1
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Li Z, Zhou H, Liu X, Wang W, Lan D, Wang Y. A novel thermo-responsive phospholipase A 1 with high selectivity and efficiency in enzymatic oil degumming. Food Chem 2024; 456:139624. [PMID: 38850608 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The limited availability of phospholipase A1 (PLA1) has posed significant challenges in enzymatic degumming. In this study, a novel PLA1 (UM2) was introduced to address this limitation, which had a unique thermo-responsive ability to switch phospholipase and lipase activities in response to temperature variations. Remarkably, UM2 displayed an unprecedented selectivity under optimized conditions, preferentially hydrolyzing phospholipids over triacylglycerols-a specificity superior to that of commercial PLA1. Moreover, UM2 demonstrated high efficiency in hydrolyzing phospholipids with a predilection for phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A practical application of UM2 on crude flaxseed oil led to a dramatic reduction in phosphorus content, plummeting from an initial 384.06 mg/kg to 4.38 mg/kg. Broadening its industrial applicability, UM2 effectively performed enzymatic degumming for other distinct crude vegetable oils with a unique phospholipid composition. Collectively, these results highlighted the promising application of UM2 in the field of oil degumming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huilin Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd, Foshan 528200, China.
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2
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Bacha AB, Alonazi M. Effective Soybean Oil Degumming by Immobilized Phospholipases A 2 from Walterinnesia aegyptia Venom. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21322-21332. [PMID: 38764629 PMCID: PMC11097375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic degumming utilizing phospholipase enzymes could be used in ecologically friendly procedures with enhanced oil recovery yields. In this study, two phospholipases A2 of group I and II, WaPLA2-I and WaPLA2-II, from the snake venom of Saudi Walterinnesia aegyptia were evaluated for soybean oil degumming after being immobilized on three different support materials (calcium alginate (CA), CA-gelatin (CAG), and CA-chitosan (CAC), and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde). Higher yields of CAC-immobilized PLA2-I (85 ± 3%) and PLA2-II (87 ± 3.6%) compared to CAG (77.3 ± 2.1 and 79 ± 2.6%, respectively) and CA beads (55.7 ± 2.5% and 57.3 ± 3.1%, respectively) were observed. In addition, the optimal temperature of immobilized WaPLA2-I and WaPLA2-II increased from 45 to 55 °C and from 55 to 65 °C, respectively. Their stability at high temperatures was also significantly enhanced covering a larger range (70-80 °C). Likewise, the pH/activity profile of WaPLA2 was greatly expanded upon immobilization with the pH-optima being shifted by 0.5 to 1 pH unit to the basic side. Similarly, the stability of WaPLA2s in the presence of organic solvents was also significantly improved, while the affinity for calcium and bile salt was the same for both free and immobilized enzymes. Interestingly, the remaining activity of immobilized WaPLA2 onto different supports was more than 50 or 60% after eight recycles or 120 days of storage at 4 °C, respectively. CAC-WaPLA2-II was the best immobilized enzyme complex for the oil degumming process by reducing its final residual phosphorus content from 168 mg/kg to less than 10 mg/kg in only 4 h. Overall, CAC-WaPLA2-II showed the most attractive profiles of temperature, pH, and reaction duration as well as significant storage stability and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department,
Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department,
Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Duché G, Sanderson JM. The Chemical Reactivity of Membrane Lipids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3284-3330. [PMID: 38498932 PMCID: PMC10979411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that aqueous dispersions of phospholipids spontaneously assemble into bilayer structures. These structures have numerous applications across chemistry and materials science and form the fundamental structural unit of the biological membrane. The particular environment of the lipid bilayer, with a water-poor low dielectric core surrounded by a more polar and better hydrated interfacial region, gives the membrane particular biophysical and physicochemical properties and presents a unique environment for chemical reactions to occur. Many different types of molecule spanning a range of sizes, from dissolved gases through small organics to proteins, are able to interact with membranes and promote chemical changes to lipids that subsequently affect the physicochemical properties of the bilayer. This Review describes the chemical reactivity exhibited by lipids in their membrane form, with an emphasis on conditions where the lipids are well hydrated in the form of bilayers. Key topics include the following: lytic reactions of glyceryl esters, including hydrolysis, aminolysis, and transesterification; oxidation reactions of alkenes in unsaturated fatty acids and sterols, including autoxidation and oxidation by singlet oxygen; reactivity of headgroups, particularly with reactive carbonyl species; and E/Z isomerization of alkenes. The consequences of reactivity for biological activity and biophysical properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Duché
- Génie
Enzimatique et Cellulaire, Université
Technologique de Compiègne, Compiègne 60200, France
| | - John M Sanderson
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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4
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Abdelkader I, Guisán JM, Sayari A, Fernández-Lorente G. Various Strategies for the Immobilization of a Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus for the Modulation of Its Biochemical Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:1467. [PMID: 38611747 PMCID: PMC11013441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of various immobilization methods on the biochemical properties of phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus cereus obtained from the oily soil located in Sfax, Tunisia, was described. Different supports were checked: octyl sepharose, glyoxyl agarose in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, and Q-sepharose. In the immobilization by hydrophobic adsorption, a hyperactivation of the PLCBc was obtained with a fold of around 2 times. The recovery activity after immobilization on Q-sepharose and glyoxyl agarose in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine was 80% and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, the biochemical characterization showed an important improvement in the three immobilized enzymes. The performance of the various immobilized PLCBc was compared with the soluble enzyme. The derivatives acquired using Q-sepharose, octyl sepharose, and glyoxyl agarose were stable at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. Nevertheless, the three derivatives were more stable in a large range of pH than the soluble enzyme. The three derivatives and the free enzyme were stable in 50% (v/v) ethanol, hexane, methanol, and acetone. The glyoxyl agarose derivative showed high long-term storage at 4 °C, with an activity of 60% after 19 days. These results suggest the sustainable biotechnological application of the developed immobilized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Abdelkader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PB 1173, Km 4 Road Soukra, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Jose M. Guisán
