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Ansari NK, Khan HS, Naeem A. Doxorubicin as a Drug Repurposing for Disruption of α-Chymotrypsinogen-A Aggregates. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10217-w. [PMID: 39014260 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Protein conformation is affected by interaction of several small molecules resulting either stabilization or disruption depending on the nature of the molecules. In our earlier communication, Hg2+ was known to disrupt the native structure of α-Cgn A leading to aggregation (Ansari, N.K., Rais, A. & Naeem, A. Methotrexate for Drug Repurposing as an Anti-Aggregatory Agent to Mercuric Treated α-Chymotrypsinogen-A. Protein J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-024-10187-z ). Accumulation of β-rich aggregates in the living system is found to be linked with copious number of disorders. Here, we have investigated the effect of varying concentration of doxorubicin (DOX) i.e. 0-100 µM on the preformed aggregates of α-Cgn A upon incubation with 120 µM Hg2+. The decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence and enzyme activity with respect to increase in the Hg2+ concentration substantiate the formation of aggregates. The DOX showed the dose dependent decrease in the ThT fluorescence, turbidity and RLS measurements endorsing the dissolution of aggregates which were consistent with red shift in ANS, confirming the breakdown of aggregates. The α-Cgn A has 30% α-helical content which decreases to 3% in presence of Hg2+. DOX increased the α-helicity to 28% confirming its anti-aggregatory potential. The SEM validates the formation of aggregates with Hg2+ and their dissolution upon incubation with the DOX. Hemolysis assay checked the cytotoxicity of α-Cgn A aggregates. Docking revealed that the DOX interacted Lys203, Cys201, Cys136, Ser159, Leu10, Trp207, Val137 and Thr134 of α-Cgn A through hydrophobic interactions and Gly133, Thr135 and Lys202 forms hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kausar Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, 202002, India
| | - Hamza Sahib Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, 202002, India
| | - Aabgeena Naeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, 202002, India.
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Leal AS, Hung PY, Chowdhury AS, Liby KT. Retinoid X Receptor agonists as selective modulators of the immune system for the treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 252:108561. [PMID: 37952906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Upon heterodimerizing with other nuclear receptors, retinoid X receptors (RXR) act as ligand-dependent transcription factors, regulating transcription of critical signaling pathways that impact numerous hallmarks of cancer. By controlling both inflammation and immune responses, ligands that activate RXR can modulate the tumor microenvironment. Several small molecule agonists of these essential receptors have been synthesized. Historically, RXR agonists were tested for inhibition of growth in cancer cells, but more recent drug discovery programs screen new molecules for inhibition of inflammation or activation of immune cells. Bexarotene is the first successful example of an effective therapeutic that molecularly targets RXR; this drug was approved to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma and is still used as a standard of care treatment for this disease. No additional RXR agonists have yet achieved FDA approval, but several promising novel compounds are being developed. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple mechanisms by which RXR signaling regulates inflammation and tumor immunity. We also discuss the potential of RXR-dependent immune cell modulation for the treatment or prevention of cancer and concomitant challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yu Hung
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Afrin Sultana Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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Liu Y, Wang P, Jin G, Shi P, Zhao Y, Guo J, Yin Y, Shao Q, Li P, Yang P. The novel function of bexarotene for neurological diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102021. [PMID: 37495118 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, is approved by FDA to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, it has also demonstrated promising therapeutic potential for neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and particularly Alzheimer's disease(AD). In AD, bexarotene inhibits the production and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ), activates Liver X Receptor/RXR heterodimers to increase lipidated apolipoprotein E to remove Aβ, mitigates the negative impact of Aβ, regulates neuroinflammation, and ultimately improves cognitive function. For other neurological diseases, its mechanisms of action include inhibiting inflammatory responses, up-regulating microglial phagocytosis, and reducing misfolded protein aggregation, all of which aid in alleviating neurological damage. Here, we briefly discuss the characteristics, applications, and adverse effects of bexarotene, summarize its pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic results in various neurological diseases, and elaborate on the problems encountered in preclinical research, with the aim of providing help for the further application of bexarotene in central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Liu
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; College of Third Clinical, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Guofang Jin
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peijie Shi
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianhang Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
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Hua Y, Dai X, Xu Y, Xing G, Liu H, Lu T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Drug repositioning: Progress and challenges in drug discovery for various diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114239. [PMID: 35290843 PMCID: PMC8883737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional de novo drug discovery, drug repurposing has become an attractive drug discovery strategy due to its low-cost and high efficiency. Through a comprehensive analysis of the candidates that have been identified with drug repositioning potentials, it is found that although some drugs do not show obvious advantages in the original indications, they may exert more obvious effects in other diseases. In addition, some drugs have a synergistic effect to exert better clinical efficacy if used in combination. Particularly, it has been confirmed that drug repositioning has benefits and values on the current public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which proved the great potential of drug repositioning. In this review, we systematically reviewed a series of representative drugs that have been repositioned for different diseases and illustrated successful cases in each disease. Especially, the mechanism of action for the representative drugs in new indications were explicitly explored for each disease, we hope this review can provide important insights for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaowen Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guomeng Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Capriello S, Stramazzo I, Bagaglini MF, Brusca N, Virili C, Centanni M. The relationship between thyroid disorders and vitamin A.: A narrative minireview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:968215. [PMID: 36303869 PMCID: PMC9592814 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.968215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms "vitamin A" and "retinoids" encompass a group of fat-soluble compounds essential for human nutrition. Some of them (retinol, retinal, 9-cis-retinoic acid, tretinoin, and 13-cis-retinoic acid) are fully natural, while others are synthetic compounds used mostly for therapeutic purposes. Some evidence indicates that the nutritional status of these retinoids (i.e., the presence or absence of deficiency) is able to modulate thyroid gland metabolism. Vitamin A deficiency is tightly correlated with structural and functional impairment of the thyroid gland and is often associated with iodine deficiency. Furthermore, retinoids are involved in different immune functions, as well as in the process of activation, proliferation, and differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg). This is particularly significant given the high prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders, whose pathogenesis seems to be related to the altered homeostasis of regulatory T cells. Retinoids are also involved in the modulation of gene expression via their interaction with nuclear receptors, and they also act as cofactors in cell growth and differentiation. The ability of retinoic acid to increase iodine uptake and sodium-iodine symporter activity in human thyroid cancer cell lines suggests that some retinoids and their derivatives may be of use in the treatment of different thyroid tumors. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge on the link between nutritional intake of vitamin A and various thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Capriello
