variants play a key role. Currently, use of high-throughput genetic technologies allows identification of pathogenic aneuploidies, deletions/duplications of large segments, as well as rare single nucleotide variants. The high incidence of congenital heart disease as well as the associated complications makes it necessary to establish a diagnosis as early as possible to adopt the most appropriate measures in a personalized approach. In this review, we provide an exhaustive update of the genetic bases of the most frequent congenital heart diseases as well as other syndromes associated with congenital heart defects, and how genetic data can be translated to clinical practice in a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga María Diz
- UGC Laboratorios, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Toro
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, 11519 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Sergi Cesar
- Arrhythmia, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Olga Gomez
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Arrhythmia, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Rufaihah AJ, Chen CK, Yap CH, Mattar CNZ. Mending a broken heart: In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of congenital heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047522. [PMID: 33787508 PMCID: PMC8033415 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects contribute to ∼0.3% of global infant mortality in the first month of life, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among newborns worldwide. Despite the significant impact on human health, most treatments available for this heterogenous group of disorders are palliative at best. For this reason, the complex process of cardiogenesis, governed by multiple interlinked and dose-dependent pathways, is well investigated. Tissue, animal and, more recently, computerized models of the developing heart have facilitated important discoveries that are helping us to understand the genetic, epigenetic and mechanobiological contributors to CHD aetiology. In this Review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different models of normal and abnormal cardiogenesis, ranging from single-cell systems and 3D cardiac organoids, to small and large animals and organ-level computational models. These investigative tools have revealed a diversity of pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to CHD, including genetic pathways, epigenetic regulators and shear wall stresses, paving the way for new strategies for screening and non-surgical treatment of CHD. As we discuss in this Review, one of the most-valuable advances in recent years has been the creation of highly personalized platforms with which to study individual diseases in clinically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Ching Kit Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat -National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
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28
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Ma L, Zhou N, Zou R, Shi W, Luo Y, Du N, Zhong J, Zhao X, Chen X, Xia H, Wu Y. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Elucidate Marker Genes and Molecular Mechanisms in Hypoplastic Left Heart Patients With Heart Failure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617853. [PMID: 33718359 PMCID: PMC7946977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To probe markers and molecular mechanisms of the hypoplastic left heart (HLH) by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and quantitative proteomics analysis. Methods Following data preprocessing, scRNA-seq data of pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from one HLH patient and one control were analyzed by the Seurat package in R. Cell clusters were characterized, which was followed by a pseudotime analysis. Markers in the pseudotime analysis were utilized for functional enrichment analysis. Quantitative proteomics analysis was based on peripheral blood samples from HLH patients without heart failure (HLH-NHF), HLH patients with heart failure (HLH-HF), and healthy controls. Hub genes were identified by the intersection of pseudotime markers and differentially expressed proteins (DE-proteins), which were validated in the GSE77798 dataset, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Results Cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs were clustered into mesenchymal stem cells, myocardium, and fibroblast cells. Pseudotime analysis revealed their differentiation trajectory. Markers in the three pseudotime clusters were significantly associated with distinct biological processes and pathways. Finally, three hub genes (MMP2, B2M, and COL5A1) were identified, which were highly expressed in the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles of HLH patients compared with controls. Furthermore, higher expression levels were detected in HLH patients with or without HF than in controls. Conclusion Our findings elucidate marker genes and molecular mechanisms of HLH, deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis of HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Zou
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Shi
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Du
- Department of Surgical Nursing, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Surgical Nursing, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueheng Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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30
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Theis JL, Vogler G, Missinato MA, Li X, Nielsen T, Zeng XXI, Martinez-Fernandez A, Walls SM, Kervadec A, Kezos JN, Birker K, Evans JM, O'Byrne MM, Fogarty ZC, Terzic A, Grossfeld P, Ocorr K, Nelson TJ, Olson TM, Colas AR, Bodmer R. Patient-specific genomics and cross-species functional analysis implicate LRP2 in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. eLife 2020; 9:e59554. [PMID: 33006316 PMCID: PMC7581429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs), including hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), are genetically complex and poorly understood. Here, a multidisciplinary platform was established to functionally evaluate novel CHD gene candidates, based on whole-genome and iPSC RNA sequencing of a HLHS family-trio. Filtering for rare variants and altered expression in proband iPSCs prioritized 10 candidates. siRNA/RNAi-mediated knockdown in healthy human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) and in developing Drosophila and zebrafish hearts revealed that LDL receptor-related protein LRP2 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. Consistent with hypoplastic heart defects, compared to patents the proband's iPSC-CMs exhibited reduced proliferation. Interestingly, rare, predicted-damaging LRP2 variants were enriched in a HLHS cohort; however, understanding their contribution to HLHS requires further investigation. Collectively, we have established a multi-species high-throughput platform to rapidly evaluate candidate genes and their interactions during heart development, which are crucial first steps toward deciphering oligogenic underpinnings of CHDs, including hypoplastic left hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Theis
