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Souto EP, Gong P, Landua JD, Srinivasan RR, Ganesan A, Dobrolecki LE, Purdy SC, Pan X, Zeosky M, Chung A, Yi SS, Ford HL, Lewis MT. The interferon/STAT1 signaling axis is a common feature of tumor-initiating cells in breast cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.15.557958. [PMID: 37745510 PMCID: PMC10515955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A tumor cell subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells (TIC), or "cancer stem cells", are associated with therapeutic resistance, as well as both local and distant recurrence. Enriched populations of TIC are identified by markers including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) activity, the cell surface marker combination CD44 + /CD24 - , or fluorescent reporters for signaling pathways that regulate TIC function. We showed previously that S ignal T ransducer and A ctivator of T ranscription (STAT)-mediated transcription allows enrichment for TIC in claudin-low models of human triple-negative breast cancer using a STAT-responsive reporter. However, the molecular phenotypes of STAT TIC are not well understood, and there is no existing method to lineage-trace TIC as they undergo cell state changes. Using a new STAT-responsive lineage-tracing (LT) system in conjunction with our original reporter, we enriched for cells with enhanced mammosphere-forming potential in some, but not all, basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenograft models (TNBC) indicating TIC-related and TIC-independent functions for STAT signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of reporter-tagged xenografts and clinical samples identified a common interferon (IFN)/STAT1-associated transcriptional state, previously linked to inflammation and macrophage differentiation, in TIC. Surprisingly, most of the genes we identified are not present in previously published TIC signatures derived using bulk RNA sequencing. Finally, we demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), is a cell surface marker of this state, and that it functionally regulates TIC frequency. These results suggest TIC may exploit the IFN/STAT1 signaling axis to promote their activity, and that targeting this pathway may help eliminate TIC. Significance TIC differentially express interferon response genes, which were not previously reported in bulk RNA sequencing-derived TIC signatures, highlighting the importance of coupling single-cell transcriptomics with enrichment to derive TIC signatures.
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Vanhecke D, Bugada V, Steiner R, Polić B, Buch T. Refined tamoxifen administration in mice by encouraging voluntary consumption of palatable formulations. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:205-214. [PMID: 39080504 PMCID: PMC11291282 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Drug administration in preclinical rodent models is essential for research and the development of novel therapies. Compassionate administration methods have been developed, but these are mostly incompatible with water-insoluble drugs such as tamoxifen or do not allow for precise timing or dosing of the drugs. For more than two decades, tamoxifen has been administered by oral gavage or injection to CreERT2-loxP gene-modified mouse models to spatiotemporally control gene expression, with the numbers of such inducible models steadily increasing in recent years. Animal-friendly procedures for accurately administering tamoxifen or other water-insoluble drugs would, therefore, have an important impact on animal welfare. On the basis of a previously published micropipette feeding protocol, we developed palatable formulations to encourage voluntary consumption of tamoxifen. We evaluated the acceptance of the new formulations by mice during training and treatment and assessed the efficacy of tamoxifen-mediated induction of CreERT2-loxP-dependent reporter genes. Both sweetened milk and syrup-based formulations encouraged mice to consume tamoxifen voluntarily, but only sweetened milk formulations were statistically noninferior to oral gavage or intraperitoneal injections in inducing CreERT2-mediated gene expression. Serum concentrations of tamoxifen metabolites, quantified using an in-house-developed cell assay, confirmed the lower efficacy of syrup- as compared to sweetened milk-based formulations. We found dosing with a micropipette to be more accurate than oral gavage or injection, with the added advantage that the method requires little training for the experimenter. The new palatable solutions encourage voluntary consumption of tamoxifen without loss of efficacy compared to oral gavage or injections and thus represent a refined administration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Vanhecke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Bugada
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regula Steiner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Timmons JA, Brenner C. The information theory of aging has not been tested. Cell 2024; 187:1101-1102. [PMID: 38428390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Stranahan AM, Tabet A, Anikeeva P. Region-specific targeting of microglia in vivo using direct delivery of tamoxifen metabolites via microfluidic polymer fibers. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:131-142. [PMID: 37820974 PMCID: PMC10842189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Region-specific genetic manipulation of glial cells remains challenging due to the lack of anatomically selective transgenic models. Although local transduction is achievable with viral vectors, uniform recombination can be challenging in larger brain regions. We investigated the efficacy of intraparenchymal delivery of the tamoxifen metabolite endoxifen using inducible cre reporter mice. After observing localized reporter induction following stereotaxic injections of endoxifen in CX3CR1creERT2 mice, we carried out chronic delivery via osmotic pumps attached to bilateral cannulas made of stainless steel or microfluidic polymer fibers. Analysis of reporter expression in sections or iDISCO-cleared brains from TMEM119creERT2 mice revealed widespread induction following chronic infusion. Neuronal damage and gliosis were more prevalent around steel cannulas than polymer fibers, and glial reactivity was further attenuated when devices were implanted two months before drug delivery. In summary, region-specific recombination is achievable in glia with minimal tissue damage after endoxifen delivery via microfluidic polymer implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th St, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Anthony Tabet
