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Koopmann IK, Müller BA, Labes A. Screening of a Thraustochytrid Strain Collection for Carotenoid and Squalene Production Characterized by Cluster Analysis, Comparison of 18S rRNA Gene Sequences, Growth Behavior, and Morphology. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:204. [PMID: 37103341 PMCID: PMC10140983 DOI: 10.3390/md21040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and squalene are important terpenes that are applied in a wide range of products in foods and cosmetics. Thraustochytrids might be used as alternative production organisms to improve production processes, but the taxon is rarely studied. A screening of 62 strains of thraustochytrids sensu lato for their potential to produce carotenoids and squalene was performed. A phylogenetic tree was built based on 18S rRNA gene sequences for taxonomic classification, revealing eight different clades of thraustochytrids. Design of experiments (DoE) and growth models identified high amounts of glucose (up to 60 g/L) and yeast extract (up to 15 g/L) as important factors for most of the strains. Squalene and carotenoid production was studied by UHPLC-PDA-MS measurements. Cluster analysis of the carotenoid composition partially mirrored the phylogenetic results, indicating a possible use for chemotaxonomy. Strains in five clades produced carotenoids. Squalene was found in all analyzed strains. Carotenoid and squalene synthesis was dependent on the strain, medium composition and solidity. Strains related to Thraustochytrium aureum and Thraustochytriidae sp. are promising candidates for carotenoid synthesis. Strains closely related to Schizochytrium aggregatum might be suitable for squalene production. Thraustochytrium striatum might be a good compromise for the production of both molecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Koopmann
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Bettina A Müller
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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2
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Watanabe K, Nishijima M, Mayuzumi S, Aki T. Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse as a Substrate for Lipid Production by Aurantiochytrium sp. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1493-1500. [PMID: 36089403 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp., produces various lipids such as polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and other hydrocarbons, which are useful in the fields of health foods, cosmetics, fine chemicals, and biofuels. Lignocellulosic biomass, which is abundant and cheap, is a promising feedstock for producing cheaper bulk and high-value-added products using Aurantiochytrium sp. However, the steam explosion of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient enzymatic saccharification generates substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms. In this study, the inhibitory activities of these by-products on the growth and lipid production of Aurantiochytrium sp. were investigated. Aurantiochytrium sp. was found to be highly sensitive to furfural and vanillin and moderately sensitive to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and syringaldehyde. Washing steam-exploded bagasse with water, followed by activated charcoal treatment, significantly reduced furfural, which was a major inhibitory component in the saccharified solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | - Miho Nishijima
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | - Shinzo Mayuzumi
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Idemitsu Kosan, Co., Ltd
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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3
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Nitrogen Starvation Enhances the Production of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 by Regulating Key Biosynthetic Genes. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100621. [PMID: 36286445 PMCID: PMC9605394 DOI: 10.3390/md20100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen deprivation is known to improve lipid accumulation in microalgae and thraustochytrids. However, the patterns of fatty acid production and the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) under nitrogen starvation remain largely unknown for thraustochytrids. In this study, batch culture experiments under nitrogen replete and nitrogen starvation conditions were performed, and the changes in the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 strain between these conditions were investigated. Our results showed improved yields of total fatty acids (TFAs), total unsaturated fatty acids, and total SFAs under nitrogen starvation, which suggested that nitrogen starvation favors the accumulation of both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in PKU#SW8. However, nitrogen starvation resulted in a more than 2.36-fold increase of SFAs whereas a 1.7-fold increase of unsaturated fatty acids was observed, indicating a disproportionate increase in these groups of fatty acids. The fabD and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes were significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation, supporting the observed increase in the yield of TFAs from 2.63 ± 0.22 g/L to 3.64 ± 0.16 g/L. Furthermore, the pfaB gene involved in the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway was significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation. This suggested that the increased expression of the pfaB gene under nitrogen starvation may be one of the explanations for the increased yield of docosahexaenoic acid by 1.58-fold. Overall, our study advances the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the response of thraustochytrids to nitrogen deprivation and their fatty acid biosynthesis.
