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Qiao Y, Xu W, Kong L, Shen M, Wang S, Sun Y, Gao Y, Jiang Q, Xue J, Cheng D, Liu Y. Bacterial specialists playing crucial roles in maintaining system stability and governing microbial diversity in bioremediation of oil-polluted sediments under typical deep-sea condition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131498. [PMID: 39299343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Ecologically, interactions and contributions of microbiota generalists and specialists remain largely unexplored in remediation of deep-sea oil pollution. Herein, ecological and evolutionary characteristics of the two taxa were comprehensively investigated in restoration of oil-polluted sediment at deep-sea microcosm. Niche-specialized taxa exhibited rapid speciation rate, more complex network structure and highly interspecific mutualism. In contrast, generalists possessed higher richness but with poor local performance, as evidenced by higher extinction rate, lower stability, and more interspecific antagonism. Generalists were the primary oil degraders, while specialists acted as auxiliaries promoting degradation via production of biofilm and biosurfactant. Evolutionarily, the continuous transition from specialists to generalists insured the exclusion of generalist at a relatively constant level for ecological trade-offs. Collectively, the findings emphasize the importance of specialists in facilitating oil degradation by elucidating their vital roles in maintaining system stability and regulating microbial diversity during process, and offer valuable guidance for designing remediation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Qiao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Wenhui Xu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Qingdao UPC Environmental & Safety Technology Center Company Limited, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Mingan Shen
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Yudi Sun
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Jianliang Xue
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Dongle Cheng
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China.
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Li H, Zhu X, Zhang X, Dong C. Caspofungin enhances the potency of rifampin against Gram-negative bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1447485. [PMID: 39211315 PMCID: PMC11358092 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1447485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Developing antibiotic adjuvants is an effective strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is a barrier to prevent the entry of antibiotics, making it an attractive target for novel antibiotic and adjuvant development. Methods and Results In this study, we identified Caspofungin acetate (CAS) as an antibiotic adjuvant against GNB in the repurposing screen of 3,158 FDA-approved drugs. Checkerboard assays suggested that CAS could enhance the antimicrobial activity of rifampin or colistin against various GNB strains in vitro, Moreover, Galleria mellonella larvae infection model also indicated that CAS significantly potentiated the efficacy of rifampin against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli 72 strain in vivo. Most importantly, resistance development assay showed that CAS was less susceptible to accelerating the resistance development of drug-sensitive strain E. coli MG1655. Functional studies and RNA-seq analysis confirmed that the mechanisms by which CAS enhanced the antimicrobial activities of antibiotics were involved in permeabilizing the bacterial cell envelope, disrupting proton motive force and inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation. Additionally, it has been found that PgaC is the CAS target and enzymatic assay has confirmed the inhibition activity. Discussion Our results illustrate the feasibility of CAS as an antibiotic adjuvant against GNB, which is an alternative strategy of anti-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjiang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Shi W, Zhang Q, Li H, Du D, Ma X, Wang J, Jiang J, Liu C, Kou L, Ren J. Biofilm Formation, Motility, and Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Are Reduced by Deletion of the Gene lmo0159, a Novel Listerial LPXTG Surface Protein. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1354. [PMID: 39065121 PMCID: PMC11278909 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans and other animals. Surface proteins with the LPXTG motif have important roles in the virulence of L. monocytogenes. Lmo0159 is one such protein, but little is known about its role in L. monocytogenes virulence, motility, and biofilm formation. Here, we constructed and characterized a deletion mutant of lmo0159 (∆lmo0159). We analyzed not only the capacity of biofilm formation, motility, attachment, and intracellular growth in different cell types but also LD50; bacterial load in mice's liver, spleen, and brain; expression of virulence genes; and survival time of mice after challenge. The results showed that the cross-linking density of the biofilm of ∆lmo0159 strain was lower than that of WT by microscopic examination. The expression of biofilm-formation and virulence genes also decreased in the biofilm state. Subsequently, the growth and motility of ∆lmo0159 in the culture medium were enhanced. Conversely, the growth and motility of L. monocytogenes were attenuated by ∆lmo0159 at both the cellular and mouse levels. At the cellular level, ∆lmo0159 reduced plaque size; accelerated scratch healing; and attenuated the efficiency of adhesion, invasion, and intracellular proliferation in swine intestinal epithelial cells (SIEC), RAW264.7, mouse-brain microvascular endothelial cells (mBMEC), and human-brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). The expression of virulence genes was also inhibited. At the mouse level, the LD50 of the ∆lmo0159 strain was 100.97 times higher than that of the WT strain. The bacterial load of the ∆lmo0159 strain in the liver and spleen was lower than that of the WT strain. In a mouse model of intraperitoneal infection, the deletion of the lmo0159 gene significantly prolonged the survival time of the mice, suggesting that the lmo0159 deletion mutant also exhibited reduced virulence. Thus, our study identified lmo0159 as a novel virulence factor among L. monocytogenes LPXTG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Qiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Honghuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Dongdong Du
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China;
| | - Xun Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Caixia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Lijun Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jingjing Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (W.S.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (C.L.); (L.K.); (J.R.)
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Khan MM, Sidorczuk K, Becker J, Aleksandrowicz A, Baraniewicz K, Ludwig C, Ali A, Kingsley RA, Schierack P, Kolenda R. Characterization of clumpy adhesion of Escherichia coli to human cells and associated factors influencing antibiotic sensitivity. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0260623. [PMID: 38530058 PMCID: PMC11064533 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02606-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli intestinal infection pathotypes are characterized by distinct adhesion patterns, including the recently described clumpy adhesion phenotype. Here, we identify and characterize the genetic factors contributing to the clumpy adhesion of E. coli strain 4972. In this strain, the transcriptome and proteome of adhered bacteria were found to be distinct from planktonic bacteria in the supernatant. A total of 622 genes in the transcriptome were differentially expressed in bacteria present in clumps relative to the planktonic bacteria. Seven genes targeted for disruption had variable distribution in different pathotypes and nonpathogenic E. coli, with the pilV and spnT genes being the least frequent or absent from most groups. Deletion (Δ) of five differentially expressed genes, flgH, ffp, pilV, spnT, and yggT, affected motility, adhesion, or antibiotic stress. ΔflgH exhibited 80% decrease and ΔyggT depicted 184% increase in adhesion, and upon complementation, adhesion was significantly reduced to 13%. ΔflgH lost motility and was regenerated when complemented, whereas Δffp had significantly increased motility, and reintroduction of the same gene reduced it to the wild-type level. The clumps produced by Δffp and ΔspnT were more resistant and protected the bacteria, with ΔspnT showing the best clump formation in terms of ampicillin stress protection. ΔyggT had the lowest tolerance to gentamicin, where the antibiotic stress completely eliminated the bacteria. Overall, we were able to investigate the influence of clump formation on cell surface adhesion and antimicrobial tolerance, with the contribution of several factors crucial to clump formation on susceptibility to the selected antibiotics. IMPORTANCE The study explores a biofilm-like clumpy adhesion phenotype in Escherichia coli, along with various factors and implications for antibiotic susceptibility. The phenotype permitted the bacteria to survive the onslaught of high antibiotic concentrations. Profiles of the transcriptome and proteome allowed the differentiation between adhered bacteria in clumps and planktonic bacteria in the supernatant. The deletion mutants of genes differentially expressed between adhered and planktonic bacteria, i.e., flgH, ffp, pilV, spnT, and yggT, and respective complementations in trans cemented their roles in multiple capacities. ffp, an uncharacterized gene, is involved in motility and resistance to ampicillin in a clumpy state. The work also affirms for the first time the role of the yggT gene in adhesion and its involvement in susceptibility against another aminoglycoside antibiotic, i.e., gentamicin. Overall, the study contributes to the mechanisms of biofilm-like adhesion phenotype and understanding of the antimicrobial therapy failures and infections of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moman Khan
- Institute for Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sidorczuk
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Juliane Becker
- Institute for Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Adrianna Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Baraniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Aamir Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute for Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Rafał Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Koti K, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Nadon C, McAllister T, Yang X, Narváez-Bravo C. Evaluating disinfectant efficacy on mixed biofilms comprising Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, and spoilage microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360645. [PMID: 38633705 PMCID: PMC11021663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and the presence of other microorganisms on the susceptibility of STEC to biocides. Mature biofilms were formed at both 10°C and 25°C. An inoculum of planktonic bacteria comprising 106 CFU/mL of spoilage bacteria and 103 CFU/mL of a single E. coli strain (O157, O111, O103, and O12) was used to form mixed biofilms. The following bacterial combinations were tested: T1: Carnobacterium piscicola + Lactobacillus bulgaricus + STEC, T2: Comamonas koreensis + Raoultella terrigena + STEC, and T3: Pseudomonas aeruginosa + C. koreensis + STEC. Tested biocides included quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats), sodium hypochlorite (Shypo), sodium hydroxide (SHyd), hydrogen peroxide (HyP), and BioDestroy®-organic peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Biocides were applied to 6-day-old biofilms. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (BEC) were determined. Planktonic cells and single-species biofilms exhibited greater susceptibility to sanitizers (p < 0.0001). Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium were more susceptible than the rest of the tested bacteria (p < 0.0001). Single species biofilms formed by E. coli O111, O121, O157, and O45 showed resistance (100%) to Shypo sanitizer (200 ppm) at 25°C. From the most effective to the least effective, sanitizer performance on single-species biofilms was PAA > Quats > HyP > SHyd > Shypo. In multi-species biofilms, spoilage bacteria within T1, T2, and T3 biofilms showed elevated resistance to SHyd (30%), followed by quats (23.25%), HyP (15.41%), SHypo (9.70%), and BioDestroy® (3.42%; p < 0.0001). Within T1, T2, and T3, the combined STEC strains exhibited superior survival to Quats (23.91%), followed by HyP (19.57%), SHypo (18.12%), SHyd (16.67%), and BioDestroy® (4.35%; p < 0.0001). O157:H7-R508 strains were less tolerant to Quats and Shypo when combined with T2 and T3 (p < 0.0001). O157:H7 and O103:H2 strains in mixed biofilms T1, T2, and T3 exhibited higher biocide resistance than the weak biofilm former, O145:H2 (p < 0.0001). The study shows that STEC within multi-species biofilms' are more tolerant to disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Koti