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA; Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
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5
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Jayaraman S, Wu X, Kalari KR, Tang X, Kuffel MJ, Bruinsma ES, Jalali S, Peterson KL, Correia C, Kudgus RA, Kaufmann SH, Renuse S, Ingle JN, Reid JM, Ames MM, Fields AP, Schellenberg MJ, Hawse JR, Pandey A, Goetz MP. Endoxifen downregulates AKT phosphorylation through protein kinase C beta 1 inhibition in ERα+ breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:101. [PMID: 38114522 PMCID: PMC10730845 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoxifen, a secondary tamoxifen metabolite, is a potent antiestrogen exhibiting estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) binding at nanomolar concentrations. Phase I/II clinical trials identified clinical activity of Z-endoxifen (ENDX), in endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer as well as ERα+ solid tumors, raising the possibility that ENDX may have a second, ERα-independent, mechanism of action. An unbiased mass spectrometry approach revealed that ENDX concentrations achieved clinically with direct ENDX administration (5 µM), but not low concentrations observed during tamoxifen treatment (<0.1 µM), profoundly altered the phosphoproteome of the aromatase expressing MCF7AC1 cells with limited impact on the total proteome. Computational analysis revealed protein kinase C beta (PKCβ) and protein kinase B alpha or AKT1 as potential kinases responsible for mediating ENDX effects on protein phosphorylation. ENDX more potently inhibited PKCβ1 kinase activity compared to other PKC isoforms, and ENDX binding to PKCβ1 was confirmed using Surface Plasma Resonance. Under conditions that activated PKC/AKT signaling, ENDX induced PKCβ1 degradation, attenuated PKCβ1-activated AKTSer473 phosphorylation, diminished AKT substrate phosphorylation, and induced apoptosis. ENDX's effects on AKT were phenocopied by siRNA-mediated PKCβ1 knockdown or treatment with the pan-AKT inhibitor, MK-2206, while overexpression of constitutively active AKT diminished ENDX-induced apoptosis. These findings, which identify PKCβ1 as an ENDX target, indicate that PKCβ1/ENDX interactions suppress AKT signaling and induce apoptosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mary J Kuffel
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shahrzad Jalali
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Cristina Correia
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rachel A Kudgus
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joel M Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew M Ames
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew J Schellenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Dorskind JM, Sudarsanam S, Hand RA, Ziak J, Amoah-Dankwah M, Guzman-Clavel L, Soto-Vargas JL, Kolodkin AL. Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7745-7765. [PMID: 37798130 PMCID: PMC10648559 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0553-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cortical lamination is essential for cognition, learning, and memory. Within the somatosensory cortex, pyramidal excitatory neurons elaborate axon collateral branches in a laminar-specific manner that dictates synaptic partners and overall circuit organization. Here, we leverage both male and female mouse models, single-cell labeling and imaging approaches to identify intrinsic regulators of laminar-specific collateral, also termed interstitial, axon branching. We developed new approaches for the robust, sparse, labeling of Layer II/III pyramidal neurons to obtain single-cell quantitative assessment of axon branch morphologies. We combined these approaches with cell-autonomous loss-of-function (LOF) and overexpression (OE) manipulations in an in vivo candidate screen to identify regulators of cortical neuron axon branch lamination. We identify a role for the cytoskeletal binding protein drebrin (Dbn1) in regulating Layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching in vitro LOF experiments show that Dbn1 is necessary to suppress the elongation of Layer II/III CPN collateral axon branches within Layer IV, where axon branching by Layer II/III CPNs is normally absent. Conversely, Dbn1 OE produces excess short axonal protrusions reminiscent of nascent axon collaterals that fail to elongate. Structure-function analyses implicate Dbn1S142 phosphorylation and Dbn1 protein domains known to mediate F-actin bundling and microtubule (MT) coupling as necessary for collateral branch initiation upon Dbn1 OE. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate collateral axon branching in excitatory CPNs, a key process in the elaboration of neocortical circuit formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Laminar-specific axon targeting is essential for cortical circuit formation. Here, we show that the cytoskeletal protein drebrin (Dbn1) regulates excitatory Layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching, lending insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie neocortical laminar-specific innervation. To identify branching patterns of single cortical neurons in vivo, we have developed tools that allow us to obtain detailed images of individual CPN morphologies throughout postnatal development and to manipulate gene expression in these same neurons. Our results showing that Dbn1 regulates CPN interstitial axon branching both in vivo and in vitro may aid in our understanding of how aberrant cortical neuron morphology contributes to dysfunctions observed in autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Dorskind
