1
|
Zhao W, Zhu J, Yang S, Liu J, Sun Z, Sun H. Microalgal metabolic engineering facilitates precision nutrition and dietary regulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175460. [PMID: 39137841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae have gained considerable attention as promising candidates for precision nutrition and dietary regulation due to their versatile metabolic capabilities. This review innovatively applies system metabolic engineering to utilize microalgae for precision nutrition and sustainable diets, encompassing the construction of microalgal cell factories, cell cultivation and practical application of microalgae. Manipulating the metabolic pathways and key metabolites of microalgae through multi-omics analysis and employing advanced metabolic engineering strategies, including ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR/Cas system, enhances the production of valuable bioactive compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential amino acids. This work begins by providing an overview of the metabolic diversity of microalgae and their ability to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. It then delves into the principles and strategies of metabolic engineering, emphasizing the genetic modifications employed to optimize microalgal strains for enhanced nutritional content. Enhancing PSY, BKT, and CHYB benefits carotenoid synthesis, whereas boosting ACCase, fatty acid desaturases, and elongases promotes polyunsaturated fatty acid production. Here, advancements in synthetic biology, evolutionary biology and machine learning are discussed, offering insights into the precision and efficiency of metabolic pathway manipulation. Also, this review highlights the potential impact of microalgal precision nutrition on human health and aquaculture. The optimized microalgal strains could serve as sustainable and cost-effective sources of nutrition for both human consumption and aquaculture feed, addressing the growing demand for functional foods and environmentally friendly feed alternatives. The tailored microalgal strains are anticipated to play a crucial role in meeting the nutritional needs of diverse populations and contributing to sustainable food production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiale Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu M, Yu L, Zheng J, Shao S, Pan Y, Hu H, Shen L, Wang W, Zhou W, Liu J. Turning the industrially relevant marine alga Nannochloropsis red: one move for multifaceted benefits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39253772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oceanica is an industrially relevant marine microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, a valuable ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid), yet the algal production potential remains to be unlocked. Here we engineered N. oceanica to synthesize the high-value carotenoid astaxanthin independent of high-light (HL) induction for achieving multifaceted benefits. By screening β-carotenoid ketolases and hydroxylases of various origins, and strategically manipulating compartmentalization, fusion patterns, and linkers of the enzyme pair, a remarkable 133-fold increase in astaxanthin content was achieved in N. oceanica. Iterative metabolic engineering efforts led to further increases in astaxanthin synthesis up to 7.3 mg g-1, the highest reported for microalgae under nonstress conditions. Astaxanthin was found in the photosystem components and allowed the alga HL resistance and augmented EPA production. Besides, we achieved co-production of astaxanthin and EPA by the engineered alga through a fed-batch cultivation approach. Our findings unveil the untapped potential of N. oceanica as a robust, light-driven chassis for constitutive astaxanthin synthesis and provide feasible strategies for the concurrent production of multiple high-value biochemicals from CO2, thereby paving the way for sustainable biotechnological applications of this alga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutrality of Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutrality of Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutrality of Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutrality of Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutrality of Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nesterovschi I, Maškarić K, Poplăcean IC, Santos JP, Kantarciyan A, Slaveykova VI, Pînzaru SC. Impact of inorganic mercury on carotenoids in freshwater algae: Insights from single-cell resonance Raman spectroscopy. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 276:107085. [PMID: 39276605 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The influence of inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) exposure on photosynthetic microorganisms and their pigments remains understudied. Here, we employed resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to investigate the responses of two freshwater phytoplankton species, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana to Hg(II) exposure. We selectively recorded the spectral RR signature of carotenoids in intact cells exposed to concentrations of 10 nM and 100 nM of Hg(II), representative for contaminated environment and unexposed control cells. A two-hour exposure of C. reinhardtii resulted in a slight decrease in lutein and β-carotene levels, while total carotenoids RR band broadening, as revealed by the FWHM of the υ1(C=C) stretching mode from averaged RR spectra, suggested conformational changes in pigments. Higher Hg(II) concentration induced more pronounced conformational changes. Similarly, a two-hour exposure of C. meneghiniana resulted in slight decreased level of the fucoxanthin, while diadinoxanthin showed an opposite trend compared to control: when fucoxanthin decreased, diadinoxanthin increased under 10 nM Hg (II) exposure. At higher concentrations, the decrease in fucoxanthin was less pronounced, accompanied by a broadening of the band area, (with FHHM increased), indicating possible conformer occurrence in response to Hg-induced stress. The changes in the main carotenoid species of the two algae are species-specific, Hg(II) concentration-specific, and dependent on exposure time. The calculated spectral differences in absorbances from UV-VIS spectra of methanol extracts from each group supported the main findings obtained by RR, though with caution due to the selective extraction efficiency of the respective carotenoids. This study highlighted for a first time the capability of single-cell RR spectroscopy as a valuable tool for toxicity assessment and for comprehending early-stage alterations in carotenoid metabolism due to toxic metal exposure in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ion Nesterovschi
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Fantanele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karlo Maškarić
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Fantanele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iuliana-Cornelia Poplăcean
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - João P Santos
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Bvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arin Kantarciyan
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Bvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Bvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Simona Cîntă Pînzaru
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogălniceanu 1, RO, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Fantanele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cagney MH, O'Neill EC. Strategies for producing high value small molecules in microalgae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108942. [PMID: 39024780 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae are a diverse group of organisms that can be used for the sustainable production of a wide range of high value compounds, including lipids, flavours and dyes, bioplastics, and cosmetics. Optimising total biomass production often does not lead to optimal product yield and more sophisticated biphasic growth strategies are needed, introducing specific stresses to induce product synthesis. Genetic tools have been used to increase yields of natural products or to introduce new pathways to algae, and wider deployment of these tools offers promising routes for commercial production of high value compounds utilising minimal inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Cagney
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen HH, Zheng QX, Yu F, Xie SR, Jiang JG. Development of a chloroplast expression system for Dunaliella salina. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110464. [PMID: 38850682 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is an innovative expression system due to its distinct advantages such as high salt tolerance, low susceptibility to contamination, and the absence of the cell wall. While nuclear transformation has been extensively studied, research on D. salina chloroplast transformation remains in the preliminary stages. In this study, we established an efficient chloroplast expression system for D. salina using Golden Gate assembly. We developed a D. salina toolkit comprising essential components such as chloroplast-specific promoters, terminators, homologous fragments, and various vectors. We confirmed its functionality by expressing the EGFP protein. Moreover, we detailed the methodology of the entire construction process. This expression system enables the specific targeting of foreign genes through simple homologous recombination, resulting in stable expression in chloroplasts. The toolkit achieved a relatively high transformation efficiency within a shorter experimental cycle. Consequently, the construction and utilization of this toolkit have the potential to enhance the efficiency of transgenic engineering in D. salina and advance the development of microalgal biofactories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qian-Xi Zheng
