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Zhang M, Guo D, Wang H, Wu G, Ding N, Shi Y, Zhou J, Zhao E, Li X. Integrated characterization of filler tobacco leaves: HS-SPME-GC-MS, E-nose, and microbiome analysis across different origins. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:11. [PMID: 38647645 PMCID: PMC10992047 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the aroma characteristics and microbial composition of filler tobacco leaves (FTLs) sourced from six distinct cigar-growing regions within Yunnan, China, following standardized fermentation. An integrated approach using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electronic nose (E-nose), and microbiome analysis was employed for comprehensive profiling. Results derived from Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) using E-nose data confirmed the presence of notable variability in flavor substance profiles among the FTLs from six regions. Additionally, GC-MS was used to discern disparities in volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution across FTLs from these regions, identifying 92, 81, 79, 58, 69, and 92 VOCs within each respective sample set. Significantly, 24 VOCs emerged as pivotal determinants contributing to the heterogeneity of flavor profiles among FTLs from diverse origins, as indicated by Variable Importance for the Projection (VIP) analysis. Furthermore, distinctions in free amino acid content and chemical constituents were observed across FTLs. Of noteworthy significance, solanone, isophorone, durene, (-)-alpha-terpineol, and 2,3'-bipyridine exhibited the strongest correlations with microbiome data, with fungal microorganisms exerting a more pronounced influence on metabolites, as elucidated through two-way orthogonal partial least-squares (O2PLS) modeling. These findings provide a theoretical and technical basis for accurately evaluating the synchronization of FTLs in aromas and fermentation processes, and they will enhance the quality of fermented FTLs and foster the growth of the domestic cigar tobacco industry ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Danxia Road 485#, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dongfeng Guo
- China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Huangshan Road 606#, Hefei City, 230088, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Haiqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Danxia Road 485#, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guanglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Danxia Road 485#, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Naihong Ding
- China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Huangshan Road 606#, Hefei City, 230088, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yaqi Shi
- China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Huangshan Road 606#, Hefei City, 230088, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jinlong Zhou
- China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Huangshan Road 606#, Hefei City, 230088, Anhui Province, China
| | - Eryong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Danxia Road 485#, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Danxia Road 485#, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
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Xi Y, Diao L, Wang Z, Jin Z, Wang Y, Liu W, Wen D, Li H, Sun C, Lu J. Toxicity of leachate from smoked cigarette butts to terrestrial animals: A case study on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165531. [PMID: 37454855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts, as easily overlooked littered wastes, have been evaluated for toxicity in various researches. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of smoked cigarette butt leachate (SCBL) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The results showed the following: 1) E. fetida avoided SCBL in artificial soil, and the avoidance rate was positively correlated with the concentration of SCBL but negatively correlated with the exposure time; 2) the LD50 of SCBL on earthworms at 36 and 48 h of exposure were 3.71 × 10-4 and 2.67 × 10-4 butts/cm2, respectively. Moreover, both the body surface and intestinal tissues of E. fetida were damaged after exposure to SCBL; 3) the survival rates of E. fetida exposed to artificial soil with an SCBL of 3.6 butts/kg for 7 and 14 days were 80.00 ± 7.07 % and 68.00 ± 4.47 %, respectively; and 4) the mean biomass of the surviving E. fetida in all treated groups decreased with increasing SCBL concentration and exposure time. We concluded that SCBL exerted significant negative effects on soil animals, and suggested that SCBs should be collected, detoxified, and reused before entering the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Leiyu Diao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Zhang K, Yin M, Lei S, Zhang H, Yin X, Niu Q. Bacillus sp. YC7 from intestines of Lasioderma serricorne degrades nicotine due to nicotine dehydrogenase. AMB Express 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 37603100 PMCID: PMC10441963 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nicotine-containing wastes produced during the tobacco manufacturing process are seriously harmful to the environment and human health. The degradation and transformation of nicotine-containing environmental contaminants to harmless substances has become an urgent requirement. Lasioderma serricorne can grow and reproduce in nicotine-rich sources, and their intestinal microbiota show promising potential to degrade and utilize nicotine. The purpose of this study is to screen and identify nicotine-degrading bacteria from the intestines of L. serricorne and explore their degradation characteristics. A dominant strain, YC7, with significant nicotine degradation capabilities was isolated from the intestines of L. serricorne. The strain was identified as Bacillus using a polyphasic approach. The test results showed it can produce multiple enzymes that include β-glucosidase, cellulase, proteases, and amylases. The nicotine-degrading bacteria were functionally annotated using databases. Nicotine dehydrogenase (NDH) was found by combining an activity tracking test and protein mass spectrometry analysis. The YC-7 NDH in the pathway was molecularly docked and functionally verified via the gene knockdown method. The binding ability of nicotine to nicotine-degrading enzymes was investigated using molecular docking. A high-efficiency nicotine-degrading bacteria, YC-7, was isolated and screened from tobacco, and the gene functions related to degradation were verified. This investigation provides a new hypothesis for screening nicotine-degrading bacteria and increases our knowledge of potential nicotine-degrading microbial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, 90 Wangcheng Road, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Mingshen Yin
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Shengwei Lei
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Qiuhong Niu
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China.
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Zhang Q, Zheng T, Yang Z, Yang S, Cai W, Li P, Huang Y, Zhang J, Li D. Analysis of the structure and metabolic function of microbial community in cigar tobacco leaves in agricultural processing stage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1230547. [PMID: 37637128 PMCID: PMC10448963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1230547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The agricultural fermentation processing of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs), including air-curing and agricultural fermentation, carried out by tobacco farmers has rarely been studied. In this study, we have investigated the microbial community in the CTLs during air-curing and agricultural fermentation by 16S rRNA and ITS gene high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the richness of microbial communities gradually increased with the development of agricultural fermentation, which means that not all microorganisms in CTLs come from the fields where tobacco grows, but gradually accumulate into CTLs during the fermentation process. Enterobacteriaceae, Chloroplast, and Alternaria were the dominant genera in the air-cured CTLs. Aquabacterium, unclassified Burkholderiaceae, Caulobacter, Brevundimonas, and Aspergillus were the dominant genera in the agriculturally fermented CTLs. Acinetobacter, Methylobacterium, Sampaiozyma, and Plectosphaerella first significantly increased, and then significantly decreased during agricultural processing. The changes in microbial communities are mainly related to their different functions during fermentation. This means that when the fermentation effect of the original microbial community in cigar tobacco leaves is not ideal, we can optimize or design the microbial community based on the fermentation function that the microbial community needs to achieve. These results may help adjust and optimize the agricultural fermentation process of CTLs, and help develop the quality of CTLs and increase the income of tobacco farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Zhang
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Tianfei Zheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Pinhe Li
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
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Wen C, Wanrong H, Pinhe L, Jie L, Qianying Z, Quanwei Z, Cheng L, Dongliang L. Effects of fermentation medium on cigar filler. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1069796. [PMID: 36588960 PMCID: PMC9800821 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1069796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of medium during industrial fermentation can improve the quality of cigar tobacco leaves after agricultural fermentation. In this study, the cigar filler tobacco "Brazilian Frogstrips YA14" was used as the test material to determine the contents of main chemical components in cigar tobacco leaves after fermentations with the additions of water (control group) and a medium (test group), and the changes in the community structure and abundances of bacteria on tobacco leaves during the fermentation process were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: 1) During the fermentation process, the protein content of tobacco leaves fluctuated slightly, basically stabilized at 19%-20%. 2) Under the impact of the medium, the total content of main amino acids in tobacco leaves showed a downward trend, and the difference of which between the control group and the test group was the most obvious on the fourth day of fermentation. 3) The change trend of the content of petroleum ether extract in cigar leaves for the control group was not obvious, and the content of petroleum ether extract in the tobacco leaves for the test group decreased by 12.4% under the impact of the medium. 4) After fermentation, the relative content of saturated fatty acids for the control group and the test group all increased, while the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids all decreased. 5) After the addition of the medium, the diversity of bacteria on tobacco leaves changed significantly, the number of OTUs in tobacco leaves increased, and the bacterial community structure changed. This research indicates that after adding the medium to ferment cigar filler, the changes of bacterial community and dominant bacterial group on cigar tobacco leaves have impacts on the contents of chemical components in tobacco leaves, and the fermentation with the addition of medium has a positive effect on improving the quality of tobacco leaves.
