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Pinchart PE, Leruste A, Pasqualini V, Mastroleo F. Microcystins and Cyanobacterial Contaminants in the French Small-Scale Productions of Spirulina ( Limnospira sp.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:354. [PMID: 37368655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is consumed worldwide, in the form of food or dietary supplements, for its nutritional value and health potential. However, these products may contain cyanotoxins, including hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial contaminants. The French spirulina market has the particularity of being supplied half-locally by approximately 180 small-scale spirulina production farms. Data about this particular production and possible contaminations with other cyanobacteria and MCs are scarce. Thus, we collected the results of MC analyses and total cyanobacteria counts, carried out between 2013 and 2021, from 95 French spirulina producers who agreed to share their data. These data consisted of MC concentrations determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 623 dry spirulina samples and 105 samples of spirulina cultures. In addition, potentially unsafe samples of dry spirulina were further investigated through mass spectrometry, as duplicate analysis. We confirmed that the situation of the French spirulina production stayed within the safe regulatory level in terms of MC levels. On the other hand, the inventory of cyanobacterial contaminants, based on 539 count results, included 14 taxa. We present their prevalence, interannual evolution and geographical distribution. We also suggested improvements in cultivation practices to limit their propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Etienne Pinchart
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Amandine Leruste
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Vanina Pasqualini
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- Microbiology Unit, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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2
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Erratt K, Creed IF, Freeman EC, Trick CG, Westrick J, Birbeck JA, Watson LC, Zastepa A. Deep Cyanobacteria Layers: An Overlooked Aspect of Managing Risks of Cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17902-17912. [PMID: 36414474 PMCID: PMC9775209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The risk of human exposure to cyanotoxins is partially influenced by the location of toxin-producing cyanobacteria in waterbodies. Cyanotoxin production can occur throughout the water column, with deep water production representing a potential public health concern, specifically for drinking water supplies. Deep cyanobacteria layers are often unreported, and it remains to be seen if lower incident rates reflect an uncommon phenomenon or a monitoring bias. Here, we examine Sunfish Lake, Ontario, Canada as a case study lake with a known deep cyanobacteria layer. Cyanotoxin and other bioactive metabolite screening revealed that the deep cyanobacteria layer was toxigenic [0.03 μg L-1 microcystins (max) and 2.5 μg L-1 anabaenopeptins (max)]. The deep layer was predominantly composed of Planktothrix isothrix (exhibiting a lower cyanotoxin cell quota), with Planktothrix rubescens (exhibiting a higher cyanotoxin cell quota) found at background levels. The co-occurrence of multiple toxigenic Planktothrix species underscores the importance of routine surveillance for prompt identification leading to early intervention. For instance, microcystin concentrations in Sunfish Lake are currently below national drinking water thresholds, but shifting environmental conditions (e.g., in response to climate change or nutrient modification) could fashion an environment favoring P. rubescens, creating a scenario of greater cyanotoxin production. Future work should monitor the entire water column to help build predictive capacities for identifying waterbodies at elevated risk of developing deep cyanobacteria layers to safeguard drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
J. Erratt
- School
of Environment & Sustainability, University
of Saskatchewan, Collaborative Science Research Building, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Irena F. Creed
- School
of Environment & Sustainability, University
of Saskatchewan, Collaborative Science Research Building, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, OntarioM1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Erika C. Freeman
- Ecosystems
and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Charles G. Trick
- Department
of Health & Society, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, OntarioM1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Judy Westrick
- Lumigen
Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - Johnna A. Birbeck
- Lumigen
Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - L. Cynthia Watson
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, 867
Lakeshore Road, Burlington, OntarioL7S1A1, Canada
| | - Arthur Zastepa
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, 867
Lakeshore Road, Burlington, OntarioL7S1A1, Canada
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Kim Tiam S, Comte K, Dalle C, Delagrange M, Djediat C, Ducos B, Duval C, Feilke K, Hamlaoui S, Le Manach S, Setif P, Yéprémian C, Marie B, Kirilovsky D, Gugger M, Bernard C. The success of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix: Genotypes variability supports variable responses to light and temperature stress. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 117:102285. [PMID: 35944963 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms can modify the dynamic of aquatic ecosystems and have harmful consequences for human activities. Moreover, cyanobacteria can produce a variety of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, but little is known about the role of environmental factors on the prevalence of microcystin producers in the cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. This study aimed to better understand the success of Planktothrix in various environments by unveiling the variety of strategies governing cell responses to sudden changes in light intensity and temperature. The cellular responses (photosynthesis, photoprotection, heat shock response and metabolites synthesis) of four Planktothrix strains to high-light or high-temperature were studied, focusing on how distinct ecotypes (red- or green-pigmented) and microcystin production capability affect cyanobacteria's ability to cope with such abiotic stimuli. Our results showed that high-light and high-temperature impact different cellular processes and that Planktothrix responses are heterogeneous, specific to each strain and thus, to genotype. The ability of cyanobacteria to cope with sudden increase in light intensity and temperature was not related to red- or green-pigmented ecotype or microcystin production capability. According to our results, microcystin producers do not cope better to high-light or high-temperature and microcystin content does not increase in response to such stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kim Tiam
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Katia Comte
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Caroline Dalle
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Marine Delagrange
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, High Throughput qPCR Core Facility of the ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris,, 75005 France
| | - Chakib Djediat
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, High Throughput qPCR Core Facility of the ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris,, 75005 France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Kathleen Feilke
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Sahima Hamlaoui
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Séverine Le Manach
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Pierre Setif
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Claude Yéprémian
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, F-75015, France.
| | - Cécile Bernard
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France.
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Liu J, Chen L, Zhang X. Current research scenario for biological effect of exogenous factors on microcystin synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26190-26201. [PMID: 35089514 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In natural water bodies, numerous cyanobacteria have the potential to intracellularly synthesize cyanotoxins, among which microcystin (MC) is the ubiquitous toxin that has been well known to be carcinogenic for hepatocytes. MC synthesis is a complex process, which involves about 10 non-ribosomal proteins encoded by the mcy gene cluster. In the natural environments containing MC-producing cyanobacteria, a variety of external factors can affect the generation of MC by mediating the expression of synthesizing genes. These factors can be generally divided into biotic factors (e.g., daphnia, virioplankton, MC-degrading bacteria, algicidal bacteria) and abiotic factors (e.g., nutrients, physical factors, chemicals, phytochemicals, essential trace elements), which are of great significance to the effective reduction of MC. Furthermore, comparison of MC-synthesizing genes in different cyanobacterial strains was performed, and the related factors affecting MC synthesis were summarized. Then, the problems and gaps regarding the biological effect of exogenous factors on microcystin synthesis were discussed. This review article may provide new ideas for addressing the challenges and bottlenecks of MC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lv Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Quorum-Sensing Signals from Epibiont Mediate the Induction of Novel Microviridins in the Mat-Forming Cyanobacterial Genus Nostoc. mSphere 2021; 6:e0056221. [PMID: 34259556 PMCID: PMC8386392 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00562-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the production of oligopeptides is essential in understanding their ecological role in complex microbial communities, including harmful cyanobacterial blooms. The role of chemical communication between the cyanobacterium and the microbial community harbored as epibionts within its phycosphere is at an initial stage of research, and little is understood about its specificity. Here, we present insight into the role of a bacterial epibiont in regulating the production of novel microviridins isolated from Nostoc, an ecologically important cyanobacterial genus. Microviridins are well-known elastase inhibitors with presumed antigrazing effects. Heterologous expression and identification of specific signal molecules from the epibiont suggest the role of a quorum-sensing-based interaction. Furthermore, physiological experiments show an increase in microviridin production without affecting cyanobacterial growth and photosynthetic activity. Simultaneously, oligopeptides presenting a selective inhibition pattern provide support for their specific function in response to the presence of cohabitant epibionts. Thus, the chemical interaction revealed in our study provides an example of an interspecies signaling pathway monitoring the bacterial flora around the cyanobacterial filaments and the induction of intrinsic species-specific metabolic responses. IMPORTANCE The regulation of the production of cyanopeptides beyond microcystin is essential to understand their ecological role in complex microbial communities, e.g., harmful cyanobacterial blooms. The role of chemical communication between the cyanobacterium and the epibionts within its phycosphere is at an initial stage of research, and little is understood about its specificity. The frequency of cyanopeptide occurrence also demonstrates the need to understand the contribution of cyanobacterial peptides to the overall biological impact of cyanopeptides on aquatic organisms and vertebrates, including humans. Our results shed light on the epibiont control of microviridin production via quorum-sensing mechanisms, and we posit that such mechanisms may be widespread in natural cyanobacterial bloom community regulation.