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Randal A Hand
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jakub Ziak
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Maame Amoah-Dankwah
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Luis Guzman-Clavel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Summer Internship Program (NeuroSIP), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - John Lee Soto-Vargas
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Basic Science Institute-Summer Internship Program (BSI-SIP), Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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7
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da Silva FC, Brandão DC, Ferreira EA, Siqueira RP, Ferreira HSV, Da Silva Filho AA, Araújo TG. Tailoring Potential Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Luminal Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1466. [PMID: 37895937 PMCID: PMC10610388 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer worldwide, mainly affecting the epithelial cells from the mammary glands. When it expresses the estrogen receptor (ER), the tumor is called luminal BC, which is eligible for endocrine therapy with hormone signaling blockade. Hormone therapy is essential for the survival of patients, but therapeutic resistance has been shown to be worrying, significantly compromising the prognosis. In this context, the need to explore new compounds emerges, especially compounds of plant origin, since they are biologically active and particularly promising. Natural products are being continuously screened for treating cancer due to their chemical diversity, reduced toxicity, lower side effects, and low price. This review summarizes natural compounds for the treatment of luminal BC, emphasizing the activities of these compounds in ER-positive cells. Moreover, their potential as an alternative to endocrine resistance is explored, opening new opportunities for the design of optimized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cardoso da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Douglas Cardoso Brandão
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Everton Allan Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.A.F.); (A.A.D.S.F.)
| | - Raoni Pais Siqueira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Helen Soares Valença Ferreira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Ademar Alves Da Silva Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.A.F.); (A.A.D.S.F.)
| | - Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia 38405-302, MG, Brazil
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Chen MY, Zhao FL, Chu WL, Bai MR, Zhang DM. A review of tamoxifen administration regimen optimization for Cre/loxp system in mouse bone study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115045. [PMID: 37379643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout is a technique routinely used in basic experimental research, particularly in mouse skeletal and developmental studies. Tamoxifen-induced Cre/loxp system is known for its temporal and spatial precision and commonly utilized by researchers. However, tamoxifen has been shown its side effects on affecting the phenotype of mouse bone directly. This review aimed to optimize tamoxifen administration regimens including its dosage and duration, to identify an optimal induction strategy that minimizes potential side effects while maintaining recombination efficacy. This study will help researchers in designing gene knockout experiments in bone when using tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Lin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Lukas E, Hogan T, Williams C, Seddon B, Yates AJ. Quantifying cellular dynamics in mice using a novel fluorescent division reporter system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157705. [PMID: 37575229 PMCID: PMC10412932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of cell populations are frequently studied in vivo using pulse-chase DNA labeling techniques. When combined with mathematical models, the kinetic of label uptake and loss within a population of interest then allows one to estimate rates of cell production and turnover through death or onward differentiation. Here we explore an alternative method of quantifying cellular dynamics, using a cell fate-mapping mouse model in which dividing cells can be induced to constitutively express a fluorescent protein, using a Ki67 reporter construct. We use a pulse-chase approach with this reporter mouse system to measure the lifespans and division rates of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells using a variety of modeling approaches, and show that they are all consistent with estimates derived from other published methods. However we propose that to obtain unbiased parameter estimates and full measures of their uncertainty one should simultaneously model the timecourses of the frequencies of labeled cells within both the population of interest and its precursor. We conclude that Ki67 reporter mice provide a promising system for modeling cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lukas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Oceguera-Basurto PE, Figueroa-Ochoa EB, Anguiano-Sevilla LA, Sánchez-Ramírez DR, Quintero-Ramos A, Del Toro-Arreola A, López-Roa RI, Taboada P, Topete A, Daneri-Navarro A. Evaluation of a Polymeric Topical Formulation of Endoxifen in an Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Murine Model. Int J Pharm 2023:123175. [PMID: 37369286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has surpassed lung cancer as the most diagnosed cancer and, in terms of mortality, is the fifth leading cause with 684,996 new deaths (6.7% of all cancer-related deaths) and the highest mortality amongst all cancers (15.5%) in women. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) have been used for the last thirty years for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer prevention and treatment. Tamoxifen (TAM), the most widely used SERM, is orally administered and its long-term oral administration has been associated to toxicity and adverse side effects. Endoxifen (EDX) is one of the known active metabolites of TAM, with an affinity to ERα 100 times higher than TAM. Furthermore, EDX has shown antiproliferative activity against the ER+ breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Alternative administration routes that avoid the metabolic processing of TAM seem an appealing alternative to its oral administration. With this aim, we have prepared a polymeric gel-like solution of Pluronic® F127 as vehicle for topical administration of EDX. In order to shed light on the potential clinical use of this formulation we have compare it with the standard pharmaceutical form, i.e. orally administered TAM. The biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and toxic effects of topical EDX and oral TAM were evaluated in ER+ tumor xenograft athymic nu/nu mouse models. The results showed a statistically significant antitumor effect and reduced toxicity of topical EDX as compared to oral TAM or empty F127 gel. This novel administration route of SERMs could also have a strong impact in the prevention of BC at early development stages and could help to ameliorate the mortality and morbidity related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola E Oceguera-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - Edgar B Figueroa-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Proyectos Modulares, Departamento de Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, 44430, México
| | - Luis A Anguiano-Sevilla
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, 44430, México
| | - Dante R Sánchez-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México; Departamento de Química Aplicada, Universidad Tecnológica de Jalisco, Colonia Luis J. Jiménez 577, Guadalajara, 44979, México
| | - Antonio Quintero-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - Alicia Del Toro-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - Rocío I López-Roa
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, 44430 México
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Antonio Topete
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México.
| | - Adrián Daneri-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, México.
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11
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Koubek EJ, Buhrow SA, Safgren SL, Jia L, Goetz MP, Ames MM, Reid JM. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Endoxifen in Female Rats and Dogs: Evidence to Support the Use of Endoxifen to Overcome the Limitations of CYP2D6-Mediated Tamoxifen Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:183-192. [PMID: 36351835 PMCID: PMC9900863 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoxifen (ENDX) is an active metabolite of tamoxifen (TAM), a drug commonly used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and metabolized by CYP2D6. Genetic or drug-induced reductions in CYP2D6 activity decrease plasma ENDX concentrations and TAM efficacy. It was proposed that direct oral administration of ENDX would circumvent the issues related to metabolic activation of TAM by CYP2D6 and increase patient response. Here, we characterized the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of ENDX in female rats and dogs. Additionally, ENDX exposure was compared following equivalent doses of ENDX and TAM. ENDX exposure was 100-fold and 10-fold greater in rats and dogs, respectively, with ENDX administration compared with an equivalent dose of TAM. In single-dose administration studies, the terminal elimination half-life and plasma clearance values were 6.3 hours and 2.4 L/h per kg in rats given 2 mg/kg i.v. ENDX and 9.2 hours and 0.4 L/h/kg in dogs given 0.5 mg/kg i.v. ENDX, respectively. Plasma concentrations above 0.1 µM and 1 µM ENDX were achieved with 20-mg/kg and 200-mg/kg doses in rats, and concentrations above 1 µM and 10 µM were achieved with 15-mg/kg and 100-mg/kg doses in dogs. Oral absorption of ENDX was linear in rats and dogs, with bioavailability greater than 67% in rats and greater than 50% in dogs. In repeated-dose administration studies, ENDX peak plasma concentrations reached 9 µM in rats and 20 µM in dogs following four daily doses of 200 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg ENDX, respectively. The results indicate that ENDX has high oral bioavailability, and therapeutic concentrations were maintained after repeated dosing. Oral dosing of ENDX resulted in substantially higher ENDX concentrations than a similar dose of TAM. These data support the ongoing development of ENDX to overcome the limitations associated with CYP2D6-mediated metabolism of TAM in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study presents for the first time the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of endoxifen and three key tamoxifen metabolites following repeated oral dosing in female rats and dogs. This study reports that endoxifen has high oral bioavailability, and therapeutic concentrations were maintained after repeated dosing. On the basis of these data, Z-endoxifen (Z-ENDX) was developed as a drug based upon the hypothesis that oral administration of Z-ENDX would overcome the limitations of CYP2D6 metabolism required for full metabolic activation of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Koubek
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Sarah A Buhrow
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Stephanie L Safgren
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Lee Jia
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Matthew M Ames
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
| | - Joel M Reid
- Departments of Oncology (E.J.K., S.A.B., S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.L.S., M.P.G., M.M.A., J.M.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland (L.J.)