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shan-Rong Xie
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang JJ, Xu W, Lin S, Cheung PCK. The bioactivities and biotechnological production approaches of carotenoids derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-29. [PMID: 39038957 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2359966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are a rich source of carotenoids that are well known for their potent bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity properties. Recently, many interests have also been focused on the biological activities of these microalgae/cyanobacteria-derived carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin and β-carotene potential to be the salutary nutraceuticals, on treating or preventing human common diseases (e.g., cancers). This is due to their special chemical structures that demonstrate unique bioactive functions, in which the biologically active discrepancies might attribute to the different spatial configurations of their molecules. In addition, their abundance and bioaccessibilities make them more popularly applied in food and pharmaceutical industries, as compared to the macroalgal/fungal-derived ones. This review is focused on the recent studies on the bioactivities of fucoxanthin and some carotenoids derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria in relationship with human health and diseases, with emphasis on their potential applications as natural antioxidants. Various biotechnological approaches employed to induce the production of these specific carotenoids from the culture of microalgae/cyanobacteria are also critically reviewed. These well-developed and emerging biotechnologies present promise to be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries to facilitate the efficient manufacture of the bioactive carotenoid products derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Junhui Huang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoling Lin
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kneip JS, Kniepkamp N, Jang J, Mortaro MG, Jin E, Kruse O, Baier T. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the Lycopene ε-Cyclase for Efficient Astaxanthin Production in the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1393. [PMID: 38794462 PMCID: PMC11125023 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids are valuable pigments naturally occurring in all photosynthetic plants and microalgae as well as in selected fungi, bacteria, and archaea. Green microalgae developed a complex carotenoid profile suitable for efficient light harvesting and light protection and harbor great capacity for carotenoid production through the substantial power of the endogenous 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Previous works established successful genome editing and induced significant changes in the cellular carotenoid content in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This study employs a tailored carotenoid pathway for engineered bioproduction of the valuable ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. Functional knockout of lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-based integration of donor DNA at the target site inhibit the accumulation of α-carotene and consequently lutein and loroxanthin, abundant carotenoids in C. reinhardtii without changes in cellular fitness. PCR-based screening indicated that 4 of 96 regenerated candidate lines carried (partial) integrations of donor DNA and increased ß-carotene as well as derived carotenoid contents. Iterative overexpression of CrBKT, PacrtB, and CrCHYB resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in astaxanthin accumulation in mutant ΔLCYE#3 (1.8 mg/L) compared to the parental strain UVM4, which demonstrates the potential of genome editing for the design of a green cell factory for astaxanthin bioproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sebastian Kneip
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Kniepkamp
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Junhwan Jang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Grazia Mortaro
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Baier
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Makaranga A, Nesamma AA, Jutur PP. Microbial chassis as the platform for production of dihydroxy xanthophyll-based carotenoids: an overview of recent advances in biomanufacturing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:197. [PMID: 38722384 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Physiological and environmental cues prompt microbes to synthesize diverse carotenoids, including dihydroxy xanthophylls, facilitating their adaptation and survival. Lutein and its isomeric counterpart, zeaxanthin, are notable dihydroxy xanthophylls with bioactive properties such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects, particularly beneficial for human ocular health. However, global natural resources for co-producing lutein and zeaxanthin are scarce, with zeaxanthin lacking commercial sources, unlike lutein sourced from marigold plants and microalgae. Traditionally, dihydroxy xanthophyll production primarily relies on petrochemical synthetic routes, with limited biological sourcing reported. Nonetheless, microbiological synthesis presents promising avenues as a commercial source, albeit challenged by low dihydroxy xanthophyll yield at high cell density. Strategies involving optimization of physical and chemical parameters are essential to achieve high-quality dihydroxy xanthophyll products. This overview briefly discusses dihydroxy xanthophyll biosynthesis and highlights recent advancements, discoveries, and industrial benefits of lutein and zeaxanthin production from microorganisms as alternative biofactories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalah Makaranga
- Omics of Algae Group, Industrial Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Asha Arumugam Nesamma
- Omics of Algae Group, Industrial Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pannaga Pavan Jutur
- Omics of Algae Group, Industrial Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montuori E, Lima S, Marchese A, Scargiali F, Lauritano C. Lutein Production and Extraction from Microalgae: Recent Insights and Bioactive Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2892. [PMID: 38474137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been reported to be excellent producers of bioactive molecules. Lutein is a pigment reported to have various beneficial effects for humans, and especially for eye well-being. In the current review, we summarize various methods that have been developed to optimize its extraction and bioactivities reported for human health. Several protective effects have been reported for lutein, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activity. This review also reports attempts to increase lutein production by microalgae by changing culturing parameters or by using pilot-scale systems. Genetic engineering lutein production is also discussed. Considering the increasing aging of the worldwide population will create an increased need for lutein, a viable economic and eco-sustainable method to produce lutein is needed to face this market demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Montuori
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Lima
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Arima Marchese
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Scargiali
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Truong TQ, Park YJ, Winarto J, Huynh PK, Moon J, Choi YB, Song DG, Koo SY, Kim SM. Understanding the Impact of Nitrogen Availability: A Limiting Factor for Enhancing Fucoxanthin Productivity in Microalgae Cultivation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:93. [PMID: 38393064 PMCID: PMC10889934 DOI: 10.3390/md22020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the regulation of fucoxanthin (FX) biosynthesis under various nitrogen conditions to optimize FX productivity in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Apart from light, nitrogen availability significantly affects the FX production of microalgae; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In batch culture, P. tricornutum was cultivated with normal (NN, 0.882 mM sodium nitrate), limited (LN, 0.22 mM), and high (HN, 8.82 mM) initial nitrogen concentrations in f/2 medium. Microalgal growth and photosynthetic pigment production were examined, and day 5 samples were subjected to fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding protein (FCP) proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The result demonstrated that HN promoted FX productivity by extending the exponential growth phase for higher biomass and FX accumulation stage (P1), showing a continuous increase in FX accumulation on day 6. Augmented FX biosynthesis via the upregulation of carotenogenesis could be primarily attributed to enhanced FCP formation in the thylakoid membrane. Key proteins, such as LHC3/4, LHCF8, LHCF5, and LHCF10, and key genes, such as PtPSY, PtPDS, and PtVDE, were upregulated under nitrogen repletion. Finally, the combination of low light and HN prolonged the P1 stage to day 10, resulting in maximal FX productivity to 9.82 ± 0.56 mg/L/day, demonstrating an effective strategy for enhancing FX production in microalgae cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- To Quyen Truong
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (T.Q.T.); (J.W.); (P.K.H.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| | - Yun Ji Park
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| | - Jessica Winarto
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (T.Q.T.); (J.W.); (P.K.H.)