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Fu Y, Wang B, Cao Z. Biodegradation of 2,5-Dihydroxypyridine by 2,5-Dihydroxypyridine Dioxygenase and Its Mutants: Insights into O–O Bond Activation and Flexible Reaction Mechanisms from QM/MM Simulations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20501-20512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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Hao TB, Balamurugan S, Zhang ZH, Liu SF, Wang X, Li DW, Yang WD, Li HY. Effective bioremediation of tobacco wastewater by microalgae at acidic pH for synergistic biomass and lipid accumulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127820. [PMID: 34865896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco wastewater is too difficult to decontaminate which poses a significant environmental problem due to the harmful and toxic components. Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a typical microalgal species with potential in removal of organic/inorganic pollutants and proves to be an ideal algal-based system for wastewater treatment. However, the strategy of tobacco related wastewater treatment using microalgae is in urgent need of development. In this study, C. pyrenoidosa was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of artificial tobacco wastewater. Under various solid-to-liquid (g/L) ratios, 1:1 ratio and acidic pH 5.0 were optimal for C. pyrenoidosa to grow with high performance of removal capacity to toxic pollutants (such as COD, NH3-N, nicotine, nitrosamines and heavy metals) with the alleviation of oxidative damage. Algal biomass could reach up to 540.24 mg/L. Furthermore, carbon flux of C. pyrenoidosa was reallocated from carbohydrate and protein biosynthesis to lipogenesis with a high lipid content of 268.60 mg/L at pH 5.0. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient and sustainable strategy for tobacco wastewater treatment at acidic pH with the production of valuable microalgal products, which provides a promising biorefinery strategy for microalgal-based wastewater bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Zhong-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Si-Fen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wei J, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang X, Liu Y. Mechanistic Insights into Pyridine Ring Degradation Catalyzed by 2,5-Dihydroxypyridine Dioxygenase NicX. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2517-2529. [PMID: 35060702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Dihydroxypyridine dioxygenase (NicX) from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a mononuclear non-heme iron oxygenase that can catalyze the oxidative pyridine ring cleavage. Recently, the reported crystal structure of NicX has lent support to an apical dioxygen catalytic mechanism, while the mechanistic details remain unclear. In this work, we constructed a Fe(II)-O2-substrate complex model and performed a series of combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations to illuminate the catalysis of NicX. Our results reveal that although the substrate does not directly coordinate with the central iron ion, there is an electron transfer from the substrate to the Fe-coordinated dioxygen, and the active form of the reactant complex can be described as DHP•+-Fe(II)-O2•-, which is different from other similar mononuclear non-heme iron. The NicX-catalyzed pyridine ring degradation contains three parts, including the attack of Fe(II)-superoxo on the activated pyridine ring, the dissociation of the Op-Od bond, and the ring-opening of the seven-membered-ring lactone. Owing to the radical characteristic of the pyridine ring, the first attack of Fe(II)-superoxo on the C6 of the pyridine ring was calculated to be quite easy. In the second step of the reaction, the dissociation of the Op-Od bond leads to the incorporation of the first oxygen atom into the substrate, which is the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction with an energy barrier of 18.0 kcal/mol. The resultant intermediate then undergoes an arrangement by the intramolecular attack of Od• on the carbonyl C5, forming the seven-membered-ring lactone. Finally, the Fe(III)-oxo attacks the carbonyl C5 of lactone, accompanied by the ring-opening to generate N-formylmaleamic acid. His105 can promote reactivity by donating a proton to Fe(III)-oxo, but it is not a necessary residue. In addition to the ligated residues of iron, other pocket residues such as Glu177, His189, and His105 mainly play roles in anchoring the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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Jiang Y, Gong J, Chen Y, Hu B, Sun J, Zhu Y, Xia Z, Zou C. Biodegradation of Nicotine and TSNAs by Bacterium sp. Strain J54. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2812. [PMID: 34825016 PMCID: PMC8590725 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.240460.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms play an important role in reducing harmful substances in flue-cured tobacco. Numerous studies have been conducted to degrade nicotine by microorganisms. OBJECTIVES The present research deals with the isolation of a potent bacterial strain able to efficiently degrade nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in flue-cured tobacco. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bacterial strain J54, capable of efficiently degrading nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), was isolated from tobacco leaves and identified. The strain J54 can use nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source and could effectively degrade nicotine while growing in a nicotine isolation medium (NIM) medium. RESULTS Compared with the control (CK), the total TSNAs content in the tobacco flue-cured eaves after being sprayed with a solution of the J54 strain was found to decrease by 26.22%. Therein, the degradation rates of 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were 24.01%, 26.27%, 28.6%, and 1.83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial strain J54, was isolated from tobacco leaves and identified as a bacterium, which is similar to Bacillus altitudinis based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics and by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a Bacillus sp. strain that can efficiently degrade nicotine and TSNAs. The findings pave the way for the application of new biotechnologies for the degradation of nicotine and TSNAs by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Jiangshiqi Gong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021,
Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Binbin Hu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Zhenyuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Congming Zou
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
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10
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Chattopadhyay S, Malayil L, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Nicotine concentration and mentholation affect bacterial community diversity in SPECTRUM research cigarettes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4241-4253. [PMID: 33977338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have characterized bacterial communities in menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes. However, these studies evaluated commercial cigarettes, for which levels of chemical constituents are largely unknown, and therefore, could not assess the impact of varying nicotine and menthol concentrations on tobacco bacterial communities. To address this knowledge gap, we performed time-series experiments using SPECTRUM research cigarettes with varying nicotine and menthol levels. Cigarettes were incubated under three storage conditions for 14 days. Cigarette tobacco was then sub-sampled (n = 288), DNA extracted, and subjected to PCR amplification of the V3V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using QIIME and R. Incubation under varying conditions did not affect bacterial diversity. However, significant differences in bacterial communities were observed across varying nicotine concentrations in menthol and non-menthol products. For example, Pseudomonas spp. was negatively correlated with nicotine concentrations in menthol cigarettes. A significantly higher relative abundance of P. veronii and P. viridiflava was observed in menthols versus non-menthols, while a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacillus foraminis and B. coagulans was found in non-menthols versus menthols. Additional bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus spp., Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and B. flexus) significantly changed in relative abundance between days 0 and 14. Our findings demonstrate that nicotine and menthol levels have a significant impact on the relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens present in cigarettes. Future work is needed to demonstrate whether these tobacco-associated bacteria could be transferred to users while smoking, ultimately contributing to adverse respiratory impacts. KEY POINTS: • Varying nicotine levels changes bacterial composition of research cigarettes. • Mentholation affects the tobacco bacterial microbiome. • SPECTRUM research cigarettes are dominated by Pseudomonas and Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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11
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Najme R, Zhuang S, Qiu J, Lu Z. Identification and characterization of Nornicotine degrading strain Arthrobacter sp. NOR5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142894. [PMID: 33131868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nornicotine, the primary nicotine metabolite that is formed through demethylation of nicotine in the genus Nicotiana tabacum L. Nornicotine is not only a precursor of tobacco-specific nitrosamine N-nitrosonornicotine but also have detrimental effects to human health. Till now, information on the biotransformation of nornicotine is limited. Herein, we identified and characterized a bacterium Arthrobacter sp. strain NOR5, utilized nornicotine as the sole of carbon and energy source, and degraded 500 mg/L nornicotine completely within 60 h under the optimum conditions of pH 7.0 and 30 °C. In this study, we not only identified previously reported intermediate metabolites such as 6-OH-nornicotine, 6-OH-mysomine, 6-OH-pseudooxy-nornicotine (6HPONor) but also identified a new intermediate metabolite 2,6-di-OH-pseudooxy-nornicotine (2,6DHPONor) by UV spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. About half of 6HPONor could be transformed into 2,6DHPONor that was identified as a novel catabolic intermediate of nornicotine. By the addition of an electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), the cell-free extract exhibited inducible 6HPONor dehydrogenase activity at 179 ± 60 mU/mg that could convert 6HPONor to 2,6DHPONor. Our study demonstrated that Arthrobacter sp. strain NOR5 has a high potential to degrade the nornicotine completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Najme
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhenmei Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Additional Role of Nicotinic Acid Hydroxylase for the Transformation of 3-Succinoyl-Pyridine by Pseudomonas sp. Strain JY-Q. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02740-20. [PMID: 33397698 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02740-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and nicotinic acid (NA) are both considered to be representatives of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds, and their degradation pathways have been revealed in Pseudomonas species. However, the cooccurrence of these two pathways has only been observed in Pseudomonas sp. strain JY-Q. The nicotine pyrrolidine catabolism pathway of strain JY-Q consists of the functional modules Nic1, Spm, and Nic2. The module enzyme, 3-succinoylpyridine monooxygenase (Spm), catalyzes transformation of 3-succinoyl-pyridine (SP) to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine (HSP). There exist two homologous but not identical Spm enzymes (namely, Spm1 and Spm2) in JY-Q. However, when spm1 and spm2 were both in-frame deleted, the mutant still grew well in basic salt medium (BSM) supplemented with nicotine as the sole carbon/nitrogen nutrition, suggesting that there exists an alternative pathway responsible for SP catabolism in JY-Q. NicAB, an enzyme accounting for NA hydroxylation, contains reorganized domains similar to those of Spm. When the JY-Q_nicAB gene (nicAB in strain JY-Q) was introduced into another Pseudomonas strain, one that is unable to degrade NA, the resultant recombinant strain exhibited the ability to transform SP to HSP, but without the ability to metabolize NA. Here, we conclude that NicAB in strain JY-Q exhibits an additional role in SP transformation. The other genes in the NA cluster, NicXDFE (Nic2 homolog), then also exhibit a role in subsequent HSP metabolism for energy yield. This finding also suggests that the cooccurrence of nicotine and NA degradation genes in strain JY-Q represents an advantage for JY-Q, making it more effective and flexible for the degradation of nicotine.IMPORTANCE 3-Succinoyl-pyridine (SP) and 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine (HSP) are both valuable chemical precursors to produce insecticides and hypotensive agents. SP and HSP could be renewable through the nicotine microbial degradation pathway, in which 3-succinoylpyridine monooxygenases (Spm) account for transforming SP into HSP in Pseudomonas sp. strain JY-Q. However, when two homologous Spm genes (spm1 and spm2) were knocked out, the mutant retained the ability to degrade nicotine. Thus, in addition to Spm, JY-Q should have an alternative pathway for SP conversion. In this research, we showed that JY-Q_NicAB was responsible for this alternative SP conversion. Both of the primary functions for nicotinic acid dehydrogenation and the additional function for SP metabolism were detected in a recombinant strain harboring JY-Q_NicAB. As a result, both nicotinic acid and nicotine degradation pathways in JY-Q contribute to its remarkable nicotine tolerance and nicotine degradation availability. These findings also provide one more metabolic engineering strategy for accumulation for value-added intermediates.