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4
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Effect of cell disruption on apparent digestibility of macronutrients from Aurantiochytrium acetophilum in Salmo salar pre-smolts. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Jakhwal P, Kumar Biswas J, Tiwari A, Kwon EE, Bhatnagar A. Genetic and non-genetic tailoring of microalgae for the enhanced production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126250. [PMID: 34728356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myriad health benefits associated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) laid the path for their application in the functional foods and nutraceutical industries. Fish being primarily exploited for extraction of EPA and DHA are unsustainable sources; thus, oleaginous microalgae turn out to be an alternative sustainable source. This review paper aims to provide the recent developments in the context of enhancing EPA and DHA production by utilising non-genetic tailoring and genetic tailoring methods. We have also summarized the legislation, public perception, and possible risks associated with the usage of genetically modified microalgae focusing on EPA and DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Jakhwal
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
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6
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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7
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Production of Omega-3 Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei Using Spent Osmotic Solution from Candied Fruit Industry as Sole Organic Carbon Source. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmotic dehydration is an important phase in the production of dried products, including most fruits and vegetables, in the food industry. The drying process for candied fruit produces a liquid waste called “spent osmotic solution”, which is characterized by a high content of organic compounds, mostly dissolved sugars. The sugar content of this food by-product could be valorized through the growth of biomass with a high added value. In this study, the spent osmotic solution from the candied fruit industry was used as an organic carbon source for the growth and production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the cultivation of Aurantiochytrium mangrovei RCC893. The carbon content of the standard media was completely replaced by the sugars present in this food by-product. After that, the growth condition of this strain was optimized through response surface methodologies using a central composite design (CCD), and the optimal combination of the spent osmotic solution and nitrogen was established. Moreover, a scale-up trial was performed using the optimal conditions obtained after CCD to evaluate the scalability of the process.
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8
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ARTP Mutagenesis of Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 and Clethodim-Based Mutant Screening for Enhanced Docosahexaenoic Acid Accumulation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100564. [PMID: 34677463 PMCID: PMC8539320 DOI: 10.3390/md19100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium species are one of the best oleaginous thraustochytrids for high-yield production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6). However, the DHA yields from most wild-type (WT) strains of Schizochytrium are unsatisfactory for large-scale production. In this study, we applied the atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) tool to obtain the mutant library of a previously isolated strain of Schizochytrium (i.e., PKU#Mn4). Two rounds of ARTP mutagenesis coupled with the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor (clethodim)-based screening yielded the mutant A78 that not only displayed better growth, glucose uptake and ACCase activity, but also increased (54.1%) DHA content than that of the WT strain. Subsequent optimization of medium components and supplementation improved the DHA content by 75.5 and 37.2%, respectively, compared with that of mutant A78 cultivated in the unoptimized medium. Interestingly, the ACCase activity of mutant A78 in a medium supplemented with biotin, citric acid or sodium citrate was significantly greater than that in a medium without supplementation. This study provides an effective bioengineering approach for improving the DHA accumulation in oleaginous microbes.
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9
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Multiproduct biorefinery from marine thraustochytrids towards a circular bioeconomy. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:448-462. [PMID: 34627647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biotechnology research continues to expand due to largely unexplored marine environments and growing consumer interest in healthy products. Thraustochytrids, which are marine oleaginous protists, are known for their production of bioactives with significant applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture. A wide range of high-value biochemicals, such as nutritional supplements (omega-3 fatty acids), squalene, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), enzymes, aquaculture feed, and biodiesel and pigment compounds, have been investigated. We discuss thraustochytrids as potential feedstocks to produce various bioactive compounds and advocate developing a biorefinery to offset production costs. We anticipate that future advances in cell manufacturing, lipidomic analysis, and nanotechnology-guided lipid extraction would facilitate large-scale cost-competitive production through these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia.