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6
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Savadova-Ratkus K, Mazur-Marzec H, Karosienė J, Kasperovičienė J, Paškauskas R, Vitonytė I, Koreivienė J. Interplay of Nutrients, Temperature, and Competition of Native and Alien Cyanobacteria Species Growth and Cyanotoxin Production in Temperate Lakes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:23. [PMID: 33401417 PMCID: PMC7824293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and eutrophication contribute to formation of HABs and distribution of alien cyanobacteria northward. The current study assessed how alien to Europe Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides and Chrysosporum bergii will co-occur with dominant native Planktothrix agardhii and Aphanizomenon gracile species under changing conditions in temperate freshwaters. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of nutrients and temperature on the growth rate of cyanobacteria, production of cyanotoxins, and interspecies competition. The highest growth rate was determined for A. gracile (0.43 day-1) and S. aphanizomenoides (0.40 day-1) strains at all the tested nutrient concentrations (IP and IN were significant factors). S. aphanizomenoides adapted to the wide range of nutrient concentrations and temperature due to high species ecological plasticity; however, A. gracile was able to suppress its dominance under changing conditions. Regularity between tested variables and STX concentration in A. gracile was not found, but IP concentration negatively correlated with the amount of dmMC-RR and other non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) in P. agardhii strains. The relative concentration of NRPs in nontoxic P. agardhii strain was up to 3-fold higher than in MC-producing strain. Our study indicated that nutrients, temperature, and species had significant effects on interspecies competition. A. gracile had a negative effect on biomass of both alien species and P. agardhii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Savadova-Ratkus
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Jūratė Karosienė
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Jūratė Kasperovičienė
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Ričardas Paškauskas
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Irma Vitonytė
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Judita Koreivienė
- Department of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.K.); (J.K.); (R.P.); (I.V.)
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7
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Toporowska M, Mazur-Marzec H, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. The Effects of Cyanobacterial Bloom Extracts on the Biomass, Chl-a, MC and Other Oligopeptides Contents in a Natural Planktothrix agardhii Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082881. [PMID: 32331227 PMCID: PMC7215471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii are common in shallow, eutrophic freshwaters. P. agardhii may produce hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) and many other bioactive secondary metabolites belonging mostly to non-ribosomal oligopeptides. The aim of this work was to study the effects of two extracts (Pa-A and Pa-B) of P. agardhii-predominated bloom samples with different oligopeptide profiles and high concentration of biogenic compounds on another natural P. agardhii population. We hypothesised that the P. agardhii biomass and content of oligopeptides in P. agardhii is shaped in a different manner by diverse mixtures of metabolites of different P. agardhii-dominated cyanobacterial assemblages. For this purpose, the biomass, chlorophyll a and oligopeptides content in the treated P. agardhii were measured. Seven-day microcosm experiments with four concentrations of the extracts Pa-A and Pa-B were carried out. Generally, aeruginosins (AERs), cyanopeptolins (CPs) and anabaenopeptins (APs) were the most numerous peptides; however, only 16% of them were common for both extracts. The addition of the extracts resulted in similar effects on P. agardhii: an increase in biomass, Chl-a and MC content in the exposed P. agardhii as well as changes in its oligopeptide profile were observed. MCs present in the extracts did not inhibit accumulation of P. agardhii biomass, and did not have any negative effect on MC and Chl-a content. No evidence for bioaccumulation of dissolved peptides in the P. agardhii exposed was found. As the two tested extracts differed considerably in oligopeptide composition, but contained similar high concentrations of nutrients, it seems that biogenic compounds, not oligopeptides themselves, positively influenced the mixed natural P. agardhii population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland;
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Giménez-Campillo C, Pastor-Belda M, Campillo N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Determination of Cyanotoxins and Phycotoxins in Seawater and Algae-Based Food Supplements Using Ionic Liquids and Liquid Chromatography with Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E610. [PMID: 31652586 PMCID: PMC6832300 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical procedure is proposed for determining three cyanotoxins (microcystin RR, microcystin LR, and nodularin) and two phycotoxins (domoic and okadaic acids) in seawater and algae-based food supplements. The toxins were first isolated by a salting out liquid extraction procedure. Since the concentration expected in the samples was very low, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was included for preconcentration. The ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (80 mg) was used as green extractant solvent and acetonitrile as disperser solvent (0.5 mL) for a 10 mL sample volume at pH 1.5, following the principles of green analytical chemistry. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was used. The selectivity of the detection system, based on accurate mass measurements, allowed the toxins to be unequivocally identified. Mass spectra for quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) and Q-TOF-MS/MS were recorded in the positive ion mode and quantification was based on the protonated molecule. Retention times ranged between 6.2 and 17.9 min using a mobile phase composed by a mixture of methanol and formic acid (0.1%). None of the target toxins were detected in any of the seawater samples analyzed, above their corresponding detection limits. However, microcystin LR was detected in the blue green alga sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giménez-Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Pastor-Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Feng B, Wang C, Wu X, Tian C, Zhang M, Tian Y, Xiao B. Spatiotemporal dynamics of cell abundance, colony size and intracellular toxin concentrations of pelagic and benthic Microcystis in Lake Caohai, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:184-196. [PMID: 31284910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lake Caohai has experienced extensive Microcystis blooms in recent years, and to improve its water quality, the local government carried out a series of water control measures. To better understand the dynamics of both pelagic and benthic Microcystis and their characteristics in Lake Caohai, we conducted a 1-year investigation from December 2015 to December 2016 to gain a seasonal outlook on the distribution and dynamics of cell abundance, colony size and intracellular microcystins (MCs) of Microcystis. The results indicated that the Microcystis bloom occupied primarily the northeastern region and then moved gradually from lakeshore to lake center. The perennial southwesterly winds and the water inflow from northeast to southwest in Lake Caohai determined the spatiotemporal distribution of pelagic Microcystis. Benthic Microcystis was mainly distributed in the northeastern region in summer, occupied the lake center in autumn and then occupied the southeastern region in winter, determined by the sedimentation of pelagic Microcystis and the death of benthic Microcystis. Small colonies (20-60 μm) overwintered more easily in both water column and sediment. The concentrations of intracellular toxin of benthic Microcystis were observed to be significantly higher than those of pelagic Microcystis. This might be because Microcystis synthesized large amount of MCs to acclimate to an unfavorable benthic environment. This knowledge on the dynamics of Microcystis expands our understanding of mechanisms underpinning the formation of Microcystis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanchang 330039, China
| | | | - Bangding Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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Kim Tiam S, Gugger M, Demay J, Le Manach S, Duval C, Bernard C, Marie B. Insights into the Diversity of Secondary Metabolites of Planktothrix Using a Biphasic Approach Combining Global Genomics and Metabolomics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E498. [PMID: 31461939 PMCID: PMC6784222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are an ancient lineage of slow-growing photosynthetic bacteria and a prolific source of natural products with diverse chemical structures and potent biological activities and toxicities. The chemical identification of these compounds remains a major bottleneck. Strategies that can prioritize the most prolific strains and novel compounds are of great interest. Here, we combine chemical analysis and genomics to investigate the chemodiversity of secondary metabolites based on their pattern of distribution within some cyanobacteria. Planktothrix being a cyanobacterial genus known to form blooms worldwide and to produce a broad spectrum of toxins and other bioactive compounds, we applied this combined approach on four closely related strains of Planktothrix. The chemical diversity of the metabolites produced by the four strains was evaluated using an untargeted metabolomics strategy with high-resolution LC-MS. Metabolite profiles were correlated with the potential of metabolite production identified by genomics for the different strains. Although, the Planktothrix strains present a global similarity in terms of a biosynthetic cluster gene for microcystin, aeruginosin, and prenylagaramide for example, we found remarkable strain-specific chemodiversity. Only few of the chemical features were common to the four studied strains. Additionally, the MS/MS data were analyzed using Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) to identify molecular families of the same biosynthetic origin. In conclusion, we depict an efficient, integrative strategy for elucidating the chemical diversity of a given genus and link the data obtained from analytical chemistry to biosynthetic genes of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kim Tiam
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Collection des Cyanobactéries, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Justine Demay
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Séverine Le Manach
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Cécile Bernard
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS, MNHN Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), équipe "Cyanobactéries, Cyanotoxines et Environnement", 12 rue Buffon - RDC bâtiment de cryptogamie - CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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11