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Differential Effects of Homologous Transcriptional Regulators NicR2A, NicR2B1, and NicR2B2 and Endogenous Ectopic Strong Promoters on Nicotine Metabolism in Pseudomonas sp. Strain JY-Q. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02457-20. [PMID: 33187996 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02457-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a toxic environmental pollutant that widely exists in tobacco wastes. As a natural nicotine-degrading strain, Pseudomonas sp. strain JY-Q still has difficulties degrading high concentrations of nicotine. In this study, we investigated the effect of two homologous transcriptional regulators and endogenous ectopic strong promoters on the efficiency of nicotine degradation. Comparative genomics analysis showed that two homologous transcriptional regulators, namely, NicR2A and NicR2Bs (NicR2B1 plus NicR2B2), can repress nicotine degradation gene expression. When both nicR2A and nicR2Bs were deleted, the resulting mutant JY-Q ΔnicR2A ΔnicR2B1 ΔnicR2B2 (QΔABs) exhibits a 17% higher nicotine degradation efficiency than wild-type JY-Q. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that the transcription levels (fragments per kilobase per million [FPKM] value) of six genes were higher than those of the other genes in JY-Q. Based on the genetic organization of these genes, three putative promoters, PRS28250 , PRS09985 , and PRS24685 , were identified. Their promoter activities were evaluated by comparing their expression levels using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We found that the transcription levels of RS28250, RS09985, and RS24685 were respectively 16.8, 2.6, and 1.6 times higher than that of hspB2, encoding 6-hydroxy-3-succinylpyridine hydroxylase, which is involved in nicotine degradation. Thus, two strong endogenous promoters, namely, PRS28250 and PRS09985 , were selected to replace the original promoters of nic2 gene clusters. The effect of the endogenous ectopic promoter was also related to the position of target gene clusters. When the promoter PRS28250 replaced the promoter of hspB2, the resultant mutant QΔABs-ΔPhspB2 ::PRS28250 exhibited nicotine-degrading efficiency 69% higher than that of JY-Q. This research suggests a feasible strategy to enhance strains' capacity for nicotine degradation by removal of repressing regulatory proteins and replacing the target promoter with strong endogenous ectopic promoters.IMPORTANCE This study evaluated the differential effects of homologous NicR2A and NicR2Bs and endogenous ectopic strong promoters on nicotine metabolism in Pseudomonas sp. strain JY-Q. Based on our differential analysis, a feasible strategy is presented to modify wild-type (WT) strain JY-Q by removing repressing regulatory proteins NicR2A and NicR2Bs and replacing the target promoter with strong endogenous ectopic promoters. The resulting mutants exhibited high tolerance and degradation of nicotine. These findings should be beneficial for improving the pollutant-degrading capacity of natural strains through genomic modification.
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Li J, Zhao Y, Qin Y, Shi H. Influence of microbiota and metabolites on the quality of tobacco during fermentation. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:356. [PMID: 33213368 PMCID: PMC7678276 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the optimum fermentation conditions for tobacco leaves and also screen the microbiota and metabolites that are beneficial for fermentation. METHODS Tobacco leaves were fermented at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C for 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. For identification of the best fermentation temperature, physicochemical properties and sensory quality of fermented tobacco were investigated. Subsequently, based on the appropriate temperature, 16 s rRNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis of tobacco were performed to monitor the change of microbes and metabolites during fermentation process (from 2 to 6 weeks). RESULTS Sensory quality analysis indicated that fermentation at 45 °C for 6 weeks represented the optimum condition. Metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 415 metabolites were annotated. The increase of fermentation period led to significant changes of metabolites. Results revealed an increase in concentration of L-phenylalanine and sphingosine as well as decreased concentration of betaine and phytosphingosine with the prolongation of fermentation period (2 to 6 weeks). Distinct changes in the microbiota were also observed with prolongation of the fermentation time. Results revealed that Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Burkholderia were dominant bacteria in fermentation at 45 °C for 6 weeks. With the extension of the fermentation time, the abundance of Pseudomonas increased, while that of Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium decreased. Furthermore, microbiota profiles were tightly relevant to the altered metabolites, especially compounds involved in the sphingolipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Suitable fermentation conditions were 45 °C for 6 weeks; phytosphingosine and sphingosine might affect tobacco fermentation via the sphingolipid metabolism pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for guiding tobacco fermentation and gives insights into reducing harmful substances during tobacco fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanqing Qin
- Sichuan Tobacco Company, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongzhi Shi
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China.