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-G.S.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Phuong Kim Huynh
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (T.Q.T.); (J.W.); (P.K.H.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| | - Jinyoung Moon
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| | - Yeong Bin Choi
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-G.S.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Song Yi Koo
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-G.S.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Sang Min Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (T.Q.T.); (J.W.); (P.K.H.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.P.); (J.M.); (Y.B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McQuillan JL, Cutolo EA, Evans C, Pandhal J. Proteomic characterization of a lutein-hyperaccumulating Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant reveals photoprotection-related factors as targets for increasing cellular carotenoid content. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 37925447 PMCID: PMC10625216 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are emerging hosts for the sustainable production of lutein, a high-value carotenoid; however, to be commercially competitive with existing systems, their capacity for lutein sequestration must be augmented. Previous attempts to boost microalgal lutein production have focussed on upregulating carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes, in part due to a lack of metabolic engineering targets for expanding lutein storage. RESULTS Here, we isolated a lutein hyper-producing mutant of the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and characterized the metabolic mechanisms driving its enhanced lutein accumulation using label-free quantitative proteomics. Norflurazon- and high light-resistant C. reinhardtii mutants were screened to yield four mutant lines that produced significantly more lutein per cell compared to the CC-125 parental strain. Mutant 5 (Mut-5) exhibited a 5.4-fold increase in lutein content per cell, which to our knowledge is the highest fold increase of lutein in C. reinhardtii resulting from mutagenesis or metabolic engineering so far. Comparative proteomics of Mut-5 against its parental strain CC-125 revealed an increased abundance of light-harvesting complex-like proteins involved in photoprotection, among differences in pigment biosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and translation. Further characterization of Mut-5 under varying light conditions revealed constitutive overexpression of the photoprotective proteins light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (LHCSR1) and LHCSR3 and PSII subunit S regardless of light intensity, and increased accrual of total chlorophyll and carotenoids as light intensity increased. Although the photosynthetic efficiency of Mut-5 was comparatively lower than CC-125, the amplitude of non-photochemical quenching responses of Mut-5 was 4.5-fold higher than in CC-125 at low irradiance. CONCLUSIONS We used C. reinhardtii as a model green alga and identified light-harvesting complex-like proteins (among others) as potential metabolic engineering targets to enhance lutein accumulation in microalgae. These have the added value of imparting resistance to high light, although partially compromising photosynthetic efficiency. Further genetic characterization and engineering of Mut-5 could lead to the discovery of unknown players in photoprotective mechanisms and the development of a potent microalgal lutein production system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josie L McQuillan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caroline Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao K, Cui Y, Sun F, Zhang H, Fan J, Ge B, Cao Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Yao Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Meng C, Gao Z. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value natural pigments in Microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108236. [PMID: 37586543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds using photosynthesis. Microalgae contain a variety of high value-added natural pigments such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and chlorophylls. These pigments play an important role in many areas such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Natural pigments have a health value that is unmatched by synthetic pigments. However, the current commercial production of natural pigments from microalgae is not able to meet the growing market demand. The use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biological strategies to improve the production performance of microalgal cell factories is essential to promote the large-scale production of high-value pigments from microalgae. This paper reviews the health and economic values, the applications, and the synthesis pathways of microalgal pigments. Overall, this review aims to highlight the latest research progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in constructing engineered strains of microalgae with high-value pigments and the application of CRISPR technology and multi-omics in this context. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the bottlenecks and challenges of microalgal pigment production and their future development prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255090, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinju Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang D, Liu C, Su M, Zeng Z, Wang C, Hu Z, Lou S, Li H. Enhancement of β-carotene content in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by expressing bacterium-driven lycopene β-cyclase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:127. [PMID: 37573357 PMCID: PMC10423417 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene is one of the economically important carotenoids, having functions as the antioxidant to remove harmful free radicals and as the precursor for vitamin A and other high-valued xanthophyll such as zeaxanthin and astaxanthin. Lycopene cyclase plays an important role in the branching of β-carotene and α-carotene. Aiming to develop the microalgae with enhanced β-carotene productivity, the CrtY gene from bacterium Pantoea agglomerans was integrated into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The lycopene-producing E. coli harboring CrtY gene produced 1.59 times of β-carotene than that harboring DsLcyb1 from Dunaliella salina (a microalga with abundant β-carotene), confirming the superior activity of CrtY on β-carotene biosynthesis. According to the pigment analysis by HPLC, in microalgal transformants that were confirmed by molecular analysis, the expression of CrtY significantly increased β-carotene content from 12.48 mg/g to 30.65 mg/g (dry weight), which is about 2.45-fold changes. It is noted that three out of five transformants have statistically significant higher amount of lutein, even though the increment was 20% in maximum. Besides, no growth defect was observed in the transformants. This is the first report of functional expression of prokaryotic gene in eukaryotic microalgae, which will widen the gene pool targeting carotenoids biosynthesis using microalgae as the factory and thereby provide more opportunity for high-valued products engineering in microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danqiong Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingshan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sulin Lou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang MH, Xie SR, Dai JL, Chen HH, Jiang JG. Roles of Two Phytoene Synthases and Orange Protein in Carotenoid Metabolism of the β-Carotene-Accumulating Dunaliella salina. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0006923. [PMID: 37022233 PMCID: PMC10269666 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00069-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a key enzyme in carotenoid metabolism and often regulated by orange protein. However, few studies have focused on the functional differentiation of the two PSYs and their regulation by protein interaction in the β-carotene-accumulating Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/18. In this study, we confirmed that DsPSY1 from D. salina possessed high PSY catalytic activity, whereas DsPSY2 almost had no activity. Two amino acid residues at positions 144 and 285 responsible for substrate binding were associated with the functional variance between DsPSY1 and DsPSY2. Moreover, orange protein from D. salina (DsOR) could interact with DsPSY1/2. DbPSY from Dunaliella sp. FACHB-847 also had high PSY activity, but DbOR could not interact with DbPSY, which might be one reason why it could not highly accumulate β-carotene. Overexpression of DsOR, especially the mutant DsORHis, could significantly improve the single-cell carotenoid content and change cell morphology (with larger cell size, bigger plastoglobuli, and fragmented starch granules) of D. salina. Overall, DsPSY1 played a dominant role in carotenoid biosynthesis in D. salina, and DsOR promoted carotenoid accumulation, especially β-carotene via interacting with DsPSY1/2 and regulating the plastid development. Our study provides a new clue for the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid metabolism in Dunaliella. IMPORTANCE Phytoene synthase (PSY) as the key rate-limiting enzyme in carotenoid metabolism can be regulated by various regulators and factors. We found that DsPSY1 played a dominant role in carotenogenesis in the β-carotene-accumulating Dunaliella salina, and two amino acid residues critical in the substrate binding were associated with the functional variance between DsPSY1 and DsPSY2. Orange protein from D. salina (DsOR) can promote carotenoid accumulation via interacting with DsPSY1/2 and regulating the plastid development, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of massive accumulation of β-carotene in D. salina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Rong Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jv-Liang Dai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu Y, Wang Y, Yi L, Liu J, Yang S, Liu B, Chen F, Sun H. Lutein production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128875. [PMID: 36921637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lutein production from microalgae is a sustainable and economical strategy to offer the increasing global demands, but is still challenged with low lutein content at the high-cell density for commercial production. This review summarizes the suitable conditions for cell growth and lutein accumulation, and presents recent cultivation strategies to further improve lutein productivity. Light and nitrogen play critical roles in lutein biosynthesis that lead to the efficient multi-stage cultivation by increasing lutein content at the later stage. In addition, metabolic and genetic designs for carbon regulation and lutein biosynthesis are discussed at the molecule level. The in-situ lutein accumulation in fermenters by regulating carbon metabolism is considered as a cost-effective direction. Then, downstream processes are summarized for the efficient lutein recovery. Finally, challenges of current lutein production from microalgae are discussed. Meanwhile, potential solutions are proposed to improve lutein content and drive down costs of microalgal biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Fu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Han Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao Z, Li P, Ru J, Cao X, Wang X, Liu B, Li ZH. Physiological responses of marine Chlorella sp. exposed to environmental levels of triphenyltin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26387-26396. [PMID: 36367644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is a herbicide and antifouling agent that has been widely used. After TPT flows into water bodies, it will cause toxic effects on marine life. We evaluated the effect of environmental concentration level (0, 10, 100, and 200 ng/L) on the cell density, antioxidant capability, and photosynthesis-related genes in the marine Chlorella sp. The results showed that 10 and 100 ng/L TPT can promote the growth of marine Chlorella sp., 200 ng/L TPT can inhibit the growth of marine Chlorella sp., and the TPT toxicity was accumulative. The chlorophyll composition changed. The content of chlorophyll a in 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05) in 13 days. The content of chlorophyll b in the 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L groups in 1 day and 13 days was significantly different from that in the control group (p < 0.05). The content of total chlorophyll in the 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L groups in 13 days was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The 200 ng/L group began to suffer oxidative damage on the 12th day, and the pigment protein complex responded to oxidative damage through self-feedback regulation. On the 18th day, chld, cao, psy, rbcS, and rbcL genes were downregulated, and psbA gene was upregulated in the 10 ng/L and 100 ng/L groups, which may be a feedback regulation of self-oxidative damage. This paper analyzed toxicity of environmental levels of TPT to marine Chlorella sp., which provided new data support for the comprehensive evaluation of its marine ecological toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Jinchuang Ru
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Xuqian Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Masi A, Leonelli F, Scognamiglio V, Gasperuzzo G, Antonacci A, Terzidis MA. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A Factory of Nutraceutical and Food Supplements for Human Health. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031185. [PMID: 36770853 PMCID: PMC9921279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) is one of the most well-studied microalgae organisms that revealed important information for the photosynthetic and metabolic processes of plants and eukaryotes. Numerous extensive studies have also underpinned its great potential as a biochemical factory, capable of producing various highly desired molecules with a direct impact on human health and longevity. Polysaccharides, lipids, functional proteins, pigments, hormones, vaccines, and antibodies are among the valuable biomolecules that are produced spontaneously or under well-defined conditions by C. reinhardtii and can be directly linked to human nutrition and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in the field focusing on the most relevant applications related to the production of important biomolecules for human health that are also linked with human nutrition and diet. The limitations and challenges are critically discussed along with the potential future applications of C. reinhardtii biomass and processed products in the field of nutraceuticals and food supplements. The increasing need for high-value and low-cost biomolecules produced in an environmentally and economy sustainable manner also underline the important role of C. reinhardtii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Masi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Giulia Gasperuzzo
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.A.T.); Tel.: +39-0690675597 (A.A.); +30-2310013224 (M.A.T.)