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - I. Stramazzo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - M. F. Bagaglini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - N. Brusca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - C. Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - M. Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Endocrine Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Latina, Latina, Italy
- *Correspondence: M. Centanni,
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Leal AS, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The RXR Agonist MSU42011 Is Effective for the Treatment of Preclinical HER2+ Breast Cancer and Kras-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5004. [PMID: 34638488 PMCID: PMC8508021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Notwithstanding numerous therapeutic advances, 176,000 deaths from breast and lung cancers will occur in the United States in 2021 alone. The tumor microenvironment and its modulation by drugs have gained increasing attention and relevance, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy as a standard of care in clinical practice. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and upon ligand binding, function as transcription factors to modulate multiple cell functions. Bexarotene, the only FDA-approved RXR agonist, is still used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (2) Methods: To test the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of MSU42011, a new RXR agonist, we used two different immunocompetent murine models (MMTV-Neu mice, a HER2 positive model of breast cancer and the A/J mouse model, in which vinyl carbamate is used to initiate lung tumorigenesis) and an immunodeficient xenograft lung cancer model. (3) Results: Treatment of established tumors in immunocompetent models of HER2-positive breast cancer and Kras-driven lung cancer with MSU42011 significantly decreased the tumor burden and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Moreover, the combination of MSU42011 and immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor size vs. individual treatments. However, MSU42011 was ineffective in an athymic human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, supporting an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. (4) Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that the RXR agonist MSU42011 can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment in breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
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Hunsu VO, Facey COB, Fields JZ, Boman BM. Retinoids as Chemo-Preventive and Molecular-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7731. [PMID: 34299349 PMCID: PMC8304138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) agents possess anti-tumor activity through their ability to induce cellular differentiation. However, retinoids have not yet been translated into effective systemic treatments for most solid tumors. RA signaling is mediated by the following two nuclear retinoic receptor subtypes: the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoic X receptor (RXR), and their isoforms. The identification of mutations in retinoid receptors and other RA signaling pathway genes in human cancers offers opportunities for target discovery, drug design, and personalized medicine for distinct molecular retinoid subtypes. For example, chromosomal translocation involving RARA occurs in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a highly effective and even curative therapeutic for APL patients. Thus, retinoid-based target discovery presents an important line of attack toward designing new, more effective strategies for treating other cancer types. Here, we review retinoid signaling, provide an update on retinoid agents and the current clinical research on retinoids in cancer, and discuss how the retinoid pathway genotype affects the ability of retinoid agents to inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We also deliberate on why retinoid agents have not shown clinical efficacy against solid tumors and discuss alternative strategies that could overcome the lack of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O. Hunsu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Caroline O. B. Facey
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Carazo A, Macáková K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Protti M, Mladěnka P. Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients 2021; 13:1703. [PMID: 34069881 PMCID: PMC8157347 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays a key role in the correct functioning of multiple physiological functions. The human organism can metabolize natural forms of vitamin A and provitamin A into biologically active forms (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), which interact with multiple molecular targets, including nuclear receptors, opsin in the retina and, according to the latest research, also some enzymes. In this review, we aim to provide a complex view on the present knowledge about vitamin A ranging from its sources through its physiological functions to consequences of its deficiency and metabolic fate up to possible pharmacological administration and potential toxicity. Current analytical methods used for its detection in real samples are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michele Protti
- The Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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Ancidoni A, Bacigalupo I, Remoli G, Lacorte E, Piscopo P, Sarti G, Corbo M, Vanacore N, Canevelli M. Anticancer drugs repurposed for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:96. [PMID: 33952306 PMCID: PMC8101105 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The relationship between cancer and dementia is triggering growing research interest. Several preclinical studies have provided the biological rationale for the repurposing of specific anticancer agents in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a growing number of research protocols are testing their efficacy and safety/tolerability in patients with AD. Methods The aim of the present systematic review was to provide an overview on the repurposing of approved anticancer drugs in clinical trials for AD by considering both ongoing and completed research protocols in all phases. In parallel, a systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web, and the Cochrane Library to identify published clinical studies on repurposed anticancer agents in AD. Results Based on a structured search on the ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT databases, we identified 13 clinical trials testing 11 different approved anticancer agents (five tyrosine kinase inhibitors, two retinoid X receptor agonists, two immunomodulatory agents, one histone deacetylase inhibitor, and one monoclonal antibody) in the AD continuum. The systematic literature search led to the identification of five published studies (one phase I, three phase II, and one phase IIb/III) reporting the effects of antitumoral treatments in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia. The clinical findings and the methodological characteristics of these studies are described and discussed. Conclusion Anticancer agents are triggering growing interest in the context of repurposed therapies in AD. Several clinical trials are underway, and data are expected to be available in the near future. To date, data emerging from published clinical studies are controversial. The promising results emerging from preclinical studies and identified research protocols should be confirmed and extended by larger, adequately designed, and high-quality clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ancidoni
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Bacigalupo
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Remoli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lacorte
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Piscopo
- Department of Neuroscience, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Sarti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Via Dezza 48, 20144, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Canevelli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kacar S, Sahinturk V, Kanbak G. Bexarotene inhibits cell proliferation by inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis via PPARγ/ NF-κB signaling pathway in C6 glioma cells. Med Oncol 2021; 38:31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nagaraju K, Chowdary YA, Rao MVB. Development and validation of bexarote by bioanalytical methods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to develop and validate accurate and precise UPLC method with tandem mass spectrometry (Waters) for the determination of bexarotene in human plasma using bexarotene D4 as internal standard (IS).