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Yuan LL, Pollard AI. Combining national and state data improves predictions of microcystin concentration. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:75-83. [PMID: 31128815 PMCID: PMC7147962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Data collected from lakes at national (regional) scales and state (local) scales can provide different insights regarding relationships between environmental factors and biological responses, and combining these two types of data can potentially yield more precise and accurate understanding of ecological phenomena. National data can include many measures, cover large spatial areas, and span broad environmental gradients. Because of these characteristics, analyses of these data can yield accurate estimates of relationships among different lake characteristics. However, the number of samples in a national data set that is available for estimating a relationship specific to waterbodies within a smaller region, like a single state, is limited. Conversely, state monitoring data provide intensive sampling of lakes within a smaller area, but these data span a narrower range of conditions and may only include a subset of relevant measurements. Here, a Bayesian network model is described that represents the causal linkages between observations of chlorophyll a concentration, cyanobacterial biovolume, and microcystin concentration. This network model was fit to national data and provided a context for modeling observations of chlorophyll a and microcystin collected from lakes in Iowa. Using the knowledge inherent in the national network model improved the accuracy of predictions of microcystin concentrations in Iowa compared to a model based only on Iowa data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester L Yuan
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Amina I Pollard
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA
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12
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Walls JT, Wyatt KH, Doll JC, Rubenstein EM, Rober AR. Hot and toxic: Temperature regulates microcystin release from cyanobacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:786-795. [PMID: 28826116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating toxin release by cyanobacteria are poorly understood despite the threat cyanotoxins pose to water quality and human health globally. To determine the potential for temperature to regulate microcystin release by toxin-producing cyanobacteria, we evaluated seasonal patterns of water temperature, cyanobacteria biomass, and extracellular microcystin concentration in a eutrophic freshwater lake dominated by Planktothrix agardhii. We replicated seasonal variation in water temperature in a concurrent laboratory incubation experiment designed to evaluate cause-effect relationships between temperature and toxin release. Lake temperature ranged from 3 to 27°C and cyanobacteria biomass increased with warming up to 18°C, but declined rapidly thereafter with further increases in temperature. Extracellular microcystin concentration was tightly coupled with temperature and was most elevated between 20 and 25°C, which was concurrent with the decline in cyanobacteria biomass. A similar trend was observed in laboratory incubations where productivity-specific microcystin release was most elevated between 20 and 25°C and then declined sharply at 30°C. We applied generalized linear mixed modeling to evaluate the strength of water temperature as a predictor of cyanobacteria abundance and microcystin release, and determined that warming≥20°C would result in a 36% increase in microcystin release when Chlorophyll a was ≤50μgl-1. These results show a temperature threshold for toxin release in P. agardhii, which demonstrates a potential to use water temperature to forecast bloom severity in eutrophic lakes where blooms can persist year-round with varying degrees of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Walls
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Kevin H Wyatt
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Jason C Doll
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Eric M Rubenstein
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Allison R Rober
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA.
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13
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Kerimoglu O, Jacquet S, Vinçon-Leite B, Lemaire BJ, Rimet F, Soulignac F, Trévisan D, Anneville O. Modelling the plankton groups of the deep, peri-alpine Lake Bourget. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Guellati FZ, Touati H, Tambosco K, Quiblier C, Humbert JF, Bensouilah M. Unusual cohabitation and competition between Planktothrix rubescens and Microcystis sp. (cyanobacteria) in a subtropical reservoir (Hammam Debagh) located in Algeria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183540. [PMID: 28859113 PMCID: PMC5578670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Succession in bloom-forming cyanobacteria belonging to distant functional groups in freshwater ecosystems is currently an undescribed phenomenon. However in the Hammam Debagh reservoir (Algeria), P. rubescens and Microcystis sp. co-occur and sometimes proliferate. With the aim of identifying the main factors and processes involved in this unusual cohabitation, water samples were collected monthly from February 2013 to June 2015 at the subsurface at four sampling stations and along the entire water column at one sampling station. In addition, the composition of the cyanobacterial communities was estimated by Illumina sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene fragment from samples collected over one year (October 2013-November 2014). This molecular approach showed that the Hammam Debagh reservoir displays high species richness (89 species) but very low diversity due to the high dominance of Microcystis in this community. Furthermore, it appears that Planktothrix rubescens and Microcystis sp. coexisted (from September to January) but proliferated alternately (Spring 2015 for P. rubescens and Spring 2014 and Autumn 2014/2015 for Microcystis). The main factors and processes explaining these changes in bloom-forming species seem to be related to the variation in the depth of the lake during the mixing period and to the water temperatures during the winter prior to the bloom season in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Zohra Guellati
- Ecobiologie des milieux marins et litoraux; Faculté des sciences, BP 12 El- Hadjar, University Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algerie
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l‘Environnement de Paris (iEES), UMR 7618 UPMC-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FZG); (JFH)
| | - Hassen Touati
- Ecobiologie des milieux marins et litoraux; Faculté des sciences, BP 12 El- Hadjar, University Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algerie
| | - Kevin Tambosco
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l‘Environnement de Paris (iEES), UMR 7618 UPMC-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Quiblier
- Muséum, National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Humbert
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l‘Environnement de Paris (iEES), UMR 7618 UPMC-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FZG); (JFH)
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Ecobiologie des milieux marins et litoraux; Faculté des sciences, BP 12 El- Hadjar, University Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algerie
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15
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Production of a bisdemethylated microcystin variant by Planktothrix rubescens. Toxicon 2017; 137:95-98. [PMID: 28668563 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reservoir samples from a bloom of Planktothrix rubescens were analyzed by ELISA and LC-MS/MS. The comparison of the results of both methods points to the presence of a microcystin variant not yet available as analytical standard and therefore, not detectable by LC-MS/MS analysis. It is proposed that the unknown cyanotoxin variant is a bisdemethylated microcystin variant, presumably [Asp3,Dha7]-microcystin-RR. [Asp3,Dha7]-MC-RR has not been described for a bloom of P. rubescens before.
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16
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Saoudi A, Brient L, Boucetta S, Ouzrout R, Bormans M, Bensouilah M. Management of toxic cyanobacteria for drinking water production of Ain Zada Dam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:361. [PMID: 28667413 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in Algerian reservoirs represent a potential health problem, mainly from drinking water that supplies the local population of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj). The objective of this study is to monitor, detect, and identify the existence of cyanobacteria and microcystins during blooming times. Samples were taken in 2013 from eight stations. The results show that three potentially toxic cyanobacterial genera with the species Planktothrix agardhii were dominant. Cyanobacterial biomass, phycocyanin (PC) concentrations, and microcystin (MC) concentrations were high in the surface layer and at 14 m depth; these values were also high in the treated water. On 11 May 2013, MC concentrations were 6.3 μg/L in MC-LR equivalent in the drinking water. This study shows for the first time the presence of cyanotoxins in raw and treated waters, highlighting that regular monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins must be undertaken to avoid potential health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Saoudi
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Luc Brient
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Sabrine Boucetta
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, University Ferhat Abbas Sétif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Rachid Ouzrout
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of natural and life sciences, Chadli Bendjedid University, Box. P.0.73, 36000, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
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17
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Grazing of Nuclearia thermophila and Nuclearia delicatula (Nucleariidae, Opisthokonta) on the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. Eur J Protistol 2017; 60:87-101. [PMID: 28675820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the planktonic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens became a dominant primary producer in many deep pre-alpine lakes. While altered physiochemical conditions due to lake warming seem to favour this cyanobacterial species, its dominance is partly attributed to factors conferring grazing resistance. The rigid structure of the cyanobacterial filaments and toxic secondary metabolites (e.g. microcystins) protect against diverse grazers. Nonetheless, species of the protistan genus Nuclearia (Nucleariidae, Opisthokonta) are able to overcome this grazing protection. Time lapse video documentation served as tool to record slow feeding processes of N. thermophila and N. delicatula. Three different feeding strategies could be distinguished: (i) Phagocytosis of small fragments, (ii) serial break-ups of cyanobacterial cells and (iii) bending and breaking of filaments. While observations revealed mechanical manipulation to be important for the efficient breakdown of P. rubescens filaments, the toxin microcystin had no pronounced negative effects on nucleariid cells. Growth experiments with N. thermophila/N. delicatula and different accompanying bacterial assemblages pointed to a pivotal role of distinct prokaryotic species for toxin degradation and for the growth success of the protists. Thus, the synergistic effect of nucleariids and specific bacteria favours an efficient degradation of P. rubescens along with its toxin.