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12
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Blum KM, Mirhaidari GJM, Zbinden JC, Breuer C, Barker JC. Tamoxifen reduces silicone implant capsule formation in a mouse model. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:638-647. [PMID: 36238364 PMCID: PMC9536088 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular contracture as a result of the foreign body response (FBR) is a common issue after implant-based breast reconstruction, affecting up to 20% of patients. New evidence suggests that tamoxifen may mitigate the FBR. C57BL/6 female mice were treated with daily tamoxifen or control injections and implanted with bilateral silicone implants in the submammary glandular plane. Implants were removed en bloc after 2 weeks and the implant capsules were evaluated histologically. Tamoxifen treatment decreased capsule thickness, decreased the number of αSMA+ cells (477 ± 156 cells/mm control vs 295 ± 121 cells/mm tamoxifen, p = 0.005 unpaired t test), and decreased CD31+ cells (173.9 ± 96.1 cells/mm2 control vs 106.3 ± 51.8 cells/mm2 tamoxifen, p = 0.043 unpaired t test). There were similar amounts of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (iNOS 336.1 ± 226.3 cells/mm control vs 290.6 ± 104.2 cells/mm tamoxifen, p > 0.999 Mann-Whitney test and CD163 136.6 ± 76.4 cells/mm control vs 94.1 ± 45.9 cells/mm tamoxifen, p = 0.108 unpaired t test). Tamoxifen treatment in the mouse silicone breast implant model decreased capsule formation through modulation of myofibroblasts, neovascularization, and collagen deposition. Tamoxifen may be useful for reducing or preventing capsule formation in clinical breast implantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Gabriel J. M. Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Biological Sciences Graduate ProgramThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jacob C. Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jenny C. Barker
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wexner Medical CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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13
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Koubek EJ, Ralya AT, Larson TR, McGovern RM, Buhrow SA, Covey JM, Adjei AA, Takebe N, Ames MM, Goetz MP, Reid JM. Population Pharmacokinetics of Z-Endoxifen in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62:1121-1131. [PMID: 35358345 PMCID: PMC9339467 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for Z-endoxifen in patients with advanced solid tumors and to identify clinical variables that influence pharmacokinetic parameters. Z-endoxifen-HCl was administered orally once a day on a 28-day cycle (±3 days) over 11 dose levels ranging from 20 to 360 mg. A total of 1256 Z-endoxifen plasma concentration samples from 80 patients were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for Z-endoxifen. A 2-compartment model with oral depot and linear elimination adequately described the data. The estimated apparent total clearance, apparent central volume of distribution, and apparent peripheral volume of distribution were 4.89 L/h, 323 L, and 39.7 L, respectively, with weight-effect exponents of 0.75, 1, and 1, respectively. This model was used to explore the effects of clinical and demographic variables on Z-endoxifen pharmacokinetics. Weight, race on clearance, and aspartate aminotransferase on the absorption rate constant were identified as significant covariates in the final model. This novel population pharmacokinetic model provides insight regarding factors that may affect the pharmacokinetics of Z-endoxifen and may assist in the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Koubek
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Thomas R. Larson
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sarah A. Buhrow
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Alex A. Adjei
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew M. Ames
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew P. Goetz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Jayaraman S, Reid JM, Hawse JR, Goetz MP. Endoxifen, an Estrogen Receptor Targeted Therapy: From Bench to Bedside. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6364076. [PMID: 34480554 PMCID: PMC8787422 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator, tamoxifen, is the only endocrine agent with approvals for both the prevention and treatment of premenopausal and postmenopausal estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer as well as for the treatment of male breast cancer. Endoxifen, a secondary metabolite resulting from CYP2D6-dependent biotransformation of the primary tamoxifen metabolite, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT), is a more potent antiestrogen than either NDT or the parent drug, tamoxifen. However, endoxifen's antitumor effects may be related to additional molecular mechanisms of action, apart from its effects on ER. In phase 1/2 clinical studies, the efficacy of Z-endoxifen, the active isomer of endoxifen, was evaluated in patients with endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer as well as in patients with gynecologic, desmoid, and hormone-receptor positive solid tumors, and demonstrated substantial oral bioavailability and promising antitumor activity. Apart from its potent anticancer effects, Z-endoxifen appears to result in similar or even greater bone agonistic effects while resulting in little or no endometrial proliferative effects compared with tamoxifen. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies evaluating endoxifen in the context of breast and other solid tumors, the potential benefits of endoxifen in bone, as well as its emerging role as an antimanic agent in bipolar disorder. In total, the summarized body of literature provides compelling arguments for the ongoing development of Z-endoxifen as a novel drug for multiple indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel M Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Correspondence: Matthew P. Goetz, MD, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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15