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Yu MF, Xia ZZ, Yao JC, Feng Z, Li DH, Liu T, Cheng GJ, He DL, Li XH. Functional analysis of the ocnE gene involved in nicotine-degradation pathways in Ochrobactrum intermedium SCUEC4 and its enzymatic properties. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:138-146. [PMID: 32841574 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The SCUEC4 strain of Ochrobactrum intermedium is a newly isolated bacterium that degrades nicotine can use nicotine as the sole carbon source via a series of enzymatic catalytic processes. The mechanisms underlying nicotine degradation in this bacterium and the corresponding functional genes remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the function and biological properties of the ocnE gene involved in the nicotine-degradation pathways in strain SCUEC4. The ocnE gene was cloned by PCR with total DNA of strain SCUEC4 and used to construct the recombinant plasmid pET28a-ocnE. The overexpression of the OcnE protein was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis, and study of the function of this protein was spectrophotometrically carried out by monitoring the changes of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. Moreover, the effects of temperature, pH, and metal ions on the biological activities of the OcnE protein were analyzed. The optimal conditions for the biological activities of OcnE, a protein of approximately 37.6 kDa, were determined to be 25 °C, pH 7.0, and 25 μmol/L Fe2+, and the suitable storage conditions for the OcnE protein were 0 °C and pH 7.0. In conclusion, the ocnE gene is responsible for the ability of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine dioxygenase. These findings will be beneficial in clarifying the mechanisms of nicotine degradation in O. intermedium SCUEC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fei Yu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xia
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Cheng Yao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Hua Li
- Hunan Beye Biotechnology Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410139, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jun Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Lan He
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Malayil L, Chattopadhyay S, Kulkarni P, Hittle L, Clark PI, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Mentholation triggers brand-specific shifts in the bacterial microbiota of commercial cigarette products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6287-6297. [PMID: 32448997 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities are integral constituents of tobacco products. They originate from tobacco plants and are acquired during manufacturing processes, where they play a role in the production of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In addition, tobacco bacterial constituents may play an important role in the development of infectious and chronic diseases among users. Nevertheless, tobacco bacterial communities have been largely unexplored, and the influence of tobacco flavor additives such as menthol (a natural antimicrobial) on tobacco bacterial communities is unclear. To bridge this knowledge gap, time series experiments including 5 mentholated and non-mentholated commercially available cigarettes-Marlboro red (non-menthol), Marlboro menthol, Newport menthol box, Newport menthol gold, and Newport non-menthol-were conducted. Each brand was stored under three different temperature and relative humidity conditions. To characterize bacterial communities, total DNA was extracted on days 0 and 14. Resulting DNA was purified and subjected to PCR of the V3V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq platform and analysis using the QIIME, phyloseq, metagenomeSeq, and DESeq software packages. Ordination analyses showed that the bacterial community composition of Marlboro cigarettes was different from that of Newport cigarettes. Additionally, bacterial profiles significantly differed between mentholated and non-mentholated Newports. Independently of storage conditions, tobacco brands were dominated by Proteobacteria, with the most dominant bacterial genera being Pseudomonas, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus, Erwinia, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Terribacillus. These data suggest that the bacterial communities of tobacco products differ across brands and that mentholation of tobacco can alter bacterial community composition of select brands. KEY POINTS: • Bacterial composition differed between the two brands of cigarettes. • Mentholation impacts cigarette microbiota. • Pseudomonas and Bacillus dominated the commercial cigarettes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lauren Hittle
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pamela I Clark
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Xia Z, Yu M, Yao J, Feng Z, Li D, Liu T, Cheng G, He D, Li X. Functional analysis of the agnH gene involved in nicotine-degradation pathways in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain SCUEC1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5775478. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain SCUEC1 is a nicotine-degrading bacterium, which has been recently isolated from the tobacco waste-contaminated field soil. However, the mechanism for nicotine degradation in this strain remains unclear. Here, we analyze the function and biological properties of the agnH gene in the strain SCUEC1. The overexpression of the AgnH protein was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis, and functional insight of the AgnH protein was carried out with monitoring the changes of maleic acid into fumaric acid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the effects of temperature, pH and metal ions on the enzymatic activities of the AgnH protein were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that the agnH gene was successfully ligated to the plasmid pET28a. The optimal condition for the enzymatic activities for the AgnH, approximately 28.0 kDa, was determined as 37 °C, pH 8.0 and 25 µM Mg2+. Conclusively, the agnH gene fulfils an important role in the conversion of maleic acid into fumaric acid involved in nicotine-degradation pathways in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain SCUEC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xia
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- Hunan Beye Biotechnology Ltd, 23 Kaiyuan East Road, Changsha County, Changsha, 410139, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Guojun Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Donglan He
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China & Key Laboratory for the State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minzu Avenue, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
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Zhang Q, Geng Z, Li D, Ding Z. Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co-occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue-cured tobacco leaves. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e965. [PMID: 31808296 PMCID: PMC7002102 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation, also known as aging, is vital for enhancing the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves (FTLs). Aged FTLs demonstrate high-quality sensory characteristics, while unaged FTLs do not. Microbes play important roles in the FTL fermentation process. However, the eukaryotic microbial community diversity is poorly understood, as are microbial associations within FTLs. We aimed to characterize and compare the microbiota associated with two important categories, fresh and strong flavor style FTLs, and to reveal correlations between the microbial taxa within them. Based on 16S and 18S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing, the community richness and diversity of prokaryotes were almost as high as that of eukaryotes. The dominant microbes of FTLs belonged to seven genera, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Methylobacterium, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Neophaeosphaeria, and Cladosporium, of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Ascomycota phyla. According to partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Xanthomonas, Franconibacter, Massilia, Quadrisphaera, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, Lodderomyces, Symmetrospora, Golovinomyces, and Dioszegia were significantly positively correlated with fresh flavor style FTLs, while Xenophilus, Fusarium, unclassified Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiopsis, Cryphonectria, Colletotrichum, and Cyanodermella were significantly positively correlated with strong flavor style FTLs. Network analysis identified seven hubs, Aureimonas, Kocuria, Massilia, Brachybacterium, Clostridium, Dietzia, and Vishniacozyma, that may play important roles in FTL ecosystem stability, which may be destroyed by Myrmecridium. FTL microbiota was found to be correlated with flavor style. Species present in lower numbers than the dominant microbes might be used as microbial markers to discriminate different flavor style samples and to stabilize FTL microbial communities. This research advances our understanding of FTL microbiota and describes a means of discriminating between fresh and strong flavor FTLs based on their respective stable microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Zhang
- Technical Research CenterChina Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologySchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Zongze Geng
- Technical Research CenterChina Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Technical Research CenterChina Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologySchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
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Zittel R, da Silva CP, Domingues CE, Seremeta DCH, da Cunha KM, de Campos SX. Availability of nutrients, removal of nicotine, heavy metals and pathogens in compounds obtained from smuggled cigarette tobacco compost associated with industrial sewage sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134377. [PMID: 31671305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the chemical and microbiological properties of the compost obtained from the tobacco of smuggled cigarettes (SCT) and industrial sewage sludge (ISS). The composting was carried out in three reactors from different combinations of residues. The compost was analyzed to verify the percentage of nicotine removal, heavy metals, nutrient content and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. The concentration of heavy metals: Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in the composts obtained from the three reactors was below the values set for their use in soils. The NPK content ranged between 8.31% and 12.43%, indicating that the compost produced can add nutritional benefits to the plants. The nicotine removal, 72.6% (R1), 96.4% (R2) and 99.6% (R3) indicated efficiency of the composting process in reactors in the degradation of this substance. The results of pathogenic microorganism analysis showed that the three composts obtained from reactors R1, R2 and R3 met the sanitation standards for agricultural use according to the normative of maximum limits of contaminants allowed in organic compounds. These results show that the treatment of SCT and ISS by the process of composting in reactors may be an ecologically viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosimara Zittel
- Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Ponta Grossa State University, CEP 84130-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cleber Pinto da Silva
- Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Ponta Grossa State University, CEP 84130-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cinthia Eloise Domingues
- Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Ponta Grossa State University, CEP 84130-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele Cristina Hass Seremeta
- Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Ponta Grossa State University, CEP 84130-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Xavier de Campos
- Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Ponta Grossa State University, CEP 84130-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
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Xia ZY, Yu Q, Lei LP, Wu YP, Ren K, Li Y, Zou CM. A Novel Nicotine-Degrading Bacterium Pseudomonasfluorescens Strain 1206. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6-Hydroxypseudooxynicotine Dehydrogenase Delivers Electrons to Electron Transfer Flavoprotein during Nicotine Degradation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00454-19. [PMID: 30926728 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00454-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33 degrades nicotine via a novel hybrid of the pyridine and the pyrrolidine pathways. The hybrid pathway consists of at least six steps involved in oxidoreductive reactions before the N-heterocycle can be broken down. Collectively, the six steps allow electron transfer from nicotine and its intermediates to the final acceptor O2 via the electron transport chain (ETC). 6-Hydroxypseudooxynicotine oxidase, renamed 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase in this study, has been characterized as catalyzing the fourth step using the artificial electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Here, we used biochemical, genetic, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses to determine that 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase utilizes the electron transfer flavoprotein (EtfAB) as the physiological electron acceptor to catalyze the dehydrogenation of pseudooxynicotine, an analogue of the true substrate 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine, in vivo, into 3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine. NAD(P)+, O2, and ferredoxin could not function as electron acceptors. The oxygen atom in the aldehyde group of the product 3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine was verified to be derived from H2O. Disruption of the etfAB genes in the nicotine-degrading gene cluster decreased the growth rate of A. tumefaciens S33 on nicotine but not on 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine, an intermediate downstream of the hybrid pathway, indicating the requirement of EtfAB for efficient nicotine degradation. The electrons were found to be further transferred from the reduced EtfAB to coenzyme Q by the catalysis of electron transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. These results aid in an in-depth understanding of the electron transfer process and energy metabolism involved in the nicotine oxidation and provide novel insights into nicotine catabolism in bacteria.IMPORTANCE Nicotine has been studied as a model for toxic N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Microorganisms can catabolize nicotine via various pathways and conserve energy from its oxidation. Although several oxidoreductases have been characterized to participate in nicotine degradation, the electron transfer involved in these processes is poorly understood. In this study, we found that 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the hybrid pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway for nicotine degradation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, utilizes EtfAB as a physiological electron acceptor. Catalyzed by the membrane-associated electron transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the electrons are transferred from the reduced EtfAB to coenzyme Q, which then could enter into the classic ETC. Thus, the route for electron transport from the substrate to O2 could be constructed, by which ATP can be further sythesized via chemiosmosis to support the baterial growth. These findings provide new knowledge regarding the catabolism of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds in microorganisms.