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.A.T.); Tel.: +39-0690675597 (A.A.); +30-2310013224 (M.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim HK, Kim JY, Kim JH, Go JY, Jung YS, Lee HJ, Ahn MJ, Yu J, Bae S, Kim HS, Kwak SS, Kim MS, Cho YG, Jung YJ, Kang KK. Biochemical Characterization of Orange-Colored Rice Calli Induced by Target Mutagenesis of OsOr Gene. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:56. [PMID: 36616184 PMCID: PMC9823629 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We generated an orange-colored (OC) rice callus line by targeted mutagenesis of the orange gene (OsOr) using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The OC line accumulated more lutein, β-carotene, and two β-carotene isomers compared to the WT callus line. We also analyzed the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes by qRT-PCR. Among the genes encoding carotenoid metabolic pathway enzymes, the number of transcripts of the PSY2, PSY3, PDS, ZDS and β-LCY genes were higher in the OC line than in the WT line. In contrast, transcription of the ε-LCY gene was downregulated in the OC line compared to the WT line. In addition, we detected increases in the transcript levels of two genes involved in carotenoid oxidation in the OC lines. The developed OC lines also showed increased tolerance to salt stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted mutagenesis of the OsOr gene via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing results in β-carotene accumulation in rice calli. Accordingly, we believe that this type of genome-editing technology could represent an effective alternative approach for enhancing the β-carotene content of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Go
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Seob Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Lee
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Me-Sun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sirohi P, Verma H, Singh SK, Singh VK, Pandey J, Khusharia S, Kumar D, Kaushalendra, Teotia P, Kumar A. Microalgal Carotenoids: Therapeutic Application and Latest Approaches to Enhance the Production. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6257-6279. [PMID: 36547088 PMCID: PMC9777246 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms frequently found in fresh and marine water ecosystems. Various microalgal species have been considered a reservoir of diverse health-value products, including vitamins, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, and are broadly utilized as food and for the treatment of human ailments such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and immunodeficiency. Microalgae-derived carotenoids are the type of accessory pigment that possess light-absorbing potential and play a significant role in metabolic functions. To date, nearly a thousand carotenoids have been reported, but a very less number of microalgae have been used for the commercial production of carotenoids. This review article briefly discussed the carotenoids of microalgal origin and their therapeutic application. In addition, we have briefly compiled the optimization of culture parameters used to enhance microalgal carotenoid production. In addition, the latest biotechnological approaches used to improve the yields of carotenoid has also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sirohi
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida International University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Hariom Verma
- Department of Botany, B.R.D. Government Degree College Duddhi, Sonbhadra 231216, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Jyoti Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Singhania University, Pacheri Barı, Jhunjhunu 333515, India
| | - Saksham Khusharia
- Kuwar SatyaVira College of Engineering and Management, Bijnor 246701, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Department of Zoology, C.M.B. College, Deorh, Ghoghardiha 847402, India
| | - Kaushalendra
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl 796001, India
| | - Pratibha Teotia
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida International University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)—Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ru JC, Zhao XL, Cao ZH, Chen CZ, Li P, Li ZH. Acute Toxicity of a Novel anti-fouling Material Additive DCOIT to Marine Chlorella sp. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:1018-1022. [PMID: 36318303 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) is the main ingredient in SeaNine-211, a new antifouling agent that replaces organotin compounds to prevent the growth of fouling organisms on board. Biocides from antifoulants can cause problems for marine ecosystems by destroying non-target algal species. This study evaluated the potential adverse effects DCOIT using the Marine Chlorella sp. The concentration of DCOIT were set according to the semi-inhibitory concentrations for acute exposure experiments, and relevant oxidative stress indicators were measured to assess the acute toxic effects. The results showed that the inhibition concentrations (IC50) of DCOIT against Marine Chlorella sp was 2.522 mg/L. The genes related to photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity showed the effect of promoting low concentration and inhibiting high concentration. In addition, based on the ultrastructural observation and the expression analysis of photosynthesis related genes, it was found that DCOIT had a significant effect on plant photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chuang Ru
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Han Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng-Zhuang Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li X, Lan C, Li X, Hu Z, Jia B. A review on design-build-test-learn cycle to potentiate progress in isoprenoid engineering of photosynthetic microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127981. [PMID: 36130687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the generation of isoprenoid factories in microalgae relies on two strategies: 1) enhanced production of endogenous isoprenoids; or 2) production of heterologous terpenes by metabolic engineering. Nevertheless, low titers and productivity are still a feature of isoprenoid biotechnology and need to be addressed. In this context, the mechanisms underlying isoprenoid biosynthesis in microalgae and its relationship with central carbon metabolism are reviewed. Developments in microalgal biotechnology are discussed, and a new approach of integrated "design-build-test-learn" cycle is advocated to the trends, challenges and prospects involved in isoprenoid engineering. The emerging and promising strategies and tools are discussed for microalgal engineering in the future. This review encourages a systematic engineering perspective aimed at potentiating progress in isoprenoid engineering of photosynthetic microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chengxiang Lan
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Jia
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ru JC, Zhao XL, Cao ZH, Chen CZ, Li P, Li ZH. Chronic toxic effects of polystyrene micro-plastics, DCOIT and their combination on marine Chlorella sp. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109426. [PMID: 35933098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most dangerous polymers, mainly because of the mutagenic or carcinogenic risk of the monomers used to produce it. Sea-Nine 211 is a commercial antifouling agent; its active ingredient is the biocide 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolinone-3-one (DCOIT). Micro- and nano-plastics have different synergistic effects on marine organisms together with organic pollutants. To understand the toxic effects of DCOIT and PS alone and in combination, marine Chlorella sp was selected as the experimental organism. The exposure concentration of DCOIT was set at 50 μg/L, and that of PS was set at 10 μg/L. The results show that all exposed groups promoted the growth of marine Chlorella sp in the late stage of exposure, and the recovery time of marine Chlorella sp in the exposed group containing PS was earlier. Changing trend of chlorophyll a was consistent with the growth trend. On the 15th day of exposure, the gene expression of the photosynthesis system in the combined exposed group showed a significant difference, and the cells produced oxidative stress. Scanning electron microscope observation shows the algae adhered to each other. The volume of algae cells in DCOIT and PS exposed groups decreased, and the internal structure of algae cells in each exposed group was damaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chuang Ru