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Celine Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Claudia Narváez-Bravo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Alshaikh SA, El-Banna T, Sonbol F, Farghali MH. Correlation between antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence determinants in uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Egyptian hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:20. [PMID: 38402146 PMCID: PMC10894499 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main etiological agent behind community-acquired and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are among the most prevalent human infections. The management of UPEC infections is becoming increasingly difficult owing to multi-drug resistance, biofilm formation, and the possession of an extensive virulence arsenal. This study aims to characterize UPEC isolates in Tanta, Egypt, with regard to their antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetic profile, biofilm formation, and virulence, as well as the potential associations among these factors. METHODS One hundred UPEC isolates were obtained from UTI patients in Tanta, Egypt. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production was screened using the double disk synergy test and confirmed with PCR. Biofilm formation was evaluated using the microtiter-plate assay and microscopy-based techniques. The phylogenetic groups of the isolates were determined. The hemolytic activity, motility, siderophore production, and serum resistance of the isolates were also evaluated. The clonal relatedness of the isolates was assessed using ERIC-PCR. RESULTS Isolates displayed elevated resistance to cephalosporins (90-43%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (63%), and ciprofloxacin (53%). Ninety percent of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR)/ extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and 67% produced ESBLs. Notably, there was an inverse correlation between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance, and 31%, 29%, 32%, and 8% of the isolates were strong, moderate, weak, and non-biofilm producers, respectively. Beta-hemolysis, motility, siderophore production, and serum resistance were detected in 64%, 84%, 65%, and 11% of the isolates, respectively. Siderophore production was correlated to resistance to multiple antibiotics, while hemolysis was more prevalent in susceptible isolates and associated with stronger biofilms. Phylogroups B2 and D predominated, with lower resistance and stronger biofilms in group B2. ERIC-PCR revealed considerable diversity among the isolates. CONCLUSION This research highlights the dissemination of resistance in UPEC in Tanta, Egypt. The evident correlation between biofilm and resistance suggests a resistance cost on bacterial cells; and that isolates with lower resistance may rely on biofilms to enhance their survival. This emphasizes the importance of considering biofilm formation ability during the treatment of UPEC infections to avoid therapeutic failure and/or infection recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Alshaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt.
| | - Tarek El-Banna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
| | - Fatma Sonbol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Farghali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
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Wang L, Li H, Chen J, Wang Y, Gu Y, Jiu M. Antibacterial Mechanisms and Antivirulence Activities of Oridonin against Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila AS 1.1801. Microorganisms 2024; 12:415. [PMID: 38399819 PMCID: PMC10891661 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium widely found in freshwater environments, acts as a common conditional pathogen affecting humans, livestock, and aquatic animals. In this study, the impact of oridonin, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid compound derived from Rabdosia rubescens, on the virulence factors of A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 and its antibacterial mechanism was elucidated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oridonin against A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 was 100 μg/mL. Oridonin at inhibitory concentrations could significantly increase the electrical conductivity in the supernatant and escalate nucleic acid leakage (p < 0.01). This effect was concomitant with observed distortions in bacterial cells, the formation of cytoplasmic cavities, cellular damage, and pronounced inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Additionally, oridonin at inhibitory levels exhibited a noteworthy suppressive impact on A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 across biofilm formation, motility, hemolytic activity, lipase activity, and protease activity (p < 0.05), demonstrating a dose-dependent enhancement. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of luxR, qseB and omp were significantly downregulated after oridonin treatment in A. hydrophila AS 1.1801 (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that oridonin possessed significant antibacterial and anti-virulence effects on A. hydrophila AS 1.1801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (L.W.); (J.C.)
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Huijuan Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jinhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (L.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuqing Gu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Min Jiu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (L.W.); (J.C.)
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Frizzell JK, Taylor RL, Ryno LM. Constitutive Activation of RpoH and the Addition of L-arabinose Influence Antibiotic Sensitivity of PHL628 E. coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:143. [PMID: 38391529 PMCID: PMC10886279 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to combat the ever-present threat of infectious diseases, but bacteria are continually evolving an assortment of defenses that enable their survival against even the most potent treatments. While the demand for novel antibiotic agents is high, the discovery of a new agent is exceedingly rare. We chose to focus on understanding how different signal transduction pathways in the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) influence the sensitivity of the organism to antibiotics from three different classes: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and levofloxacin. Using the PHL628 strain of E. coli, we exogenously overexpressed two transcription factors, FliA and RpoH.I54N (a constitutively active mutant), to determine their influence on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum duration of killing (MDK) concentration for each of the studied antibiotics. We hypothesized that activating these pathways, which upregulate genes that respond to specific stressors, could mitigate bacterial response to antibiotic treatment. We also compared the exogenous overexpression of the constitutively active RpoH mutant to thermal heat shock that has feedback loops maintained. While FliA overexpression had no impact on MIC or antibiotic tolerance, RpoH.I54N overexpression reduced the MIC for tetracycline and chloramphenicol but had no independent impact on antibiotic tolerance. Thermal heat shock alone also did not affect MIC or antibiotic tolerance. L-arabinose, the small molecule used to induce expression in our system, unexpectedly independently increased the MICs for tetracycline (>2-fold) and levofloxacin (3-fold). Additionally, the combination of thermal heat shock and arabinose provided a synergistic, 5-fold increase in MIC for chloramphenicol. Arabinose increased the tolerance, as assessed by MDK99, for chloramphenicol (2-fold) and levofloxacin (4-fold). These experiments highlight the potential of the RpoH pathway to modulate antibiotic sensitivity and the emerging implication of arabinose in enhanced MIC and antibiotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Frizzell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Ryan L Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Lisa M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
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Cardoza E, Singh H. From Stress Tolerance to Virulence: Recognizing the Roles of Csps in Pathogenicity and Food Contamination. Pathogens 2024; 13:69. [PMID: 38251376 PMCID: PMC10819108 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Be it for lab studies or real-life situations, bacteria are constantly exposed to a myriad of physical or chemical stresses that selectively allow the tolerant to survive and thrive. In response to environmental fluctuations, the expression of cold shock domain family proteins (Csps) significantly increases to counteract and help cells deal with the harmful effects of stresses. Csps are, therefore, considered stress adaptation proteins. The primary functions of Csps include chaperoning nucleic acids and regulating global gene expression. In this review, we focus on the phenotypic effects of Csps in pathogenic bacteria and explore their involvement in bacterial pathogenesis. Current studies of csp deletions among pathogenic strains indicate their involvement in motility, host invasion and stress tolerance, proliferation, cell adhesion, and biofilm formation. Through their RNA chaperone activity, Csps regulate virulence-associated genes and thereby contribute to bacterial pathogenicity. Additionally, we outline their involvement in food contamination and discuss how foodborne pathogens utilize the stress tolerance roles of Csps against preservation and sanitation strategies. Furthermore, we highlight how Csps positively and negatively impact pathogens and the host. Overall, Csps are involved in regulatory networks that influence the expression of genes central to stress tolerance and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056, India
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10
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Wang Y, Ling N, Wang Y, Ou D, Liang Z, Li G, Zhao H, Ye Y. Effect of ferric ions on Cronobacter sakazakii growth, biofilm formation, and swarming motility. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110418. [PMID: 37857020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a common food-borne pathogen that induces meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis, primarily in newborns and infants. Iron plays a pivotal role in the growth of cells and biofilm formation. However, the effects of hemin (ferric ion donor) on C. sakazakii cells are scarcely known. Here, we explored the effect of ferric ions on the growth of planktonic C. sakazakii, biofilm formation, and swarming motility by crystal violet staining (CVS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and swarming assay. Our study demonstrated that ferric ions facilitated the growth of planktonic C. sakazakii, while hemin at concentrations ranging from 50 to 800 μmol/L promoted biofilm formation and at concentrations between 50 and 200 μmol/L enhanced the swarming motility of C. sakazakii. Furthermore, high hemin concentrations (400-800 μmol/L) were found to reduce flagellar length, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These findings indicated that ferric ions mediated the swarming motility of C. sakazakii by regulating flagellar assembly. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of C. sakazakii was performed at hemin concentrations of 0, 50, and 200 μmol/L, which revealed that several genes associated with iron transport and metabolism, and flagellar assembly were essential for the survival of C. sakazakii under hemin treatment. Our findings revealed the molecular basis of ferric ions on C. sakazakii growth and biofilm formation, thus providing a novel perspective for its prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dexin Ou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhao Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China.