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The Pathogenic Role of Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Wnt5a in a Murine Model of Lung Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080755. [PMID: 34451852 PMCID: PMC8401301 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease characterized by extensive fibrosis of the lung tissue. Wnt5a expression was observed to be upregulated in IPF and suggested to be involved in the progression of the disease. Interestingly, smooth muscle cells (SMC) are a major source of Wnt5a in IPF patients. However, no study has been conducted until now to investigate the precise role of smooth muscle-derived Wnt5a in IPF. Here, we used the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model in a conditional gene-deficient mouse, where the Wnt5a gene was excised from SMC. We show here that the excision of the Wnt5a gene in SMC led to significantly improved health conditions with minimized weight loss and improved lung function. This improvement was based on a significantly lower deposition of collagen in the lung with a reduced number of fibrotic foci in lung parenchyma. Furthermore, the bleomycin-induced cellular infiltration into the airways was not altered in the gene-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Thus, we demonstrate that the Wnt5a expression of SMC of the airways leads to aggravated fibrosis of the lung with poor clinical conditions. This aggravation was not an influence in the bleomycin-induced inflammatory processes but on the development of fibrotic foci in lung parenchyma and the deposition of collagen.
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16
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Jafree DJ, Long DA, Scambler PJ, Ruhrberg C. Mechanisms and cell lineages in lymphatic vascular development. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:271-288. [PMID: 33825109 PMCID: PMC8205918 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have critical roles in both health and disease and their study is a rapidly evolving area of vascular biology. The consensus on how the first lymphatic vessels arise in the developing embryo has recently shifted. Originally, they were thought to solely derive by sprouting from veins. Since then, several studies have uncovered novel cellular mechanisms and a diversity of contributing cell lineages in the formation of organ lymphatic vasculature. Here, we review the key mechanisms and cell lineages contributing to lymphatic development, discuss the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques used for their study and highlight remaining knowledge gaps that require urgent attention. Emerging technologies should accelerate our understanding of how lymphatic vessels develop normally and how they contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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17
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Activation of creER recombinase in the mouse calvaria induces local recombination without effects on distant skeletal segments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8214. [PMID: 33859263 PMCID: PMC8050205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional creER-mediated gene inactivation or gene induction has emerged as a robust tool for studying gene functions in mouse models of tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Here, we present a method to conditionally induce cre recombination in the mouse calvarial bone while avoiding systemic recombination in distal bones. To test our method, we utilized Prx1creER-egfp;td-Tomato mice and delivered 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to the mouse calvaria, subperiosteally. First, we showed that two calvaria subperiosteal injections of 10 µg of 4-OHT (3.3 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) can induce local recombination as efficiently as two intraperitoneal systemic injections of 200 μg of tamoxifen (70 mg of tamoxifen/kg of body weight). Then, we studied the recombination efficiency of various subperiosteal calvaria dosages and found that two subperiosteal injections of 5 µg 4-OHT (1.65 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) uphold the same recombination efficiency observed with higher dosages. Importantly, the result indicated that the low dosage does not induce significant systemic recombination in remote skeletal tissues. With the proposed local low dosage protocol, the recombination efficiency at the injection site (calvarial bone) reached 94%, while the recombination efficiency at the mandible and the digits was as low as the efficiency measured in control animals.