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research LaboratoryRochesterUnited States
| | - Georg Vogler
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Maria A Missinato
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Xing Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Tanja Nielsen
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
- Doctoral Degrees and Habilitations, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Xin-Xin I Zeng
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Stanley M Walls
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Anaïs Kervadec
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - James N Kezos
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Katja Birker
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jared M Evans
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Megan M O'Byrne
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Zachary C Fogarty
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - André Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo ClinicLa JollaUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Paul Grossfeld
- University of California San Diego, Rady’s HospitalSan DiegoUnited States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo ClinicLa JollaUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Timothy M Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo ClinicLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Alexandre R Colas
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
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Alphonso N, Angelini A, Barron DJ, Bellsham-Revell H, Blom NA, Brown K, Davis D, Duncan D, Fedrigo M, Galletti L, Hehir D, Herberg U, Jacobs JP, Januszewska K, Karl TR, Malec E, Maruszewski B, Montgomerie J, Pizzaro C, Schranz D, Shillingford AJ, Simpson JM. Guidelines for the management of neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Guidelines Task Force. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 58:416-499. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Alphonso
- Queensland Pediatric Cardiac Service, Queensland Children’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - David J Barron
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nico A Blom
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katherine Brown
- Paediatric Intensive Care, Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Deborah Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A.I. Du Pont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Duncan
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A.I. Du Pont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galletti
- Unit of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - David Hehir
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulrike Herberg
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katarzyna Januszewska
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Westphalian-Wilhelm’s-University, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Edward Malec
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Westphalian-Wilhelm’s-University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bohdan Maruszewski
- Department for Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James Montgomerie
- Department of Anesthesia, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christian Pizzaro
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A.I. Du Pont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dietmar Schranz
- Pediatric Heart Center, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amanda J Shillingford
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Kim MS, Fleres B, Lovett J, Anfinson M, Samudrala SSK, Kelly LJ, Teigen LE, Cavanaugh M, Marquez M, Geurts AM, Lough JW, Mitchell ME, Fitts RH, Tomita-Mitchell A. Contractility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Cardiomyocytes With an MYH6 Head Domain Variant Associated With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:440. [PMID: 32656206 PMCID: PMC7324479 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a clinically and anatomically severe form of congenital heart disease; however, its etiology remains largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that genetic variants in the MYH6 gene are significantly associated with HLHS. Additionally, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from an HLHS-affected family trio (affected parent, unaffected parent, affected proband) carrying an MYH6-R443P head domain variant demonstrated dysmorphic sarcomere structure and increased compensatory MYH7 expression. Analysis of iPSC-CMs derived from the HLHS trio revealed that only beta myosin heavy chain expression was observed in CMs carrying the MYH6-R443P variant after differentiation day 15 (D15). Functional assessments performed between D20-D23 revealed that MYH6-R443P variant CMs contracted more slowly (40 ± 2 vs. 47 ± 2 contractions/min, P < 0.05), shortened less (5.6 ± 0.5 vs. 8.1 ± 0.7% of cell length, P < 0.05), and exhibited slower shortening rates (19.9 ± 1.7 vs. 28.1 ± 2.5 μm/s, P < 0.05) and relaxation rates (11.0 ± 0.9 vs. 19.7 ± 2.0 μm/s, P < 0.05). Treatment with isoproterenol had no effect on iPSC-CM mechanics. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, introduction of the R443P variant into the unaffected parent's iPSCs recapitulated the phenotype of the proband's iPSC-CMs, and conversely, correction of the R443P variant in the proband's iPSCs rescued the cardiomyogenic differentiation, sarcomere organization, slower contraction (P < 0.05) and decreased velocity phenotypes (P < 0.0001). This is the first report to identify that cardiac tissues from HLHS patients with MYH6 variants can exhibit sarcomere disorganization in atrial but not ventricular tissues. This new discovery was not unexpected, since MYH6 is expressed predominantly in the postnatal atria in humans. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of employing patient-derived iPSC-CMs, in combination with patient cardiac tissues, to gain mechanistic insight into how genetic variants can lead to HLHS. Results from this study suggest that decreased contractility of CMs due to sarcomere disorganization in the atria may effect hemodynamic changes preventing development of a normal left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Kim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brandon Fleres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jerrell Lovett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Melissa Anfinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sai Suma K Samudrala