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10
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Lee-Chang KJ, Taylor MC, Drummond G, Mulder RJ, Mansour MP, Brock M, Nichols PD. Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Naturally Concentrated at the sn-2 Position in Triacylglycerols of the Australian Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain TC 20. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070382. [PMID: 34356807 PMCID: PMC8306615 DOI: 10.3390/md19070382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Labyrinthulomycetes or Labyrinthulea are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments that enable the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients. One of the main two Labyrinthulea groups is the thraustochytrids, which are becoming an increasingly recognised and commercially used alternate source of long-chain (LC, ≥C20) omega-3 containing oils. This study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the regiospecificity of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction derived from Australian thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain TC 20 obtained using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) analysis. The DHA present in the TC 20 TAG fraction was determined to be concentrated in the sn-2 position, with TAG (16:0/22:6/16:0) identified as the main species present. The sn-2 preference is similar to that found in salmon and tuna oil, and differs to seal oil containing largely sn-1,3 LC-PUFA. A higher concentration of sn-2 DHA occurred in the thraustochytrid TC 20 oil compared to that of tuna oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jye Lee-Chang
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-6232-5224
| | | | - Guy Drummond
- Pharmamark Nutrition Pty Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, QLD 4113, Australia;
| | | | | | - Mina Brock
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
- Institute Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
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11
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Sirirak K, Powtongsook S, Suanjit S, Jaritkhuan S. Effectiveness of various bioreactors for thraustochytrid culture and production ( Aurantiochytruim limacinum BUCHAXM 122). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11405. [PMID: 34123585 PMCID: PMC8164841 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop bioreactors for cultivation of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium limacinum BUCHAXM 122, that are low in cost and simple to operate. Obtaining maximum biomass and fatty acid production was a prerequisite. Three bioreactor designs were used: stirred tank bioreactor (STB), bubble bioreactor (BB) and internal loop airlift bioreactor (ILAB). The bioreactors were evaluated for their influence on oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), using various spargers, mixing speed, and aeration rates. Biomass and DHA production from STB, BB, ILAB were then compared with an incubator shaker, using batch culture experiments. Results showed that a bundle of eight super-fine pore air stones was the best type of aeration sparger for all three bioreactors. Optimal culture conditions in STB were 600 rpm agitation speed and 2 vvm aeration rate, while 2 vvm and 1.5 vvm aeration provided highest biomass productivity in BB and ILAB, respectively. Antifoam agent was needed for all reactor types in order to reduce excessive foaming. Results indicated that with optimized conditions, these bioreactors are capable of thraustochytrid cultivation with a similar efficiency as cultivation using a rotary shaker. STB had the highest kLa and provided the highest biomass of 43.05 ± 0.35 g/L at 48 h. BB was simple in design, had low operating costs and was easy to build, but yielded the lowest biomass (27.50 ± 1.56 g/L). ILAB, on the other hand, had lower kLa than STB, but provided highest fatty acid productivity, of 35.36 ± 2.51% TFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanoksinee Sirirak
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Sorawit Powtongsook
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Suanjit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Somtawin Jaritkhuan
- Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
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12
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Mariam I, Kareya MS, Nesamma AA, Jutur PP. Delineating metabolomic changes in native isolate Aurantiochytrium for production of docosahexaenoic acid in presence of varying carbon substrates. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Du F, Wang YZ, Xu YS, Shi TQ, Liu WZ, Sun XM, Huang H. Biotechnological production of lipid and terpenoid from thraustochytrids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107725. [PMID: 33727145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As fungus-like protists, thraustochytrids have been increasingly studied for their faster growth rates and high lipid content. In the 1990s, thraustochytrids were used as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producers for the first time. Thraustochytrids genera, such as Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and Aurantiochytrium have been developed and patented as industrial strains for DHA production. The high DHA yield is attributed to its unique and efficient polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway. Moreover, thraustochytrids possess a completed mevalonate (MVA) pathway, so it can be used as host for terpenoid production. In order to improve strain performance, the metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to promote or disrupt intracellular metabolic pathways, such as genetic engineering and addition of chemical activators. However, it is difficult to realize industrialization only by improving strain performance. Various operation strategies were developed to enlarge the production quantities from the laboratory-scale, including two-stage cultivation strategies, scale-up technologies and bioreactor design. Moreover, an economical and effective downstream process is also an important consideration for the industrial application of thraustochytrids. Downstream costs accounts for 20-60% of the overall process costs, which represents an attractive target for increasing the cost-competitiveness of thraustochytrids, including how to improve the efficiency of lipid extraction and the further application of biomass residues. This review aims to overview the whole lipid biotechnology of thraustochytrids to provide the background information for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Xu X, Huang C, Xu Z, Xu H, Wang Z, Yu X. The strategies to reduce cost and improve productivity in DHA production by Aurantiochytrium sp.: from biochemical to genetic respects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9433-9447. [PMID: 32978687 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The marine oleaginous protist Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) is a well-known docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producer and its different DHA products are the ideal substitute for the traditional fish oil resource. However, the cost of the DHA products derived from Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) is still high, limiting their wide applications. In order to reduce the cost or improve the productivity of DHA from the microbial resource, many researches are focusing on exploring the renewable and low-cost materials as feedbacks, and/or the stimulators for biomass and DHA production. In addition, the genetic engineering is also being used in the Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) system for further improvement. These break the bottleneck of the DHA production by Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) in some degree. In this review, the