Results
The retention time of bexarotene was 2.75 ± 0.30 min. The method was validated with respect to system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, auto sampler carryover test, and recovery. Linearity was found to be 1.04 to 351.93 μg/mL. LOQQC, LQC, INTQC, MQC, and HQC were found to be 1.0550, 2.7800, 25.2700, 131.61, and 263.23 respectively. The mean percentage recovery was found to be 95.72%
Conclusion
The bioanalytical method, a selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantitate bexarotene in K2EDTA human plasma over the concentration range 1.0440 to 351.9320 ng/mL, was successfully validated. This method is suitable for sample analysis to support bioequivalence/bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic studies involving formulations of bexarotene.
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12
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Brtko J, Dvorak Z. Natural and synthetic retinoid X receptor ligands and their role in selected nuclear receptor action. Biochimie 2020; 179:157-168. [PMID: 33011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important key players in the regulatory machinery within the cells are nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which compose heterodimers in company with several diverse nuclear receptors, playing a role as ligand inducible transcription factors. In general, nuclear receptors are ligand-activated, transcription-modulating proteins affecting transcriptional responses in target genes. RXR molecules forming permissive heterodimers with disparate nuclear receptors comprise peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstan receptor (CAR). Retinoid receptors (RARs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) may form conditional heterodimers, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) is believed to form nonpermissive heterodimer. Thus, RXRs are the important molecules that are involved in control of many cellular functions in biological processes and diseases, including cancer or diabetes. This article summarizes both naturally occurring and synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors and describes, predominantly in mammals, their role in molecular mechanisms within the cells. A focus is also on triorganotin compounds, which are high affinity RXR ligands, and finally, we present an outlook on human microbiota as a potential source of RXR activators. Nevertheless, new synthetic rexinoids with better retinoid X receptor activity and lesser side effects are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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Advani D, Gupta R, Tripathi R, Sharma S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Protective role of anticancer drugs in neurodegenerative disorders: A drug repurposing approach. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104841. [PMID: 32853752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease heterogeneity and little therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative diseases justify the need for novel and effective drug discovery approaches. Drug repurposing is an emerging approach that reinvigorates the classical drug discovery method by divulging new therapeutic uses of existing drugs. The common biological background and inverse tuning between cancer and neurodegeneration give weight to the conceptualization of repurposing of anticancer drugs as novel therapeutics. Many studies are available in the literature, which highlights the success story of anticancer drugs as repurposed therapeutics. Among them, kinase inhibitors, developed for various oncology indications evinced notable neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we shed light on the salient role of multiple protein kinases in neurodegenerative disorders. We also proposed a feasible explanation of the action of kinase inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders with more attention towards neurodegenerative disorders. The problem of neurotoxicity associated with some anticancer drugs is also highlighted. Our review encourages further research to better encode the hidden potential of anticancer drugs with the aim of developing prospective repurposed drugs with no toxicity for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rahul Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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14
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Leal AS, Zydeck K, Carapellucci S, Reich LA, Zhang D, Moerland JA, Sporn MB, Liby KT. Retinoid X receptor agonist LG100268 modulates the immune microenvironment in preclinical breast cancer models. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:39. [PMID: 31700995 PMCID: PMC6825145 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous therapeutic advances in the past decade, breast cancer is expected to cause over 42,000 deaths in the United States in 2019. Breast cancer had been considered an immunologically silent tumor; however recent findings suggest that immune cells play important roles in tumor growth even in the breast. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are a subclass of nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate a variety of cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation; in addition, they are essential for macrophage biology. Rexinoids are synthetic molecules that bind and activate RXRs. Bexarotene is the only rexinoid approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Other more-potent rexinoids have been synthesized, such as LG100268 (LG268). Here, we report that treatment with LG 268, but not bexarotene, decreased infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD206-expressing macrophages, increased the expression of PD-L1 by 50%, and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with increased cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells in tumors of MMTV-Neu mice (a model of HER2-positive breast cancer). In the MMTV-PyMT murine model of triple negative breast cancer, LG268 treatment of established tumors prolonged survival, and in combination with anti-PD-L1 antibodies, significantly (p = 0.05) increased the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8 T cells and apoptosis. Collectively, these data suggest that the use of LG268, a RXR agonist, can improve response to immune checkpoint blockade in HER2+ or triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Kayla Zydeck
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Lyndsey A. Reich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Michael B. Sporn
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth/Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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15
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Daniel B, Nagy G, Horvath A, Czimmerer Z, Cuaranta-Monroy I, Poliska S, Hays TT, Sauer S, Francois-Deleuze J, Nagy L. The IL-4/STAT6/PPARγ signaling axis is driving the expansion of the RXR heterodimer cistrome, providing complex ligand responsiveness in macrophages. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:4425-4439. [PMID: 29506156 PMCID: PMC5961189 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is an obligate heterodimeric partner of several nuclear receptors (NRs), and as such a central component of NR signaling regulating the immune and metabolic phenotype of macrophages. Importantly, the binding motifs of RXR heterodimers are enriched in the tissue-selective open chromatin regions of resident macrophages, suggesting roles in subtype specification. Recent genome-wide studies revealed that RXR binds to thousands of sites in the genome, but the mechanistic details how the cistrome is established and serves ligand-induced transcriptional activity remained elusive. Here we show that IL-4-mediated macrophage plasticity results in a greatly extended RXR cistrome via both direct and indirect actions of the transcription factor STAT6. Activation of STAT6 leads to chromatin remodeling and RXR recruitment to de novo enhancers. In addition, STAT6 triggers a secondary transcription factor wave, including PPARγ. PPARγ appears to be indispensable for the development of RXR-bound de novo enhancers, whose activities can be modulated by the ligands of the PPARγ:RXR heterodimer conferring ligand selective cellular responses. Collectively, these data reveal the mechanisms leading to the dynamic extension of the RXR cistrome and identify the lipid-sensing enhancer sets responsible for the appearance of ligand-preferred gene signatures in alternatively polarized macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Daniel