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Wang F, Zhao H, Xiang H, Wu L, Men X, Qi C, Chen G, Zhang H, Wang Y, Xian M. Species Diversity and Functional Prediction of Surface Bacterial Communities on Aging Flue-Cured Tobaccos. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:1306-1315. [PMID: 29869679 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbes on aging flue-cured tobaccos (ATFs) improve the aroma and other qualities desirable in products. Understanding the relevant organisms would picture microbial community diversity, metabolic potential, and their applications. However, limited efforts have been made on characterizing the microbial quality and functional profiling. Herein, we present our investigation of the bacterial diversity and predicted potential genetic capability of the bacteria from two AFTs using 16S rRNA gene sequences and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) software. The results show that dominant bacteria from AFT surfaces were classified into 48 genera, 36 families, and 7 phyla. In addition, Bacillus spp. was found prevalent on both ATFs. Furthermore, PICRUSt predictions of bacterial community functions revealed many attractive metabolic capacities in the AFT microbiota, including several involved in the biosynthesis of flavors and fragrances and the degradation of harmful compounds, such as nicotine and nitrite. These results provide insights into the importance of AFT bacteria in determining product qualities and indicate specific microbial species with predicted enzymatic capabilities for the production of high-efficiency flavors, the degradation of undesirable compounds, and the provision of nicotine and nitrite tolerance which suggest fruitful areas of investigation into the manipulation of AFT microbiota for AFT and other product improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Sciences, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Sciences, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Xiao Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chang Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Sciences, Kunming, 650106, China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Ruan A, Gao Y, Fang C, Xu Y. Isolation and characterization of a novel nicotinophilic bacterium,Arthrobactersp. aRF‐1 and its metabolic pathway. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:848-856. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic EngineeringHohai University Nanjing 210098 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic EngineeringHohai University Nanjing 210098 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic EngineeringHohai University Nanjing 210098 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic EngineeringHohai University Nanjing 210098 People's Republic of China
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Pan D, Sun M, Wang Y, Lv P, Wu X, Li QX, Cao H, Hua R. Characterization of Nicotine Catabolism through a Novel Pyrrolidine Pathway in Pseudomonas sp. S-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7393-7401. [PMID: 29932673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a major toxic alkaloid in wastes generated from tobacco production and cigarette manufacturing. In the present work, a nicotine-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from tobacco powdery waste. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp. S-1 based on morphology, physiology, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Suitable conditions of isolate S-1 for nicotine degradation were pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Catabolic intermediates of nicotine were isolated with preparative-HPLC and characterized with LC-HRMS and NMR. The catabolic pathways of nicotine were involved in dehydrogenation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and hydroxylation. Interestingly, nicotine catabolism in strain S-1 undergoes a new pyrrolidine pathway that differs from the other three catabolic pathways in bacterial species. This work sheds light on catabolic diversity of nicotine and heteroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pan
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Pei Lv
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering , University of Hawaii at Manoa , 1955 East-West Road , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Haiqun Cao
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Rimao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment , Anhui Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province , Hefei 230036 , China
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Qiu J, Zhang Y, Zhao L, He Q, Jiang J, Hong Q, He J. Isolation and characterization of the cotinine-degrading bacterium Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 353:158-165. [PMID: 29665494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotinine, the primary nicotine metabolite, not only more stable and more difficult to degrade in the environment but is a potential health risk to human. To date, little is known about the biodegradation process of cotinine. In this study, a bacterial strain JQ2195 was isolated from municipal wastewater and was identified as Nocardioides sp. based on morphological, physiological characteristics, and 16 S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. This strain utilized cotinine as a sole carbon source and degraded 0.5 g L-1 cotinine completely within 32 h. Optimum degradation of cotinine by JQ2195 was at 30 °C and pH 7.0. Two cotinine degradation intermediates were identified as 6-hydroxy-cotinine and 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine by UV/VIS spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, about half of cotinine was transformed to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine which was a value-added compound for biocatalysis. When 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol was used as an electron acceptor, the cell-free extract containing the inducible cotinine dehydrogenase could convert cotinine into 6-hydroxy-cotinine with the activity 40 ± 6 mUnmg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Periplasmic Nicotine Dehydrogenase NdhAB Utilizes Pseudoazurin as Its Physiological Electron Acceptor in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28625985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01050-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33 can grow with nicotine as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy via a novel hybrid of the pyridine pathway and the pyrrolidine pathway. Characterization of the enzymes involved in the hybrid pathway is important for understanding its biochemical mechanism. Here, we report that the molybdenum-containing nicotine dehydrogenase (NdhAB), which catalyzes the initial step of nicotine degradation, is located in the periplasm of strain S33, while the 6-hydroxynicotine oxidase and 6-hydroxypseudooxynicoine oxidase are in the cytoplasm. This is consistent with the fact that NdhA has a Tat signal peptide. Interestingly, an open reading frame (ORF) adjacent to the ndhAB gene was verified to encode a copper-containing electron carrier, pseudoazurin (Paz), which has a signal peptide typical of bacterial Paz proteins. Both were transported into the periplasm after being produced in the cytoplasm. We purified NdhAB from the periplasmic fraction of strain S33 and found that with Paz as the physiological electron acceptor, NdhAB catalyzed the hydroxylation of nicotine at a specific rate of 110.52 ± 8.09 μmol · min-1 · mg of protein-1, where the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group of the product 6-hydroxynicotine was derived from H2O. The apparent Km values for nicotine and Paz were 1.64 ± 0.07 μM and 3.61 ± 0.23 μM, respectively. NAD(P)+, O2, and ferredoxin could not serve as electron acceptors. Disruption of the paz gene disabled the strain for nicotine degradation, indicating that Paz is required for nicotine catabolism in the strain. These findings help our understanding of electron transfer during nicotine degradation in bacteria.IMPORTANCE Nicotine is a toxic and addictive N-heterocyclic aromatic alkaloid produced in tobacco. Its catabolism in organisms and degradation in tobacco wastes have become major concerns for human health and the environment. Bacteria usually decompose nicotine using the classical strategy of hydroxylating the pyridine ring with the help of activated oxygen by nicotine dehydrogenase, which binds one molybdopterin, two [2Fe2S] clusters, and usually one flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as well. However, the physiological electron acceptor for the reaction is still unknown. In this study, we found that the two-component nicotine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, naturally lacking an FAD-binding domain, is located in the periplasmic space and uses a copper-containing electron carrier, pseudoazurin, as its physiological electron acceptor. We report here the role of pseudoazurin in a reaction catalyzed by a molybdopterin-containing hydroxylase occurring in the periplasmic space. These results provide new biochemical knowledge on microbial degradation of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds.
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Li A, Qiu J, Chen D, Ye J, Wang Y, Tong L, Jiang J, Chen J. Characterization and Genome Analysis of a Nicotine and Nicotinic Acid-Degrading Strain Pseudomonas putida JQ581 Isolated from Marine. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060156. [PMID: 28561771 PMCID: PMC5484106 DOI: 10.3390/md15060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of nicotine and nicotinic acid (NA) in the marine environment has caused great harm to human health and the natural environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to use efficient and economical methods to remove such pollutants from the environment. In this study, a nicotine and NA-degrading bacterium—strain JQ581—was isolated from sediment from the East China Sea and identified as a member of Pseudomonas putida based on morphology, physio-biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA gene analysis. The relationship between growth and nicotine/NA degradation suggested that strain JQ581 was a good candidate for applications in the bioaugmentation treatment of nicotine/NA contamination. The degradation intermediates of nicotine are pseudooxynicotine (PN) and 3-succinoyl-pyridine (SP) based on UV, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. However, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine (HSP) was not detected. NA degradation intermediates were identified as 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6HNA). The whole genome of strain JQ581 was sequenced and analyzed. Genome sequence analysis revealed that strain JQ581 contained the gene clusters for nicotine and NA degradation. This is the first report where a marine-derived Pseudomonas strain had the ability to degrade nicotine and NA simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dongzhi Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jiexu Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Nanjing Yuanheng Institute for Environmental Studies Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210049, China.