strategies used currently to reduce cost and improve DHA productivity, mainly from the utilizations of low-cost materials and effective stimulators to the genetic engineering perspectives, are summarized, and the availabilities from the cost perspective are also evaluated. This review provides an overview about the strategies to revolve the production cost and yield of the DHA by Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.), a theoretical basis for genetic modification of Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.), and a practical basis for the development of DHA industry. KEY POINTS : • Utilizations of various low-cost materials for DHA production • Inducing the growth and DHA biosynthesis by the effective stimulators • Reducing cost and improving DHA productivity by genetic modification • The availability from cost perspective is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhexian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Miranda AF, Nham Tran TL, Abramov T, Jehalee F, Miglani M, Liu Z, Rochfort S, Gupta A, Cheirsilp B, Adhikari B, Puri M, Mouradov A. Marine Protists and Rhodotorula Yeast as Bio-Convertors of Marine Waste into Nutrient-Rich Deposits for Mangrove Ecosystems. Protist 2020; 171:125738. [PMID: 32544845 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids and a marine Rhodotorula red yeast isolated from Australian coastal waters for their abilities to be a potential renewable feedstock for the nutraceutical, food, fishery and bioenergy industries. Mixotrophic growth of these species was assessed in the presence of different carbon sources: glycerol, glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and sucrose, starch, cellulose, malt extract, and potato peels. Up to 14g DW/L (4.6gDW/L-day and 2.8gDW/L-day) of biomass were produced by Aurantiochytrium and Thraustochytrium species, respectively. Thraustochytrids biomass contained up to 33% DW of lipids, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, 124mg/g DW); up to 10.2mg/gDW of squalene and up to 61μg/gDW of total carotenoids, composed of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene. Along with the accumulation of these added-value chemicals in biomass, thraustochytrid representatives showed the ability to secrete extracellular polysaccharide matrixes containing lipids and proteins. Rhodotorula sp lipids (26% DW) were enriched in palmitic acid (C16:0, 18mg/gDW) and oleic acid (C18:1, 41mg/gDW). Carotenoids (87μg/gDW) were mainly represented by β-carotene (up to 54μg/gDW). Efficient growth on organic and inorganic sources of carbon and nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic wastewater pollutants along with intracellular and extracellular production of valuable nutrients makes the production of valuable chemicals from isolated species economical and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomer Abramov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faridah Jehalee
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Mohini Miglani
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Feeding Whole Thraustochytrid Biomass to Cultured Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fingerlings: Culture Performance and Fatty Acid Incorporation. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of fish oil by 5% thraustochytrid whole cell biomass in diets for Atlantic salmon had no ill effect on fish growth performance, carcass total lipid and total fatty acid content. Carcass fatty acid composition indicated incorporation of the dietary thraustochytrid-derived fatty acids. This was confirmed by compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) which revealed significantly 13C-depleted (δ13C value of −24‰) ω3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFAs) in the fingerlings fed the thraustochytrid biomass containing diet, reflecting the highly 13C-depleted glycerol used to grow the thraustochytrid cultures. This finding demonstrates the bioavailability of the ω3 LC-PUFA of the Australian strain thraustochytrid culture (TC) 20 from the whole cell biomass that was partly cultivated on crude glycerol produced during biodiesel manufacturing. This paper demonstrates the value of Australian thraustochytrid strains grown heterotrophically for their wider biotechnological potential including as a source of higher value lipids, in particular the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA, for use in aquaculture and other applications.
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17
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Nham Tran TL, Miranda AF, Gupta A, Puri M, Ball AS, Adhikari B, Mouradov A. The Nutritional and Pharmacological Potential of New Australian Thraustochytrids Isolated from Mangrove Sediments. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E151. [PMID: 32155832 PMCID: PMC7142457 DOI: 10.3390/md18030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangrove sediments represent unique microbial ecosystems that act as a buffer zone, biogeochemically recycling marine waste into nutrient-rich depositions for marine and terrestrial species. Marine unicellular protists, thraustochytrids, colonizing mangrove sediments have received attention due to their ability to produce large amounts of long-chain ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids for their production of valuable biomolecules in biomass, de-oiled cakes, supernatants, extracellular polysaccharide matrixes, and recovered oil bodies. Extracted lipids (up to 40% of DW) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 80% of total fatty acids) were mainly represented by docosahexaenoic acid (75% of polyunsaturated fatty acids). Cells also showed accumulation of squalene (up to 13 mg/g DW) and carotenoids (up to 72 µg/g DW represented by astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene). Both strains showed a high concentration of protein in biomass (29% DW) and supernatants (2.7 g/L) as part of extracellular polysaccharide matrixes. Alkalinization of collected biomass represents a new and easy way to recover lipid-rich oil bodies in the form of an aqueous emulsion. The ability to produce added-value molecules makes thraustochytrids an important alternative to microalgae and plants dominating in the food, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Linh Nham Tran
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
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18
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The Dark Side of Microalgae Biotechnology: A Heterotrophic Biorefinery Platform Directed to ω-3 Rich Lipid Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120670. [PMID: 31835511 PMCID: PMC6956277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils have been considered a renewable feedstock for bioenergy not competing with food crops for arable land, freshwater and biodiverse natural landscapes. Microalgal oils may also have other purposes (niche markets) besides biofuels production such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from oleaginous microalgae show benefits over other PUFAs sources such as fish oils, being odorless, and non-dependent on fish stocks. Heterotrophic microalgae can use low-cost substrates such as organic wastes/residues containing carbon, simultaneously producing PUFAs together with other lipids that can be further converted into bioenergy, for combined heat and power (CHP), or liquid biofuels, to be integrated in the transportation system. This review analyses the different strategies that have been recently used to cultivate and further process heterotrophic microalgae for lipids, with emphasis on omega-3 rich compounds. It also highlights the importance of studying an integrated process approach based on the use of low-cost substrates associated to the microalgal biomass biorefinery, identifying the best sustainability methodology to be applied to the whole integrated system.