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18
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Haruštiaková D, Welker M. Chemotype diversity in Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) populations is correlated to lake depth. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:158-168. [PMID: 28085220 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial species Planktothrix rubescens is known to preferably inhabit deep, stratified, oligo- to mesotrophic lakes. It is also known for the production of diverse bioactive peptides, including the hepatotoxic microcystins. A number of studies showed that P. rubescens populations generally consist of multiple distinct genotypes or chemotypes, respectively. In the present study, variability of chemotype diversity was analysed. Filaments of P. rubescens were isolated from water samples originating from 10 European lakes and analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In most of the analysed filaments multiple peptides belonging to multiple peptide classes could be detected. A resulting data matrix of 964 filaments and 37 individual peptides was subjected to correspondence analysis and K-means clustering. From the latter analysis the distribution of chemotypes among the lakes was established and diversity estimated by computing Shannon-Indices. Diversity varied strongly among lakes with the lowest diversity found in non-alpine lakes. Further, chemotype diversity was strongly correlated to the maximum depth of the sampled lakes in alpine and non-alpine lakes. The possible influence of both factors, geographic isolation and water column depth, on the observed patterns of chemotype diversity of P. rubescens populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Haruštiaková
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analysis, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Welker
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Franklinstr 29, Berlin, 12587, Germany
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Meglič A, Pecman A, Rozina T, Leštan D, Sedmak B. Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria and microcystin degradation using a boron-doped diamond anode - A potential tool for cyanobacterial bloom control. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:248-261. [PMID: 28372749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are global phenomena that can occur in calm and nutrient-rich (eutrophic) fresh and marine waters. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and their biologically active products is possible during water sports and various water activities, or by ingestion of contaminated water. Although the vast majority of harmful cyanobacterial products are confined to the interior of the cells, these are eventually released into the surrounding water following natural or artificially induced cell death. Electrochemical oxidation has been used here to damage cyanobacteria to halt their proliferation, and for microcystin degradation under in-vitro conditions. Partially spent Jaworski growth medium with no addition of supporting electrolytes was used. Electrochemical treatment resulted in the cyanobacterial loss of cell-buoyancy regulation, cell proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. Microcystin degradation was studied separately in two basic modes of treatment: batch-wise flow, and constant flow, for electrolytic-cell exposure. Batch-wise exposure simulates treatment under environmental conditions, while constant flow is more appropriate for the study of boron-doped diamond electrode efficacy under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of microcystin degradation was established using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector analysis, while the biological activities of the products were estimated using a colorimetric protein phosphatase-1 inhibition assay. The results indicate potential for the application of electro-oxidation methods for the control of bloom events by taking advantage of specific intrinsic ecological characteristics of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The applicability of the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes in remediation of water exposed to cyanobacteria bloom events is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Meglič
- Arhel Ltd., Pustovrhova c. 63, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anja Pecman
- Centre for Soil and Environmental Sciences, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Domen Leštan
- Centre for Soil and Environmental Sciences, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Sedmak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Kurmayer R, Deng L, Entfellner E. Role of toxic and bioactive secondary metabolites in colonization and bloom formation by filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:69-86. [PMID: 27307781 PMCID: PMC4892429 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii and P. rubescens are regularly involved in the occurrence of cyanotoxin in lakes and reservoirs. Besides microcystins (MCs), which inhibit eukaryotic protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, several families of bioactive peptides are produced, thereby resulting in impressive secondary metabolite structural diversity. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the phylogeny, morphology, and ecophysiological adaptations of Planktothrix as well as the toxins and bioactive peptides produced. The relatively well studied ecophysiological adaptations (buoyancy, shade tolerance, nutrient storage capacity) can partly explain the invasiveness of this group of cyanobacteria that bloom within short periods (weeks to months). The more recent elucidation of the genetic basis of toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis paved the way for investigating its regulation both in the laboratory using cell cultures as well as under field conditions. The high frequency of several toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis genes observed within P. agardhii and P. rubescens, but not for other Planktothrix species (e.g. P. pseudagardhii), suggests a potential functional linkage between bioactive peptide production and the colonization potential and possible dominance in habitats. It is hypothesized that, through toxin and bioactive peptide production, Planktothrix act as a niche constructor at the ecosystem scale, possibly resulting in an even higher ability to monopolize resources, positive feedback loops, and resilience under stable environmental conditions. Thus, refocusing harmful algal bloom management by integrating ecological and phylogenetic factors acting on toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis gene distribution and concentrations could increase the predictability of the risks originating from Planktothrix blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kurmayer
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Li Deng
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Entfellner
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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Manganelli M, Stefanelli M, Vichi S, Andreani P, Nascetti G, Scialanca F, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanobacteria biennal dynamic in a volcanic mesotrophic lake in central Italy: Strategies to prevent dangerous human exposures to cyanotoxins. Toxicon 2016; 115:28-40. [PMID: 26948426 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vico Lake, a volcanic meso-eutrophic lake in Central Italy, whose water is used for drinking and recreational activities, experienced the presence of the microcystins (MC) producing cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. In order to assess the human health risks and to provide the local health authorities with a scientific basis for planning tailored monitoring activities, we studied P. rubescens ecology and toxicity for two years. P. rubescens generally dominated the phytoplankton community, alternating with Limnothrix redekei, potentially toxic. P. rubescens was distributed throughout the water column during winter; in summer it produced intense blooms where drinking water is collected (-20 m); here MC were detected all year round (0.5-5 μg/L), with implications for drinking water quality. In surface waters, MC posed no risk for recreational activities in summer, while in winter surface blooms and foams (containing up to 56 μg MC/L) can represent a risk for people and children practicing water sports and for animals consuming raw water. Total phosphorus, phosphate and inorganic nitrogen were not relevant to predict densities nor toxicity; however, a strong correlation between P. rubescens density and aminopeptidase ectoenzymatic activity, an enzyme involved in protein degradation, suggested a role of organic nitrogen for this species. The fraction of potentially toxic population, determined both as mcyB(+)/16SrDNA (10-100%) and as the MC/mcyB(+) cells (0.03-0.79 pg MC/cell), was much more variable than usually observed for P. rubescens. Differently from other Italian and European lakes, the correlation between cell density or the mcyB(+) cells and MC explained only ∼50 and 30% of MC variability, respectively: for Vico Lake, monitoring only cell or the mcyB(+) cell density is not sufficient to predict MC concentrations, and consequently to protect population health. Finally, during a winter bloom one site has been sampled weekly, showing that monthly sampling during such a phase could greatly underestimate the 'hazard'. Our results highlight the need to adopt a stepwise monitoring activity, considering the lake and the cyanobacteria specific features. This activity should be complemented with communication to the public and involvement of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Manganelli
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mara Stefanelli
- Research, Certification and Control Division - INAIL, via Fontana candida 1, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Vichi
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Andreani
- Tutela acque - Concessioni e Risorse idriche, Provincia di Viterbo, Via del Collegio, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Ecology and Biology - University La Tuscia, via S. Giovanni decollato 1, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Scialanca
- Department of Ecology and Biology - University La Tuscia, via S. Giovanni decollato 1, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Simona Scardala
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enzo Funari
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Shang L, Feng M, Liu F, Xu X, Ke F, Chen X, Li W. The establishment of preliminary safety threshold values for cyanobacteria based on periodic variations in different microcystin congeners in Lake Chaohu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:728-739. [PMID: 25784184 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As harmful cyanobacterial proliferation threatens the safety of drinking water supplies worldwide, it is essential to establish a safety threshold (ST) for cyanobacteria to control cyanobacterial density effectively in water sources. For this purpose, cyanobacterial abundance, microcystin (MC) production, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from September 2011 to August 2012 in one drinking water source of Lake Chaohu. The cyanobacterial density ranged from 1400 to 220 000 cells per mL with the succession of two dominant species Microcystis and Dolichospermum, which was determined by water temperature and nutrient loading. The MC concentrations were correlated significantly with the cyanobacterial density and they varied between 0.28 and 8.86 μg L(-1). Therefore, the characteristics of MC cell quotas were classified according to four stages of the development of cyanobacteria, namely: recruitment, multiplication, decline and dormancy. The ST for cyanobacteria was established for different periods based on the MC cell quota and its guideline wherein three commonly monitored MC congeners (MC-LR, -RR and -YR) were considered in the present study. Its reliability was verified in the water source using the data collected between June 2013 and May 2014. The results highlighted the necessity to classify the ST-values in different periods referring to the main MC congeners rather than MC-LR, which will facilitate the management and control of toxic cyanobacterial proliferation in drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing East Road, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China.