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11
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Szoke T, Goldberger O, Albocher-Kedem N, Barsheshet M, Dezorella N, Nussbaum-Shochat A, Wiener R, Schuldiner M, Amster-Choder O. Regulation of major bacterial survival strategies by transcripts sequestration in a membraneless organelle. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113393. [PMID: 37934665 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TmaR, the only known pole-localizer protein in Escherichia coli, was shown to cluster at the cell poles and control localization and activity of the major sugar regulator in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. Here, we show that TmaR assembles by phase separation (PS) via heterotypic interactions with RNA in vivo and in vitro. An unbiased automated mutant screen combined with directed mutagenesis and genetic manipulations uncovered the importance of a predicted nucleic-acid-binding domain, a disordered region, and charged patches, one containing the phosphorylated tyrosine, for TmaR condensation. We demonstrate that, by protecting flagella-related transcripts, TmaR controls flagella production and, thus, cell motility and biofilm formation. These results connect PS in bacteria to survival and provide an explanation for the linkage between metabolism and motility. Intriguingly, a point mutation or increase in its cellular concentration induces irreversible liquid-to-solid transition of TmaR, similar to human disease-causing proteins, which affects cell morphology and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Szoke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Omer Goldberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nitsan Albocher-Kedem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Meshi Barsheshet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron Microscopy Unit, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anat Nussbaum-Shochat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orna Amster-Choder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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12
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Wang Y, Ling N, Jiao R, Zhang X, Ren Y, Li H, Zhao W, Wu Q, Ye Y. Transcriptomic analysis reveals novel desiccation tolerance mechanism of Cronobacter based on type VI secretion system inhibition. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113143. [PMID: 37689845 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter malonaticus (C. malonaticus) is a food-borne pathogen inducing severe infections both in infants and adults, and it could survive in dry powdered infant formula (PIF) for a long time, implying its strong tolerance to desiccation. However, the thorough molecular mechanism of resistance to desiccation remains elusive. When C. malonaticus was exposed to desiccation conditions (7, 15, and 30 d), transcriptomic analysis provided a universal adaptation strategy to withstand desiccation with the increased compatible solutes accumulation, activated stress resistance-related regulators, suppressed protein export and bacterial secretion system, and reduced other unessential survival functions including adhesion, invasion, virulence, and flagellar motility. Importantly, type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes exhibited significantly downregulated expressions, as well as markedly increased survival and viability of their mutants after desiccation treatment, revealing the negative regulation of T6SS in desiccation tolerance. Meanwhile, the decreased expressions of T6SS structure genes in other six species further confirmed the vital role of T6SS in desiccation tolerance of Cronobacter spp. Thus, our studies present a novel hypothesis of desiccation resistance in Cronobacter based on type VI secretion system inhibition, causing the reduction of macromolecule secretion such as effectors and hyperosmolality development within the cytomembrane, which allow Cronobacter to survive in desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuwei Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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13
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Buchmann D, Schwabe M, Weiss R, Kuss AW, Schaufler K, Schlüter R, Rödiger S, Guenther S, Schultze N. Natural phenolic compounds as biofilm inhibitors of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli - the role of similar biological processes despite structural diversity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232039. [PMID: 37731930 PMCID: PMC10507321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens such as Escherichia coli have become increasingly difficult to treat and therefore alternative treatment options are needed. Targeting virulence factors like biofilm formation could be one such option. Inhibition of biofilm-related structures like curli and cellulose formation in E. coli has been shown for different phenolic natural compounds like epigallocatechin gallate. This study demonstrates this effect for other structurally unrelated phenolics, namely octyl gallate, scutellarein and wedelolactone. To verify whether these structurally different compounds influence identical pathways of biofilm formation in E. coli a broad comparative RNA-sequencing approach was chosen with additional RT-qPCR to gain initial insights into the pathways affected at the transcriptomic level. Bioinformatical analysis of the RNA-Seq data was performed using DESeq2, BioCyc and KEGG Mapper. The comparative bioinformatics analysis on the pathways revealed that, irrespective of their structure, all compounds mainly influenced similar biological processes. These pathways included bacterial motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation as well as metabolic processes like arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overall, this work provides the first insights into the potential mechanisms of action of novel phenolic biofilm inhibitors and highlights the complex regulatory processes of biofilm formation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buchmann
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Schwabe
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Romano Weiss
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Rödiger
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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14
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Rohatgi A, Gupta P. Benzoic acid derivatives as potent antibiofilm agents against Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:190-197. [PMID: 37479559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for a significant proportion of human urinary tract infections, and its biofilm is a major virulence. One potential approach to controlling biofilm-associated infections is targeting the adhesin MrkD1P to disrupt biofilm formation. We employed Schrodinger's Maestro tool with the OPLS 2005 force field to dock compounds with the target protein. Two benzoic acid derivatives, 3-hydroxy benzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, had strong binding free energies (-55.57 and -18.68 kcal/mol) and were the most potent compounds. The in-vitro experiments were conducted to validate the in-silico results. The results showed that both compounds effectively inhibited biofilm formation at low concentrations (4 and 8 mg/mL, respectively) and had antibiofilm activity, restricting cell attachment. Both compounds demonstrated a strong biofilm inhibitory effect, with 97% and 89% reduction in biofilm by 3-hydroxy benzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. These findings suggest that natural compounds can be a potential source of new drugs to combat biofilm-associated infections. The study highlights the potential of targeting adhesin MrkD1P as an effective approach to controlling biofilm-associated infections caused by K. pneumoniae. The results may have implications for the development of new therapies for biofilm-associated infections and pave the way for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Rohatgi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India.
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15
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Elius M, Boyle K, Chang WS, Moisander PH, Ling H. Comparison of three-dimensional motion of bacteria with and without wall accumulation. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:014409. [PMID: 37583224 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.014409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of the movement characteristics between bacteria with and without wall accumulation could potentially elucidate the mechanisms of biofilm formation. However, authors of previous studies have mostly focused on the motion of bacteria that exhibit wall accumulation. Here, we applied digital holographic microscopy to compare the three-dimensional (3D) motions of two bacterial strains (Shewanella japonica UMDC19 and Shewanella sp. UMDC1): one exhibiting higher concentrations near the solid surfaces, and the other showing similar concentrations in near-wall and bulk regions. We found that the movement characteristics of the two strains are similar in the near-wall region but are distinct in the bulk region. Near the wall, both strains have small velocities and mostly perform subdiffusive motions. In the bulk, however, the bacteria exhibiting wall accumulation have significantly higher motility (including faster swimming speeds and longer movement trajectories) than the one showing no wall accumulation. Furthermore, we found that bacteria exhibiting wall accumulation slowly migrate from the bulk region to the near-wall region, and the hydrodynamic effect alone is insufficient to generate this migration speed. Future studies are required to test if the current findings apply to other bacterial species and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Elius
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
| | - Kenneth Boyle
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
| | - Wei-Shun Chang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
| | - Pia H Moisander
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
| | - Hangjian Ling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
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16
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Extracellular matrix affects mature biofilm and stress resistance of psychrotrophic spoilage Pseudomonas at cold temperature. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104214. [PMID: 36906314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas as the dominant spoilage bacteria, have biofilm forming ability, increasing persistence and contamination in the chilled food. Biofilm formation of spoilage Pseudomonas at cold temperature was documented, however, role of extracellular matrix in mature biofilm and stress resistance of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas are much less abundant. The aim of this study was to investigate the biofilm forming characteristics of three spoilers P. fluorescens PF07, P. lundensis PL28, and P. psychrophile PP26 at 25 °C, 15 °C and 4 °C, and to explore their stress resistance to chemical and thermal treatments of mature biofilms. The results showed that biofilm biomass of three Pseudomonas at 4 °C was significantly higher than that at 15 °C and 25 °C. The secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) greatly increased in those Pseudomonas under low temperature, of which extracellular protein constituted about 71.03%-77.44%. Compared to 25 °C, the mature biofilms were observed to more aggregation and thicker spatial structure at 4 °C ranging from 42.7 to 54.6 μm, in contrast to 25.0-29.8 μm at 25 °C, especially strain PF07. These Pseudomonas biofilms switched into moderate hydrophobicity, and their swarming and swimming were significantly inhibited at low temperature. Furthermore, the resistance to NaClO and heating at 65 °C apparently enhanced for mature biofilm formed at 4 °C, indicating the difference in EPS matrix production influenced the stress resistance of biofilm. In addition, three strains contained alg and psl operons for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and biofilm related genes of algK, pslA, rpoS, and luxR were significantly up-regulated, while flgA gene was down-regulated at 4 °C compared to 25 °C, consistent with the above phenotype changes. Thus, the dramatic increase of mature biofilm and their stress resistance in psychrotrophic Pseudomonas were associated with large secretion and protection of extracellular matrix under low temperature, which provide a theoretical basis for subsequent biofilm control during cold chain.