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Li Z, Ling X, Zhou H, Meng T, Zeng J, Hang W, Shi Y, He N. Screening chemical modulators of benzoic acid derivatives to improve lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 with metabolomics analysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:209. [PMID: 31508148 PMCID: PMC6724347 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium sp. is a marine fungus with great potential as an alternative commercial source of lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To further increase lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium sp., the effect of exogenous additives has become one of the hotspots of current research. Although benzoic acid derivatives showed positive effects on lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium, the biochemical mechanism needs further investigation. RESULTS Four benzoic acid derivatives (sodium benzoate, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-methyl benzoic acid and folic acid) were screened and evaluated for their effect on lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. The lipid yield was increased by 56.84% with p-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) at a concentration of 200 mg/L among the four tested chemical modulators. The metabolomics analysis showed that 200 mg/L p-ABA was optimal for promoting glucose catabolism in glycolysis with an increase in the mevalonate pathway and a weakening of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Moreover, p-ABA increased NADPH generation by enhancing the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), ultimately redirecting the metabolic flux to lipid synthesis. Fed-batch fermentation further proved that p-ABA could significantly increase the yield of lipid by 30.01%, reaching 99.67 g/L, and the lipid content was increased by 35.03%, reaching 71.12%. More importantly, the yields of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were increased by 33.28% and 42.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION The addition of p-ABA could promote the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, enhancing NADPH, which ultimately promoted the flow of carbon flux to lipid synthesis. These findings provide a valuable strategy for improving the lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium by additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- Present Address: College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Hang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Tani N, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. The effect of thiamine on the growth and fatty acid content of Aurantiochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Li Z, Chen X, Li J, Meng T, Wang L, Chen Z, Shi Y, Ling X, Luo W, Liang D, Lu Y, Li Q, He N. Functions of PKS Genes in Lipid Synthesis of Schizochytrium sp. by Gene Disruption and Metabolomics Analysis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:792-802. [PMID: 30136198 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is a kind of marine microalgae with great potential as promising sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Polyketide synthase-like (PKS synthase) is supposed to be one of the main ways to synthesize PUFAs in Schizochytrium sp. In order to study the exact relationship between PKS and PUFA biosynthesis, chain length factor (CLF) and dehydrogenase (DH) were cloned from the PKS gene cluster in Schizochytrium sp., then disrupted by homologous recombination. The results showed that DH- and CLF-disrupted strains had significant decreases (65.85 and 84.24%) in PUFA yield, while the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion in lipids was slightly increased. Meanwhile, the disruption of CLF decreased the C-22 PUFA proportion by 57.51% without effect on C-20 PUFA accumulation while DH-disrupted mutant decreased the production of each PUFA. Combined with analysis of protein prediction, it indicated that CLF gene exerted an enormous function on the carbon chain elongation in PUFA synthesis, especially for the final elongation from C-20 to C-22 PUFAs. Metabolomics analysis also suggested that the disruption of both genes resulted in the decrease of PUFAs but increase of SFAs, thus weakening glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways. This study offers a broad new vision to research the mechanism of PUFA synthesis in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafeng Liang
- Guangxi State Farms Sugar Industrial Group Company Limited, Guangxi Sugarcane Industry R&D center, Guangxi, Nanning, 530002, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Sugarcane Improvement and Biorefinery, Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510316, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Q, Sen B, Liu X, He Y, Xie Y, Wang G. Enhanced saturated fatty acids accumulation in cultures of newly-isolated strains of Schizochytrium sp. and Thraustochytriidae sp. for large-scale biodiesel production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:994-1004. [PMID: 29728009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic marine protists (Thraustochytrids) have received increasingly global attention as a renewable, sustainable and alternative source of biodiesel because of their high ability of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) accumulation. Yet, the influence of extrinsic factors (nutrients and environmental conditions) on thraustochytrid culture and optimal conditions for high SFAs production are poorly described. In the present study, two different thraustochytrid strains, Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 and Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#Mn16 were studied for their growth and SFAs production profiles under various conditions (carbon, nitrogen, temperature, pH, KH2PO4, salinity, and agitation speed). Of the culture conditions, substrates (C and N) source and conc., temperature, and agitation speed significantly influenced the cell growth and SFAs production