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ixchelt Cuaranta-Monroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tristan T Hays
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,CU Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (BIMSB and BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laszlo Nagy
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Osei-Sarfo K, Gudas LJ. Retinoids induce antagonism between FOXO3A and FOXM1 transcription factors in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215234. [PMID: 30978209 PMCID: PMC6461257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain a greater understanding of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) we investigated the actions of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA; a retinoid), bexarotene (a pan-RXR agonist), and forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors in human OSCC-derived cell lines. RA and bexarotene have been shown to limit several oncogenic pathways in many cell types. FOXO proteins typically are associated with tumor suppressive activities, whereas FOXM1 acts as an oncogene when overexpressed in several cancers. RA and/or bexarotene increased the transcript levels of FOXO1, FOXO3A, and TRAIL receptors; reduced the transcript levels of FOXM1, Aurora kinase B (AURKB), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA); and decreased the proliferation of OSCC-derived cell lines. Also, RA and/or bexarotene influenced the recruitment of FOXO3A and FOXM1 to target genes. Additionally, FOXM1 depletion reduced cell proliferation, decreased transcript levels of downstream targets of FOXM1, and increased transcript levels of TRAIL receptors. Overexpression of FOXO3A decreased proliferation and increased binding of histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1 and 2 at the FOXM1, AURKB, and VEGFA promoters. This research suggests novel influences of the drugs RA and bexarotene on the expression of FOXM1 and FOXO3A in transcriptional regulatory pathways of human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Osei-Sarfo
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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17
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de Almeida NR, Conda-Sheridan M. A review of the molecular design and biological activities of RXR agonists. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1372-1397. [PMID: 30941786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An attractive approach to combat disease is to target theregulation of cell function. At the heart of this task are nuclear receptors (NRs); which control functions such as gene transcription. Arguably, the key player in this regulatory machinery is the retinoid X receptor (RXR). This NR associates with a third of the NRs found in humans. Scientists have hypothesized that controlling the activity of RXR is an attractive approach to control cellular functions that modulate diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will describe the key features of the RXR, present a historic perspective of the first RXR agonists, and discuss various templates that have been reported to activate RXR with a focus on their molecular structure, biological activity, and limitations. Finally, we will present an outlook of the field and future directions and considerations to synthesize or modulate RXR agonists to make these compounds a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Conda-Sheridan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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18
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Heyman B, Beaven A. Mycophenolate Mofetil for the Treatment of Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:e437-e440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.07.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Shah P, Rajput SJ. Amine decorated 2d hexagonal and 3d cubic mesoporous silica nanoparticles: A comprehensive dissolution kinetic study in simulated and biorelevant media. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1464467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Shah
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Laboratory, Centre for relevance and excellence in Novel Drug delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, G.H. Patel Pharmacy building, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat
| | - Sadhana J. Rajput
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Laboratory, Centre for relevance and excellence in Novel Drug delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, G.H. Patel Pharmacy building, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat
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20
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Vitamins and regulation of angiogenesis: [A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C, D, E, K]. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Suzuki D, Saito-Hakoda A, Ito R, Shimizu K, Parvin R, Shimada H, Noro E, Suzuki S, Fujiwara I, Kagechika H, Rainey WE, Kure S, Ito S, Yokoyama A, Sugawara A. Suppressive effects of RXR agonist PA024 on adrenal CYP11B2 expression, aldosterone secretion and blood pressure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181055. [PMID: 28800627 PMCID: PMC5553648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of retinoids on adrenal aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) expression and aldosterone secretion are still unknown. We therefore examined the effects of nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR) pan-agonist PA024 on CYP11B2 expression, aldosterone secretion and blood pressure, to elucidate its potential as a novel anti-hypertensive drug. We demonstrated that PA024 significantly suppressed angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced CYP11B2 mRNA expression, promoter activity and aldosterone secretion in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Human CYP11B2 promoter functional analyses using its deletion and point mutants indicated that the suppression of CYP11B2 promoter activity by PA024 was in the region from -1521 (full length) to -106 including the NBRE-1 and the Ad5 elements, and the Ad5 element may be mainly involved in the PA024-mediated suppression. PA024 also significantly suppressed the Ang II-induced mRNA expression of transcription factors NURR1 and NGFIB that bind to and activate the Ad5 element. NURR1 overexpression demonstrated that the decrease of NURR1 expression may contribute to the PA024-mediated suppression of CYP11B2 transcription. PA024 also suppressed the Ang II-induced mRNA expression of StAR, HSD3β2 and CYP21A2, a steroidogenic enzyme group involved in aldosterone biosynthesis. Additionally, the PA024-mediated CYP11B2 transcription suppression was shown to be exerted via RXRα. Moreover, the combination of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone and PA024 caused synergistic suppressive effects on CYP11B2 mRNA expression. Finally, PA024 treatment significantly lowered both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in Tsukuba hypertensive mice (hRN8-12 x hAG2-5). Thus, RXR pan-agonist PA024 may be a candidate anti-hypertensive drugs that acts via the suppression of aldosterone synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito-Hakoda
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rehana Parvin
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Erika Noro