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18
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Takebe N, Coyne GO, Kummar S, Collins J, Reid JM, Piekarz R, Moore N, Juwara L, Johnson BC, Bishop R, Lin FI, Mena E, Choyke PL, Lindenberg ML, Rubinstein LV, Bonilla CM, Goetz MP, Ames MM, McGovern RM, Streicher H, Covey JM, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Phase 1 study of Z-endoxifen in patients with advanced gynecologic, desmoid, and hormone receptor-positive solid tumors. Oncotarget 2021; 12:268-277. [PMID: 33659039 PMCID: PMC7899551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differential responses to tamoxifen may be due to inter-patient variability in tamoxifen metabolism into pharmacologically active Z-endoxifen. Z-endoxifen administration was anticipated to bypass these variations, increasing active drug levels, and potentially benefitting patients responding sub-optimally to tamoxifen. Materials and Methods: Patients with treatment-refractory gynecologic malignancies, desmoid tumors, or hormone receptor-positive solid tumors took oral Z-endoxifen daily with a 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation format over 8 dose levels (DLs). Safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: Thirty-four of 40 patients were evaluable. No maximum tolerated dose was established. DL8, 360 mg/day, was used for the expansion phase and is higher than doses administered in any previous study; it also yielded higher plasma Z-endoxifen concentrations. Three patients had partial responses and 8 had prolonged stable disease (≥ 6 cycles); 44.4% (8/18) of patients at dose levels 6–8 achieved one of these outcomes. Six patients who progressed after tamoxifen therapy experienced partial response or stable disease for ≥ 6 cycles with Z-endoxifen; one with desmoid tumor remains on study after 62 cycles (nearly 5 years). Conclusions: Evidence of antitumor activity and prolonged stable disease are achieved with Z-endoxifen despite prior tamoxifen therapy, supporting further study of Z-endoxifen, particularly in patients with desmoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takebe
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jerry Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel M Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Moore
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry C Johnson
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rachel Bishop
- Consult Services Section, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank I Lin
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Esther Mena
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Liza Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Larry V Rubinstein
- Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew M Ames
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Howard Streicher
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph M Covey
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Jacobson ML, Wulf HA, Tsuda MC, Browne CA, Lucki I. Sex differences in the modulation of mouse nest building behavior by kappa opioid receptor signaling. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108254. [PMID: 32726598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that females are less sensitive than males to the effects of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) ligands across multiple behavioral measures. The effects of the KOR agonist U50,488 and the KOR antagonist aticaprant were assessed on nest building behavior, an ethologically relevant indicator of overall well-being and affect, in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. Females required a higher dose of U50,488 to suppress nesting, and a higher dose of aticaprant to restore U50,488-induced impairment of nesting. Females also required a higher dose of aticaprant to decrease immobility scores in the forced swim test. Pretreatment with the estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, at a dose which blocked estrogen receptors, augmented the effect of U50,488 on nesting in female mice, suggesting that estrogen receptors play a key role in attenuating the effects of KOR ligands in female mice. Together, these results suggest that females are less sensitive to KOR mediation, requiring a higher dose to achieve comparable results to males. This behavioral sensitivity, as measured by nesting, may be mediated by estrogen receptors. Together these studies highlight the importance of comparing sex differences in response to KOR regulation on behaviors related to affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah L Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Hildegard A Wulf
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mumeko C Tsuda
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Rat Behavior Core, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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20