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Heath MW, Wood SA, Barbieri RF, Young RG, Ryan KG. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a production by Phormidium autumnale. Toxicon 2014; 92:179-85. [PMID: 25449104 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxins are powerful neuromuscular blocking agents produced by some cyanobacteria. Consumption of anatoxin-producing cyanobacterial mats or the water containing them has been linked to numerous animal poisonings and fatalities worldwide. Despite this health risk, there is a poor understanding of the environmental factors regulating anatoxin production. Non-axenic Phormidium autumnale strain CAWBG557 produces anatoxin-a (ATX), homoanatoxin-a (HTX) and their dihydrogen-derivatives dihydroanatoxin-a (dhATX) and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a (dhHTX). The effects of varying nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the production of these four variants were examined in batch monocultures. The anatoxin quota (anatoxin per cell) of all four variants increased up to four fold in the initial growth phase (days 0-9) coinciding with the spread of filaments across the culture vessel during substrate attachment. Dihydroanatoxin-a and dhHTX, accounted for over 60% of the total anatoxin quota in each nitrogen and phosphorus treatment. This suggests they are being internally synthesised and not just derived following cell lysis and environmental degradation. The four anatoxin variants differed in their response to varying nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Notably, dhATX quota significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.03) when nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were elevated (nitrogen = 21 mg L(-1); phosphorus = 3 mg L(-1)), while HTX quota increased when the phosphorus concentrations were reduced (ca. < 0.08 mg L(-1)). This is of concern as HTX has a high toxicity and anatoxin producing P. autumnale blooms in New Zealand usually occur in rivers with low water column dissolved reactive phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Heath
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7001, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Rafael F Barbieri
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Roger G Young
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7001, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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Grabowska M, Kobos J, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Mazur-Marzec H. Non-ribosomal peptides produced by Planktothrix agardhii from Siemianówka Dam Reservoir SDR (northeast Poland). Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:697-707. [PMID: 24972671 PMCID: PMC4168019 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Planktothtrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales) is a filamentous cyanobacterium, which frequently forms blooms in shallow, polymictic and eutrophicated waters. This species is also a rich source of unique linear and cyclic peptides. In the current study, the profile of the peptides in samples from the P. agardhii-dominated Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (SDR) (northeast Poland) was analyzed for four subsequent years (2009-2012). The LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence of 33 peptides. Twelve of the most abundant ones, including five microcystins, five anabaenopeptins, one aeruginosin and one planktocyclin, were present in all field samples collected during the study. The detection of different peptides in two P. agardhii isolates indicated that the SDR population was composed of several chemotypes, characterized by different peptide patterns. The total concentration of microcystins (MCs) positively correlated with the biomass of P. agardhii. Between subsequent years, the changes in the ratio of the total MCs concentration to the biomass of P. agardhii were noticed, but they were less than threefold. This is the first study on the production of different classes of non-ribosomal peptides by freshwater cyanobacteria in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grabowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Kobos
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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Variability of microcystin cell quota in metapopulations of Planktothrix rubescens: causes and implications for water management. Toxicon 2014; 90:82-96. [PMID: 25108147 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationships between microcystin (MCs) concentrations and the biovolumes of Planktothrix rubescens (BPr) in 2 natural lakes (Pusiano and Garda) and 2 artificially dammed reservoirs (Occhito and Ledro) in Italy. In all the considered water bodies, P. rubescens was the dominant cyanobacterium. All the lakes were characterized by significant relationships between MCs and BPr, with limited variability in the MC quota (the content of MCs per unit of biovolume) within each water body compared with the variability between sites. The results were consistent with the development of specific MC-genotypes, with moderate seasonal and spatial changes in the proportion between toxic and non-toxic strains. The MC cell quota obtained in our work (ECQ, Environmental Cell Quota) were in the same range of values computed on the basis of analyses made on environmental samples dominated by P. rubescens or Planktothrix agardhii, and on isolates of the same two species (<1 to over 10 μg mm(-3)). Besides the usual ordinary least square regressions, models have been evaluated by using quantile regression, a method that allows estimating the conditional median or other quantiles of the response variable. We showed that the use of quantile regressions has different advantages, which included the computation of MC quota based on the whole range of available data, the robustness against outliers, and the ability to estimate models also in cases where there is no or only weak relationships. The highest ECQ values estimated from 95% quantile regressions in specific water bodies might be used to estimate the worst-case MC concentrations from algal abundances. Nevertheless, it was stressed that a realistic assessment of toxicity and potential adverse health effects necessarily should take into account the toxicity potential of the more abundant MC-congeners produced by specific cyanobacteria populations.
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Sotton B, Guillard J, Anneville O, Maréchal M, Savichtcheva O, Domaizon I. Trophic transfer of microcystins through the lake pelagic food web: evidence for the role of zooplankton as a vector in fish contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:152-63. [PMID: 23906853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An in situ study was performed to investigate the role of zooplankton as a vector of microcystins (MCs) from Planktothrix rubescens filaments to fish during a metalimnic bloom of P. rubescens in Lake Hallwil (Switzerland). The concentrations of MCs in P. rubescens and various zooplanktonic taxa (filter-feeders and predators) were assessed in different water strata (epi-, meta- and hypolimnion) using replicated sampling over a 24-hour survey. The presence of P. rubescens in the gut content of various zooplanktonic taxa (Daphnia, Bosmina and Chaoborus) was verified by targeting the cyanobacterial nucleic acids (DNA). These results highlighted that cyanobacterial cells constitute a part of food resource for herbivorous zooplanktonic taxa during metalimnic bloom periods. Furthermore, presence of MCs in Chaoborus larvae highlighted the trophic transfer of MCs between herbivorous zooplankton and their invertebrate predators. Our results suggest that zooplanktonic herbivores by diel vertical migration (DVM) act as vectors of MCs by encapsulating grazed cyanobacteria. As a consequence, they largely contribute to the contamination of zooplanktonic predators, and in fine of zooplanktivorous whitefish. Indeed, we estimated the relative contribution of three preys of the whitefish (i.e. Daphnia, Bosmina and Chaoborus) to diet contamination. We showed that Chaoborus and Daphnia were the highest contributor as MC vectors in the whitefish diet (74.6 and 20.5% of MC-LR equivalent concentrations, respectively). The transfer of MCs across the different trophic compartments follows complex trophic pathways involving various trophic levels whose relative importance in fish contamination might vary at daily and seasonal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Sotton
- INRA, UMR CARRTEL, 75 av. de Corzent, F-74203 Thonon Les Bains, France.
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Phormidium autumnale growth and anatoxin-a production under iron and copper stress. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2504-21. [PMID: 24351714 PMCID: PMC3873698 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on planktonic cyanobacteria have shown variability in cyanotoxin production, in response to changes in growth phase and environmental factors. Few studies have investigated cyanotoxin regulation in benthic mat-forming species, despite increasing reports on poisoning events caused by ingestion of these organisms. In this study, a method was developed to investigate changes in cyanotoxin quota in liquid cultures of benthic mat-forming cyanobacteria. Iron and copper are important in cellular processes and are well known to affect growth and selected metabolite production in cyanobacteria and algae. The effect of iron (40–4000 μg L−1) and copper (2.5–250 μg L−1) on growth and anatoxin-a quota in Phormidium autumnale was investigated in batch culture. These concentrations were chosen to span those found in freshwater, as well as those previously reported to be toxic to cyanobacteria. Anatoxin-a concentrations varied throughout the growth curve, with a maximum quota of between 0.49 and 0.55 pg cell−1 measured within the first two weeks of growth. Growth rates were significantly affected by copper and iron concentrations (P < 0.0001); however, no statistically significant difference between anatoxin-a quota maxima was observed. When the iron concentrations were 800 and 4000 μg L−1, the P.autumnale cultures did not firmly attach to the substratum. At 250 μg L−1 copper or either 40 or 4000 μg L−1 iron, growth was suppressed.