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP, CSIC), Marie Curie, 2, UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adel Sayari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PB 1173, Km 4 Road Soukra, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Gloria Fernández-Lorente
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, UAM Campus, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Khamies M, Hagar M, Kassem TSE, Moustafa AHE. Case study of chemical and enzymatic degumming processes in soybean oil production at an industrial plant. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4064. [PMID: 38374296 PMCID: PMC10876682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The vegetable oil degumming process plays a critical role in refining edible oil. Phospholipids (PL) removal from crude extracted soybean oil (SBO) by the enzymatic degumming process has been investigated in this work. Enzymatic degumming of extracted SBO with microbial phospholipase A1 PLA-1 Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes have also been studied comparatively. The main novelty of our work is the use of the enzymatic degumming process on an industrial scale (600 tons a day). Many parameters have been discussed to understand in detail the factors affecting oil losses during the degumming process. The factors such as chemical conditioning (CC) by phosphoric acid 85%, the enzyme dosage mg/kg (feedstock dependent), the enzymatic degumming reaction time, and the characteristics of the plant-processed SBO have been discussed in detail. As a main point, the degummed oil with a phosphorus content of < 10 mg/kg increases yield. Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes are not specific for certain phospholipids PL; however, the conversion rate depends on the SBO phospholipid composition. After 4 h, over 99% of Phospholipids were degraded to their lysophospholipid LPL (lysolecithin). The results showed a significant effect of operating parameters and characteristics of different origins of SBO, fatty acids FFA content, Phosphorus content and total divalent metals (Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg and Iron Fe mg/kg) content on the oil loss. The benefit of using enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils rather than traditional chemical refining is that the enzymatic degumming process reduces total oil loss. This decrease is known as enzymatic yield. The enzymatic degumming also decreases wastewater and used chemicals and running costs; moreover, it enables physical refining by lowering the residue phosphorus to < 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Khamies
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
- Faculty of Advanced Basic Sciences, Alamein International University, Alamein City, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Taher S E Kassem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Amira Hossam Eldin Moustafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
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6
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Lu L, Yang Y, Shi G, He X, Xu X, Feng Y, Wang W, Li Z, Yang J, Li B, Sun G. Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function in response to environmental temperature changes in Apostichopus japonicus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 194:106330. [PMID: 38171258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Global temperatures have risen as a result of climate change, and the resulting warmer seawater will exert physiological stresses on many aquatic animals, including Apostichopus japonicus. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of aquatic poikilothermal animals to climate change is closely related to mitochondrial function. Therefore, understanding the interaction between elevated temperature and mitochondrial functioning is key to characterizing organisms' responses to heat stress. However, little is known about the mitochondrial response to heat stress in A. japonicus. In this work, we investigated the morphological and functional changes of A. japonicus mitochondria under three representative temperatures, control temperature (18 °C), aestivation temperature (25 °C) and heat stress temperature (32 °C) temperatures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of mitochondrial morphology combined with proteomics and metabolomics techniques. The results showed that the mitochondrial morphology of A. japonicus was altered, with decreases in the number of mitochondrial cristae at 25 °C and mitochondrial lysis, fracture, and vacuolization at 32 °C. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed 103 differentially expressed proteins and 161 differential metabolites at 25 °C. At 32 °C, the levels of 214 proteins and 172 metabolites were significantly altered. These proteins and metabolites were involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, substance transport, membrane potential homeostasis, anti-stress processes, mitochondrial autophagy, and apoptosis. Furthermore, a hypothetical network of proteins and metabolites in A. japonicus mitochondria in response to temperature changes was constructed based on proteomic and metabolomic data. These results suggest that the dynamic regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial morphology in A. japonicus may play important roles in the response to elevated temperatures. In summary, this study describes the response of A. japonicus mitochondria to temperature changes from the perspectives of morphology, proteins, and metabolites, which provided a better understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial regulation under environment stress in marine echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Guojun Shi
- Hekou District Science and Technology Bureau, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Bin Li
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Yantai, 264002, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China.