| | - Lu Tong
- Nanjing Yuanheng Institute for Environmental Studies Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210049, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Chopyk J, Chattopadhyay S, Kulkarni P, Claye E, Babik KR, Reid MC, Smyth EM, Hittle LE, Paulson JN, Cruz-Cano R, Pop M, Buehler SS, Clark PI, Sapkota AR, Mongodin EF. Mentholation affects the cigarette microbiota by selecting for bacteria resistant to harsh environmental conditions and selecting against potential bacterial pathogens. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:22. [PMID: 28202080 PMCID: PMC5312438 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data regarding the microbial constituents of tobacco products and their impacts on public health. Moreover, there has been no comparative characterization performed on the bacterial microbiota associated with the addition of menthol, an additive that has been used by tobacco manufacturers for nearly a century. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted bacterial community profiling on tobacco from user- and custom-mentholated/non-mentholated cigarette pairs, as well as a commercially-mentholated product. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a multi-step enzymatic and mechanical lysis protocol followed by PCR amplification of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene from five cigarette products (18 cigarettes per product for a total of 90 samples): Camel Crush, user-mentholated Camel Crush, Camel Kings, custom-mentholated Camel Kings, and Newport Menthols. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform and sequences were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) software package. RESULTS In all products, Pseudomonas was the most abundant genera and included Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and Pseudomonas putida, regardless of mentholation status. However, further comparative analysis of the five products revealed significant differences in the bacterial compositions across products. Bacterial community richness was higher among non-mentholated products compared to those that were mentholated, particularly those that were custom-mentholated. In addition, mentholation appeared to be correlated with a reduction in potential human bacterial pathogens and an increase in bacterial species resistant to harsh environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data provide preliminary evidence that the mentholation of commercially available cigarettes can impact the bacterial community of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chopyk
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Emma Claye
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Kelsey R. Babik
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Molly C. Reid
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Eoghan M. Smyth
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
- School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, 801 West Baltimore Street, Office #622, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Lauren E. Hittle
- School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, 801 West Baltimore Street, Office #622, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Joseph N. Paulson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Mihai Pop
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Pamela I. Clark
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Amy R. Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD USA
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, 801 West Baltimore Street, Office #622, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Su Y, Xian H, Shi S, Zhang C, Manik SMN, Mao J, Zhang G, Liao W, Wang Q, Liu H. Biodegradation of lignin and nicotine with white rot fungi for the delignification and detoxification of tobacco stalk. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27871279 PMCID: PMC5117543 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco stalk is one kind of abundant crop residues in China. The high lignification of tobacco stalk increases its reusing cost and the existing of nicotine will cause serious pollution. The biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass has been demonstrated to be an environmental and economical approach for the utilization of plant stalk. Meanwhile, many nicotine-degrading microorganisms were found in nature. However, microorganisms which could degraded both nicotine and lignin haven't been reported. Therefore, it's imperative to find some suitable microorganisms to break down lignin and simultaneously remove nicotine in tobacco stalk. RESULTS The nicotine in tobacco stalk could be degraded effectively by Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The nicotine content in tobacco stalk was lowered to below 500 mg/kg (a safe concentration to environment) after 10 days of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, and 15 days with Trametes hirsute. The degradation rate of lignin in the fermented tobacco stalk was 37.70, 51.56 and 53.75% with Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, respectively. Meanwhile, 24.28% hemicellulose was degraded by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and 28.19% cellulose was removed by Trametes hirsute. Through the enzyme activity analysis, the main and highest ligninolytic enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes hirsute and Trametes versicolor were lignin peroxidase (88.62 U · L-1), manganese peroxidase (100.95 U · L-1) and laccase (745.65 U · L-1). Meanwhile, relatively high and stable cellulase activity was also detected during the fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the highest endoglucanase, exoglucanase and filter paper enzyme activities were 0.38 U · mL-1, 0.45 U · mL-1 and 0.35U · mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the products in the fermentation of tobacco stalk with P. chrysosporium were identified with GC-MS, besides the chemicals produced in the degradation of lignin and nicotine, some small molecular valuable chemicals and fatty acid were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study developed a new method for the degradation and detoxification of tobacco stalk by fermentation with white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes hirsute. The different oxidative enzymes and chemical products detected during the degradation indicated a possible pathway for the utilization of tobacco stalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Su
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - He Xian
- Qingdao No.9 High School, Qingdao, 266012 Shandong Province China
| | - Sujuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Weihong Liao
- Shandong Lukang Drugs Group, Jining, 272001 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
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Conversion of nornicotine to 6-hydroxy-nornicotine and 6-hydroxy-myosmine by Shinella sp. strain HZN7. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10019-10029. [PMID: 27568381 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nornicotine is a natural alkaloid produced by plants in the genus Nicotiana and is structurally related to nicotine. Importantly, nornicotine is the direct precursor of tobacco-specific nitrosamine N'-nitrosonornicotine, which is a highly potent human carcinogen. Microbial detoxification and degradation of nicotine have been well characterized; however, until now, there has been no information on the molecular mechanism of nornicotine degradation. In this study, we demonstrate the transformation of nornicotine by the nicotine-degrading strain Shinella sp. HZN7. Three transformation products were identified as 6-hydroxy-nornicotine, 6-hydroxy-myosmine, and 6-hydroxy-pseudooxy-nornicotine by UV spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyses. The two-component nicotine dehydrogenase genes nctA1 and nctA2 were cloned, and their product, NctA, was confirmed to be responsible for the conversion of nornicotine into 6-hydroxy-nornicotine as well as nicotine into 6-hydroxy-nicotine. The 6-hydroxy-nicotine oxidase, NctB, catalyzed the oxidation of 6-hydroxy-nornicotine to 6-hydroxy-myosmine, and it spontaneously hydrolyzed into 6-hydroxy-pseudooxy-nornicotine. However, 6-hydroxy-pseudooxy-nornicotine could not be further degraded by strain HZN7. This study demonstrated that nornicotine is partially transformed by strain HZN7 via nicotine degradation pathway.
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Fitzpatrick PF, Chadegani F, Zhang S, Roberts KM, Hinck CS. Mechanism of the Flavoprotein L-Hydroxynicotine Oxidase: Kinetic Mechanism, Substrate Specificity, Reaction Product, and Roles of Active-Site Residues. Biochemistry 2016; 55:697-703. [PMID: 26744768 PMCID: PMC4738163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flavoprotein L-hydroxynicotine oxidase (LHNO) catalyzes an early step in the bacterial catabolism of nicotine. Although the structure of the enzyme establishes that it is a member of the monoamine oxidase family, LHNO is generally accepted to oxidize a carbon-carbon bond in the pyrrolidine ring of the substrate and has been proposed to catalyze the subsequent tautomerization and hydrolysis of the initial oxidation product to yield 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine [Kachalova, G., et al. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 4800-4805]. Analysis of the product of the enzyme from Arthrobacter nicotinovorans by nuclear magnetic resonance and continuous-flow mass spectrometry establishes that the enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the pyrrolidine carbon-nitrogen bond, the expected reaction for a monoamine oxidase, and that hydrolysis of the amine to form 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine is nonenzymatic. On the basis of the kcat/Km and kred values for (S)-hydroxynicotine and several analogues, the methyl group contributes only marginally (∼ 0.5 kcal/mol) to transition-state stabilization, while the hydroxyl oxygen and pyridyl nitrogen each contribute ∼ 4 kcal/mol. The small effects on activity of mutagenesis of His187, Glu300, or Tyr407 rule out catalytic roles for all three of these active-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Fatemeh Chadegani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Kenneth M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken, SC 29801
| | - Cynthia S. Hinck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
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Nicotine Dehydrogenase Complexed with 6-Hydroxypseudooxynicotine Oxidase Involved in the Hybrid Nicotine-Degrading Pathway in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1745-1755. [PMID: 26729714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03909-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, a major toxic alkaloid in tobacco wastes, is degraded by bacteria, mainly via pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways. Previously, we discovered a new hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33 and characterized its key enzyme 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine (HSP) hydroxylase. Here, we purified the nicotine dehydrogenase initializing the nicotine degradation from the strain and found that it forms a complex with a novel 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine oxidase. The purified complex is composed of three different subunits encoded by ndhAB and pno, where ndhA and ndhB overlap by 4 bp and are ∼26 kb away from pno. As predicted from the gene sequences and from chemical analyses, NdhA (82.4 kDa) and NdhB (17.1 kDa) harbor a molybdopterin cofactor and two [2Fe-2S] clusters, respectively, whereas Pno (73.3 kDa) harbors an flavin mononucleotide and a [4Fe-4S] cluster. Mutants with disrupted ndhA or ndhB genes did not grow on nicotine but grew well on 6-hydroxynicotine and HSP, whereas the pno mutant did not grow on nicotine or 6-hydroxynicotine but grew well on HSP, indicating that NdhA and NdhB are responsible for initialization of nicotine oxidation. We successfully expressed pno in Escherichia coli and found that the recombinant Pno presented 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reduction activity when it was coupled with 6-hydroxynicotine oxidation. The determination of reaction products catalyzed by the purified enzymes or mutants indicated that NdhAB catalyzed nicotine oxidation to 6-hydroxynicotine, whereas Pno oxidized 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylsemialdehyde pyridine. These results provide new insights into this novel hybrid pathway of nicotine degradation in A. tumefaciens S33.