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lauren J Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Laura E Teigen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Matthew Cavanaugh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Maribel Marquez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - John W Lough
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael E Mitchell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert H Fitts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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33
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Karamlou T, Najm HK. Evolution of care pathways for babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: integrating mechanistic and clinical process investigation, standardization, and collaborative study. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:1174-1183. [PMID: 32274198 PMCID: PMC7139006 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.10.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since initial descriptions of staged palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in the 1980’s, much has been learned about the pathophysiology of the single ventricle circulation. New therapies that leverage systems biology and clinical derivatives have been developed. While in-hospital mortality and morbidity for babies with HLHS have continued to improve, there remains a long (and daresay winding) road ahead to achieve ideal outcomes. Important variation in even these abbreviated in-hospital metrics persists among institutions and currently utilized prediction models explain only a small amount of this variation. Moreover, long-term survival and neurodevelopmental health for patients with HLHS are infrequently reported and remain suboptimal despite improved in-hospital outcomes. This focused review will describe the evolution of national outcomes for HLHS over time and the potential factors motivating improved time-related mortality. Emerging modifiable risk-factors that hold promise in terms of moving the needle for long-term success, including social determinants of health and the delineation of genetic profiles, will be discussed. Specifically, this review will integrate contemporary data based on the first murine HLHS models that suggest a genetically elicited modular phenotype with environmental factors known to impact the initial durability of surgical therapies. A comprehensive approach to the management of HLHS, which leverages both proactive transplantation and hybrid palliation, in addition to traditional Norwood palliation, will be emphasized to extend and match management to the complete spectrum of patient risk-profiles. Finally, we will explore the critical role that national collaboratives and quality reporting initiatives have played in improving outcomes and shifting the focus to more meaningful long-term survival and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karamlou
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hani K Najm
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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34
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Stephens EH, Gupta D, Bleiweis M, Backer CL, Anderson RH, Spicer DE. Coronary Arterial Abnormalities in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Pathologic Characteristics of Archived Specimens. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 32:531-538. [PMID: 32060012 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Palliation of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome remains challenging. Although coronary ischemia can be catastrophic, the prevalence and pathologies of anomalies of the coronary arteries remains unknown. We reviewed 119 specimens with the features of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, focusing our attention on the aortic root and the coronary arteries. We found 36 (30%) specimens with the combination of mitral and aortic atresia, 26 (22%) with mitral and aortic stenosis, and 57 (48%) with mitral stenosis combined with aortic atresia. In 29 specimens (24%), the coronary arteries were not located in the center of any sinuses, while in 24 specimens (21%) at least 1 coronary artery was located very proximal to a raphe or commissure, with potential for obstruction. The specimens with combined stenosis were more likely to have eccentric positions of the coronary arteries (11 specimens, 42%), compared to the 3 specimens with combined atresia (9%, P = 0.009). The specimens with combined stenosis were also more likely to have positioning at risk for obstruction (9 specimens, 35%), compared to those with combined atresia (3 specimens, 9%, P = 0.05). Coronary arterial fistulous communications were found in 11 specimens (9%), significantly more frequently in specimens with mitral stenosis and aortic atresia (9 specimens, 16%, P = 0.041). The origins of the coronary arteries in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome place them at potential risk for ischemia, with fistulous communications being a particular risk in those with mitral stenosis combined with aortic atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Stephens
- Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Dipankar Gupta
- Congenital Heart Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark Bleiweis
- Congenital Heart Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carl L Backer
- Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Congenital Heart Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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35
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Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120879. [PMID: 31888141 PMCID: PMC6995556 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects. Studies in animal models and humans have indicated a genetic etiology for CHD. About 400 genes have been implicated in CHD, encompassing transcription factors, cell signaling molecules, and structural proteins that are important for heart development. Recent studies have shown genes encoding chromatin modifiers, cilia related proteins, and cilia-transduced cell signaling pathways play important roles in CHD pathogenesis. Elucidating the genetic etiology of CHD will help improve diagnosis and the development of new therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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36