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7
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Li X, Zhou J, Han R, Yu F, Liu K, Zhao M, Liu Y, Xue Z, Zhao S. Phosphatase A1 accessory protein PlaS from Serratia marcescens controls cell membrane permeability, fluidity, hydrophobicity, and fatty acid composition in Escherichia coli BL21. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126776. [PMID: 37699461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PlaA) plays a pivotal role in diverse applications within the food and biochemical medical industries. Herein, we investigate the impact of the accessory protein encoded by plaS from Serratia marcescens on PlaA activity in Escherichia coli. Notably, PlaS demonstrates the ability to enhance PlaA activity while concurrently exhibiting inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli BL21 (DE3). Our study revolves around probing the inhibitory action of PlaS on E. coli BL21 (DE3). PlaS exhibits a propensity to heighten both the permeability of outer and inner cell membranes, leading to concomitant reductions in membrane fluidity and surface hydrophobicity. This phenomenon is validated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, which highlights PlaS's capacity to compromise membrane integrity. Moreover, through a comprehensive comparative transcriptomic sequencing approach, we identify four down-regulated genes (galM, ybhC, ldtC, and kdpB) alongside two up-regulated genes (rbsB and degP). These genes are intricately associated with processes such as cell membrane synthesis and modification, energy metabolism, and transmembrane transport. Our investigation unveils the intricate gene-level mechanisms underpinning PlaS-mediated growth inhibition and membrane disruption. Consequently, our findings serve as a significant reference for the elucidation of membrane protein mechanisms, shedding light on potential avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Li
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Rumeng Han
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Fei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zhenglian Xue
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China.
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8
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Abdelkader I, Ben Mabrouk S, Hadrich B, Refai M, Fendri A, Sayari A. Optimization using response surface methodology of phospholipase C production from Bacillus cereus suitable for soybean oil degumming. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1165-1175. [PMID: 36794326 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2177867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the optimization of an extracellular phospholipase C production by Bacillus cereus (PLCBc) using Response Surface Methodology (RMS) and Box-Behnken design. In fact, after optimization, a maximum phospholipase activity (51 U/ml) was obtained after 6 h of cultivation on tryptone (10 g/L), yeast extract (10 g/L), NaCl (8.125 g/L), pH 7.5 with initial OD (0.15). The PLCBc activity, esteemed by the model (51 U) was very approximate to activity gutted experimentally (50 U). The PLCBc can be considered as thermoactive phospholipase since it showed a maximal activity of 50 U/mL at 60 °C using egg yolk or egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) as substrate. In addition, the enzyme was active at pH 7 and is stable after incubation at 55 °C for 30 min. The application of B. cereus phospholipase C in soybean oil degumming was investigated. Our results showed that when using enzymatic degumming, the residual phosphorus decrease more than with water degumming, indeed, it passes from 718 ppm in soybean crude oil to 100 ppm and 52 ppm by degumming using water and enzymatic process, respectively. The diacylgycerol (DAG) yield showed an increase of 1.2% with enzymatic degumming compared to soybean crude oil. This makes our enzyme a potential candidate for food industrial applications such as enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Abdelkader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Ben Mabrouk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bilel Hadrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Refai
- College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Fendri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adel Sayari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Eddehech A, Rahier R, Donnarumma D, Rigano F, Noiriel A, Abousalham A, Cacciola F, Mondello L, Zarai Z. Development of a highly efficient oil degumming process using a novel phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzyme from Bacillus thuringiensis PL14. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Marvi MV, Neri I, Evangelisti C, Ramazzotti G, Asioli S, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Neri N, Morandi L, Tonon C, Lodi R, Franceschi E, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Phospholipases in Gliomas: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives from Bench to Bedside. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050798. [PMID: 37238668 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases are essential intermediaries that work as hydrolyzing enzymes of phospholipids (PLs), which represent the most abundant species contributing to the biological membranes of nervous cells of the healthy human brain. They generate different lipid mediators, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and arachidonic acid, representing key elements of intra- and inter-cellular signaling and being involved in the regulation of several cellular mechanisms that can promote tumor progression and aggressiveness. In this review, it is summarized the current knowledge about the role of phospholipases in brain tumor progression, focusing on low- and high-grade gliomas, representing promising prognostic or therapeutic targets in cancer therapies due to their influential roles in cell proliferation, migration, growth, and survival. A deeper understanding of the phospholipases-related signaling pathways could be necessary to pave the way for new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccolò Neri
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Wang C, Li Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhu L, Wang J. In situ enzymatic hydrolysis characterisation of phospholipid using 1H NMR in a heterogeneous environment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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12