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuma Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Gray GM, Ma N, Wagner CE, van der Vaart A. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular flooding studies of the retinoid X-receptor ligand binding domain. J Mol Model 2017; 23:98. [PMID: 28251414 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene is an FDA approved retinoid X-receptor (RXR) agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its use in other cancers and Alzheimer's disease is being investigated. The drug causes serious side effects, which might be reduced by chemical modifications of the molecule. To rationalize known agonists and to help identify sites for potential substitutions we present molecular simulations in which the RXR ligand-binding domain was flooded with a large number of drug-like molecules, and molecular dynamics simulations of a series of bexarotene-like ligands bound to the RXR ligand-binding domain. Based on the flooding simulations, two regions of interest for ligand modifications were identified: a hydrophobic area near the bridgehead and another near the fused ring. In addition, positional fluctuations of the phenyl ring were generally smaller than fluctuations of the fused ring of the ligands. Together, these observations suggest that the fused ring might be a good target for the design of higher affinity bexarotene-like ligands, while the phenyl ring is already optimized. In addition, notable differences in ligand position and interactions between the RXRα and RXRβ were observed, as well as differences in hydrogen bonding and solvation, which might be exploited in the development of subspecies-specific ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd., Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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24
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Lee JB, Zgair A, Kim TH, Kim MG, Yoo SD, Fischer PM, Gershkovich P. Simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for determination of bexarotene in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1040:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Rong J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Meng X, Guo H, Liu H, Chen L. Morphology, in vivo distribution and antitumor activity of bexarotene nanocrystals in lung cancer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:132-141. [PMID: 27588517 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1225752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the morphology, biodistribution and antitumor activity of bexarotene nanocrystals delivery system. The morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscope and bexarotene nanocrystals exhibited the advantages of making the efficacy more steady and durable compared with control group in lung with less cardiac accumulation as shown by biodistribution studies in vivo. In addition, MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis, observation of morphological changes and apoptotic body demonstrated that bexarotene nanocrystals could significantly enhance the in vitro cytotoxicity and induced G1 cycle arrest and apoptosis against A549 cells. Also, bexarotene nanocrystals had significant antitumor activity in mice bearing A549 cell line. This finding was correlated with both in vitro and in vivo. Thereby, the overall results suggest that the bexarotene nanocrystals represent a potential source of medicine, which made bexarotene nanocrystals a promising candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wang
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Rong
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- c Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Meng
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China
| | - Hejian Guo
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- d Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China.,d Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province , Shenyang , 110036 , P.R. China
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Um C, Chemler SR. Synthesis of 2-Aryl- and 2-Vinylpyrrolidines via Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Styrenes and Dienes with Potassium β-Aminoethyl Trifluoroborates. Org Lett 2016; 18:2515-8. [PMID: 27160334 PMCID: PMC4874882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Arylpyrrolidines occur frequently in bioactive compounds, and thus, methods to access them from readily available reagents are valuable. We report a copper-catalyzed intermolecular carboamination of vinylarenes with potassium N-carbamoyl-β-aminoethyltrifluoroborates. The reaction occurs with terminal, 1,2-disubstituted, and 1,1-disubstituted vinylarenes bearing a number of functional groups. 1,3-Dienes are also good substrates, and their reactions give 2-vinylpyrrolidines. Radical clock mechanistic experiments are consistent with the presence of carbon radical intermediates and do not support participation of carbocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchamnan Um
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
| | - Sherry R. Chemler
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
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Heo JC, Jung TH, Lee S, Kim HY, Choi G, Jung M, Jung D, Lee HK, Lee JO, Park JH, Hwang D, Seol HJ, Cho H. Effect of bexarotene on differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme compared with ATRA. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:417-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhou H, Su Y. Targeting truncated RXRα for cancer therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:49-59. [PMID: 26494413 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα), a unique member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a well-established drug target, representing one of the most important targets for pharmacologic interventions and therapeutic applications for cancer. However, how RXRα regulates cancer cell growth and how RXRα modulators suppress tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Altered expression and aberrant function of RXRα are implicated in the development of cancer. Previously, several studies had demonstrated the presence of N-terminally truncated RXRα (tRXRα) proteins resulted from limited proteolysis of RXRα in tumor cells. Recently, we discovered that overexpression of tRXRα can promote tumor growth by interacting with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase and NF-κB signal transduction pathways. We also identified nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Sulindac and analogs as effective inhibitors of tRXRα activities via a unique binding mechanism. This review discusses the emerging roles of tRXRα and modulators in the regulation of cancer cell survival and death as well as inflammation and our recent understanding of tRXRα regulation by targeting the alternate binding sites on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Effects of RXR Agonists on Cell Proliferation/Apoptosis and ACTH Secretion/Pomc Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141960. [PMID: 26714014 PMCID: PMC4695086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have recently been developed, and some of them have shown anti-tumor effects both in vivo and in vitro. However, there has been no report showing the effects of RXR agonists on Cushing’s disease, which is caused by excessive ACTH secretion in a corticotroph tumor of the pituitary gland. Therefore, we examined the effects of synthetic RXR pan-agonists HX630 and PA024 on the proliferation, apoptosis, ACTH secretion, and pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene expression of murine pituitary corticotroph tumor AtT20 cells. We demonstrated that both RXR agonists induced apoptosis dose-dependently in AtT20 cells, and inhibited their proliferation at their higher doses. Microarray analysis identified a significant gene network associated with caspase 3 induced by high dose HX630. On the other hand, HX630, but not PA024, inhibited Pomc transcription, Pomc mRNA expression, and ACTH secretion dose-dependently. Furthermore, we provide new evidence that HX630 negatively regulates the Pomc promoter activity at the transcriptional level due to the suppression of the transcription factor Nur77 and Nurr1 mRNA expression and the reduction of Nur77/Nurr1 heterodimer recruiting to the Pomc promoter region. We also demonstrated that the HX630-mediated suppression of the Pomc gene expression was exerted via RXRα. Furthermore, HX630 inhibited tumor growth and decreased Pomc mRNA expression in corticotroph tumor cells in female nude mice in vivo. Thus, these results indicate that RXR agonists, especially HX630, could be a new therapeutic candidate for Cushing’s disease.