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Ostermaier V, Christiansen G, Schanz F, Kurmayer R. Genetic variability of microcystin biosynthesis genes in Planktothrix as elucidated from samples preserved by heat desiccation during three decades. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80177. [PMID: 24265798 PMCID: PMC3827215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Historic samples of phytoplankton can provide information on the abundance of the toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria in dependence on increased or decreased eutrophication. The analysis of a time-series from preserved phytoplankton samples by quantitative PCR (qPCR) extends observation periods considerably. The analysis of DNA from heat-desiccated samples by qPCR can be aggravated by point substitutions or the fragmentation of DNA introduced by the high temperature. In this study, we analyzed whether the heat desiccation of the cellular material of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. introduced potential errors to the template DNA that is used for qPCR within (i) 16S rDNA and phycocyanin genes and (ii) the mcyA gene indicative of the incorporation of either dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) or N-methyl-dehydroalanine (Mdha) in position 7, and (ii) the mcyB gene, which is indicative of homotyrosine (Hty) in position 2 of the microcystin (MC) molecule. Due to high temperature desiccation, the deterioration of the DNA template quality was rather due to fragmentation than due to nucleotide substitutions. By using the heat-desiccated samples of Lake Zürich, Switzerland the abundance of the Dhb, Mdha and Hty genotypes was determined during three decades (1977-2008). Despite major changes in the trophic state of the lake resulting in a major increase of the total Planktothrix population density, the proportion of these genotypes encoding the synthesis of different MC congeners showed high stability. Nevertheless, a decline of the most abundant mcyA genotype indicative of the synthesis of Dhb in position 7 of the MC molecule was observed. This decline could be related to the gradual incline in the proportion of a mutant genotype carrying a 1.8kbp deletion of this gene region. The increase of this mcyA (Dhb) gene deletion mutant has been minor so far, however, and likely did not affect the overall toxicity of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferdinand Schanz
- Limnological Station, Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Sinang SC, Reichwaldt ES, Ghadouani A. Spatial and temporal variability in the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:6379-6395. [PMID: 23232847 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms, together with the difficulties to reliably predict cyanobacterial toxin (e.g. microcystins) concentration, has created the need to assess the predictive ability and variability of the cyanobacterial biomass-microcystin relationship, which is currently used to assess the risk to human and ecosystems health. To achieve this aim, we assessed the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin concentration on a spatiotemporal scale by quantifying the concentration of cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin in eight lakes over 9 months. On both a temporal and spatial scale, the variability of microcystin concentration exceeded that of cyanobacterial biomass by up to four times. The relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin was weak and site specific. The variability of cyanobacterial biomass only explained 25 % of the variability in total microcystin concentration and 7 % of the variability of cellular microcystin concentration. Although a significant correlation does not always imply real cause, the results of multiple linear regression analysis suggest that the variability of cyanobacterial biomass and cellular microcystin concentration is influenced by salinity and total phosphorus, respectively. The weak cyanobacterial biomass-microcystin relationship, coupled with the fact that microcystin was present in concentrations exceeding the WHO drinking water guidelines (1 μg L(-1)) in most of the collected samples, emphasizes the high risk of error connected to the traditional indirect microcystin risk assessment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Cit Sinang
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Systems Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M015, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Sotton B, Guillard J, Bony S, Devaux A, Domaizon I, Givaudan N, Crespeau F, Huet H, Anneville O. Impact of toxic cyanobacterial blooms on Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis): experimental study and in situ observations in a peri-alpine lake. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52243. [PMID: 23272228 PMCID: PMC3525550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of young-of-the-year (YOY) perch in the peri-alpine regions where they are consumed, the microcystin (MC) contamination of YOY perch was analysed both in field (Lake Bourget, France) and experimentally using force-feeding protocols with pure MCs. In-situ, schools of YOY perch present in the epilimnion of the lake were never found in direct contact with the P. rubescens blooms that were present in the metalimnion. However, MCs were detected in the muscles and liver of the fish and were thus assumed to reach YOY perch through dietary routes, particularly via the consumption of MC-containing Daphnia. Force-feeding experiment demonstrates the existence of MC detoxification/excretion processes and suggests that in situ, YOY perch could partly detoxify and excrete ingested MCs, thereby limiting the potential negative effects on perch populations under bloom conditions. However, because of chronic exposure these processes could not allow for the complete elimination of MCs. In both experimental and in situ studies, no histological change was observed in YOY perch, indicating that MC concentrations that occurred in Lake Bourget in 2009 were too low to cause histological damage prone to induce mortality. However, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damages were observed for both the high and low experimental MC doses, suggesting that similar effects could occur in situ and potentially result in perch population disturbance during cyanobacterial blooms. Our results indicate the presence of MCs in wild perch, the consumption of this species coming from Lake Bourget is not contested but more analyses are needed to quantify the risk.
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Sotton B, Devaux A, Givaudan N, Guillard J, Domaizon I, Bony S, Anneville O. Short-term uptake of microcystin-LR by Coregonus lavaretus: GST activity and genotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1788-1796. [PMID: 22539116 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, juvenile whitefish weighing 2 g were exposed by force-feeding to two ecologically relevant doses (0.05 and 0.5 μg per fish) of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Then over 96 h the MC uptake in fish liver and muscle was measured, as the activity of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver, and the genotoxicity impact on red blood cells. Results show that (1) the MC-LR equivalent concentrations increased for both doses and in both organs of whitefish with approximately threefold lower concentrations for the low dose compared to the high dose in both organs and threefold lower concentrations in the muscle compared to the liver for each dose (2) the liver GST activity increased during the first 48 h of exposure with fivefold higher GST activity for the highest dose at 48 h compared to control and (3) MC-LR leads to deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks that were detected by the comet assay and shown to be partially repaired. This work demonstrates that European whitefish could be impacted by cyanobacteria toxins due to rapid microcystin uptake, especially in the context of chronic contamination, which can occur during long bloom episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Sotton
- INRA, UMR CARRTEL, 75 av. de Corzent, 74203, Thonon Les Bains, France.
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Reichwaldt ES, Ghadouani A. Effects of rainfall patterns on toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a changing climate: between simplistic scenarios and complex dynamics. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1372-93. [PMID: 22169160 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms represent a serious hazard to environmental and human health, and the management and restoration of affected waterbodies can be challenging. While cyanobacterial blooms are already a frequent occurrence, in the future their incidence and severity are predicted to increase due to climate change. Climate change is predicted to lead to increased temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, which will both have a significant impact on inland water resources. While many studies indicate that a higher temperature will favour cyanobacterial bloom occurrences, the impact of changed rainfall patterns is widely under-researched and therefore less understood. This review synthesizes the predicted changes in rainfall patterns and their potential impact on inland waterbodies, and identifies mechanisms that influence the occurrence and severity of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. It is predicted that there will be a higher frequency and intensity of rainfall events with longer drought periods in between. Such changes in the rainfall patterns will lead to favourable conditions for cyanobacterial growth due to a greater nutrient input into waterbodies during heavy rainfall events, combined with potentially longer periods of high evaporation and stratification. These conditions are likely to lead to an acceleration of the eutrophication process and prolonged warm periods without mixing of the water column. However, the frequent occurrence of heavy rain events can also lead to a temporary disruption of cyanobacterial blooms due to flushing and de-stratification, and large storm events have been shown to have a long-term negative effect on cyanobacterial blooms. In contrast, a higher number of small rainfall events or wet days can lead to proliferation of cyanobacteria, as they can rapidly use nutrients that are added during rainfall events, especially if stratification remains unchanged. With rainfall patterns changing, cyanobacterial toxin concentration in waterbodies is expected to increase. Firstly, this is due to accelerated eutrophication which supports higher cyanobacterial biomass. Secondly, predicted changes in rainfall patterns produce more favourable growth conditions for cyanobacteria, which is likely to increase the toxin production rate. However, the toxin concentration in inland waterbodies will also depend on the effect of rainfall events on cyanobacterial strain succession, a process that is still little understood. Low light conditions after heavy rainfall events might favour non-toxic strains, whilst inorganic nutrient input might promote the dominance of toxic strains in blooms. This review emphasizes that the impact of changes in rainfall patterns is very complex and will strongly depend on the site-specific dynamics, cyanobacterial species composition and cyanobacterial strain succession. More effort is needed to understand the relationship between rainfall patterns and cyanobacterial bloom dynamics, and in particular toxin production, to be able to assess and mediate the significant threat cyanobacterial blooms pose to our water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Reichwaldt
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecosystem Studies, M015, School of Environmental Systems Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Briand E, Bormans M, Quiblier C, Salençon MJ, Humbert JF. Evidence of the cost of the production of microcystins by Microcystis aeruginosa under differing light and nitrate environmental conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29981. [PMID: 22276137 PMCID: PMC3261858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is known to proliferate in freshwater ecosystems and to produce microcystins. It is now well established that much of the variability of bloom toxicity is due to differences in the relative proportions of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing cells in cyanobacterial populations. In an attempt to elucidate changes in their relative proportions during cyanobacterial blooms, we compared the fitness of the microcystin-producing M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 strain (WT) to that of its non-microcystin-producing mutant (MT). We investigated the effects of two light intensities and of limiting and non-limiting nitrate concentrations on the growth of these strains in monoculture and co-culture experiments. We also monitored various physiological parameters, and microcystin production by the WT strain. In monoculture experiments, no significant difference was found between the growth rates or physiological characteristics of the two strains during the exponential growth phase. In contrast, the MT strain was found to dominate the WT strain in co-culture experiments under favorable growth conditions. Moreover, we also found an increase in the growth rate of the MT strain and in the cellular MC content of the WT strain. Our findings suggest that differences in the fitness of these two strains under optimum growth conditions were attributable to the cost to microcystin-producing cells of producing microcystins, and to the putative existence of cooperation processes involving direct interactions between these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Quiblier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-François Humbert