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Kang BG, Kwon SY, Lee HR, Hwang Y, Youn SY, Oh C, Park JB, Cha SS. Structural and functional characterization of a thermostable secretory phospholipase A 2 from Sciscionella marina and its application in liposome biotransformation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:188-197. [PMID: 36762864 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), which hydrolyzes the sn-2 acyl bond of lecithin in a Ca2+-dependent manner, is an important enzyme in the oil and oleochemical industries. However, most sPLA2s are not stable under process conditions. Therefore, a thermostable sPLA2 was investigated in this study. A marine bacterial sPLA2 isolated from Sciscionella marina (Sm-sPLA2) was catalytically active even after 5 h of incubation at high temperatures of up to 50°C, which is outstanding compared with a representative bacterial sPLA2 (i.e. sPLA2 from Streptomyces violaceoruber; Sv-sPLA2). Consistent with this, the melting temperature of Sm-sPLA2 was measured to be 7.7°C higher than that of Sv-sPLA2. Furthermore, Sm-sPLA2 exhibited an improved biotransformation performance compared with Sv-sPLA2 in the hydrolysis of soy lecithin to lysolecithin and free fatty acids at 50°C. Structural and mutagenesis studies revealed that the Trp41-mediated anchoring of a Ca2+-binding loop into the rest of the protein body is directly linked to the thermal stability of Sm-sPLA2. This finding provides a novel structural insight into the thermostability of sPLA2 and could be applied to create mutant proteins with enhanced industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Gyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ran Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Youn
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670 Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang H, Secundo F, Sun J, Mao X. Advances in enzyme biocatalysis for the preparation of functional lipids. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108036. [PMID: 36130694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Functional lipids, mainly ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3), are known to have a variety of health benefits. Lipases and phospholipases are widely used to prepare different forms of structured lipids, since biocatalytic methods can be carried out under mild conditions, preserving the quality of the products. On the other hand, many processes still are conducted at high temperatures and with organic solvents, which are conditions unfavorable for the production of nutritional products. This article gives an updated overview of enzyme biocatalysis methods for the preparation of different derivatives containing n-3 PUFAs, including specific reactions, enzyme immobilization research for high-efficiency catalysis, and enzyme engineering technologies (higher selectivity, stability, and activity). Furthermore, advanced control strategies of biocatalytic processes and reactors are presented. The future prospect and opportunities for marine functional lipids are also discussed. Therefore, the obtainment of enzymes endowed with superior properties and the development of optimized processes, still have to be pursued to achieve greener bio-catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, v. Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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14
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Marchisio F, Di Nardo L, Val DS, Cerminati S, Espariz M, Rasia RM, Menzella HG, Castelli ME. Characterization of a novel thermostable phospholipase C from T. kodakarensis suitable for oil degumming. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5081-5091. [PMID: 35854045 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of cleaner technologies that minimize environmental pollution caused by conventional industrial processes is an increasing global trend. Hence, traditionally used chemicals have been replaced by novel enzymatic alternatives in a wide variety of industrial-scale processes. Enzymatic oil degumming, the first step of the oil refining process, exploits the conversion catalyzed by phospholipases to remove vegetable crude oils' phospholipids. This enzymatic method reduces the gums' volume and increases the overall oil yield. A thermostable phospholipase would be highly advantageous for industrial oil degumming as oil treatment at higher temperatures would save energy and increase the recovery of oil by facilitating the mixing and gums removal. A thermostable phosphatidylcholine (PC) (and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE))-specific phospholipase C from Thermococcus kodakarensis (TkPLC) was studied and completely removed PC and PE from crude soybean oil at 80 °C. Due to these characteristics, TkPLC is an interesting promising candidate for industrial-scale enzymatic oil degumming at high temperatures. KEY POINTS: • A thermostable phospholipase C from T. kodakarensis (TkPLC) has been identified. • TkPLC was recombinantly produced in Pichia pastoris and successfully purified. • TkPLC completely hydrolyzed PC and PE in soybean oil degumming assays at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorela Marchisio
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luisina Di Nardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Molecular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Ocampo Y Esmeralda S/N, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego Sebastián Val
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cerminati
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martín Espariz
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Estadística Y Procesamiento de Datos, Departamento de Matemática Y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Maximiliano Rasia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Molecular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Ocampo Y Esmeralda S/N, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural Y Metabolómica (PLABEM - CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gabriel Menzella
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Castelli
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina.