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Jabir NR, Firoz CK, Baeesa SS, Ashraf GM, Akhtar S, Kamal W, Kamal MA, Tabrez S. Synopsis on the linkage of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease with chronic diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:1-7. [PMID: 25399848 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, which ultimately leads to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Even after the recent significant advances in neurobiology, the above-mentioned disorders continue to haunt the global population. Several studies have suggested the role of specific environmental and genetic risk factors associated with these disorders. However, the exact mechanism associated with the progression of these disorders still needs to be elucidated. In the recent years, sophisticated research has revealed interesting association of prominent neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Several common molecular mechanisms such as generation of free radicals, oxidative DNA damage, aberrations in mitochondrial DNA, and dysregulation of apoptosis have been highlighted as possible points of connection. The present review summarizes the possible mechanism of coexistence of AD and PD with other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wu J, Wang H, Tang X. Rexinoid inhibits Nrf2-mediated transcription through retinoid X receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:554-9. [PMID: 25172665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NF-E2 P45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that controls genes encoding cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes through antioxidant response elements (AREs) in their regulatory regions. We reported recently that retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) inhibits Nrf2 function by direct interaction with the Neh7 domain of Nrf2 in a ligand-independent manner. Here, we provide evidence that an RXRα-specific ligand, bexarotene, dose-dependently inhibits the mRNA expression of ARE-driven genes. Knock-down of RXRα by siRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of bexarotene. Conversely, the over-expression of RXRα enhanced the inhibition by bexarotene, indicating that the effect is mediated by RXRα. The inhibition by bexarotene was also found in the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line A549, which carries a dysfunctional somatic mutation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), suggesting that KEAP1 is not involved. Our results demonstrate that rexinoid is able to inhibit the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and that RXRα can repress the cytoprotection pathway in a ligand-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Zhu J, Ning RB, Lin XY, Chai DJ, Xu CS, Xie H, Zeng JZ, Lin JX. Retinoid X receptor agonists inhibit hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy by modulating LKB1/AMPK/p70S6K signaling pathway. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1112-24. [PMID: 24603314 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been demonstrated to play an important role in cardiac development and has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to examine the effects of RXRα agonist bexarotene on pathological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model and the underlying mechanism. METHODS WKY rats served as controls. SHRs were randomized into 3 groups at the age of 4 weeks and were treated (once daily for 12 weeks) with either bexarotene (30 or 100mg/kg body weight) or vehicle alone. Echocardiography was performed to determine cardiac structure and function. Neonatal cardiomyocytes were treated with AngII (10(-7) mmol/L) with or without the indicated concentration of RXRα ligand 9-cis-RA. The protein abundances of β-actin, RXRα, LKB1, phospho-LKB1, AMPK, phospho-AMPK, P70S6K, phospho-P70S6K, ACE, and AT1 receptor were measured along with blood pressure, body weight and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels. The effects of LKB1 downregulation by LKB1 small, interfering RNA were examined. RESULTS Treatment of SHRs with bexarotene resulted in significant inhibition of LVH without eliminating hypertension. Immunoblot with heart tissue homogenates from SHRs revealed that bexarotene activated the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway and inhibited p70S6K. However, the increased Ang II levels in SHR serum and heart tissue were not reduced by bexarotene treatment. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with Ang II resulted in significantly reduced LKB1/AMPK activity and increased p70S6K activity. 9-cis-RA antagonized Ang II-induced LKB1/AMPK and p70S6K activation changes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS RXR agonists prevent the inhibition of the LKB1/AMPK/p70S6K pathway and regulate protein synthesis to reduce LVH. This antihypertrophic effect of bexarotene is independent of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ruo-Bing Ning
- First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Lin
- Echocardiological Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Da-Jun Chai
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
| | - Chang-Sheng Xu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Zhang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Lin
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;
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Systematic review of combination therapies for mycosis fungoides. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:927-33. [PMID: 24997678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of therapeutic options are available for mycosis fungoides, the most prevalent subtype of cutaneous T cell lymphomas, but thus far, no regimen has been proven to be curative. A combination of treatments is a well-established strategy to increase the therapeutic efficacy. However, data from clinical trials analyzing such combinations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides are scarce. OBJECTIVE To analyze the available evidence on combination therapies with emphasis on the combination of psoralen with UVA phototherapy (PUVA), interferon-alpha and bexarotene with another treatment. METHODS Systematic literature review of the databases Embase, Cochrane, Medline, and Medline in Process. RESULTS Combination of PUVA with interferon-alpha or retinoids did not result in an increased overall response rate. Addition of methotrexate but not retinoids to interferon-alpha may increase the overall response rate. Bexarotene was investigated in one trial each with vorinostat, methotrexate or gemcitabine, whereby only methotrexate possibly enhanced the effect of bexarotene. CONCLUSION For mycosis fungoides, no combination treatment has been demonstrated to be superior to monotherapy. Based on our analysis, we conclude that in certain clinical situations, patients may benefit from a combination of PUVA with interferon-alpha or a retinoid or a combination of the latter two. Furthermore, patients in advanced stages may benefit from the combination of methotrexate and interferon-alpha or bexarotene. Finally, the combination of bexarotene with either vorinostat or gemcitabine did not increase the overall response rate but resulted in more pronounced side effects and cannot be recommended.