- French National Institute Agricultural Research, UMR Biogéochimie et écologie des milleux continent aux (BIOEMCO), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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36
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Savichtcheva O, Debroas D, Kurmayer R, Villar C, Jenny JP, Arnaud F, Perga ME, Domaizon I. Quantitative PCR enumeration of total/toxic Planktothrix rubescens and total cyanobacteria in preserved DNA isolated from lake sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8744-53. [PMID: 21984244 PMCID: PMC3233095 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06106-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variability of spatial distribution and the determinism of cyanobacterial blooms, as well as their impact at the lake scale, are still not understood, partly due to the lack of long-term climatic and environmental monitoring data. The paucity of these data can be alleviated by the use of proxy data from high-resolution sampling of sediments. Coupling paleolimnological and molecular tools and using biomarkers such as preserved DNA are promising approaches, although they have not been performed often enough so far. In our study, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique was applied to enumerate total cyanobacterial and total and toxic Planktothrix communities in preserved DNA derived from sediments of three lakes located in the French Alps (Lake Geneva, Lake Bourget, and Lake Annecy), containing a wide range of cyanobacterial species. Preserved DNA from lake sediments was analyzed to assess its quality, quantity, and integrity, with further application for qPCR. We applied the qPCR assay to enumerate the total cyanobacterial community, and multiplex qPCR assays were applied to quantify total and microcystin-producing Planktothrix populations in a single reaction tube. These methods were optimized, calibrated, and applied to sediment samples, and the specificity and reproducibility of qPCR enumeration were tested. Accurate estimation of potential inhibition within sediment samples was performed to assess the sensitivity of such enumeration by qPCR. Some precautions needed for interpreting qPCR results in the context of paleolimnological approaches are discussed. We concluded that the qPCR assay can be used successfully for the analysis of lake sediments when DNA is well preserved in order to assess the presence and dominance of cyanobacterial and Planktothrix communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Savichtcheva
- INRA-UMR 42 CARRTEL, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, 74203 Thonon-les-Bains Cedex, France
| | - Didier Debroas
- Université Blaise Pascal Clermont, UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome & Environnement, 24 Av. des Landais, BP 80026, 63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Clement Villar
- INRA-UMR 42 CARRTEL, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, 74203 Thonon-les-Bains Cedex, France
| | - Jean Philippe Jenny
- CNRS Université de Savoie, UMR 5204, EDYTEM, 73379 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Fabien Arnaud
- CNRS Université de Savoie, UMR 5204, EDYTEM, 73379 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Marie Elodie Perga
- INRA-UMR 42 CARRTEL, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, 74203 Thonon-les-Bains Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Domaizon
- INRA-UMR 42 CARRTEL, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, 74203 Thonon-les-Bains Cedex, France
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Parveen B, Reveilliez JP, Mary I, Ravet V, Bronner G, Mangot JF, Domaizon I, Debroas D. Diversity and dynamics of free-living and particle-associatedBetaproteobacteriaandActinobacteriain relation to phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:461-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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38
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Ferranti P, Nasi A, Bruno M, Basile A, Serpe L, Gallo P. A peptidomic approach for monitoring and characterising peptide cyanotoxins produced in Italian lakes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1173-1183. [PMID: 21488115 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic freshwaters has been described all over the world, including most European countries. Blooms of cyanobacteria may produce mixtures of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. Among these, the most studied are microcystins, a group of cyclic heptapeptides, because of their potent hepatotoxicity and activity as tumour promoters. Other peptide cyanotoxins have been described whose structure and toxicity have not been thoroughly studied. Herein we present a peptidomic approach aimed to characterise and quantify the peptide cyanotoxins produced in two Italian lakes, Averno and Albano. The procedure was based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis for rapid detection and profiling of the peptide mixture complexity, combined with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of- flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) which provided unambiguous structural identification of the main compounds, as well as accurate quantitative analysis of microcystins. In the case of Lake Averno, a novel variant of microcystin-RR and two novel anabaenopeptin variants (Anabaenopeptins B(1) and Anabaenopeptin F(1)), presenting homoarginine in place of the commonly found arginine, were detected and characterised. In Lake Albano, the peculiar peptide patterns in different years were compared, as an example of the potentiality of the peptidomic approach for fast screening analysis, prior to fine structural analysis and determination of cyanotoxins, which included six novel aeruginosin variants. This approach allows for wide range monitoring of cyanobacteria blooms, and to collect data for evaluating possible health risks to consumers, through the panel of the compounds produced along different years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ferranti
- Department of Food Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy.
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39
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Cuypers Y, Vinçon-Leite B, Groleau A, Tassin B, Humbert JF. Impact of internal waves on the spatial distribution of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in an alpine lake. THE ISME JOURNAL 2011; 5:580-9. [PMID: 21085197 PMCID: PMC3105740 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vertical and horizontal distribution of the cyanobacterium, Planktothrix rubescens, was studied in a deep alpine lake (Lac du Bourget) in a 2-year monitoring program with 11 sampling points, and a 24-h survey at one sampling station. This species is known to proliferate in the metalimnic layer of numerous deep mesotrophic lakes in temperate areas, and also to produce hepatotoxins. When looking at the distribution of P. rubescens at the scale of the entire lake, we found large variations (up to 10 m) in the depth of the biomass peak in the water column. These variations were closely correlated to isotherm displacements. We also found significant variations in the distribution of the cyanobacterial biomass in the northern and southern parts of the lake. We used a physical modeling approach to demonstrate that two internal wave modes can explain these variations. Internal waves are generated by wind events, but can still be detected several days after the end of these events. Finally, our 24-h survey at one sampling point demonstrated that the V1H1 sinusoidal motion could evolve into nonlinear fronts. All these findings show that internal waves have a major impact on the distribution of P. rubescens proliferating in the metalimnic layer of a deep lake, and that this process could influence the growth of this species by a direct impact on light availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Cuypers
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Systèmes Urbains, Université Paris-Est, UMR MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Marne-la-Vallée, France
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Vasconcelos V, Morais J, Vale M. Microcystins and cyanobacteria trends in a 14 year monitoring of a temperate eutrophic reservoir (Aguieira, Portugal). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:668-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Ostermaier V, Kurmayer R. Application of real-time PCR to estimate toxin production by the cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3495-502. [PMID: 20363794 PMCID: PMC2876456 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02771-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR methods are increasingly being applied for the enumeration of toxic cyanobacteria in the environment. However, to justify the use of real-time PCR quantification as a monitoring tool, significant correlations between genotype abundance and actual toxin concentrations are required. In the present study, we aimed to explain the concentrations of three structural variants of the hepatotoxin microcystin (MC) produced by the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp., [Asp, butyric acid (Dhb)]-microcystin-RR (where RR means two arginines), [Asp, methyl-dehydro-alanine (Mdha)]-microcystin-RR, and [Asp, Dhb]-microcystin-homotyrosine-arginine (HtyR), by the abundance of the microcystin genotypes encoding their synthesis. Three genotypes of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria (denoted the Dhb, Mdha, and Hty genotypes) in 12 lakes of the Alps in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland from 2005 to 2007 were quantified by means of real-time PCR. Their absolute and relative abundances were related to the concentration of the microcystin structural variants in aliquots determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total microcystin concentrations varied from 0 to 6.2 microg liter(-1) (mean +/- standard error [SE] of 0.6 +/- 0.1 microg liter(-1)) among the samples, in turn resulting in an average microcystin content in Planktothrix of 3.1 +/- 0.7 microg mm(-3) biovolume. Over a wide range of the population density (0.001 to 3.6 mm(3) liter(-1) Planktothrix biovolume), the Dhb genotype and [Asp, Dhb]-MC-RR were most abundant, while the Hty genotype and MC-HtyR were found to be in the lowest proportion only. In general, there was a significant linear relationship between the abundance/proportion of specific microcystin genotypes and the concentration/proportion of the respective microcystin structural variants on a logarithmic scale. We conclude that estimating the abundance of specific microcystin genotypes by quantitative real-time PCR is useful for predicting the concentration of microcystin variants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ostermaier
- Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
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42
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Spatiotemporal variations in microcystin concentrations and in the proportions of microcystin-producing cells in several Microcystis aeruginosa populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4750-9. [PMID: 20511422 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02531-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of explaining the variations in microcystin (MC) concentrations during cyanobacterial blooms, we studied several Microcystis aeruginosa populations blooming in different freshwater ecosystems located in the same geographical area. As assessed by real-time PCR, it appeared that the potentially MC-producing cells (mcyB(+)) were predominant (70 to 100%) in all of these M. aeruginosa populations, with the exception of one population in which non-MC-producing cells always dominated. Apart from the population in the Grangent Reservoir, we found that the proportions of potentially MC-producing and non-MC-producing cells varied little over time, which was consistent with the fact that according to a previous study of the same populations, the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) genotype composition did not change (38). In the Grangent Reservoir, the MC-RR variant was the dominant microcystin variant throughout the bloom season, despite changes in the ITS composition and in the proportions of mcyB(+) cells. Finally, the variations in total MC concentrations (0.3 to 15 microg liter(-1)) and in the MC cellular quotas (0.01 to 3.4 pg cell(-1)) were high both between and within sites, and no correlation was found between the MC concentrations and the proportion of mcyB(+) cells. All of these findings demonstrate that very different results can be found for the proportions of potentially MC-producing and non-MC-producing cells and MC concentrations, even in M. aeruginosa populations living in more or less connected ecosystems, demonstrating the importance of the effect of very local environmental conditions on these parameters and also the difficulty of predicting the potential toxicity of Microcystis blooms.