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15
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Potential Ester-Synthesizing Bacterium Isolated from Fermented Golden Pomfret and Identification of Its Lipase Encoding Genes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131954. [PMID: 35804769 PMCID: PMC9266206 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ester synthases are regarded as valuable catalysts in the food industry. Here, one strain of Acinetobacter venetianus with ester synthase-production capacity, SCSMX-3, was isolated from traditional fermented golden pomfret. It exhibited good growth in mesophilic, low salt, and slightly alkaline environments. The ester synthase produced by SCSMX-3 displayed maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 35 °C. Genome sequencing revealed that the strain contains one circular chromosome of 336313 bp and two circular plasmids (plasmid A-14424 bp and plasmid B-11249 bp). Six CRISPR structures enhance the genomic stability of SCSMX-3 and provide the opportunity to create new functional strains. Gene function analysis indicated that SCSMX-3 produces the necessary enzymes for survival under different conditions and for flavor substance synthesis. Furthermore, 49 genes encoding enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, including three triacylglycerol lipases and two esterases, were identified through the NCBI Non-Redundant Protein Database. The lipase encoded by gene0302 belongs to the GX group and the abH15.02 (Burkholderia cepacia lipase) homolog of the abH15 superfamily. Our results shed light on the genomic diversity of and lipid metabolism in A. venetianus isolated from fermented golden pomfret, laying a foundation for the exploration of new ester synthases to improve the flavor of fermented fish products.
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16
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Chemical vs. Enzymatic Refining to Produce Peanut Oil for Edible Use or to Obtain a Sustainable and Cost-Effective Protector for Stored Grains against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Foods 2022; 11:foods11091224. [PMID: 35563946 PMCID: PMC9104994 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various existing techniques, enzymatic degumming represents a process that is establishing itself as a valid alternative to the more classic chemical processes. Moreover, vegetable oils of various origins have been gaining more consideration as sustainable and affordable protectants for cereals and pulses against the attack of several insect pests. Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the key pests of cereal crops in the field and in stored and processed cereal products. Based on these highlighted issues, the overall aim of this research was twofold: (i) firstly, the effectiveness of the enzymatic degumming process was evaluated through the use of three different enzymes in order to verify the possible industrial application within the SALOV company as an alternative to the conventional chemical process; (ii) in a second phase, the possible use of the innovative refined oils was explored for sustainable stored grain protection towards S. zeamais. The results obtained confirm the strong possibility of applying the enzymatic process, which is innovative and, in a chemical way, more sustainable than the classical one. Regarding the toxicity towards S. zeamais, the crude peanut oil and the chemically refined peanut oil had lower LC50 values (1.836 and 1.372 g kg-1, respectively) than the oils rectified through enzymatic degumming (LC50 from 2.453 to 4.076 g kg-1), and, therefore, they can be suggested as sustainable stored grain protectants.