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Newland DP, Poh CL, Zannino D, Elias P, Brizard CP, Finucane K, Winlaw DS, d’Udekem Y. The impact of morphological characteristics on late outcomes in patients born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 56:557-563. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOBJECTIVESPatients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are at high risk of late adverse events after Fontan completion, but it is unclear whether their morphological characteristics influence these outcomes.METHODSRetrospective review of the data from the Australian and New Zealand Fontan Registry identified 185 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who survived to hospital discharge after Fontan completion. Their outcomes were reviewed to identify predictors of adverse events with a particular focus on the impact of morphological characteristics. All available echocardiographic parameters were collected, and the hypoplasia of the left ventricle was subjectively considered to be mild, moderate or severe.RESULTSThe mean follow-up after the Fontan procedure was 6.4 ± 4.7 years. The median age at Fontan procedure was 4.41 years, 95% (176/185) of patients underwent an extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure and 71% (132/185) of those were fenestrated. At 15 years after Fontan, freedom from death and cardiac transplantation was 90% [95% confidence interval (CI) 85–97], freedom from Fontan failure was 78% (95% CI 70–87) and freedom from adverse events was 32% (95% CI 22–46). Morphological parameters did not influence transplant-free survival or Fontan failure. Independent risk factors predicting higher incidence of adverse events included aortic atresia (P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSThe long-term survival of Fontan survivors with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is excellent and appears comparable to that of the general Fontan population. However, intrinsic morphological characteristics may continue to burden patients with late morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Newland
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chin L Poh
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana Zannino
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick Elias
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian P Brizard
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten Finucane
- Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Service, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David S Winlaw
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yves d’Udekem
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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37
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Traister A, Patel R, Huang A, Patel S, Plakhotnik J, Lee JE, Medina MG, Welsh C, Ruparel P, Zhang L, Friedberg M, Maynes J, Coles J. Cardiac regenerative capacity is age- and disease-dependent in childhood heart disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200342. [PMID: 30044800 PMCID: PMC6059427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to define the intrinsic stem cell capacity in pediatric heart lesions, and the effects of diagnosis and of age, in order to inform evidence-based use of potential autologous stem cell sources for regenerative medicine therapy. Methods Ventricular explants derived from patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), tetralogy of Fallot (TF), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) were analyzed following standard in vitro culture conditions, which yielded cardiospheres (C-spheres), indicative of endogenous stem cell capacity. C-sphere counts generated per 5 mm3 tissue explant and the presence of cardiac progenitor cells were correlated to patient age, diagnosis and echocardiographic function. Results Cardiac explants from patients less than one year of age with TF and DCM robustly generated c-kit- and/or vimentin-positive cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMCs), populating spontaneously forming C-spheres. Beyond one year of age, there was a marked reduction or absence of cardiac explant-derivable cardiac stem cell content in patients with TF, VSD and DCM. Stem cell content in HLHS and DCM strongly correlated to the echocardiographic function in the corresponding ventricular chamber, with better echocardiographic function correlating to a more robust regenerative cellular content. Conclusions We conclude that autologous cardiomyogenic potential in pediatric heart lesions is robust during the first year of life and uniformly declines thereafter. Depletion of stem cell content occurs at an earlier age in HLHS with the onset of ventricular failure in a chamber-specific pattern that correlates directly to ventricular dysfunction. These data suggest that regenerative therapies using autologous cellular sources should be implemented in the neonatal period before the potentially rapid onset of single ventricle failure in HLHS or the evolution of biventricular failure in DCM.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Aging/pathology
- Aging/physiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnostic imaging
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/surgery
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Electrocardiography
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/pathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/physiopathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/surgery
- Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Heart Ventricles/surgery
- Humans
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/diagnostic imaging
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/pathology
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/physiopathology
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/surgery
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Regeneration/physiology
- Tetralogy of Fallot/diagnostic imaging
- Tetralogy of Fallot/pathology
- Tetralogy of Fallot/physiopathology
- Tetralogy of Fallot/surgery
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Traister
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Rachana Patel
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Anita Huang
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sarvatit Patel
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Julia Plakhotnik
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Chris Welsh
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Prutha Ruparel
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Libo Zhang
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Mark Friedberg
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jason Maynes
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - John Coles
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
- * E-mail:
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