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Namani A, Li Y, Wang XJ, Tang X. Modulation of NRF2 signaling pathway by nuclear receptors: implications for cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1875-85. [PMID: 24851839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2, also known as Nfe2l2) plays a critical role in regulating cellular defense against electrophilic and oxidative stress by activating the expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. On one hand, NRF2 activators have been used in clinical trials for cancer prevention and the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress; on the other hand, constitutive activation of NRF2 in many types of tumors contributes to the survival and growth of cancer cells, as well as resistance to anticancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the NRF2 signaling pathway and discuss its role in carcinogenesis. We also introduce the inhibition of NRF2 by nuclear receptors. Further, we address the biological significance of regulation of the NRF2 signaling pathway by nuclear receptors in health and disease. Finally, we discuss the possible impact of NRF2 inhibition by nuclear receptors on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhileshwar Namani
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiu Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Straus DJ, Duvic M, Horwitz SM, Hymes K, Goy A, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ, Feldman T, Wegner B, Myskowski PL. Final results of phase II trial of doxorubicin HCl liposome injection followed by bexarotene in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2013; 25:206-10. [PMID: 24285015 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High response rates for doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DLI) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) have been reported with vague criteria until recently. Approximately 50% of CTCL patients respond to bexarotene (Bex). PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase II trial was carried out to clarify the true overall response rate (ORR) for DLI and to assess the role of sequential Bex. Patients were treated with DLI 20 mg/m(2) i.v. every 2 weeks for 16 weeks (8 doses) followed by 16 weeks with Bex 300 mg/m(2) orally. Response assessments were carried out after 16 (DLI) and 32 weeks (Bex). Skin responses were measured by the modified Severity-Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT) and the Composite Assessment of Index Lesion Severity (CA). RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were treated: stage IV (22, 8 with Sézary syndrome), IIB (10), earlier stage refractory to skin-directed therapies or radiation therapy (5). For 34 assessable patients: ORR 14/34 [41%: partial response (PR) 12, clinical complete response (CCR) 2]. Maximum responses were all seen after 16 weeks DLI. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months. There were 22 deaths: 21 of disease and 1 of heart failure. Twenty-seven grade 3 and 5 grade 4 toxic events were observed. CONCLUSION(S) With strict criteria, DLI ORR is among the highest reported for single agents in CTCL. Sequential Bex did not increase the response rate or duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Straus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Oncology, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
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Rőszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Cedenilla M, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptors in macrophage biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:460-8. [PMID: 23701753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a distinct and unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs regulate a plethora of genetic programs, including cell differentiation, the immune response, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Recent advances reveal that RXRs are important regulators of macrophages, key players in inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of macrophage gene transcription through its heterodimerization with other NRs or through RXR homodimerization. We also highlight the potential of RXR-controlled transcriptional programs as targets for the treatment of pathologies associated with altered macrophage function, such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rőszer
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Biron KE, Dickstein DL, Gopaul R, Fenninger F, Jefferies WA. Cessation of neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease follows amyloid-beta immunization. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1354. [PMID: 23446889 PMCID: PMC3584312 DOI: 10.1038/srep01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due to amyloid-beta (Aβ) and results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness in AD. It likely occurs as a compensatory response to impaired cerebral blood flow and provides a strong link between brain vascularity and AD. Aβ immunotherapy is an experimental treatment for AD; however, unexpected negative vascular side effects seen in early human clinical trials demonstrate that our knowledge of Aβ and AD pathogenesis is incomplete. We demonstrate that immunization with Aβ peptides neutralizes the amyloid trigger leading to neoangiogenesis and reverses hypervascularity in Tg2576 AD mice. This process resolves plaque burden suggesting that neoangiogenesis is a key mechanism underlying plaque formation. A meta-analysis demonstrated that hypervascular reversion in vaccinated Alzheimer's patients. This appears to be the first example of vascular reversion following any therapeutic intervention and supports the conclusion that modulation of neoangiogenesis may repair damage in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan E Biron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Quéreux G, Saint-Jean M, Peuvrel L, Brocard A, Knol AC, Dréno B. Bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: third retrospective study of long-term cohort and review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1711-21. [PMID: 23837676 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.810718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bexarotene was approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in 1999. Apart from the two first clinical trials published ten years ago, very few data were published on the long-term use of bexarotene in CTCL patients. OBJECTIVES We performed a retrospective review of CTCL patients treated with bexarotene at a single skin Cancer department between 2002 and 2012. We aimed to determine retrospectively the long-term tolerability and outcome of bexarotene in a cohort of CTCL patients and to compare these results with data from the literature. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were included (18 men/14 women); 20 patients had a mycosis fungoïdes and 12 a Sézary syndrome. The longest bexarotene treatment duration observed was 65.2 months and 10 patients were treated for more than 24 months. A clinical response was reported in 60% of all patients and in 75% of patients with Sézary syndrome. Most common drug-related adverse events were hypothyroidism (94%), hypertriglyceridemia (78%) and hypercholesterolemia (44%). Most events (84%) were mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS This study with a very long observation time confirms that bexarotene is well tolerated by CTCL patients during long-term use. It is effective in early and advanced stages of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Quéreux
- Nantes University Hospital, Skin Cancer Unit, INSERM 892, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau 44093, Nantes Cedex, France
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Conda-Sheridan M, Park EJ, Beck DE, Reddy PVN, Nguyen TX, Hu B, Chen L, White JJ, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indenoisoquinoline rexinoids with chemopreventive potential. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2581-605. [PMID: 23472886 DOI: 10.1021/jm400026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, such as the retinoid X receptor (RXR), are proteins that regulate a myriad of cellular processes. Molecules that function as RXR agonists are of special interest for the prevention and control of carcinogenesis. The majority of these ligands possess an acidic moiety that is believed to be key for RXR activation. This communication presents the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of both acidic and nonacidic indenoisoquinolines as new RXR ligands. In addition, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study is presented that identifies the important features of the indenoisoquinoline rexinoids. The ease of modification of the indenoisoquinoline core and the lack of the necessity of a carboxyl group for activity make them an attractive and unusual family of RXR agonists. This work establishes a structural foundation for the design of new and novel rexinoid cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Conda-Sheridan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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La Maestra S, Micale RT, De Flora S, D’Agostini F, Ganchev G, Iltcheva M, Petkov N, Steele VE, Balansky R. DNA damage in exfoliated cells and histopathological alterations in the urinary tract of mice exposed to cigarette smoke and treated with chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:183-9. [PMID: 23042096 PMCID: PMC3534192 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is convincingly carcinogenic in