of both strains. Although both the strains were capable of growth and SFAs production in the broad range of culture conditions, their physiological responses to KH2PO4, pH, and salinity were dissimilar. Under their optimal batch culture conditions, peak SFAs productions of 3.3g/L and 2.2g/L with 62% and 49% SFAs contents (relative to total fatty acids) were achieved, respectively. The results of 5-L fed-batch fermentation under optimal conditions showed a nearly 4.5-fold increase in SFAs production (i.e., 7.5g/L) by both strains compared to unoptimized conditions. Of the two strains, the quality of biodiesel produced from the fatty acids of PKU#Mn4 met the biodiesel standard defined by ASTM6751. This study, to the knowledge of the authors, is the first comprehensive report of optimal fermentation conditions demonstrating enhanced SFAs production by strains belonging to two different thraustochytrid genera and provides the basis for large-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xianhua Liu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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23
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Hoang LAT, Nguyen HC, Le TT, Hoang THQ, Pham VN, Hoang MHT, Ngo HTT, Hong DD. Different fermentation strategies by Schizochytrium mangrovei strain pq6 to produce feedstock for exploitation of squalene and omega-3 fatty acids. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:550-556. [PMID: 29889307 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium mangrovei strain PQ6 was investigated for coproduction of docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6ω-3, DHA) and squalene using a 30-L bioreactor with a working volume of 15 L under various batch and fed-batch fermentation process regimes. The fed-batch process was a more efficient cultivation strategy for achieving higher biomass production rich in DHA and squalene. The final biomass, total lipid, unsaponifiable lipid content, and DHA productivity were 105.25 g · L-1 , 43.40% of dry cell weight, 8.58% total lipid, and 61.66 mg · g-1 · L-1 , respectively, after a 96 h fed-batch fermentation. The squalene content was highest at 48 h after feeding glucose (98.07 mg · g-1 of lipid). Differences in lipid accumulation during fermentation were correlated with changes in ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy and Nile Red staining of cells. The results may be of relevance to industrial-scale coproduction of DHA and squalene in heterotrophic marine microalgae such as Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Anh Thi Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thom Thi Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Huong Quynh Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Nhat Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Hien Thi Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoai Thu Thi Ngo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Diem Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Sung M, Han JI. Ultrasound-assisted in-situ transesterification of wet Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 using potassium carbonate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:117-121. [PMID: 29654996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new in-situ transesterification method was developed for wet biomass: K2CO3 was used as an alkaline catalyst and, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 as oleaginous DHA-producing microalgae. It was found that the presence of water greatly impaired the overall efficiency even with the powerful catalyst that had worked surpassingly well with dry biomass, and thus a mechanical aid like ultrasonication was needed to make advantage of full potential of the alkaline catalyst. The total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) recovery yield of 94.6% was achieved with sonication at 100 g/L of biomass (40% moisture), 3% of K2CO3, 70 °C and 30 min. All these suggest that the ultrasound assisted in-situ transesterification can offer a feasible means for FAEE recovery and it was so by way of overcoming the physical limitation of mass transfer caused the presence of water and providing effective contacts between reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Li Z, Meng T, Ling X, Li J, Zheng C, Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Li Q, Lu Y, He N. Overexpression of Malonyl-CoA: ACP Transacylase in Schizochytrium sp. to Improve Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5382-5391. [PMID: 29722541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been widely applied in the food and medical industry. In this study, malonyl-CoA: ACP transacylase (MAT) was overexpressed through homologous recombination to improve PUFA production in Schizochytrium. The results showed that the lipid and PUFA concentration were increased by 10.1 and 24.5% with MAT overexpression, respectively. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the intracellular tricarboxylic acid cycle was weakened and glucose absorption was accelerated in the engineered strain. In the mevalonate pathway, intracellular carotene content was decreased, and the carbon flux was then redirected toward PUFA synthesis. Furthermore, a glucose fed-batch fermentation was finally performed with the engineered Schizochytrium. The total lipid yield was further increased to 110.5 g/L, 39.6% higher than the wild strain. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid yield were enhanced to 47.39 g/L and 1.65 g/L with an increase of 81.5 and 172.5%, respectively. This study provided an effective metabolic engineering strategy for industrial PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Chuqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
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26