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17
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Martínez A, Stashenko EE, Sáez RT, Zafra G, Ortiz C. Effect of Essential Oil from Lippia origanoides on the Transcriptional Expression of Genes Related to Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050845. [PMID: 37237748 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections resistant to conventional antibiotics constitute one of the most important causes of mortality in the world. In some bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens, biofilm formation can favor their antimicrobial resistance. These biofilm-forming bacteria produce a compact and protective matrix, allowing their adherence and colonization to different surfaces, and contributing to resistance, recurrence, and chronicity of the infections. Therefore, different therapeutic alternatives have been investigated to interrupt both cellular communication routes and biofilm formation. Among these, essential oils (EO) from Lippia origanoides thymol-carvacrol II chemotype (LOTC II) plants have demonstrated biological activity against different biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. In this work, we determined the effect of LOTC II EO on the expression of genes associated with quorum sensing (QS) communication, biofilm formation, and virulence of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213. This EO was found to have high efficacy against biofilm formation, decreasing-by negative regulation-the expression of genes involved in motility (fimH), adherence and cellular aggregation (csgD), and exopolysaccharide production (pgaC) in E. coli. In addition, this effect was also determined in S. aureus where the L. origanoides EO diminished the expression of genes involved in QS communication (agrA), production of exopolysaccharides by PIA/PNG (icaA), synthesis of alpha hemolysin (hla), transcriptional regulators of the production of extracellular toxins (RNA III), QS and biofilm formation transcriptional regulators (sarA) and global regulators of biofilm formation (rbf and aur). Positive regulation was observed on the expression of genes encoding inhibitors of biofilm formation (e.g., sdiA and ariR). These findings suggest that LOTCII EO can affect biological pathways associated with QS communication, biofilm formation, and virulence of E. coli and S. aureus at subinhibitory concentrations and could be a promising candidate as a natural antibacterial alternative to conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Escuela de Química, Centro de Cromatografía y Espectrometría de Masas (CROM-MASS), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Torres Sáez
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - German Zafra
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Claudia Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
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18
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Gonçalves ASC, Leitão MM, Simões M, Borges A. The action of phytochemicals in biofilm control. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:595-627. [PMID: 36537821 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2021Antimicrobial resistance is now rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world, threatening the treatment of an ever-increasing range of infectious diseases. This has becoming a serious public health problem, especially due to the emergence of multidrug-resistance among clinically important bacterial species and their ability to form biofilms. In addition, current anti-infective therapies have low efficacy in the treatment of biofilm-related infections, leading to recurrence, chronicity, and increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to search for innovative strategies/antibacterial agents capable of overcoming the limitations of conventional antibiotics. Natural compounds, in particular those obtained from plants, have been exhibiting promising properties in this field. Plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) can act as antibiofilm agents through different mechanisms of action from the available antibiotics (inhibition of quorum-sensing, motility, adhesion, and reactive oxygen species production, among others). The combination of different phytochemicals and antibiotics have revealed synergistic or additive effects in biofilm control. This review aims to bring together the most relevant reports on the antibiofilm properties of phytochemicals, as well as insights into their structure and mechanistic action against bacterial pathogens, spanning December 2008 to December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana S C Gonçalves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Leitão
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Liu L, Law COK, Nie Q, Pham HQ, Ma H, Zhang L, Ho PL, Lau TCK. Comparative analysis of outer membrane vesicles from uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveal the role of aromatic amino acids synthesis proteins in motility. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151573. [PMID: 36634604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are causative agent that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the recent emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) of UPEC increases the burden on the community. Recent studies of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) identified various factors including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules which provided inter-cellular communication within the bacterial population. However, the components of UPEC-specific OMVs and their functional role remain unclear. Here, we systematically determined the proteomes of UPEC-OMVs and identified the specific components that provide functions to the recipient bacteria. Based on the functional network of OMVs' proteomes, a group of signaling peptides was found in all OMVs which provide communication among bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrated that treatment with UPEC-OMVs affected the motility and biofilm formation of the recipient bacteria, and further identified aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis proteins as the key factors to provide their movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiangZhe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China; Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carmen Oi Kwan Law
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qichang Nie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hoa Quynh Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pak Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Terrence Chi-Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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20
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Onodera H, Niwa T, Taguchi H, Chadani Y. Prophage excision switches the primary ribosome rescue pathway and rescue-associated gene regulations in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:44-58. [PMID: 36471624 PMCID: PMC10107115 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has multiple pathways to release nonproductive ribosome complexes stalled at the 3' end of nonstop mRNA: tmRNA (SsrA RNA)-mediated trans-translation and stop codon-independent termination by ArfA/RF2 or ArfB (YaeJ). The arfA mRNA lacks a stop codon and its expression is repressed by trans-translation. Therefore, ArfA is considered to complement the ribosome rescue activity of trans-translation, but the physiological situations in which ArfA is expressed have not been elucidated. Here, we found that the excision of CP4-57 prophage adjacent to E. coli ssrA leads to the inactivation of tmRNA and switches the primary rescue pathway from trans-translation to ArfA/RF2. This "rescue-switching" rearranges not only the proteome landscape in E. coli but also the phenotype such as motility. Furthermore, among the proteins with significantly increased abundance in the ArfA+ cells, we found ZntR, whose mRNA is transcribed together as the upstream part of nonstop arfA mRNA. Repression of ZntR and reconstituted model genes depends on the translation of the downstream nonstop ORFs that trigger the trans-translation-coupled exonucleolytic degradation by polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). Namely, our studies provide a novel example of trans-translation-dependent regulation and re-define the physiological roles of prophage excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Onodera
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niwa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Taguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuhei Chadani
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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21
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Yang D, Zhao L, Li Q, Huang L, Qin Y, Wang P, Zhu C, Yan Q. flgC gene is involved in the virulence regulation of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and affects the immune response of Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108512. [PMID: 36587883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a pathogen of cultured teleosts, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida has caused significant economic losses. flgC plays an important role in encoding flagellar basal-body rod proteins. Our previous studies revealed the high expression of P. plecoglossicida flgC in infected Epinephelus coioides. To explore the role of flgC in the virulence of P. plecoglossicida and the immune response of E. coioides to the infection of P. plecoglossicida, flgC gene of P. plecoglossicida was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the flgC gene in all four mutants of P. plecoglossicida was significantly knocked down, and the mutant with the best knockdown efficiency of 94.3% was selected for subsequent studies. Compared with the NZBD9 strain of P. plecoglossicida, the flgC-RNAi strain showed a significantly decrease in chemotaxis, motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, compared with the E. coioides infected with the NZBD9 strain, the infection of flgC-RNAi strain resulted in the infected E. coioides a 1.5-day delay in the time of first death and an 80% increase in survival rate, far fewer white nodules upon the spleen surfaces, and lower pathogen load in the spleens. RNAi of flgC significantly influenced the metabolome and transcriptome of the spleen in infected E. coioides. KEGG enrichment analysis exhibited that the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway was the most enriched immune pathway; the most significantly enriched metabolic pathways were associated with Linoleic acid metabolism, Choline metabolism in cancer, and Glycerophospholipid metabolism. Further combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated significant correlations among pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, lysosome metabolites, and related genes. These results suggested that flgC was a pathogenic gene of P. plecoglossicida; flgC was associated with the regulation of chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation, and adhesion; flgC influenced the immune response of E. coioides to the infection of P. plecoglossicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Yang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qi Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Functional Feed and Environmental Regulation of Fujian Province, Fujian Dabeinong Aquatic Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363503, China
| | - Chuanzhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Functional Feed and Environmental Regulation of Fujian Province, Fujian Dabeinong Aquatic Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363503, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
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22
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Identification of novel genes involved in the biofilm formation process of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279206. [PMID: 36534660 PMCID: PMC9762606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the etiological agent of avian colibacillosis, a leading cause of economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. APEC causes disease using a diverse repertoire of virulence factors and has the ability to form biofilms, which contributes to the survival and persistence of APEC in harsh environments. The objective of this study was to identify genes most widespread and important in APEC that contribute to APEC biofilm formation. Using the characterized APEC O18 as the template strain, a total of 15,660 mutants were randomly generated using signature tagged mutagenesis and evaluated for decreased biofilm formation ability using the crystal violet assay. Biofilm deficient mutants were sequenced, and a total of 547 putative biofilm formation genes were identified. Thirty of these genes were analyzed by PCR for prevalence among 109 APEC isolates and 104 avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) isolates, resulting in nine genes with significantly greater prevalence in APEC than AFEC. The expression of these genes was evaluated in the wild-type APEC O18 strain using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in both the exponential growth phase and the mature biofilm phase. To investigate the role of these genes in biofilm formation, isogenic mutants were constructed and evaluated for their biofilm production and planktonic growth abilities. Four of the mutants (rfaY, rfaI, and two uncharacterized genes) displayed significantly decreased biofilm formation, and of those four, one (rfaI) displayed significantly decreased growth compared to the wild type. Overall, this study identified novel genes that may be important in APEC and its biofilm formation. The data generated from this study will benefit further investigation into the mechanisms of APEC biofilm formation.