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17
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Xie D, Ji X, Zhou Y, Dai J, He Y, Sun H, Guo Z, Yang Y, Zheng X, Chen B. Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in pilot-scale to treat real swine wastewater and mitigate carbon dioxide for sustainable biodiesel production by direct enzymatic transesterification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126886. [PMID: 35217166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study firstly addressed real swine wastewater (RSW) treatment by an indigenous Chlorella vulgaris MBFJNU-1 in 5-m3 outdoor open raceway ponds and then direct enzymatic transesterification of the resulting lipids from the wet biomass for sustainable biodiesel production. Compared to the control group, C. vulgaris MBFJNU-1 at 3% CO2 achieved higher microalgal biomass (478.5 mg/L) and total fatty acids content (21.3%), higher CO2 bio-fixation (63.2 mg/L/d) and lipid (9.1 mg/L/d) productivities, and greater nutrients removals (total nitrogen, 82.1%; total phosphorus, 28.4%; chemical oxygen demand, 37.1%). The highest biodiesel conversion (93.3%) was attained by enzymatic transesterification of wet disrupted Chlorella biomass with 5% lipase TL and 5% phospholipase PLA. Moreover, the enzymatic transesterification gave around 83% biodiesel conversion in a 15-L stirred tank bioreactor. Furthermore, the integrated process was a cost-effective approach to treat RSW and mitigate CO2 for microalgal biodiesel production, based on the mass and energy balances analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Xie
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Youcai Zhou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jingxuan Dai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Han Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav WiedsVej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yi Yang
- Fuqing King Dnarmsa Spirulina Co., LTD, Fuzhou 350300, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Fuqing King Dnarmsa Spirulina Co., LTD, Fuzhou 350300, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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18
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Recent trends in the field of lipid engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Chen W, Kou M, Li L, Li B, Huang J, Fan S, Xu L, Zhong N. Immobilization of Lecitase<sup>®</sup> Ultra onto the Organic Modified SBA-15 for Soybean Oil Degumming. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:721-733. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety
| | - Maomao Kou
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety
| | - Jianrong Huang
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Nanjing Zhong
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
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20
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Sharma N, Langley RJ, Eurtivong C, Leung E, Dixon RJ, Paulin EK, Rees SWP, Pilkington LI, Barker D, Reynisson J, Leung IKH. An optimised MALDI-TOF assay for phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:491-496. [PMID: 33432952 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLCBc) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines into phosphocholine and 1,2-diacylglycerols. PC-PLCBc has found applications in both the food industry and in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report our work in the development and optimisation of a matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry-based assay to monitor PC-PLCBc activity. The use of one-phase and two-phase reaction systems to assess the inhibition of PC-PLCBc with different structural classes of inhibitors was compared. We also highlighted the advantage of our assay over the commonly used commercially available Amplex Red assay. This method will also be applicable to work on the activity and inhibition of other phospholipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ries J Langley
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand and Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Commission on Higher Education (CHE), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand and Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Joseph Dixon
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Emily K Paulin
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Shaun W P Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. and Centre for Green Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. and School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ivanhoe K H Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand and Centre for Green Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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21
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Wang L, Hu T, Jiang Z, Yan Q, Yang S. Efficient production of a novel alkaline cold-active phospholipase C from Aspergillus oryzae by molecular chaperon co-expression for crude oil degumming. Food Chem 2021; 350:129212. [PMID: 33609939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel alkaline cold-active phospholipase C (PLC) gene (AoPC) from Aspergillus oryzae was cloned. AoPC exhibited the highest sequence similarity of 32.5% with that of a PLC from Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene was co-expressed in Pichia pastoris with molecular chaperone PDI (protein disulfide isomerases), and the highest PLC activity of 82, 782 U mL-1 was achieved in a 5-L fermentor. The recombinant enzyme (AoPC) was most active at pH 8.0 and 25 °C, respectively, and it was stable over a broad pH range of 4.5-9.0 and up to 40 °C. It is the first fungal alkaline PLC. The application of AoPC (with 25% citric acid, w/w) in oil degumming process significantly reduced the phosphorus of crude soybean oil by 93.3% to a commercially acceptable level (<10 mg kg-1). Therefore, the relatively high yield and excellent properties of AoPC may possess it great potential in crude oil refining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China.
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22
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Aguirre A, Peiru S, Rasia R, Castelli ME, Menzella HG. Cloning and Production of Thermostable Enzymes for the Hydrolysis of Steryl Glucosides in Biodiesel. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2290:203-214. [PMID: 34009592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1323-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oil-derived biodiesels have a major quality problem due to the presence of precipitates formed by steryl glucosides, which clog filters and injectors of diesel engines. An efficient, scalable, and cost-effective method to hydrolyze steryl glucosides using thermostable enzymes has been developed. Here, methods to discover, express in recombinant microorganisms and manufacture enzymes with SGase activity, as well as methods to treat biodiesel with such enzymes, and to measure the content of steryl glucosides in biodiesel samples are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aguirre
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Salvador Peiru
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Rasia
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Hugo G Menzella
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Rosario, Argentina.