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Chen CY, Yang YT. Combining engineering strategies and fermentation technology to enhance docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production from an indigenous Thraustochytrium sp. BM2 strain. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Mining terpenoids production and biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1269-1280. [PMID: 28549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are major bioactive compounds produced by microalgae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Mining metabolic potential of marine microalgae for commercial production of terpenoids suggest thraustochytrids as one of the promising cell factories. The identification of potential thraustochytrid strains and relevant laboratory scale bioprocesses has been pursued largely. Further investigations in the improvement of terpenoids biosynthesis expect relevant molecular mechanisms to be understood directing metabolic engineering of the pathways. In this review, fermentative and mechanistic studies to identify key enzymes and pathways that are associated to terpenoids biosynthesis in thraustochytrids are discussed. Exploration of biosynthesis mechanisms in other model organisms facilitated identification of potential molecular targets for engineering terpenoids biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. In addition, the preliminary genetic manipulation and in silico analysis in this review provides a platform for system-level metabolic engineering towards thraustochytrid strains improvement. Overall, the review contributes comprehensive information to allow better terpenoids productivity in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Fossier Marchan L, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Mitchell WJ, Polglase JL, Gutierrez T. Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:26-46. [PMID: 28911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids were first discovered in 1934, and since the 1960's they have been increasingly studied for their beneficial and deleterious effects. This review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of these protists with a particular emphasis on their taxonomy, ecology and biotechnology applications. Over the years, thraustochytrid taxonomy has improved with the development of modern molecular techniques and new biochemical markers, resulting in the isolation and description of new strains. In the present work, the taxonomic history of thraustochytrids is reviewed, while providing an up-to-date classification of these organisms. It also describes the various biomarkers that may be taken into consideration to support taxonomic characterization of the thraustochytrids, together with a review of traditional and modern techniques for their isolation and molecular identification. The originality of this review lies in linking taxonomy and ecology of the thraustochytrids and their biotechnological applications as producers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids, exopolysaccharides and other compounds of interest. The paper provides a summary of these aspects while also highlighting some of the most important recent studies in this field, which include the diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in thraustochytrids, some novel strategies for biomass production and recovery of compounds of interest. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the direct and current applications of thraustochytrid-derived compounds in the food, fuel, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries and of some of the commercial products available. This review is intended to be a source of information and references on the thraustochytrids for both experts and those who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Wilfrid J Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Jane L Polglase
- Jane L Polglase Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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Park S, Kim J, Park Y, Son S, Cho S, Kim C, Lee T. Comparison of batch cultivation strategies for cost-effective biomass production of Micractinium inermum NLP-F014 using a blended wastewater medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:432-438. [PMID: 28347963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two competitive strategies, fed-batch and sequencing-batch cultivation, were compared in cost-effective biomass production of a high lipid microalgae, Micractinium inermum NLP-F014 using a blended wastewater medium. For fed-batch cultivations, additional nutrient was supplemented at day 2 (FB1) or consecutively added at day 2 and 4 (FB2). Through inoculum size test, 1.0g-DCWL-1 was selected for the sequencing-batch cultivation (SB) where about 65% of culture was replaced with fresh medium every 2days. Both fed-batch cultivations showed the maximum biomass productivity of 0.95g-DCWL-1d-1, while average biomass productivity in SB was slightly higher as 0.96±0.08g-DCWL-1d-1. Furthermore, remained concentrations of organics (426mg-CODL-1), total nitrogen (15.4mg-NL-1) and phosphorus (0.6mg-PL-1) in SB were much lower than those of fed-batch conditions. The results suggested that SB could be a promising strategy to cultivate M. inermum NLP-F014 with the blended wastewater medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Son
- Information Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 1217, Jungang-daero Road, Yeon-ji-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunja Cho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Science, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Kim