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Han Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zou S, Huang Z, Wu X, Yu X. Physiological and Genetic Regulation for High Lipid Accumulation by Chlorella sorokiniana Strains from Different Environments of an Arctic Glacier, Desert, and Temperate Lake under Nitrogen Deprivation Conditions. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0039422. [PMID: 36200894 PMCID: PMC9603131 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00394-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can adapt to extreme environments with specialized metabolic mechanisms. Here, we report comparative physiological and genetic regulation analyses of Chlorella sorokiniana from different environmental regions of an arctic glacier, desert, and temperate native lake in response to N deprivation, for screening the optimal strain with high lipid accumulation. Strains from the three regions showed different growth and biochemical compositions under N deprivation. The arctic glacier and desert strains produced higher soluble sugar content than strains from the native lake. The arctic glacier strains produced the highest levels of lipid content and neutral lipids under N deprivation compared with strains from desert and native lake. At a molecular level, the arctic strain produced more differentially expressed genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis gluconeogenesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. The important functional genes acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (ACCase), fatty acid synthase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase component, and fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) thioesterase were highly expressed in arctic strains. More acetyl-CoA was produced from glycolysis gluconeogenesis and glycerolipid metabolism, which then produced more fatty acid with the catalytic function of ACCase and acyl-ACP thioesterase in fatty acid biosynthesis. Our results indicated that the C. sorokiniana strains from the arctic region had the fullest potential for biodiesel production due to special genetic regulation related to fatty acid synthesis, glycolysis gluconeogenesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. IMPORTANCE It is important to reveal the physiological and genetic regulation mechanisms of microalgae for screening potential strains with high lipid production. Our results showed that Chlorella sorokiniana strains from arctic glacier, desert, and temperate native lake had different growth, biochemical composition, and genetic expression under N deprivation. The strains from an arctic glacier produced the highest lipid content (including neutral lipid), which was related to the genetic regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis gluconeogenesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. The functional genes for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase component, and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase in the three pathways were highly expressed in arctic strains. The revelation of physiological and genetic regulation of strains from different environmental regions will contribute to the microalgae selection for high lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmei Zou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinke Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu L, Gao H, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yu X. Promoting lutein production from the novel alga Acutodesmus sp. by melatonin induction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127818. [PMID: 36041678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the current research, a novel microalgae strain was isolated from Yajiageng Red Rock Beach and identified as Acutodesmus sp. HLGY. To obtain high-efficiency production of lutein from algae, the feasibility of using melatonin (MT) to increase lutein yield of Acutodesmus sp. HLGY was evaluated. Under the 7.5 μM MT treatment, the lutein content and lutein productivity were 17.44 mg g-1 and 46.50 mg L-1 d-1, which were 1.53 times those of the control. Furthermore, exogenous MT increased the transcripts of key lutein synthesis- and antioxidant enzyme-related genes. Simultaneously, the carbohydrate, protein, and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid content were suppressed. More importantly, the ethylene and γ-aminobutyric acid contents were markedly increased by MT, which may be linked to the increase in lutein biosynthesis. This study proposes a valuable biotechnological approach for lutein production via a novel Acutodesmus sp. strain using MT induction and provides insights into the role of MT in promoting lutein biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Linpin Li
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Yongteng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo L, Yao H, Chen W, Wang X, Ye P, Xu Z, Zhang S, Wu H. Natural products of medicinal plants: biosynthesis and bioengineering in post-genomic era. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac223. [PMID: 36479585 PMCID: PMC9720450 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, medicinal plant natural products (PNPs) are a major source of substances used in traditional and modern medicine. As we human race face the tremendous public health challenge posed by emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance and surging drug prices etc., harnessing the healing power of medicinal plants gifted from mother nature is more urgent than ever in helping us survive future challenge in a sustainable way. PNP research efforts in the pre-genomic era focus on discovering bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical activities, and identifying individual genes responsible for biosynthesis. Critically, systemic biological, multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches integrating and interrogating all accessible data from genomics, metabolomics, structural biology, and chemical informatics are necessary to accelerate the full characterization of biosynthetic and regulatory circuitry for producing PNPs in medicinal plants. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on the current research of PNPs in medicinal plants by focusing on how different state-of-the-art biotechnologies facilitate their discovery, the molecular basis of their biosynthesis, as well as synthetic biology. Finally, we humbly provide a foresight of the research trend for understanding the biology of medicinal plants in the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sisheng Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hoqani UA, León R, Purton S. Over-expression of a cyanobacterial gene for 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii perturbs chlorophyll: carotenoid ratios. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2022; 34:None. [PMID: 35923766 PMCID: PMC9329130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse class of naturally occurring compounds consisting of more than 50,000 structurally different molecules and are found in all living organisms. Many terpenoid compounds, in particular those isolated from plants, have applications in various commercial sectors including medicine, agriculture and cosmetics. However, these high value terpenoids are produced in relatively small quantities in their natural hosts and their chemical synthesis for large scale production is costly and complicated. Therefore, there is much focus on producing these compounds in novel biological hosts using metabolic engineering technologies. As a photosynthetic system, the unicellular green alga C. reinhardtii is of particular interest as the most well-studied model alga with well-established molecular tools for genetic manipulation. However, the direct manipulation of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in C. reinhardtii necessitates a thorough understanding of the basic terpenoid metabolism. To gain a better understanding of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway that leads to terpenoid biosynthesis in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii, hence this study has investigated the effect of over-expressing 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) on plastidic downstream terpenoids. We produced marker-free chloroplast transformants of C. reinhardtii lines that express an additional cyanobacterial gene for DXS. The analysis of terpenoid content for the transgenic line demonstrates that overexpressing DXS resulted in a two-fold decrease in the chlorophyll levels while carotenoid levels showed variable changes: zeaxanthin and antherxanthin levels increased several-fold, lutein levels dropped to approximately half, but β-carotene and violaxanthin did not show a significant change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umaima Al Hoqani
- Applied Biology Section, Applied Sciences Department, Higher College of Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Khuwair 133, Oman
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa León
- Lab Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Dpto Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Saul Purton