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23
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Highly Efficient Extracellular Production of Recombinant Streptomyces PMF Phospholipase D in Escherichia coli. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve efficient bio-production of phospholipase D (PLD), PLDs from different organisms were expressed in E.coli. An efficient secretory expression system was thereby developed for PLD. First, PLDs from Streptomyces PMF and Streptomyces racemochromogenes were separately over-expressed in E.coli to compare their transphosphatidylation activity based on the synthesis of phosphatidylserine (PS), and PLDPMF was determined to have higher activity. To further improve PLDPMF synthesis, a secretory expression system suitable for PLDPMF was constructed and optimized with different signal peptides. The highest secretory efficiency was observed when the PLD * (PLDPMF with the native signal peptide Nat removed) was expressed fused with the fusion signal peptide PelB-Nat in E. coli. The fermentation conditions were also investigated to increase the production of recombinant PLD and 10.5 U/mL PLD was ultimately obtained under the optimized conditions. For the application of recombinant PLD to PS synthesis, the PLD properties were characterized and 30.2 g/L of PS was produced after 24 h of bioconversion when 50 g/L phosphatidylcholine (PC) was added.
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24
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Polar Head Modified Phospholipids by Phospholipase D-Catalyzed Transformations of Natural Phosphatidylcholine for Targeted Applications: An Overview. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the use of phospholipase D (PLD) to perform the transphosphatidylation of the most common natural phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) to obtain polar head modified phospholipids with real targeted applications. The introduction of different polar heads with distinctive physical and chemical properties such as charge, polarity and dimensions allows the obtainment of very different PLs, which can be exploited in very diverse fields of application. Moreover, the inclusions of a bioactive moiety in the PL polar head constitutes a powerful tool for the stabilization and administration of active ingredients. The use of this biocatalytic approach allows the preparation of compounds which cannot be easily obtained by classical chemical methods, by using mild and green reaction conditions. PLD is a very versatile enzyme, able to catalyze both the hydrolysis of PC to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), and the transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of an appropriate alcohol. The yield of production of the desired product and the ratio with the collateral PA formation is highly dependent on parameters such as the nature and concentration of the alcohol and the enzymatic source. The application of PLD catalyzed transformations for the production of a great number of PLs with important uses in medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors will be discussed in this work.
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Lee† HJ, Cho† A, Hwang Y, Park JB, Kim SK. Engineering of a Microbial Cell Factory for the Extracellular Production of Catalytically Active Phospholipase A 2 of Streptomyces violaceoruber. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1244-1251. [PMID: 32160693 PMCID: PMC9728194 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2001.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Streptomyces violaceoruber is a lipolytic enzyme used in a wide range of industrial applications including production of lysolecithins and enzymatic degumming of edible oils. We have therefore investigated expression and secretion of PLA2 in two workhorse microbes, Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. The PLA2 was produced to an activity of 0.517 ± 0.012 U/ml in the culture broth of the recombinant P. pastoris. On the other hand, recombinant E. coli BL21 star (DE3), overexpressing the authentic PLA2 (P-PLA2), showed activity of 17.0 ± 1.3 U/ml in the intracellular fraction and 21.7 ± 0.7 U/ml in the culture broth. The extracellular PLA2 activity obtained with the recombinant E. coli system was 3.2-fold higher than the corresponding value reached in a previous study, which employed recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) overexpressing codon-optimized PLA2. Finally, we observed that the extracellular PLA2 from the recombinant E. coli P-PLA2 culture was able to hydrolyze 31.1 g/l of crude soybean lecithin, an industrial substrate, to a conversion yield of approximately 95%. The newly developed E. coli-based PLA2 expression system led to extracellular production of PLA2 to a productivity of 678 U/l·h, corresponding to 157-fold higher than that obtained with the P. pastoris-based system. This study will contribute to the extracellular production of a catalytically active PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Lee†
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Cho†
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
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Valorization of Corn Seed Oil Acid Degumming Waste for Phospholipids Preparation by Phospholipase D-Mediated Processes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the phospholipase D-mediated treatment of the waste residue coming from acid degumming, which constitutes the second part of the degumming step in the crude corn edible oil refining process. This industrial process produces a complex by-product (called gum), a mixture containing phospholipids (PLs) whose composition depends on the nature of the oil source. This residue is usually disposed of with the consequential costs and environmental concerns. An efficient multistep protocol of physical separations of the PL-rich fraction from waste gums has been set up, including centrifugation, precipitation and solvent partitioning. This waste stream, which is thoroughly characterized after the concentration process, constitutes a renewable feedstock for the production of value-added PLs with modified polar head-exploiting phospholipase D-mediated biotransformations, which have been successfully performed on this complex natural mixture. The valorization of these waste gums through the production of high value PLs for targeted applications paves the way to a new alternative approach for their disposal, which could be of great interest from a circular economy perspective.