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23
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Weng X, Mao Z, Fu HM, Chen YP, Guo JS, Fang F, Xu XW, Yan P. Biofilm formation during wastewater treatment: Motility and physiological response of aerobic denitrifying bacteria under ammonia stress based on surface plasmon resonance imaging. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127712. [PMID: 35908635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial image analysis system based on surface plasmon resonance imaging was established to investigate the effect of bacterial motility on biofilm formation under high ammonia nitrogen at the single-cell level. The results showed that the bacterial mean rotation speed and vertical motility distance decreased with the increasing concentration of ammonia nitrogen. Ammonia nitrogen inhibited the metabolic activity of the bacteria, decreasing bacterial motility. Bacterial motility was negatively correlated with the biofilm-formation ability. The biofilm formation ability of Enterobacter cloacae strain HNR exposed to ammonia nitrogen was enhanced by reducing its movement and promoting EPS secretion. Genes related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated, indicating inhibition of microbial energy metabolism. Genes related to bacterial secretion and lipopolysaccharide synthesis were up-regulated, facilitating the formation of biofilms and enabling the bacteria to resist ammonia nitrogen stress. This study provides new insights into the biofilm formation under ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Weng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zheng Mao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hui-Min Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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24
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Ordek A, Gordesli-Duatepe FP. Impact of sodium nitroprusside concentration added to batch cultures of Escherichia coli biofilms on the c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion of biofilm-dispersed cells. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:796-813. [PMID: 36229918 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2131399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm dispersion can be triggered by the application of dispersing agents such as nitric oxide (NO)-donors, resulting in the release of biofilm-dispersed cells into the environment. In this work, biofilm-dispersed cells were obtained by adding different concentrations of NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (0.5, 5, 50 µM, and 2.5 mM of SNP) to batch cultures of pre-formed Escherichia coli biofilms. Except for those dispersed by 5 µM of SNP, biofilm-dispersed cells were found to be wider and longer than the planktonic cells and to have higher c-di-GMP levels and greater adhesion forces to silicon nitride surfaces in water as measured by atomic force microscope. Consequently, the optimum concentration of SNP to disperse E. coli biofilms was found to be 5 µM of SNP, whose addition to batch cultures resulted in a significant biofilm dispersion and the dispersed cells having c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion strengths similar to their planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ordek
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Graduate School, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - F Pinar Gordesli-Duatepe
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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25
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Chalke S, Vidovic S, Fletcher GC, Palmer J, Flint S. Differential effects of magnesium, calcium, and sodium on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:786-795. [PMID: 36210503 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2131398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive foodborne pathogen that causes outbreaks of listeriosis associated with a diverse range of foods. L. monocytogenes forms biofilms as a strategy to enhance its survival in the environment. These biofilms then provide a source of contamination in processing plant environments. Cations like magnesium, calcium, and sodium are commonly found in the environment and are important to bacteria to maintain their homeostasis. It is, therefore, valuable to understand the relationship between these cations and biofilm formation. In this study, four isolates of L. monocytogenes from seafood processing environments were used to investigate the influence of magnesium, calcium, and sodium (1, 10, and 50 mM) on biofilms. The isolates selected were defined as being either a low biofilm former, a high biofilm former, an outbreak isolate, and a persistent isolate from the seafood industry. The study showed that the divalent cations magnesium and calcium increased biofilm formation compared with the monovalent cation, sodium. Fifty mM concentrations of the divalent cations significantly enhanced biofilm formation. The cations did not have a significant effect on the initial stages of biofilm formation but appeared to influence the later stages of biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saili Chalke
- Food Safety and Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sinisa Vidovic
- Food Safety and Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- Food Safety and Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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26
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Novel Antibiofilm Inhibitor Ginkgetin as an Antibacterial Synergist against Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158809. [PMID: 35955943 PMCID: PMC9369100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic pathogen, Escherichia coli (E. coli) forms biofilm that increases the virulence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. Recently, ginkgetin (Gin) has been discovered to have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. In the present study, we evaluated the antibiofilm and antibacterial synergist of Gin against E. coli. Additionally, Alamar Blue assay combined with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and crystal violet (CV) staining was used to evaluate the effect of antibiofilm and antibacterial synergist against E. coli. Results showed that Gin reduces biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and motility against E. coli without limiting its growth and metabolic activity. Furthermore, we identified the inhibitory effect of Gin on AI-2 signaling molecule production, which showed apparent anti-quorum sensing (QS) properties. The qRT-PCR also indicated that Gin reduced the transcription of curli-related genes (csgA, csgD), flagella-formation genes (flhC, flhD, fliC, fliM), and QS-related genes (luxS, lsrB, lsrK, lsrR). Moreover, Gin showed obvious antibacterial synergism to overcome antibiotic resistance in E. coli with marketed antibiotics, including gentamicin, colistin B, and colistin E. These results suggested the potent antibiofilm and novel antibacterial synergist effect of Gin for treating E. coli infections.
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27
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Benyoussef W, Deforet M, Monmeyran A, Henry N. Flagellar Motility During E. coli Biofilm Formation Provides a Competitive Disadvantage Which Recedes in the Presence of Co-Colonizers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:896898. [PMID: 35880077 PMCID: PMC9307998 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.896898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria form biofilms in very diverse environments, involving a range of specific properties and exhibiting competitive advantages for surface colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms are difficult to decipher. In particular, the contribution of cell flagellar motility to biofilm formation remains unclear. Here, we examined the ability of motile and nonmotile E. coli cells to form a biofilm in a well-controlled geometry, both in a simple situation involving a single-species biofilm and in the presence of co-colonizers. Using a millifluidic channel, we determined that motile cells have a clear disadvantage in forming a biofilm, exhibiting a long delay as compared to nonmotile cells. By monitoring biofilm development in real time, we observed that the decisive impact of flagellar motility on biofilm formation consists in the alteration of surface access time potentially highly dependent on the geometry of the environment to be colonized. We also report that the difference between motile and nonmotile cells in the ability to form a biofilm diminishes in the presence of co-colonizers, which could be due to motility inhibition through the consumption of key resources by the co-colonizers. We conclude that the impact of flagellar motility on surface colonization closely depends on the environment properties and the population features, suggesting a unifying vision of the role of cell motility in surface colonization and biofilm formation.
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28
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The coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus kills non-pathogenic holobiont competitors by triggering prophage induction. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1132-1144. [PMID: 35773344 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The coral reef microbiome is central to reef health and resilience. Competitive interactions between opportunistic coral pathogens and other commensal microbes affect the health of coral. Despite great advances over the years in sequencing-based microbial profiling of healthy and diseased coral, the molecular mechanism underlying colonization competition has been much less explored. In this study, by examining the culturable bacteria inhabiting the gastric cavity of healthy Galaxea fascicularis, a scleractinian coral, we found that temperate phages played a major role in mediating colonization competition in the coral microbiota. Specifically, the non-toxigenic Vibrio sp. inhabiting the healthy coral had a much higher colonization capacity than the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus, yet this advantage was diminished by the latter killing the former. Pathogen-encoded LodAB, which produces hydrogen peroxide, triggers the lytic cycle of prophage in the non-toxicogenic Vibrio sp. Importantly, V. coralliilyticus could outcompete other coral symbiotic bacteria (for example, Endozoicomonas sp.) through LodAB-dependent prophage induction. Overall, we reveal that LodAB can be used by pathogens as an important weapon to gain a competitive advantage over lysogenic competitors when colonizing corals.
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29
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Salazar-Sánchez A, Baztarrika I, Alonso R, Fernández-Astorga A, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I. Arcobacter butzleri Biofilms: Insights into the Genes Beneath Their Formation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1280. [PMID: 35888999 PMCID: PMC9324650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri, the most prevalent species of the genus, has the demonstrated ability to adhere to various surfaces through biofilm production. The biofilm formation capability has been related to the expression of certain genes, which have not been characterized in A. butzleri. In order to increase the knowledge of this foodborne pathogen, the aim of this study was to assess the role of six biofilm-associated genes in campylobacteria (flaA, flaB, fliS, luxS, pta and spoT) in the biofilm formation ability of A. butzleri. Knockout mutants were constructed from different foodborne isolates, and static biofilm assays were conducted on polystyrene (PS), reinforced glass and stainless steel. Additionally, motility and Congo red binding assays were performed. In general, mutants in flaAB, fliS and luxS showed a decrease in the biofilm production irrespective of the surface; mutants in spoT showed an increase on stainless steel, and mutants in pta and spoT showed a decrease on reinforced glass but an increase on PS. Our work sheds light on the biofilm-related pathogenesis of A. butzleri, although future studies are necessary to achieve a satisfactory objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Salazar-Sánchez
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
| | - Itsaso Baztarrika
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Aurora Fernández-Astorga
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
| | - Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (I.B.); (R.A.); (A.F.-A.); (I.M.-B.)