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang XJ, Luo Q, Li T, Meng PH, Pu YT, Liu JX, Zhang J, Liu H, Tan GF, Xiong AS. Origin, evolution, breeding, and omics of Apiaceae: a family of vegetables and medicinal plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac076. [PMID: 38239769 PMCID: PMC10795576 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most important vegetables and medicinal crops, including carrot, celery, coriander, fennel, and cumin, belong to the Apiaceae family. In this review, we summarize the complex origins of Apiaceae and the current state of research on the family, including traditional and molecular breeding practices, bioactive compounds, medicinal applications, nanotechnology, and omics research. Numerous molecular markers, regulatory factors, and functional genes have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve vegetable and medicinal crops in Apiaceae. In addition, current trends in Apiaceae application and research are also briefly described, including mining new functional genes and metabolites using omics research, identifying new genetic variants associated with important agronomic traits by population genetics analysis and GWAS, applying genetic transformation, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, and nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on Apiaceae vegetable and medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping-Hong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kang NK, Baek K, Koh HG, Atkinson CA, Ort DR, Jin YS. Microalgal metabolic engineering strategies for the production of fuels and chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126529. [PMID: 34896527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising sustainable resources because of their ability to convert CO2 into biofuels and chemicals directly. However, the industrial production and economic feasibility of microalgal bioproducts are still limited. As such, metabolic engineering approaches have been undertaken to enhance the productivities of microalgal bioproducts. In the last decade, impressive advances in microalgae metabolic engineering have been made by developing genetic engineering tools and multi-omics analysis. This review presents comprehensive microalgal metabolic pathways and metabolic engineering strategies for producing lipids, long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids, terpenoids, and carotenoids. Additionally, promising metabolic engineering approaches specific to target products are summarized. Finally, this review discusses current challenges and provides future perspectives for the effective production of chemicals and fuels via microalgal metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kyu Kang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kwangryul Baek
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyun Gi Koh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christine Anne Atkinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Feng S, Kang K, Salaudeen S, Ahmadi A, He QS, Hu Y. Recent Advances in Algae-Derived Biofuels and Bioactive Compounds. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanghuan Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Kang Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Shakirudeen Salaudeen
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Quan Sophia He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - Yulin Hu
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Velmurugan A, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G. Genetic manipulation for carotenoid production in microalgae an overview. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
31
|
Tsai TH, Lin JY, Ng IS. Cooperation of phytoene synthase, pyridoxal kinase and carbonic anhydrase for enhancing carotenoids biosynthesis in genetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Narang PK, Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Roy R, Kushwaha GS, Misra N, Suar M, Raina V. Genome-based identification and comparative analysis of enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:8. [PMID: 34837551 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are potential feedstocks for the commercial production of carotenoids, however, the metabolic pathways for carotenoid biosynthesis across algal lineage are largely unexplored. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of genes and enzymes associated with the less studied methylerythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway as well as the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in microalgae through bioinformatics and comparative genomics approach. Candidate genes/enzymes were subsequently analyzed across 22 microalgae species of lineages Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokonta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, and known Arabidopsis homologs in order to study the evolutional divergence in terms of sequence-structure properties. A total of 403 enzymes playing a vital role in carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin were unraveled. Of these, 85 were hypothetical proteins whose biological roles are not yet experimentally characterized. Putative functions to these hypothetical proteins were successfully assigned through a comprehensive investigation of the protein family, motifs, intrinsic physicochemical features, subcellular localization, pathway analysis, etc. Furthermore, these enzymes were categorized into major classes as per the conserved domain and gene ontology. Functional signature sequences were also identified which were observed conserved across microalgal genomes. Additionally, the structural modeling and active site architecture of three vital enzymes, DXR, PSY, and ZDS catalyzing the vital rate-limiting steps in Dunaliella salina were achieved. The enzymes were confirmed to be stereochemically reliable and stable as revealed during molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns. The detailed functional information about individual vital enzymes will certainly help to design genetically modified algal strains with enhanced carotenoid contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur Narang
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,SGTB Khalsa College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Riya Roy
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. .,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mitosis Inhibitors Induce Massive Accumulation of Phytoene in the Microalga Dunaliella salina. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110595. [PMID: 34822466 PMCID: PMC8622826 DOI: 10.3390/md19110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene is a colourless natural carotenoid that absorbs UV light and provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as protection against photodamage. It is therefore valued for its skin health and aesthetic benefits by the cosmetic industry, as well as by the health food sector. The halotolerant green microalga Dunaliella salina is one of the richest sources of natural carotenoids. We have previously investigated the over-production of phytoene in D. salina after cultivation with the well-characterised mitosis inhibitor, chlorpropham. In this study, 15 herbicides with different modes of action were tested for their potential to promote phytoene accumulation. All herbicides showed different levels of capabilities to support phytoene over-production in D. salina. Most significantly, the two mitosis inhibitors tested in this study, propyzamide and chlorpropham, showed similar capacities to support the over-production of phytoene by D. salina cultures as phytoene desaturase inhibitors. The cellular content of phytoene increased by over 10-fold within 48 h of treatment with the mitosis inhibitors compared to untreated cultures. Results indicate a general effect of mitosis inhibitors on phytoene accumulation in D. salina. Furthermore, red light was found to significantly enhance the phytoene yield when used in combination with effective inhibitor treatments. Red light can be applied to maximize the production of phytoene from D. salina.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mehariya S, Goswami RK, Karthikeysan OP, Verma P. Microalgae for high-value products: A way towards green nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130553. [PMID: 33940454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae is a renewable bioresource with the potential to replace the conventional fossil-based industrial production of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the microalgal biomass contains carotenoids, vitamins, and other biomolecules that are widely used as food supplements. However, the microalgal biomass production, their composition variations, energy-intensive harvesting methods, optimized bio-refinery routes, and lack of techno-economic analysis are the major bottleneck for the life-sized commercialization of this nascent bio-industry. This review discusses the microalgae-derived key bioactive compounds and their applications in different sectors for human health. Furthermore, this review proposes advanced strategies to enhance the productivity of bioactive compounds and highlight the key challenges associated with a safety issue for use of microalgae biomass. It also provides a detailed global scenario and market demand of microalgal bioproducts. In conclusion, this review will provide the concept of microalgal biorefinery to produce bioactive compounds at industrial scale platform for their application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sector considering their current and future market trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Real Casa Dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, CE, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rahul Kumar Goswami
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeysan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA.