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Industry, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Marchan LF, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Polglase JL, Mitchell WJ, Gutierrez T. Screening of new British thraustochytrids isolates for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 29:2831-2843. [PMID: 29213183 PMCID: PMC5705750 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids isolated from hot tropical and sub-tropical waters have been well studied for DHA and biodiesel production in the last decades. However, little research has been performed on the oils of cold water thraustochytrids, in particular from the North Sea region. In this study, thraustochytrid strains from British waters showed high relative levels of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The relative levels of DHA (as % of total fatty acids, TFA) in the different British strains are hitherto amongst the highest recorded from any thraustochytrid screening study, with strain TL18 reaching up to 67% DHA in modified Glucose-Yeast Extract-Peptone (GYP) medium. At this screening stage, low final biomass and fatty acid yield were observed in modified GYP and MarChiquita-Brain Heart Broth (MCBHB), while PUFA profiles (as % of PUFA) remained unaltered regardless of the culture medium used. Hence, optimizing the medium and culture conditions to improve growth and lipid content, without impacting the relative percentage of DHA, has the potential to increase the final DHA concentration. With this in mind, three strains were identified as promising organisms for the production of DHA. In the context of possible future industrial exploitation involving a winterization step, we investigated the recycling of the residual oil for biodiesel use. To do this, a mathematical model was used to assess the intrinsic properties of the by-product oil. The results showed the feasibility of producing primary DHA-rich oil, assuming optimized conditions, while using the by-product oil for biodiesel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Kim J. Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jane L. Polglase
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Wilfrid J. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
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Cui GZ, Ma Z, Liu YJ, Feng Y, Sun Z, Cheng Y, Song X, Cui Q. Overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enhanced the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Kim KH, Lee OK, Kim CH, Seo JW, Oh BR, Lee EY. Lipase-catalyzed in-situ biosynthesis of glycerol-free biodiesel from heterotrophic microalgae, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:472-477. [PMID: 27035480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic microalgae, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 had a large amount of lipid (56.8% total lipids). The cells in the culture medium were easily ruptured due to thin cell wall of Aurantiochytrium sp., which facilitated in-situ fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) production directly from biomass. The harvested biomass had a high content of free fatty acids (FFAs), which was advantageous for glycerol-free FAMEs production. FAMEs were directly produced from Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 biomass (48.4% saponifiable lipids) using Novozyme 435-catalyzed in-situ esterification in dimethyl carbonate (DMC). DMC was used as a lipid extraction reagent, acyl acceptor and reaction medium. A 433.09mg FAMEs/g biomass was obtained with 89.5% conversion under the optimal condition: DMC to biomass ratio of 5:1 (v/w) and enzyme to biomass ratio of 30% (w/w) at 50°C for 12h. Glycerol could not be detected in the produced FAMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Hee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ho Kim
- Microbe-based Fusion Technology Research Center and Industrial Microbiology & Bioprocess Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Seo
- Microbe-based Fusion Technology Research Center and Industrial Microbiology & Bioprocess Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Rock Oh
- Microbe-based Fusion Technology Research Center and Industrial Microbiology & Bioprocess Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Combination of calcium and magnesium ions prevents substrate inhibition and promotes biomass and lipid production in thraustochytrids under higher glycerol concentration. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Transcriptome analysis reveals that up-regulation of the fatty acid synthase gene promotes the accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. S056 when glycerol is used. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Australian thraustochytrids: Potential production of dietary long-chain omega-3 oils using crude glycerol. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Janthanomsuk P, Verduyn C, Chauvatcharin S. Improved docosahexaenoic acid production in Aurantiochytrium by glucose limited pH-auxostat fed-batch cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:592-599. [PMID: 26298403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fed-batch, pH auxostat cultivation of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microorganism Aurantiochytrium B072 was performed to obtain high cell density and record high productivity of both total fatty acid (TFA) and DHA. Using glucose feeding by carbon excess (C-excess) and by C-limitation at various feeding rates (70%, 50% or 20% of C-excess), high biomass density was obtained and DHA/TFA content (w/w) was improved from 30% to 37% with a 50% glucose feed rate when compared with C-excess. To understand the biochemistry behind these improvements, lipogenic enzyme assays and in silico metabolic flux calculations were used and revealed that enzyme activity and C-fluxes to TFA were reduced with C-limited feeding but that the carbon flux to the polyketide synthase pathway increased relative to the fatty acid synthase pathway. As a result, a new strategy to improve the DHA to TFA content while maintaining relatively high DHA productivity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyawut Janthanomsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Cornelis Verduyn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chauvatcharin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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37
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Mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis in marine fungus-like protists. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8363-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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