mice when exposure starts at birth. We investigated the induction and modulation of alterations in the kidney and urinary bladder of CS-exposed mice. A total of 484 strain H Swiss mice were either sham-exposed or exposed since birth to mainstream CS (MCS) for 4 months. Dietary agents, including myo-inositol, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, bexarotene, pioglitazone and a combination of bexarotene and pioglitazone, were administered after weaning. Comet analyses showed that, after 2 and 4 months, MCS causes DNA damage in exfoliated urothelial cells, which can be prevented by myo-inositol and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand pioglitazone. After 7 months, the 17.6% of MCS-exposed male mice exhibited lesions of the urinary tract versus the 6.1% of sham-exposed mice, which emphasizes the role of sex hormones in urinary tract carcinogenesis. Myo-inositol and the RXR-specific retinoid bexarotene did not affect these alterations. The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat) increased the incidence of kidney epithelium hyperplasia. Pioglitazone significantly enhanced the incidence of kidney lesions as compared with mice exposed to MCS only, indicating possible adverse effects of this antidiabetic drug, which were lost upon combination with bexarotene according to a combined chemoprevention strategy. RXR is a heterodymeric partner for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, thereby modulating the expression of multiple target genes. In conclusion, there is contrast between the ability of pioglitazone to inhibit DNA damage in exfoliated cells and the alterations induced in the urinary tract of MCS-exposed mice, suggesting the occurrence of non-genotoxic mechanisms for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano La Maestra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna T. Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Agostini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria and
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Zhan Q, Fang Y, He Y, Liu HX, Fang J, Wan YJY. Function annotation of hepatic retinoid x receptor α based on genome-wide DNA binding and transcriptome profiling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50013. [PMID: 23166811 PMCID: PMC3499475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoid x receptor α (RXRα) is abundantly expressed in the liver and is essential for the function of other nuclear receptors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and mRNA profiling data generated from wild type and RXRα-null mouse livers, the current study identifies the bona-fide hepatic RXRα targets and biological pathways. In addition, based on binding and motif analysis, the molecular mechanism by which RXRα regulates hepatic genes is elucidated in a high-throughput manner. Principal Findings Close to 80% of hepatic expressed genes were bound by RXRα, while 16% were expressed in an RXRα-dependent manner. Motif analysis predicted direct repeat with a spacer of one nucleotide as the most prevalent RXRα binding site. Many of the 500 strongest binding motifs overlapped with the binding motif of specific protein 1. Biological functional analysis of RXRα-dependent genes revealed that hepatic RXRα deficiency mainly resulted in up-regulation of steroid and cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes and down-regulation of translation- as well as anti-apoptosis-related genes. Furthermore, RXRα bound to many genes that encode nuclear receptors and their cofactors suggesting the central role of RXRα in regulating nuclear receptor-mediated pathways. Conclusions This study establishes the relationship between RXRα DNA binding and hepatic gene expression. RXRα binds extensively to the mouse genome. However, DNA binding does not necessarily affect the basal mRNA level. In addition to metabolism, RXRα dictates the expression of genes that regulate RNA processing, translation, and protein folding illustrating the novel roles of hepatic RXRα in post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaping Fang
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yuqi He
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Jianwen Fang
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Conda-Sheridan M, Reddy PVN, Morrell A, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Cushman M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the metabolites of 3-amino-6-(3'-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6-36), a promising rexinoid lead compound for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5965-81. [PMID: 22712432 DOI: 10.1021/jm3006806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, is a strategy for cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention, and 3-amino-6-(3'-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6-36) (3) is among the few RXR ligands known. The presently reported studies of 3 include its binding to human plasma proteins, metabolic stability using human liver microsomes, metabolism by human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, and in vivo disposition in rat serum, liver, and mammary tissue. Compound 3 was 75% bound to human plasma proteins, and its metabolic stability was much greater than propranolol. One phase I metabolite was formed by human liver microsomes, seven phase I and II metabolites were formed by human hepatocytes, and five metabolites were detected in rat serum and liver after oral administration. The putative metabolites predicted using LC-MS-MS were synthesized to confirm their structures and to provide sufficient material for investigation of induction of RXRE transcriptional activity and inhibition of NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Mehta N, Wayne AS, Kim YH, Hale GA, Alvarado CS, Myskowski P, Jaffe ES, Busam KJ, Pulitzer M, Zwerner J, Horwitz S. Bexarotene is active against subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in adult and pediatric populations. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 12:20-5. [PMID: 22001256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTL-AB) and cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma (CGD-TCL) are rare T-cell lymphomas with varying clinical courses. There is no standard treatment, although chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are commonly used. We describe results using bexarotene for children and adults with these disorders. METHODS We identified 15 patients (12 adults, 3 children) who were treated with bexarotene between 2000 and 2010 from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center lymphoma database, the Stanford Cancer Center Registry, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) pediatric lymphoma database. There were 8 females and 7 males, with a median age of 45 years (range, 3 years to 85 years). All patients had stage IV disease. Two of 15 and 4 of 15 patients had documented CGD-TCL and SPTL-AB, respectively; others were presumed to have SPTL-AB. Bexarotene was administered at flat doses corresponding to 91 to 339 mg/m(2)/d. Two of 15 patients received concurrent denileukin diftitox. Two children received bexarotene as maintenance therapy and were not evaluable for response. RESULTS Among those treated with bexarotene alone, the overall response rate (ORR) was 82% (6/11 complete response [CR], 3/11 partial response [PR]). One of the 2 patients treated with concomitant denileukin diftitox responded for an ORR of 10/13 (77%), including 54% CR and 23% PR. Median progression-free survival was 38.4 months; median duration of response was 26.3 months. Six patients developed hypothyroidism and 9 developed hyperlipidemia; one patient developed dose-limiting hypertriglyceridemia. One pediatric patient developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective series, bexarotene showed a high response rate in SPTL-AB and CGD-TCL. It was generally well-tolerated with durable responses; therefore, bexarotene represents a promising therapy for children and adults with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Bauer JB, Lippert WP, Dörrich S, Tebbe D, Burschka C, Christie VB, Tams DM, Henderson AP, Murray BA, Marder TB, Przyborski SA, Tacke R. Novel Silicon-Containing Analogues of the Retinoid Agonist Bexarotene: Syntheses and Biological Effects on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1509-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bushue N, Wan YJY. Retinoid pathway and cancer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1285-98. [PMID: 20654663 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The retinoids are a class of compounds that are structurally related to vitamin A. Retinoic acid, which is the active metabolite of retinol, regulates a wide range of biological processes including development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Retinoids exert their effects through a variety of binding proteins including cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), retinol-binding proteins (RBP), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), and nuclear receptors i.e. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR). Because of the pleiotropic effects of retinoids, understanding the function of these binding proteins and nuclear receptors assists us in developing compounds that have specific effects. This review summarizes our current understanding of how retinoids are processed and act with an emphasis on the application of retinoids in cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bushue
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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