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ismaiel MMS, El-Ayouty YM, Fathey HA. Disparity of the carotenoids antioxidant properties of wild-type and D-PSY-transgenic Dunaliella parva strains under three environmental stresses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2151-2163. [PMID: 34744358 PMCID: PMC8526634 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two strains of the halophilic alga Dunaliella parva, a wild type (WT) and a transgenic strain (D-PSY) containing an exogenous phytoene synthase gene (PSY), were used to investigate the growth, carotenoid accumulation, and carotenoid antioxidant properties under nitrogen starvation, cobalt and biochar treatments. D-PSY had higher carotenoid content (1.8 times) compared to the WT. The applied stressors stimulated the carotenoid content of both WT and D-PSY especially. The carotenoids were assayed for the potential antioxidant activities by five different assays. Generally, the antioxidant activities of D-PSY carotenoids were superior to that of WT. The biochar and nitrogen treatments generally enhanced the antioxidant activities of the carotenoids, whereas cobalt came third in this respect. The D-PSY transgenic algal strain has both high carotenoids content and antioxidant properties which enhanced under the relatively lower concentrations of the applied stressors. The results have shown to lead to an accurate application of the transgenic alga as a source of potent antioxidant compounds. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01077-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. S. Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Yassin M. El-Ayouty
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Hoda A. Fathey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schüler LM, Bombo G, Duarte P, Santos TF, Maia IB, Pinheiro F, Marques J, Jacinto R, Schulze PSC, Pereira H, Barreira L, Varela JCS. Carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression, pigment and n-3 fatty acid contents in carotenoid-rich Tetraselmis striata CTP4 strains under heat stress combined with high light. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125385. [PMID: 34147770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two carotenoid-rich strains of the euryhaline microalga Tetraselmis striata CTP4 were isolated by random mutagenesis combined with selection via fluorescence activated cell sorting and growth on norflurazon. Both strains, ED5 and B11, showed an up to 1.5-fold increase in carotenoid contents as compared with the wildtype, independent of the growth conditions. More specifically, violaxanthin, β-carotene and lutein contents reached as high as 1.63, 4.20 and 3.81 mg g-1 DW, respectively. Genes coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene-β-cyclase and ε-ring hydroxylase involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were found to be upregulated in ED5 and B11 cells as compared to the wildtype. Both strains showed higher contents of eicosapentaenoic acid as compared with those of the wildtype, reaching up to 4.41 and 2.88 mg g-1 DW, respectively. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of changes in carotenoid biosynthesis regulation that are required to improve pigment contents in microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Schüler
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Bombo
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Duarte
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tamára F Santos
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês B Maia
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinheiro
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Marques
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Jacinto
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Peter S C Schulze
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barreira
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João C S Varela
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shaker S, Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. Bioinformatics Analysis and Identification of Phytoene Synthase Gene in Microalgae. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:216-226. [PMID: 34254932 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210712121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are known as lipophilic secondary metabolites with important biological activities, which are mostly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. They contribute to the colours of many fruits and flowers. Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of isoprenoids and carotenoids are still scarce, especially in microalgae, and are limited to specific groups Dunaliella spp. In the Chlorophyta taxon of algae, the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) is the synthesis pathway of sterols and carotenoids. OBJECTIVES In this study, we used 12 Psy gene sequences in Dunaliella sp., also Scenedesmus acutus, and Diospyros kaki to investigate a genome-wide search. The results are useful for better identification of carotenoids metabolisms and increasing the production rate of beta-carotene in pharmaceutical, food, and industrial processes. METHODS Phytoene synthase (Psy) from Dunaliella spp. was selected as the first regulatory point in the carotenoids pathway that catalysis the formation of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Structural, evolutionary, and physics-chemical characteristics were investigated using various bioinformatics tools and computer techniques. Moreover, some recently published patents were also regarded. RESULTS The maximum length of the conserved motif was 5167 bp for Dunaliella. sp. (DQ463306.1), and the smallest length of the conserved motif was 416 bp belong to D. salina (JQ762451.1). The average molecular weight of species was 41820.53 Da. The theoretical pI of species varied from 4.87 to 9.65, indicating vernation in the acidic nature. Two strains of D. bardawil (U91900.1 and EU328287.1) showed just a long-distance relationship with all other Dunaliella strains. Whilst, D. parva displayed the furthest vicinity with all the studied strains. CONCLUSION Our study highlighted the Psy regulatory mechanism as a key factor in the carotenoids pathway to facilitate genetic and metabolic engineering studies. The obtained three-dimensional arrangement of the amino acids revealed the regional structures and folding of the diverse segments of helices, sheets, turns. This information is a key point to unveil the protein's operation mechanism. Besides, we confirmed the suitability of bioinformatic approaches for analysing the gene structures and identifying the new Psy genes in unstudied microalgal strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Shaker
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Challenges and Potential in Increasing Lutein Content in Microalgae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051068. [PMID: 34063406 PMCID: PMC8156089 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on enhancing lutein content in microalgae has made significant progress in recent years. However, strategies are needed to address the possible limitations of microalgae as practical lutein producers. The capacity of lutein sequestration may determine the upper limit of cellular lutein content. The preliminary estimation presented in this work suggests that the lutein sequestration capacity of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) of microalgae is most likely below 2% on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). Due to its nature as a structural pigment, higher lutein content might interfere with the LHC in fulfilling photosynthetic functions. Storing lutein in a lipophilic environment is a mechanism for achieving high lutein content but several critical barriers must be overcome such as lutein degradation and access to lipid droplet to be stored through esterification. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis in chloroplasts, as well as carotenoid trafficking through chloroplast membranes and carotenoid esterification, may provide insight for new approaches to achieve high lutein contents in algae. In the meantime, building the machinery for esterification and sequestration of lutein and other hydroxyl-carotenoids in model microorganisms, such as yeast, with synthetic biology technology provides a promising option.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Alrifai O, Hao X, Liu R, Lu Z, Marcone MF, Tsao R. LED-Induced Carotenoid Synthesis and Related Gene Expression in Brassica Microgreens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4674-4685. [PMID: 33861063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, various ratios of combined red, blue, and amber light-emitting diodes (rbaLEDs) were investigated for their effect on the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and carotenoid accumulation in eight Brassica microgreens. Total and individual (β-carotene, lutein, α-carotene, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin) carotenoids were increased 20-44 and 10-55%, respectively, under dose-dependent increasing amber-blue light and decreasing red in most microgreens. Lipophilic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power antioxidant activities were significantly increased under higher amber and blue light fractions, while oxygen radical absorbance capacity was generally decreased. Under rbaLED in mizuna (B. rapa) microgreens, the lycopene epsilon cyclase (LYCε) expression was 10-15-fold higher, which resulted in downstream accumulation of α-carotene and lutein. Lycopene beta cyclase (LYCβ) was not significantly changed, suggesting that β-carotene, violaxanthin and neoxanthin were mainly controlled by upstream phytoene synthase and branch-point LYCε. Increased beta-ring carotenoid hydroxylase (CHXβ) expression was also consistent with lutein accumulation. This study demonstrated for the first time that amber LED was involved in the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis, thus a potential novel approach to production of antioxidant-rich microgreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oday Alrifai
- Guelph Research & Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research & Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, Ontario N0R 1G0, Canada
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Guelph Research & Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Zhanhui Lu
- Guelph Research & Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Massimo F Marcone
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research & Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tokunaga S, Morimoto D, Koyama T, Kubo Y, Shiroi M, Ohara K, Higashine T, Mori Y, Nakagawa S, Sawayama S. Enhanced Lutein Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Overexpression of the Lycopene Epsilon Cyclase Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1967-1978. [PMID: 33528746 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a well-established microalgal model species with a shorter doubling time, which is a promising natural source for the efficient production of high-value carotenoids. In the microalgal carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, lycopene is converted either into β-carotene by lycopene β-cyclase or into α-carotene by lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE) and lycopene β-cyclase. In this study, we overexpressed the LCYE gene in C. reinhardtii to estimate its effect on lycopene metabolism and lutein production. Chlamydomonas transformants (CrLCYE#L1, #L5, and #L6) produced significantly increased amounts of lutein per culture (up to 2.6-fold) without a decrease in cell yields. Likewise, the expression levels of LCYE gene in transformants showed a significant increase compared with that of the wild-type strain. These results suggest that LCYE overexpression enhances the conversion of lycopene to α-carotene, which in turn improves lutein productivity. Interestingly, their β-carotene productivity appeared to increase slightly rather than decrease. Considering that the inhibition of the lycopene cyclization steps often induces higher expression in genes upstream of metabolic branches, this result implies that the redirection from β-carotene to α-carotene by LCYE overexpression might also enhance upstream gene expression, thereby leading to auxiliary β-carotene production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daichi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Koyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mai Shiroi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kanta Ohara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tokuhiro Higashine