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Jiang Y, Tang H, Wu G, Xu P. Functional Identification of a Novel Gene, moaE, for 3-Succinoylpyridine Degradation in Pseudomonas putida S16. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13464. [PMID: 26304596 PMCID: PMC4548258 DOI: 10.1038/srep13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of N-heterocyclic compounds, including xanthine, quinoline, nicotinate, and nicotine, frequently requires molybdenum hydroxylases. The intramolecular electron transfer chain of molybdenum hydroxylases consists of a molybdenum cofactor, two distinct [2Fe-2S] clusters, and flavin adenine dinucleotide. 3-Succinoylpyridine monooxygenase (Spm), responsible for the transformation from 3-succinoylpyridine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine, is a crucial enzyme in the pyrrolidine pathway of nicotine degradation in Pseudomonas. Our previous work revealed that the heterotrimeric enzyme (SpmA, SpmB, and SpmC) requires molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide as a cofactor for their activities. In this study, we knocked out four genes, including PPS_1556, PPS_2936, PPS_4063, and PPS_4397, and found that a novel gene, PPS_4397 encoding moaE, is necessary for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide biosynthesis. Resting cell reactions of the moaE deletion mutant incubated with 3 g l−1 nicotine at 30 °C resulted in accumulation of 3-succinoylpyridine, and the strain complemented by the moaE gene regained the ability to convert 3-succinoylpyridine. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the transcriptional levels of the genes of moaE, spmA, and spmC of Pseudomonas putida S16 were distinctly higher when grown in nicotine medium than in glycerol medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Ma G, Chen T, Hou Y, Yang S, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Nicotine-degrading microorganisms and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3775-85. [PMID: 25805341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine-degrading microorganisms (NDMs) are a special microbial group which can use nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth. Since the 1950s, the bioconversion of nicotine by microbes has received increasing attention, and several NDMs have been identified, such as Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, Microsporum gypseum, Pellicularia filamentosa JTS-208, and Pseudomonas sp. 41. In recent years, increasing numbers of NDMs have been isolated and identified from tobacco plantation soil, leaf, and tobacco waste. Meanwhile, the metabolic pathway and degradation mechanism of nicotine have been elucidated in several NDMs, such as A. nicotinovorans, Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, Aspergillus oryzae, and Pseudomonas putida S16. Moreover, several NDMs have been used in improving the quality of cigarettes, treating tobacco waste, and producing valuable intermediates of nicotine. Here, we summarize the diversity, phylogenetic analysis, and potential applications of NDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Liu
- Tobacco Company of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400023, People's Republic of China
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Křížek K, Růžička J, Julinová M, Husárová L, Houser J, Dvořáčková M, Jančová P. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-degrading bacteria from activated sludge. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:776-782. [PMID: 25768226 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a widely used solvent for many organic compounds and a component found in a vast array of chemical preparations. For this research paper, NMP degrading bacteria were isolated from two samples of activated sludge. They pertained to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive members, and belong to the Pseudomonas, Paracoccus, Acinetobacter and Rhodococcus genera. All the strains utilized 300 mg/L of NMP as the only source of carbon, energy and nitrogen over several days, and they were shown to additionally be able to degrade N-acetylphenylalanine (NAP). The growth of all the isolated strains was recorded at different NMP concentrations, to a maximum of 20 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Křížek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Jan Růžička
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail: ; Centre of Polymer Systems, TGM Square 5555, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Julinová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail: ; Centre of Polymer Systems, TGM Square 5555, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Husárová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Josef Houser
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Marie Dvořáčková
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Petra Jančová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, TGM Square 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail:
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Liu H, He H, Cheng C, Liu J, Shu M, Jiao Y, Tao F, Zhong W. Diversity analysis of the bacterial community in tobacco waste extract during reconstituted tobacco process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:469-76. [PMID: 25142693 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted tobacco sheet process has been developed to treat and reuse tobacco wastes in the industry. During this process, microorganisms in original and concentrated tobacco waste extract (TWE) might play important roles in the final quality of the reconstituted tobacco. However, microbial communities in TWE remain largely unknown. In the present study, the Roche 454 bar-coded pyrosequencing was applied to analyze the bacterial community structure in samples. Comparison based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the original and concentrated solutions of TWE harbored abundant bacteria probably resistant to the acid, high nicotine concentration, and high osmotic pressure environment. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Lactobacillus and Lysinibacillus were the dominant genera of Firmicutes. The most interesting genus of Proteobacteria was Pseudomonas. It is the first time to reveal the bacterial diversities on the TWE samples from the process of reconstituted tobacco sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagui Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
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37
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Li H, Xie K, Huang H, Wang S. 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydroxylase catalyzes a central step of nicotine degradation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103324. [PMID: 25054198 PMCID: PMC4108407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a main alkaloid in tobacco and is also the primary toxic compound in tobacco wastes. It can be degraded by bacteria via either pyridine pathway or pyrrolidine pathway. Previously, a fused pathway of the pyridine pathway and the pyrrolidine pathway was proposed for nicotine degradation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, in which 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine (HSP) is a key intermediate connecting the two pathways. We report here the purification and properties of an NADH-dependent HSP hydroxylase from A. tumefaciens S33. The 90-kDa homodimeric flavoprotein catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of HSP to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine (2,5-DHP) in the presence of NADH and FAD at pH 8.0 at a specific rate of about 18.8 ± 1.85 µmol min-1 mg protein-1. Its gene was identified by searching the N-terminal amino acid residues of the purified protein against the genome draft of the bacterium. It encodes a protein composed of 391 amino acids with 62% identity to HSP hydroxylase (HspB) from Pseudomonas putida S16, which degrades nicotine via the pyrrolidine pathway. Considering the application potential of 2,5-DHP in agriculture and medicine, we developed a route to transform HSP into 2,5-DHP with recombinant HSP hydroxylase and an NADH-regenerating system (formate, NAD+ and formate dehydrogenase), via which around 0.53 ± 0.03 mM 2,5-DHP was produced from 0.76 ± 0.01 mM HSP with a molar conversion as 69.7%. This study presents the biochemical properties of the key enzyme HSP hydroxylase which is involved in the fused nicotine degradation pathway of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways and a new green route to biochemically synthesize functionalized 2,5-DHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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38
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Occurrence and variability of tobacco rhizosphere and phyllosphere bacterial communities associated with nicotine biodegradation. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wang L, Tang H, Yu H, Yao Y, Xu P. An unusual repressor controls the expression of a crucial nicotine-degrading gene cluster inPseudomonas putida S16. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:1252-69. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuxiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
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40
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Heath RS, Pontini M, Bechi B, Turner NJ. Development of anR-Selective Amine Oxidase with Broad Substrate Specificity and High Enantioselectivity. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Liu Y, Wang L, Huang K, Wang W, Nie X, Jiang Y, Li P, Liu S, Xu P, Tang H. Physiological and biochemical characterization of a novel nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas geniculata N1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84399. [PMID: 24416227 PMCID: PMC3885553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of solid wastes with high nicotine content, such as those accumulated during tobacco manufacturing, poses a major challenge, which can be addressed by using bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. In this study, a new species of Pseudomonas geniculata, namely strain N1, which is capable of efficiently degrading nicotine, was isolated and identified. The optimal growth conditions for strain N1 are a temperature of 30°C, and a pH 6.5, at a rotation rate of 120 rpm min−1 with 1 g l−1 nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Myosmine, cotinine, 6-hydroxynicotine, 6-hydroxy-N-methylmyosmine, and 6-hydroxy-pseudooxynicotine were detected as the five intermediates through gas chromatography-mass and liquid chromatography-mass analyses. The identified metabolites were different from those generated by Pseudomonas putida strains. The analysis also highlighted the bacterial metabolic diversity in relation to nicotine degradation by different Pseudomonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Gurusamy R, Natarajan S. Current status on biochemistry and molecular biology of microbial degradation of nicotine. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:125385. [PMID: 24470788 PMCID: PMC3891541 DOI: 10.1155/2013/125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation is one of the most promising methods to clean up polluted environments using highly efficient potent microbes. Microbes with specific enzymes and biochemical pathways are capable of degrading the tobacco alkaloids including highly toxic heterocyclic compound, nicotine. After the metabolic conversion, these nicotinophilic microbes use nicotine as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source for their growth. Various nicotine degradation pathways such as demethylation pathway in fungi, pyridine pathway in Gram-positive bacteria, pyrrolidine pathway, and variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways in Gram-negative bacteria have been reported. In this review, we discussed the nicotine-degrading pathways of microbes and their enzymes and biotechnological applications of nicotine intermediate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Gurusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Sakthivel Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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Systematic unraveling of the unsolved pathway of nicotine degradation in Pseudomonas. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003923. [PMID: 24204321 PMCID: PMC3812094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms such as Pseudomonas putida play important roles in the mineralization of organic wastes and toxic compounds. To comprehensively and accurately elucidate key processes of nicotine degradation in Pseudomonas putida, we measured differential protein abundance levels with MS-based spectral counting in P. putida S16 grown on nicotine or glycerol, a non-repressive carbon source. In silico analyses highlighted significant clustering of proteins involved in a functional pathway in nicotine degradation. The transcriptional regulation of differentially expressed genes was analyzed by using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We observed the following key results: (i) The proteomes, containing 1,292 observed proteins, provide a detailed view of enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism. These proteins could be assigned to the functional groups of transport, detoxification, and amino acid metabolism. There were significant differences in the cytosolic protein patterns of cells growing in a nicotine medium and those in a glycerol medium. (ii) The key step in the conversion of 3-succinoylpyridine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine was catalyzed by a multi-enzyme reaction consisting of a molybdopeterin binding oxidase (spmA), molybdopterin dehydrogenase (spmB), and a (2Fe-2S)-binding ferredoxin (spmC) with molybdenum molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide as a cofactor. (iii) The gene of a novel nicotine oxidoreductase (nicA2) was cloned, and the recombinant protein was characterized. The proteins and functional pathway identified in the current study represent attractive targets for degradation of environmental toxic compounds.