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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30
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Yan J, Yang Z, Xie J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shewanella putrefaciens WS13 Biofilms Under Cold Stress. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:851521. [PMID: 35811677 PMCID: PMC9257041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.851521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause seafood spoilage under low-temperature conditions. The bacterium easily forms biofilms to enhance its survival in challenging environments. Our previous research revealed that the biofilm formed by S. putrefaciens WS13 under the low temperature (4 °C) has larger biomass and tighter structure than at an optimum growth temperature (30 °C). In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis was further performed to get insights into the global-level of gene expression in the biofilm formed by S. putrefaciens WS13 under the refrigerating and optimal temperatures using Illumina RNA-Sequencing technique. The results revealed that a total of 761 genes were differentially expressed, of which 497 were significantly up-regulated and 264 were significantly down-regulated (p<0.05). The qRT-PCR results of randomly selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) confirmed the RNA sequencing results. Comparison of transcriptome data revealed 28 significantly changed metabolic pathways under the cold stress, including the down-regulated chemotaxis, and motility, and up-regulated tryptophan metabolism, histidine biosynthesis, and quorum sensing, which benefited the biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens WS13 under the adverse circumstance. This study provided useful data for better understanding of the biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens, and also laid a theoretical foundation for novel vaccine and drug targets against the severe spoilage bacterium under the cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Aquatic Products in Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Aquatic Products in Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Xie,
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31
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Identification of novel biofilm genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli by Tn5 transposon mutant library. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:130. [PMID: 35688968 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the main pathogens that inflict the poultry industry. Biofilm as the pathogenic factors of APEC, which can enhance the anti-host immune system of APEC and improve its survival in the environment. In order to screen for new genes related to APEC biofilm. The APEC strain APEC81 was used to construct a mutant library by Tn5 insertion mutagenesis. Moreover the 28 mutant strains with severely weakened biofilm were successfully screened from 1500 mutant strains by crystal violet staining, in which 17 genes were obtained by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. The reported genes include 3 flagella genes (fliS, fliD, and fliR), 4 curli fimbriae genes (csgD, csgA, csgF, and csgG) and 3 type 1 fimbriae genes (fimA, fimD, and fimC). The novel genes include 3 coenzyme genes (gltA, bglX, and mltF) and 4 putative protein genes (yehE, 07045, 11735, 11255). To investigate whether these 17 genes co-regulate the biofilm, the 17 identified genes were deleted from APEC strain APEC81. The results showed that except for the 11735 and 11255 genes, the deletion of 15 genes significantly reduced the biofilm formation ability of APEC81 (P < 0.05). The result of rdar (red, dry and rough) colony morphology showed that curli fimbriae genes (csgD, csgA, csgF, and csgG) and other functional genes (fimC, glxK, yehE, 07045, and 11255) affected the colony morphology. In particular, the hypothetical protein YehE had the greatest influence on the biofilm. It was predicted to have the same structure as the type 1 fimbria protein. When yehE was deleted, the fimE transcription was up-regulated, and the fimA and fimB transcription were down-regulated, resulting in a decrease in type 1 fimbriae. Hence, the yehE mutant significantly reduced the biofilm and the adhesion and invasion ability to cells (P < 0.05). This study identified 5 novel genes (gltA, bglX, mltF, yehE, and 07045) related to biofilm formation and confirmed that yehE affects biofilm formation by type 1 fimbriae, which will benefit further study of the mechanism of biofilm regulation in APEC.
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Pitruzzello G, Baumann CG, Johnson S, Krauss TF. Single‐Cell Motility Rapidly Quantifying Heteroresistance in Populations of
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhimurium. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering University of York York YO10 5DD UK
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Nagy K, Dukic B, Hodula O, Ábrahám Á, Csákvári E, Dér L, Wetherington MT, Noorlag J, Keymer JE, Galajda P. Emergence of Resistant Escherichia coli Mutants in Microfluidic On-Chip Antibiotic Gradients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:820738. [PMID: 35391738 PMCID: PMC8981919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.820738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal structures and heterogeneities are common in natural habitats, yet their role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance is still to be uncovered. We applied a microfluidic gradient generator device to study the emergence of resistant bacteria in spatial ciprofloxacin gradients. We observed biofilm formation in regions with sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, which quickly expanded into the high antibiotic regions. In the absence of an explicit structure of the habitat, this multicellular formation led to a spatial structure of the population with local competition and limited migration. Therefore, such structures can function as amplifiers of selection and aid the spread of beneficial mutations. We found that the physical environment itself induces stress-related mutations that later prove beneficial when cells are exposed to antibiotics. This shift in function suggests that exaptation occurs in such experimental scenarios. The above two processes pave the way for the subsequent emergence of highly resistant specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Krisztina Nagy,
| | - Barbara Dukic
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Hodula
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Ábrahám
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csákvári
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Janneke Noorlag
- Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Juan E. Keymer
- Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Péter Galajda
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Péter Galajda,
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Ramírez-Larrota JS, Eckhard U. An Introduction to Bacterial Biofilms and Their Proteases, and Their Roles in Host Infection and Immune Evasion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:306. [PMID: 35204806 PMCID: PMC8869686 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent multicellular communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, conveying increased resistance against environmental stress factors but also antibiotics. They are shaped by secreted enzymes such as proteases, which can aid pathogenicity by degrading host proteins of the connective tissue or the immune system. Importantly, both secreted proteases and the capability of biofilm formation are considered key virulence factors. In this review, we focus on the basic aspects of proteolysis and protein secretion, and highlight various secreted bacterial proteases involved in biofilm establishment and dispersal, and how they aid bacteria in immune evasion by degrading immunoglobulins and components of the complement system. Thus, secreted proteases represent not only prominent antimicrobial targets but also enzymes that can be used for dedicated applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, including their use as laundry detergents, in mass spectrometry for the glycoprofiling of antibodies, and the desensitization of donor organs intended for positive crossmatch patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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35
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Smakman F, Hall AR. Exposure to lysed bacteria can promote or inhibit growth of neighbouring live bacteria depending on local abiotic conditions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6524834. [PMID: 35138381 PMCID: PMC8902688 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial death is extremely common in nature, yet the ecological role of dead bacteria is unclear. Dead cells are assumed to provide nutrients to surrounding microbes, but may also affect them in other ways. We found adding lysate prepared from dead bacteria to cultures of E. coli in nutrient-rich conditions suppressed their final population density. This is in stark contrast with the notion that the primary role of dead cells is nutritional, although we also observed this type of effect when we added dead bacteria to cultures that were not supplied with other nutrients. We only observed the growth-suppressive effect of our dead-bacteria treatment after they had undergone significant lysis, suggesting a key role for cellular contents released during lysis. Transcriptomic analysis indicated changes in gene expression in response to dead cells in growing populations, particularly in genes involved in motility. This was supported by experiments with genetic knockouts and copy-number manipulation. Because lysis is commonplace in natural and clinical settings, the growth-suppressive effect of dead cells we describe here may be a widespread and previously unrecognized constraint on bacterial population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokko Smakman
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alex R Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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36
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Duggal Y, Kurasz JE, Fontaine BM, Marotta NJ, Chauhan SS, Karls AC, Weinert EE. Cellular Effects of 2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0020821. [PMID: 34662237 PMCID: PMC8765455 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00208-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal adaptations to environmental stimuli are governed by intracellular signaling molecules such as nucleotide second messengers. Recent studies have identified functional roles for the noncanonical 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (2',3'-cNMPs) in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In Escherichia coli, 2',3'-cNMPs are produced by RNase I-catalyzed RNA degradation, and these cyclic nucleotides modulate biofilm formation through unknown mechanisms. The present work dissects cellular processes in E. coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that are modulated by 2',3'-cNMPs through the development of cell-permeable 2',3'-cNMP analogs and a 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Utilization of these chemical and enzymatic tools, in conjunction with phenotypic and transcriptomic investigations, identified pathways regulated by 2',3'-cNMPs, including flagellar motility and biofilm formation, and by oligoribonucleotides with 3'-terminal 2',3'-cyclic phosphates, including responses to cellular stress. Furthermore, interrogation of metabolomic and organismal databases has identified 2',3'-cNMPs in numerous organisms and homologs of the E. coli metabolic proteins that are involved in key eukaryotic pathways. Thus, the present work provides key insights into the roles of these understudied facets of nucleotide metabolism and signaling in prokaryotic physiology and suggest broad roles for 2',3'-cNMPs among bacteria and eukaryotes. IMPORTANCE Bacteria adapt to environmental challenges by producing intracellular signaling molecules that control downstream pathways and alter cellular processes for survival. Nucleotide second messengers serve to transduce extracellular signals and regulate a wide array of intracellular pathways. Recently, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (2',3'-cNMPs) were identified as contributing to the regulation of cellular pathways in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, we define previously unknown cell processes that are affected by fluctuating 2',3'-cNMP levels or RNA oligomers with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini in E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, providing a framework for studying novel signaling networks in prokaryotes. Furthermore, we utilize metabolomics databases to identify additional prokaryotic and eukaryotic species that generate 2',3'-cNMPs as a resource for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashasvika Duggal
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Nick J. Marotta
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shikha S. Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna C. Karls
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily E. Weinert
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Afonso AC, Sousa M, Simões LC, Simões M. Phytochemicals Against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms and Use of Green Extraction Solvents to Increase Their Bioactivity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Cao Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Liu F, Xiao X, Li X, Yu Y. Evaluation of Cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation after sdiA knockout in different osmotic pressure conditions. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110886. [PMID: 34980413 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes the impact of sdiA on biofilm formation under normal or osmotic stress conditions in Cronobacter sakazakii by constructing a sdiA deletion mutant (ΔsdiA). Here, the downregulation of flagellar assembly-related genes and upregulation of capsular, cellulose and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis-associated genes in ΔsdiA were observed when compared to the wild type strain (WT) through transcriptomic analysis. Meanwhile, reduced ability of motility, enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity and stronger biofilms with extracellular matrix were observed in WT with deletion of sdiA. Both WT and ΔsdiA formed more biofilm in low osmotic stress medium, while in hyperosmolarity conditions, formation of biofilm was dramatically reduced. Our findings supported that sdiA might suppress biofilm formation of C. sakazakii by regulating biosynthesis of flagellar and extracellular polymeric substances. This study investigates the role of sdiA on biofilm formation in C. sakazakii, and provides the basis for the inhibition of C. sakazakii in food industry and infant-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
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Probiotics as Therapeutic Tools against Pathogenic Biofilms: Have We Found the Perfect Weapon? MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial populations inhabiting a variety of natural and human-associated niches have the ability to grow in the form of biofilms. A large part of pathological chronic conditions, and essentially all the bacterial infections associated with implanted medical devices or prosthetics, are caused by microorganisms embedded in a matrix made of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biofilm infections are generally characterized by a slow onset, mild symptoms, tendency to chronicity, and refractory response to antibiotic therapy. Even though the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defenses have been deeply clarified, effective means to fight biofilms are still required. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), used as probiotics, are emerging as powerful weapons to prevent adhesion, biofilm formation, and control overgrowth of pathogens. Hence, using probiotics or their metabolites to quench and interrupt bacterial communication and aggregation, and to interfere with biofilm formation and stability, might represent a new frontier in clinical microbiology and a valid alternative to antibiotic therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the experimental and therapeutic applications of LAB to interfere with biofilm formation or disrupt the stability of pathogenic biofilms.