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sawayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kato Y, Hasunuma T. Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoid Production Using Eukaryotic Microalgae and Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:121-135. [PMID: 33783735 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria are diverse photosynthetic organisms that produce various useful compounds. Due to their rapid growth and efficient biomass production from carbon dioxide and solar energy, microalgae and cyanobacteria are expected to become cost-effective, sustainable bioresources in the future. These organisms also abundantly produce various carotenoids, but further improvement in carotenoid productivity is needed for a successful commercialization. Metabolic engineering via genetic manipulation and mutational breeding is a powerful tool for generating carotenoid-rich strains. This chapter focuses on carotenoid production in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as strategies and potential target genes for metabolic engineering. Recent achievements in metabolic engineering that improved carotenoid production in microalgae and cyanobacteria are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe-city, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe-city, Hyogo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Song I, Kim J, Baek K, Choi Y, Shin B, Jin E. The generation of metabolic changes for the production of high-purity zeaxanthin mediated by CRISPR-Cas9 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:220. [PMID: 33256757 PMCID: PMC7708255 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zeaxanthin, a major xanthophyll pigment, has a significant role as a retinal pigment and antioxidant. Because zeaxanthin helps to prevent age-related macular degeneration, its commercial use in personalized nutritional and pharmaceutical applications has expanded. To meet the quantitative requirements for personalized treatment and pharmaceutical applications, it is necessary to produce highly purified zeaxanthin. RESULTS In this study, to meet the quantitative requirements for industrial applications, we generated a double knockout mutant which is gene-edited by the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated knock-in system. The lycopene epsilon cyclase (LCYE) was edited to the elimination of α-branch of xanthophyll biosynthesis in a knockout mutant of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene (ZEP). The double knockout mutant (dzl) had a 60% higher zeaxanthin yield (5.24 mg L- 1) and content (7.28 mg g- 1) than that of the parental line after 3 days of cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization improved the 3-day yield of zeaxanthin from the dzl mutant to 6.84 mg L- 1. CONCLUSIONS A Chlamydomonas strain with the elimination of lutein production by gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 has been successfully developed. This research presents a solution to overcome the difficulties of the downstream-process for the production of high-purity zeaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inhwa Song
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangryul Baek
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choi
- Arca Eir, C-323, Daedeok Biz Center, 17 Techno4-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - ByongCheol Shin
- Arca Eir, C-323, Daedeok Biz Center, 17 Techno4-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Lutein is particularly known to help maintain normal visual function by absorbing and attenuating the blue light that strikes the retina in our eyes. The effect of overexposure to blue light on our eyes due to the excessive use of electronic devices is becoming an issue of modern society due to insufficient dietary lutein consumption through our normal diet. There has, therefore, been an increasing demand for lutein-containing dietary supplements and also in the food industry for lutein supplementation in bakery products, infant formulas, dairy products, carbonated drinks, energy drinks, and juice concentrates. Although synthetic carotenoid dominates the market, there is a need for environmentally sustainable carotenoids including lutein production pathways to match increasing consumer demand for natural alternatives. Currently, marigold flowers are the predominant natural source of lutein. Microalgae can be a competitive sustainable alternative, which have higher growth rates and do not require arable land and/or a growth season. Currently, there is no commercial production of lutein from microalgae, even though astaxanthin and β-carotene are commercially produced from specific microalgal strains. This review discusses the potential microalgae strains for commercial lutein production, appropriate cultivation strategies, and the challenges associated with realising a commercial market share.
Collapse
|
46
|
de Grahl I, Rout SS, Maple-Grødem J, Reumann S. Development of a constitutive and an auto-inducible high-yield expression system for recombinant protein production in the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8747-8760. [PMID: 32902683 PMCID: PMC7502441 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic microalgae offer a great potential as novel hosts for efficient recombinant protein production. Nannochloropsis oceanica produces an extraordinarily high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and its robust growth characteristics, published genome sequence and efficient nuclear transformation make N. oceanica a promising candidate for biotechnological applications. To establish a robust and flexible system for recombinant protein production, we cloned six endogenous, potentially constitutive or inducible promoters from N. oceanica strain CCMP1779 and investigated their strength using monomeric Venus as reporter gene. Microscopic pre-screening of individual transformants revealed that the promoters of elongation factor (EF), tubulin (TUB) and nitrate reductase (NR) enabled high reporter gene expression. Comparative quantitative analyses of transformant populations by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR demonstrated the highest Venus expression from the EF promoter and the NR promoter if extended by an N-terminal 14-amino acid leader sequence. The kinetics of reporter gene expression were analysed during photobioreactor cultivation, achieving Venus yields of 0.3% (for EF) and 4.9% (for NR::LS) of total soluble protein. Since inducible expression systems enable the production of toxic proteins, we developed an auto-induction medium for the NR promoter transformants. By switching the N source from ammonium to nitrate in the presence of low ammonium concentrations, the starting point of Venus induction could be fine-tuned and shifted towards exponential growth phase while maintaining high recombinant protein yields. Taken together, we demonstrate that a model recombinant protein can be produced robustly and at very high levels in N. oceanica not only under constitutive but also under auto-inducible cultivation conditions. KEY POINTS: • Nannochloropsis oceanica might serve as host for recombinant protein production. • Comparative promoter strength analyses were conducted for twelve different constructs. • Robust high-yield recombinant protein production was achieved under constitutive conditions. • The nitrate reductase promoter enabled protein production under auto-induction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke de Grahl
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sweta Suman Rout
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4021, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184067. [PMID: 32899907 PMCID: PMC7570536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As it exhibits no provitamin A activity, the dietary intake of zeaxanthin is not considered essential. However, its contribution to ocular health has long been acknowledged. Numerous publications emphasize the importance of zeaxanthin alongside lutein in ocular diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration which constitute an important health concern, especially among the elderly. Considering that the average dietary ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin favors the first, more bioaccessible food sources of zeaxanthin that can hinder the development and progression of the above-mentioned disorders are of great interest. In this paper, a brief overview of the more recent state of knowledge as regards dietary sources together with their respective zeaxanthin bioaccessibility assessed through a standardized in vitro digestion method was provided.
Collapse
|
48
|
Achievements and challenges of genetic engineering of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Wang X, Song Y, Liu B, Hang W, Li R, Cui H, Li R, Jia X. Enhancement of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis via inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine under high light. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
50
|
Zhang Y, Ye Y, Ding W, Mao X, Li Y, Gerken H, Liu J. Astaxanthin Is Ketolated from Zeaxanthin Independent of Fatty Acid Synthesis in Chromochloris zofingiensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:883-897. [PMID: 32385091 PMCID: PMC7333715 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of astaxanthin, a high-value keto-carotenoid with broad industrial applications, remains unambiguous in algae. Here, we dissected the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and the coordination between astaxanthin and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in the emerging model alga Chromochloris zofingiensis In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that astaxanthin, utilizing the methylerythritol phosphate pathway-derived isopentenyl diphosphate as the building block, was synthesized from β-carotenoid ketolase-mediated ketolation of zeaxanthin rather than β-carotenoid hydroxylase-mediated hydroxylation of canthaxanthin, thus leading to the buildup of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as end products in C. zofingiensis The synthesized astaxanthin, stored in TAG-filled lipid droplets, was esterified mainly with the fatty acid C18:1, which was not catalyzed by any acyltransferase previously proposed. Astaxanthin accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, supported by the coordinated up-regulation of both biosynthetic pathways at the transcriptional level. Nevertheless, astaxanthin and TAG showed no interdependence: inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis severely attenuated TAG biosynthesis but promoted the accumulation of astaxanthin, particularly in the diester form, leading to a fivefold increase in the astaxanthin/TAG ratio; however, inhibition of astaxanthin biosynthesis showed little effect on TAG accumulation. Our data suggest that an increase in astaxanthin accumulation following inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, which is not regulated at the transcriptional level, is likely derived from the conversion of other carotenoids rather than from a shunt of carbon flux from lipid biosynthesis. Combined, these findings further our understanding of astaxanthin biosynthesis and provide a feasible strategy for promoting astaxanthin content and purity in algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yantao Li
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
| | - Henri Gerken
- Arizona Center for Algal Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, Arizona 85212
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|