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Wang X, Tang L, Yao Y, Wang H, Min H, Lu Z. Bioremediation of the tobacco waste-contaminated soil by Pseudomonas sp. HF-1: nicotine degradation and microbial community analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6077-88. [PMID: 23053086 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly effective nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 was augmented into the tobacco waste-contaminated soil to degrade nicotine and evaluate the effect of the bioremediation. Comparing with non-adding (NA) systems, the treatments with addition of strain HF-1 (TA) exhibited considerably stronger pollution disposal abilities and higher stability of pH value and moisture content, especially in groups containing a large quantity of tobacco waste. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that the Shannon-Wiener index decreased with increasing wastes in the NA treatments, while a gradual increase was found in the TA groups. A comparison of sequences from DGGE bands demonstrated that there were differences in the dominant microbial species between the two treatments, suggesting that strain HF-1 could persist in the soil and enhance the efficiency of tobacco waste disposal. The results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) also indicated that strain HF-1 existed in the TA systems and grew with relative high quantities. In conclusion, the nicotine-degrading strain HF-1 played a leading role in the bioremediation of the tobacco waste-contaminated soil and influenced the dynamics and structure of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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45
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Pusillimonas sp. 5HP degrading 5-hydroxypicolinic acid. Biodegradation 2013; 25:11-9. [PMID: 23543363 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial strain 5HP capable of degrading and utilizing 5-hydroxypicolinic acid as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from soil. In addition, the isolate 5HP could also utilize 3-hydroxypyridine and 3-cyanopyridine as well as nicotinic, benzoic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids for growth in the basic salt media. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate 5HP was shown to belong to the genus Pusillimonas. Both the bioconversion analysis using resting cells and the enzymatic assay showed that the degradation of 5-hydroxypicolinic acid, 3-hydroxypyridine and nicotinic acid was inducible and proceeded via formation of the same metabolite, 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. The activity of a novel enzyme, 5-hydroxypicolinate 2-monooxygenase, was detected in the cell-free extracts prepared from 5-hydroxypicolinate-grown cells. The enzyme was partially purified and was shown to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of 5-hydroxypicolinate to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. The activity of 5-hydroxypicolinate 2-monooxygenase was dependent on O2, NADH and FAD.
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Molina G, Pimentel MR, Pastore GM. Pseudomonas: a promising biocatalyst for the bioconversion of terpenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1851-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cloning of a novel nicotine oxidase gene from Pseudomonas sp. strain HZN6 whose product nonenantioselectively degrades nicotine to pseudooxynicotine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2164-71. [PMID: 23335761 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03824-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. strain HZN6 utilizes nicotine as its sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. However, its catabolic mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, self-formed adaptor PCR was performed to amplify the upstream sequence of the pseudooxynicotine amine oxidase gene. A 1,437-bp open reading frame (designated nox) was found to encode a nicotine oxidase (NOX) that shows 30% amino acid sequence identity with 6-hydroxy-l-nicotine oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. The nox gene was cloned into a broad-host-range cloning vector and transferred into the non-nicotine-degrading bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α (DH-nox) and Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (KT-nox). The transconjugant KT-nox obtained nicotine degradation ability and yielded an equimolar amount of pseudooxynicotine, while DH-nox did not. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that the nox gene is expressed in both DH5α and KT2440, suggesting that additional factors required for nicotine degradation are present in a Pseudomonas strain(s), but not in E. coli. The mutant of strain HZN6 with nox disrupted lost the ability to degrade nicotine, but not pseudooxynicotine. These results suggested that the nox gene is responsible for the first step of nicotine degradation. The (RS)-nicotine degradation results showed that the two enantiomers were degraded at approximately the same rate, indicating that NOX does not show chiral selectivity. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that both the conserved flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding GXGXXG motif and His456 are essential for nicotine degradation activity.
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Ye Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Lu Z, Yan X. Unraveling the concentration-dependent metabolic response of Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 to nicotine stress by ¹H NMR-based metabolomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1314-1324. [PMID: 22437205 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine can cause oxidative damage to organisms; however, some bacteria, for example Pseudomonas sp. HF-1, are resistant to such oxidative stress. In the present study, we analyzed the concentration-dependent metabolic response of Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 to nicotine stress using ¹H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. We found that the dominant metabolites in Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 were eight aliphatic organic acids, six amino acids, three sugars and 11 nucleotides. After 18 h of cultivation, 1 g/L nicotine caused significant elevation of sugar (glucose, trehalose and maltose), succinate and nucleic acid metabolites (cytidine, 5'-CMP, guanine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate), but decrease of glutamate, putrescine, pyrimidine, 2-propanol, diethyl ether and acetamide levels. Similar metabolomic changes were induced by 2 g/L nicotine, except that no significant change in trehalose, 5'-UMP levels and diethyl ether were found. However, 3 g/L nicotine led to a significant elevation in the two sugars (trehalose and maltose) levels and decrease in the levels of glutamate, putrescine, pyrimidine and 2-propanol. Our findings indicated that nicotine resulted in the enhanced nucleotide biosynthesis, decreased glucose catabolism, elevated succinate accumulation, severe disturbance in osmoregulation and complex antioxidant strategy. And a further increase of nicotine level was a critical threshold value that triggered the change of metabolic flow in Pseudomonas sp. HF-1. These findings revealed the comprehensive insights into the metabolic response of nicotine-degrading bacteria to nicotine-induced oxidative toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfang Ye
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
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Zhao L, Zhu C, Gao Y, Wang C, Li X, Shu M, Shi Y, Zhong W. Nicotine degradation enhancement by Pseudomonas stutzeri ZCJ during aging process of tobacco leaves. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2077-86. [PMID: 22806029 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a key harmful component of tobacco and cigarettes, and the development of low-nicotine cigarettes is of increasing importance in the market. The objectives of this study are to isolate native nicotine-degrading strains and evaluate their feasibility for nicotine reduction during the aging (or fermentation) of tobacco leaves. A novel nicotine-degrading strain was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri ZCJ based on its 16S rDNA sequence and morphological-biochemical characteristics. In submerged cultures, P. stutzeri ZCJ could tolerate 4.5 g/L nicotine and completely degrade 1.5 g/L nicotine within 24 h at 37°C and pH 7.4. The addition of glucose (1 g/L) could improve nicotine degradation by P. stutzeri ZCJ in submerged cultures. After submerged culturing, the cell suspension of P. stutzeri ZCJ could be utilized to improve nicotine reduction in tobacco leaves during solid-state fermentation. The nicotine content of tobacco leaves decreased by as much as 32.24% after 7 days of solid-state fermentation by P. stutzeri ZCJ, suggesting the industrial application potential of the native strain to enhance nicotine degradation during the aging of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
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Genomic analysis of Pseudomonas putida: genes in a genome island are crucial for nicotine degradation. Sci Rep 2012; 2:377. [PMID: 22530095 PMCID: PMC3332521 DOI: 10.1038/srep00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is an important chemical compound in nature that has been regarded as an environmental toxicant causing various preventable diseases. Several bacterial species are adapted to decompose this heterocyclic compound, including Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. Pseudomonas putida S16 is a bacterium that degrades nicotine through the pyrrolidine pathway, similar to that present in animals. The corresponding late steps of the nicotine degradation pathway in P. putida S16 was first proposed and demonstrated to be from 2,5-dihydroxy-pyridine through the intermediates N-formylmaleamic acid, maleamic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid. Genomics of strain S16 revealed that genes located in the largest genome island play a major role in nicotine degradation and may originate from other strains, as suggested by the constructed phylogenetic tree and the results of comparative genomic analysis. The deletion of gene hpo showed that this gene is essential for nicotine degradation. This study defines the mechanism of nicotine degradation.
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