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40
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New insights into the formation and recovery of sublethally injured Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced by lactic acid. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103918. [PMID: 34809944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 can be injured by the action of lactic acid (LA) and injured cells can be recovered under suitable condition. In this study, RNA sequencing analysis revealed the overall genes change of sublethally injured (4 mM LA, 60 min; SI) and initial recovered (minA, 20 min; R) cells. Compared with untreated samples, 53 up-regulated and 98 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs; Padj < 0.05, change fold ≥2) were found in SI. Meanwhile, Genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolic were up-regulated and the addition of carbohydrate increased cells resistance to LA. Genes involved in osmotic stress response and cell membrane integrity were down-regulated and E. coli O157:H7 cells were sensitive to osmotic stress during sublethal injury. Genes related to iron stress response and cation transport were changed and cation may affect sublethal injury formation by influencing production of ROS and cellular processes. In R, 1370 up-regulated and 1110 down-regulated DEGs were subdivided into various GO terms and membrane, biological adhesion, cell projection, oxidation-reduction process and catalytic activity, etc., showed significant enrichment (corrected P < 0.05). Particularly, genes related to fimbrial, flagellum and type III secretion system were up-regulated, which may improve infection ability and virulence property during recovery of injured cells. These findings provide novel insights into formation and recovery of sublethally injured E. coli O157:H7 induced by LA.
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41
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Colin R, Ni B, Laganenka L, Sourjik V. Multiple functions of flagellar motility and chemotaxis in bacterial physiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab038. [PMID: 34227665 PMCID: PMC8632791 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most swimming bacteria are capable of following gradients of nutrients, signaling molecules and other environmental factors that affect bacterial physiology. This tactic behavior became one of the most-studied model systems for signal transduction and quantitative biology, and underlying molecular mechanisms are well characterized in Escherichia coli and several other model bacteria. In this review, we focus primarily on less understood aspect of bacterial chemotaxis, namely its physiological relevance for individual bacterial cells and for bacterial populations. As evident from multiple recent studies, even for the same bacterial species flagellar motility and chemotaxis might serve multiple roles, depending on the physiological and environmental conditions. Among these, finding sources of nutrients and more generally locating niches that are optimal for growth appear to be one of the major functions of bacterial chemotaxis, which could explain many chemoeffector preferences as well as flagellar gene regulation. Chemotaxis might also generally enhance efficiency of environmental colonization by motile bacteria, which involves intricate interplay between individual and collective behaviors and trade-offs between growth and motility. Finally, motility and chemotaxis play multiple roles in collective behaviors of bacteria including swarming, biofilm formation and autoaggregation, as well as in their interactions with animal and plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Colin
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology & Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, Marburg D-35043, Germany
| | - Bin Ni
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology & Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, Marburg D-35043, Germany
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No. 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Leanid Laganenka
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Victor Sourjik
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology & Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, Marburg D-35043, Germany
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Holden ER, Yasir M, Turner AK, Wain J, Charles IG, Webber MA. Massively parallel transposon mutagenesis identifies temporally essential genes for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34783647 PMCID: PMC8743551 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms complete a life cycle where cells aggregate, grow and produce a structured community before dispersing to colonize new environments. Progression through this life cycle requires temporally controlled gene expression to maximize fitness at each stage. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genes essential for the formation of a mature biofilm; here, we present an insight into the genes involved at different stages of biofilm formation. We used TraDIS-Xpress, a massively parallel transposon mutagenesis approach using transposon-located promoters to assay the impact of disruption or altered expression of all genes in the genome on biofilm formation. We identified 48 genes that affected the fitness of cells growing in a biofilm, including genes with known roles and those not previously implicated in biofilm formation. Regulation of type 1 fimbriae and motility were important at all time points, adhesion and motility were important for the early biofilm, whereas matrix production and purine biosynthesis were only important as the biofilm matured. We found strong temporal contributions to biofilm fitness for some genes, including some where expression changed between being beneficial or detrimental depending on the stage at which they are expressed, including dksA and dsbA. Novel genes implicated in biofilm formation included zapE and truA involved in cell division, maoP in chromosome organization, and yigZ and ykgJ of unknown function. This work provides new insights into the requirements for successful biofilm formation through the biofilm life cycle and demonstrates the importance of understanding expression and fitness through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - A Keith Turner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - John Wain
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Sora VM, Meroni G, Martino PA, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Zecconi A. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111355. [PMID: 34832511 PMCID: PMC8618662 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health approach emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major concern both in public health and in food animal production systems. As a general classification, E. coli can be distinguished based on the ability to cause infection of the gastrointestinal system (IPEC) or outside of it (ExPEC). Among the different pathogens, E. coli are becoming of great importance, and it has been suggested that ExPEC may harbor resistance genes that may be transferred to pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. ExPEC strains are versatile bacteria that can cause urinary tract, bloodstream, prostate, and other infections at non-intestinal sites. In this context of rapidly increasing multidrug-resistance worldwide and a diminishingly effective antimicrobial arsenal to tackle resistant strains. ExPEC infections are now a serious public health threat worldwide. However, the clinical and economic impact of these infections and their optimal management are challenging, and consequently, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of ExPECs amongst healthcare professionals and the general public alike. This review aims to describe pathotype characteristics of ExPEC to increase our knowledge of these bacteria and, consequently, to increase our chances to control them and reduce the risk for AMR, following a One Health approach.
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Contributions of Escherichia coli and Its Motility to the Formation of Dual-Species Biofilms with Vibrio cholerae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0093821. [PMID: 34260307 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00938-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is important in both the environmental and intestinal phases of the Vibrio cholerae life cycle. Nevertheless, most studies of V. cholerae biofilm formation focus on monospecies cultures, whereas nearly all biofilm communities found in nature consist of a variety of microorganisms. Multispecies biofilms formed between V. cholerae and other bacteria in the environment and the interactions that exist between these species are still poorly understood. In this study, the influence of Escherichia coli on the biofilm formation of V. cholerae was studied in the context of both in vitro coculture and in vivo coinfection. To understand the underlying synergistic mechanisms between these two species and to investigate the role of E. coli in V. cholerae biofilm formation, different pathotypes of E. coli and corresponding deletion mutants lacking genes that influence flagellar motility, curli fibers, or type I pili were cocultured with V. cholerae. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of commensal E. coli increases biofilm formation at the air-liquid interface in vitro and the generation of biofilm-like multicellular clumps in mouse feces. Examination of laboratory E. coli flagellar-motility ΔfliC and ΔmotA mutants in dual-species biofilm formation suggests that flagellar motility plays an important role in the synergistic interaction and coaggregation formation between V. cholerae and E. coli. This study facilitates a better understanding of how V. cholerae resides in harsh environments and colonizes the intestine. IMPORTANCE Biofilms play an important role in the V. cholerae life cycle. Until now, only monospecies biofilm formation of V. cholerae has been well studied. However, in nature, bacteria live in complex microbial communities, where biofilm is mostly composed of multiple microbial species that interact to cooperate with or compete against each other. Uncovering how V. cholerae forms multispecies biofilms is critical for furthering our understanding of how V. cholerae survives in the environment and transitions to infecting the human host. In this work, the dual-species biofilm containing V. cholerae and Escherichia coli was investigated. We demonstrate that the presence of commensal E. coli increased overall biofilm formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the motility of E. coli flagella is important for V. cholerae and E. coli to form coaggregation clumps in a dual-species biofilm. These results shed light on a new mechanism for understanding the survival and pathogenesis of V. cholerae.