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43
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Briand E, Yéprémian C, Humbert JF, Quiblier C. Competition between microcystin- and non-microcystin-producingPlanktothrix agardhii(cyanobacteria) strains under different environmental conditions. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:3337-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Oberhaus L, Briand JF, Humbert JF. Allelopathic growth inhibition by the toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:243-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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45
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Catherine A, Quiblier C, Yéprémian C, Got P, Groleau A, Vinçon-Leite B, Bernard CÃ, Troussellier M. Collapse of a Planktothrix agardhii perennial bloom and microcystin dynamics in response to reduced phosphate concentrations in a temperate lake. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 65:61-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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46
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Temporal variations in the dynamics of potentially microcystin-producing strains in a bloom-forming Planktothrix agardhii (Cyanobacterium) population. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3839-48. [PMID: 18441113 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02343-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of microcystins (MCs) produced during blooms depends on variations in both the proportion of strains containing the genes involved in MC production and the MC cell quota (the ratio between the MC concentration and the density of cells with the mcyA genotype) for toxic strains. In order to assess the dynamics of MC-producing and non-MC-producing strains and to identify the impact of environmental factors on the relative proportions of these two subpopulations, we performed a 2-year survey of a perennial bloom of Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria). Applying quantitative real-time PCR to the mcyA and phycocyanin genes, we found that the proportion of cells with the mcyA genotype varied considerably over time (ranging from 30 to 80% of the population). The changes in the proportion of cells with the mcyA genotype appeared to be inversely correlated to changes in the density of P. agardhii cells and also, to a lesser extent, to the availability of certain nutrients and the abundance of cladocerans. Among toxic cells, the MC cell quota varied throughout the survey. However, a negative correlation between the MC cell quota and the mcyA cell number during two short periods characterized by marked changes in the cyanobacterial biomass was found. Finally, only 54% of the variation in the MC concentrations measured in the lake can be explained by the dynamics of the density of cells with the MC producer genotype, suggesting that this measurement is not a satisfactory method for use in monitoring programs intended to predict the toxic risk associated with cyanobacterial proliferation.
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47
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Short-term variations in abundances and potential activities of viruses, bacteria and nanoprotists in Lake Bourget. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Yéprémian C, Gugger MF, Briand E, Catherine A, Berger C, Quiblier C, Bernard C. Microcystin ecotypes in a perennial Planktothrix agardhii bloom. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4446-56. [PMID: 17632212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and microcystins (MC) concentrations of a perennial Planktothrix agardhii bloom were investigated in a eutrophic lake (Viry-Châtillon, France). A weak relationship was observed between P. agardhii population biomass and the MC concentrations in a 1-year survey. To further investigate the causes of MC concentration changes, we concurrently conducted experiments on 41 strains isolated from this lake. We first checked the clonal diversity of P. agardhii population (i) by molecular techniques, to assess the presence of MC synthetase gene (mcyB), (ii) by biochemical assay (PP2A inhibition assay), for MC production, and (iii) by mass spectrometry (MS), to identify the MC chemotypes. Our results illustrated the diversity of genotype and MC chemotypes within a P. agardhii natural population. Eleven chemotypes among the 16 possible ones were found by MS. Furthermore, we noticed major differences in the MC content of isolated strains (from 0.02 to 1.86 microg equiv. MC-LR mg DW(-1), n=25). Growth and MC production of one MC-producing strain and one non-MC-producing strain were also assessed at two temperatures (10 and 20 degrees C). We showed that growth capacities of these strains were similar at the two tested temperatures, and that the MC production rate was correlated to the growth rate for the MC-producing strain. On the basis of these results, several hypotheses are discussed to explain the weakness of relationships between natural P. agardhii biomass and MC concentration. One of the main reasons could lie in the proportion of MC-producing clones and non-MC-producing clones that may change during the sampling period. Also, the MC-producing clones may present different intracellular MC content due to (i) MC chemotypes diversity, (ii) changes in MC variants proportions within a strain, and (iii) changes in MC rate production depending on the physiological state of cells. Finally, we concluded that various biological organization levels have to be considered (population, cellular and molecular), through an integrative approach, in order to provide a better understanding of P. agardhii in situ MC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Yéprémian
- USM 0505/EA 4105 Ecosystèmes et interactions toxiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Case 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris, France
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49
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Naselli-Flores L, Barone R, Chorus I, Kurmayer R. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs under a semiarid mediterranean climate: the magnification of a problem. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:399-404. [PMID: 17607731 PMCID: PMC3968935 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sicilian reservoirs constitute the most important water resources available on the island. During summer 2001, the intense water utilization of Lake Arancio reservoir reduced the water level significantly, which coincided with the formation of intense blooms formed by the microcystin (MC)-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. During summer 2003, Lake Arancio was continuously filled and the vertical stratification of the water column was maintained resulting in five to sixfold lower cell numbers of M. aeruginosa. For both years, a significant relationship between MC net production and Microcysytis cell growth was observed, implying that Microcystis cell numbers can be used to infer MC concentrations in water. Unexpectedly, dense blooms of the MC-producing cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens occurred during winter 2005/2006 in the reservoirs Lake Pozzillo, Prizzi, Nicoletti, and Garcia but have not been reported earlier. In this season, MC concentrations higher than those recorded in summer were measured, implying that monitoring of Mediterranean drinking water reservoirs needs to be intensified during winter, a season usually considered to be less prone to the formation of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Naselli-Flores
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 38, I–90123 Palermo, Italy. ;
| | - Rossella Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 38, I–90123 Palermo, Italy. ;
| | - Ingrid Chorus
- Federal Environment Agency, P.O. Box 330022, D-14191 Berlin, Germany,
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria.
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50
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Tillmanns AR, Pick FR, Aranda-Rodriguez R. Sampling and analysis of microcystins: Implications for the development of standardized methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:132-43. [PMID: 17366563 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC), a group of cyanotoxins, have been found in lakes and rivers worldwide. One goal of MC research is to develop models which predict MC concentrations, but these efforts have been hampered by a lack of standardized methods necessary for comparing data across studies. Here, we investigate the effect of chemical analysis (HPLC-PDA and ELISA), sample collection (whole water, plankton tow and surface scum), and choice of normalizing parameter (volume, dry weight, and chlorophyll a) on reported MC concentrations. Samples were collected over three years from a temperate mesotrophic, shallow lake with episodic blooms of cyanobacteria. We found that microcystins were up to four times higher in lake samples when analyzed by ELISA relative to HPLC-PDA and that MC concentration measured by HPLC explained less than half of the variation in MC concentrations measured by ELISA. Also, samples collected by plankton tow gave consistently higher concentrations than whole water samples. An additional HPLC analysis of two chlorophyte cultures revealed the presence of compounds with a similar UV absorbance spectrum to MC-LR, suggesting that identifying MC based solely on UV absorbance is not valid. Our results document the discrepancy in MC concentrations that can arise by using different methods throughout all stages of sampling, analysis, and reporting of MC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline R Tillmanns
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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