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A novel lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase for soybean oil refining provides higher yields and extra nutritional value with a cleaner process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7521-7532. [PMID: 32676709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for food and biofuels urges the vegetable oil processing industry to adopt cleaner technologies to mitigate the environmental pollution caused by chemical refining processes. Over the past decade, several enzymatic methods have proven to be efficient at reducing the generated waste, but improving the benefit-cost ratio is still necessary for the widespread adoption of this technology. In this work, we show that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes (LCATAE) provides a higher extra-yield of soybean oil than a type A1 phospholipase (PLA) enzyme currently commercialized for soybean oil deep degumming. Our model indicates that crude soybean oil treated with the new enzyme generates 87% more neutral oil from phospholipids than the widely used PLA, with the corresponding reduction in waste and byproducts generation. The refined oil retains the phytosterols naturally present in crude oil, enriching its nutritional value. The results presented here position LCATAE as a promising candidate to provide the green solutions needed by the industrial oil processing sector. Key points • Selected LCAT gene candidates were expressed in E. coli. • Aeromonas enteropelogenes LCAT hydrolyzes all the phospholipids present in crude soybean oil. • The LCAT enzyme provides a higher yield of neutral oil than commercial PLA enzymes and generates less waste. • The degummed oil retains sterols with high nutritional value.
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Nikolaeva T, Rietkerk T, Sein A, Dalgliesh R, Bouwman WG, Velichko E, Tian B, Van As H, van Duynhoven J. Impact of water degumming and enzymatic degumming on gum mesostructure formation in crude soybean oil. Food Chem 2020; 311:126017. [PMID: 31864184 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid gum mesostructures formed in crude soybean oil after water degumming (WD) and enzymatic degumming (ED) were studied at a range of phospholipid and water concentrations. For ED, phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and a mixture of phospholipases Purifine 3G (3G) were used. Both WD and ED resulted in lamellar liquid-crystalline phases, however, of different topology. The dependence of the bilayer spacings (as observed by SANS and SAXS) on the ratio between amount of water and amphiphilic lipids differed for WD and PLA2 ED vs PLC and 3G ED. This difference was also observed for dynamics at molecular scale as observed by time-domain (TD) NMR and attributed to partial incorporation of diglycerides and free fatty acids into gum bilayers after PLC and 3G ED. Feasibility of using TD-NMR relaxometry for quantification of the gum phase and estimation of degumming efficiency was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands; MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Rietkerk
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sein
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wim G Bouwman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Evgenii Velichko
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Bei Tian
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands; MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John van Duynhoven
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands; MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Reuse of Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens via Its Step-by-Step Coimmobilization on Glyoxyl-Octyl Agarose Beads with Least Stable Lipases. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coimmobilization of lipases may be interesting in many uses, but this means that the stability of the least stable enzyme determines the stability of the full combilipase. Here, we propose a strategy that permits the reuse the most stable enzyme. Lecitase Ultra (LU) (a phospholipase) and the lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) were immobilized on octyl agarose, and their stabilities were studied under a broad range of conditions. Immobilized PFL was found to be the most stable enzyme under all condition ranges studied. Furthermore, in many cases it maintained full activity, while the other enzymes lost more than 50% of their initial activity. To coimmobilize these enzymes without discarding fully active PFL when LU or RML had been inactivated, PFL was covalently immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose beads. After biocatalysts reduction, the other enzyme was coimmobilized just by interfacial activation. After checking that glyoxyl-octyl-PFL was stable in 4% Triton X-100, the biocatalysts of PFL coimmobilized with LU or RML were submitted to inactivation under different conditions. Then, the inactivated least stable coimmobilized enzyme was desorbed (using 4% detergent) and a new enzyme reloading (using in some instances RML and in some others employing LU) was performed. The initial activity of immobilized PFL was maintained intact for several of these cycles. This shows the great potential of this lipase coimmobilization strategy.
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