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Aditya V, Kotian A, Saikrishnan S, Rohit A, Mithoor D, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Effect of ciprofloxacin and in vitro gut conditions on biofilm of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental sources. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:964-977. [PMID: 34374176 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at characterizing the biofilm-forming ability of drug-resistant and sensitive Escherichia coli under in vitro gut conditions and in the presence of ciprofloxacin. METHODS AND RESULTS 153 E. coli isolates comprising 80 from clinical and 73 from environment source were studied for their ability to form biofilm under control and in vitro simulated gut conditions. The integrity of preformed biofilm on exposure to ciprofloxacin was assessed. Expression of biofilm-associated genes was analysed using qPCR. A high degree of resistance was observed in clinical isolates with a concomitant prevalence of blaTEM . Bile, pH and low temperature enabled the E. coli biofilm to resist the effect of ciprofloxacin. Clinical isolates of E. coli formed strong biofilms in in vitro gut conditions following exposure to high concentration of ciprofloxacin. The expression of biofilm genes varied between different gut conditions viz., presence of bile, pH and low temperature, included in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of papC and csgA for maintaining the biofilm integrity upon antibiotic exposure. Escherichia coli form biofilm as a survival strategy to adapt to the conditions in their environment irrespective of their drug resistance status. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides an understanding of the effect of different parameters of the gut conditions during infection and the effect of antibiotic on survival and biofilm-forming ability of clinical and environmental E. coli isolates. It further suggests that bacteria resort to biofilm formation as one of the mechanisms to adjust to alterations in gut conditions and once the biofilm is formed, it requires high concentration of ciprofloxacin to eradicate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankadari Aditya
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Akshatha Kotian
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sreya Saikrishnan
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Anusha Rohit
- Department of Microbiology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India
| | - Divyashree Mithoor
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
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Yu T, Ma M, Sun Y, Xu X, Qiu S, Yin J, Chen L. The effect of sublethal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system, biofilm formation and motility of Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 353:109313. [PMID: 34175578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli can survive improper disinfection processes, which is a potential source of contamination of food products. Benzalkonium chloride (BC) is a common disinfectant widely used in food industry. Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) plays a major role in food spoilage, biofilm formation and food-related pathogenesis. Understanding QS can help to control the growth of undesirable food-related bacteria. The LuxS/AI-2 QS system of E. coli has been confirmed to regulate many important phenotypes including biofilm formation and motility. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of BC on the LuxS/AI-2 system of E. coli isolates from retail meat samples, as well as bacterial biofilm formation and motility. Our results showed that sublethal concentrations of BC promoted AI-2 production in four test E. coli isolates. The results from microplate assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated that sublethal concentrations of BC enhanced biofilm formation of E. coli. When treated with sublethal concentrations of BC, exopolysaccharides (EPS) production during biofilm development increased significantly and swimming motility of tested isolates was also promoted. The expression levels of luxS, biofilm-associated genes and flagellar motility genes were increased by BC at sublethal concentrations. Our findings underline the importance of proper use of the disinfectant BC in food processing environments to control food contamination by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health Risk Warning of Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China
| | - Muyuan Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Yaxi Sun
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China
| | - Shuxing Qiu
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health Risk Warning of Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China
| | - Junlei Yin
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health Risk Warning of Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China
| | - Leishan Chen
- School of Life Sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453000, China.
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Onywera H, Anejo-Okopi J, Mwapagha LM, Okendo J, Williamson AL. Predictive functional analysis reveals inferred features unique to cervicovaginal microbiota of African women with bacterial vaginosis and high-risk human papillomavirus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253218. [PMID: 34143825 PMCID: PMC8213166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that Lactobacillus species may not necessarily be the sine qua non of healthy cervicovaginal microbiota (CVM), especially among reproductive-age African women. A majority of African women have high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominated CVM whose bacterial functions remain poorly characterized. Functional profiling of the CVM is vital for investigating human host-microbiota interactions in health and disease. Here, we investigated the functional potential of L. iners-dominated and high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominated CVM of 75 African women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Functional contents were predicted using PICRUSt. Microbial taxonomic diversity, BV, and HR-HPV infection statuses were correlated with the inferred functional composition of the CVM. Differentially abundant inferred functional categories were identified using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) (p-value <0.05 and logarithmic LDA score >2.0). Of the 75 women, 56 (74.7%), 35 (46.7%), and 29 (38.7%) had high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominated CVM, BV, and HR-HPV infection, respectively. Alpha diversity of the inferred functional contents (as measured by Shannon diversity index) was significantly higher in women with high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominated CVM and BV than their respective counterparts (H statistic ≥11.5, q-value <0.001). Ordination of the predicted functional metagenome content (using Bray-Curtis distances) showed that the samples segregated according to the extent of microbial taxonomic diversity and BV (pseudo-F statistic ≥19.6, q-value = 0.001) but not HR-HPV status (pseudo-F statistic = 1.7, q-value = 0.159). LEfSe analysis of the inferred functional categories revealed that transport systems (including ABC transporters) and transcription factors were enriched in high-diversity CVM. Interestingly, transcription factors and sporulation functional categories were uniquely associated with high-diversity CVM, BV, and HR-HPV infection. Our predictive functional analysis reveals features unique to high-diversity CVM, BV and HR-HPV infections. Such features may represent important biomarkers of BV and HR-HPV infection. Our findings require proof-of-concept functional studies to examine the relevance of these potential biomarkers in women's reproductive health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Research, Innovations, and Academics Unit, Tunacare Services Health Providers Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Anejo-Okopi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Lamech M. Mwapagha
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Javan Okendo
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences (CREATES), Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sulfate Import in Salmonella Typhimurium Impacts Bacterial Aggregation and the Respiratory Burst in Human Neutrophils. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00701-20. [PMID: 33820814 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00701-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During enteric salmonellosis, neutrophil-generated reactive oxygen species alter the gut microenvironment, favoring survival of Salmonella Typhimurium. While type 3 secretion system 1 (T3SS-1) and flagellar motility are potent Salmonella Typhimurium agonists of the neutrophil respiratory burst in vitro, neither of these pathways alone is responsible for stimulation of a maximal respiratory burst. To identify Salmonella Typhimurium genes that impact the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst, we performed a two-step screen of defined mutant libraries in coculture with human neutrophils. We first screened Salmonella Typhimurium mutants lacking defined genomic regions and then tested single-gene deletion mutants representing particular regions under selection. A subset of single-gene deletion mutants was selected for further investigation. Mutants in four genes, STM1696 (sapF), STM2201 (yeiE), STM2112 (wcaD), and STM2441 (cysA), induced an attenuated respiratory burst. We linked the altered respiratory burst to reduced T3SS-1 expression and/or altered flagellar motility for two mutants (ΔSTM1696 and ΔSTM2201). The ΔSTM2441 mutant, defective for sulfate transport, formed aggregates in minimal medium and adhered to surfaces in rich medium, suggesting a role for sulfur homeostasis in the regulation of aggregation/adherence. We linked the aggregation/adherence phenotype of the ΔSTM2441 mutant to biofilm-associated protein A and flagellins and hypothesize that aggregation caused the observed reduction in the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst. Our data demonstrate that Salmonella Typhimurium has numerous mechanisms to limit the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst. These data further inform our understanding of how Salmonella may alter human neutrophil antimicrobial defenses.
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Ray S, Da Costa R, Thakur S, Nandi D. Salmonella Typhimurium encoded cold shock protein E is essential for motility and biofilm formation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 166:460-473. [PMID: 32159509 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to form biofilms increases their survival under adverse environmental conditions. Biofilms have enormous medical and environmental impact; consequently, the factors that influence biofilm formation are an important area of study. In this investigation, the roles of two cold shock proteins (CSP) during biofilm formation were investigated in Salmonella Typhimurium, which is a major foodborne pathogen. Among all CSP transcripts studied, the expression of cspE (STM14_0732) was higher during biofilm growth. The cspE deletion strain (ΔcspE) did not form biofilms on a cholesterol coated glass surface; however, complementation with WT cspE, but not the F30V mutant, was able to rescue this phenotype. Transcript levels of other CSPs demonstrated up-regulation of cspA (STM14_4399) in ΔcspE. The cspA deletion strain (ΔcspA) did not affect biofilm formation; however, ΔcspEΔcspA exhibited higher biofilm formation compared to ΔcspE. Most likely, the higher cspA amounts in ΔcspE reduced biofilm formation, which was corroborated using cspA over-expression studies. Further functional studies revealed that ΔcspE and ΔcspEΔcspA exhibited slow swimming but no swarming motility. Although cspA over-expression did not affect motility, cspE complementation restored the swarming motility of ΔcspE. The transcript levels of the major genes involved in motility in ΔcspE demonstrated lower expression of the class III (fliC, motA, cheY), but not class I (flhD) or class II (fliA, fliL), flagellar regulon genes. Overall, this study has identified the interplay of two CSPs in regulating two biological processes: CspE is essential for motility in a CspA-independent manner whereas biofilm formation is CspA-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semanti Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Rochelle Da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Samriddhi Thakur
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Indian Insitute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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50
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Effect of Spermidine on Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00652-20. [PMID: 33685971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, but it is still unclear which polyamines are primarily responsible for this phenomenon. To address this issue, we constructed a series of E. coli K-12 strains with mutations in genes required for the synthesis and metabolism of polyamines. Disruption of the spermidine synthase gene (speE) caused a severe defect in biofilm formation. This defect was rescued by the addition of spermidine to the medium but not by putrescine or cadaverine. A multidrug/spermidine efflux pump membrane subunit (MdtJ)-deficient strain was anticipated to accumulate more spermidine and result in enhanced biofilm formation compared to the MdtJ+ strain. However, the mdtJ mutation did not affect intracellular spermidine or biofilm concentrations. E. coli has the spermidine acetyltransferase (SpeG) and glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase (Gss) to metabolize intracellular spermidine. Under biofilm-forming conditions, not Gss but SpeG plays a major role in decreasing the too-high intracellular spermidine concentrations. Additionally, PotFGHI can function as a compensatory importer of spermidine when PotABCD is absent under biofilm-forming conditions. Last, we report here that, in addition to intracellular spermidine, the periplasmic binding protein (PotD) of the spermidine preferential ABC transporter is essential for stimulating biofilm formation.IMPORTANCE Previous reports have speculated on the effect of polyamines on bacterial biofilm formation. However, the regulation of biofilm formation by polyamines in Escherichia coli has not yet been assessed. The identification of polyamines that stimulate biofilm formation is important for developing novel therapies for biofilm-forming pathogens. This study sheds light on biofilm regulation in E. coli Our findings provide conclusive evidence that only spermidine can stimulate biofilm formation in E. coli cells, not putrescine or cadaverine. Last, ΔpotD inhibits biofilm formation even though the spermidine is synthesized inside the cells from putrescine. Since PotD is significant for biofilm formation and there is no ortholog of the PotABCD transporter in humans, PotD could be a target for the development of biofilm inhibitors.
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