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Jayaraman S, Hou X, Kuffel MJ, Suman VJ, Hoskin TL, Reinicke KE, Monroe DG, Kalari KR, Tang X, Zeldenrust MA, Cheng J, Bruinsma ES, Buhrow SA, McGovern RM, Safgren SL, Walden CA, Carter JM, Reid JM, Ingle JN, Ames MM, Hawse JR, Goetz MP. Antitumor activity of Z-endoxifen in aromatase inhibitor-sensitive and aromatase inhibitor-resistant estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:51. [PMID: 32430040 PMCID: PMC7238733 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tamoxifen metabolite, Z-endoxifen, demonstrated promising antitumor activity in endocrine-resistant estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. We compared the antitumor activity of Z-endoxifen with tamoxifen and letrozole in the letrozole-sensitive MCF7 aromatase expressing model (MCF7AC1), as well as with tamoxifen, fulvestrant, exemestane, and exemestane plus everolimus in a letrozole-resistant MCF7 model (MCF7LR). METHODS MCF7AC1 tumor-bearing mice were randomized to control (no drug), letrozole (10 μg/day), tamoxifen (500 μg/day), or Z-endoxifen (25 and 75 mg/kg). Treatment in the letrozole arm was continued until resistance developed. MCF7LR tumor-bearing mice were then randomized to Z-endoxifen (50 mg/kg) or tamoxifen for 4 weeks and tumors harvested for microarray and immunohistochemistry analysis. The antitumor activity of Z-endoxifen in the MCF7LR tumors was further compared in a second in vivo study with exemestane, exemestane plus everolimus, and fulvestrant. RESULTS In the MCF7AC1 tumors, both Z-endoxifen doses were significantly superior to control and tamoxifen in reducing tumor volumes at 4 weeks. Additionally, the 75 mg/kg Z-endoxifen dose was additionally superior to letrozole. Prolonged letrozole exposure resulted in resistance at 25 weeks. In MCF7LR tumor-bearing mice, Z-endoxifen significantly reduced tumor volumes compared to tamoxifen, letrozole, and exemestane, with no significant differences compared to exemestane plus everolimus and fulvestrant. Additionally, compared to tamoxifen, Z-endoxifen markedly inhibited ERα target genes, Ki67 and Akt expression in vivo. CONCLUSION In endocrine-sensitive and letrozole-resistant breast tumors, Z-endoxifen results in robust antitumor and antiestrogenic activity compared to tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor monotherapy. These data support the ongoing development of Z-endoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary J Kuffel
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vera J Suman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tanya L Hoskin
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - David G Monroe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jingfei Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chad A Walden
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jodi M Carter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joel M Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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21
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Bittner-Eddy PD, Fischer LA, Costalonga M. Transient Expression of IL-17A in Foxp3 Fate-Tracked Cells in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Mediated Oral Dysbiosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:677. [PMID: 32391008 PMCID: PMC7190800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In periodontitis Porphyromonas gingivalis contributes to the development of a dysbiotic oral microbiome. This altered ecosystem elicits a diverse innate and adaptive immune response that simultaneously involves Th1, Th17, and Treg cells. It has been shown that Th17 cells can alter their gene expression to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is considered the master regulator of Treg cells that produce inhibitory cytokines like IL-10. Differentiation pathways that lead to Th17 and Treg cells from naïve progenitors are considered antagonistic. However, it has been reported that Treg cells expressing IL-17A as well as IFN-γ producing Th17 cells have been observed in several inflammatory conditions. Each scenario appears plausible with T cell transdifferentiation resulting from persistent microbial challenge and consequent inflammation. We established that oral colonization with P. gingivalis drives an initial IL-17A dominated Th17 response in the oral mucosa that is dependent on intraepithelial Langerhans cells (LCs). We hypothesized that Treg cells contribute to this initial IL-17A response through transient expression of IL-17A and that persistent mucosal colonization with P. gingivalis drives Th17 cells toward an IFN-γ phenotype at later stages of infection. We utilized fate-tracking mice where IL-17A- or Foxp3-promoter activity drives the permanent expression of red fluorescent protein tdTomato to test our hypothesis. At day 28 of infection timeline, Th17 cells dominated in the oral mucosa, outnumbering Th1 cells by 3:1. By day 48 this dominance was inverted with Th1 cells outnumbering Th17 cells by nearly 2:1. Tracking tdTomato+ Th17 cells revealed only sporadic transdifferentiation to an IFN-γ-producing phenotype by day 48; the appearance of Th1 cells at day 48 was due to a late de novo Th1 response. tdTomato+ Foxp3+ T cells were 35% of the total live CD4+T cells in the oral mucosa and 3.9% of them developed a transient IL-17A-producing phenotype by day 28. Interestingly, by day 48 these IL-17A-producing Foxp3+ T cells had disappeared. Therefore, persistent oral P. gingivalis infection stimulates an initial IL-17A-biased response led by Th17 cells and a small but significant number of IL-17A-expressing Treg cells that changes into a late de novo Th1 response with only sporadic transdifferentiation of Th17 cells.
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Gabel F, Aubry AS, Hovhannisyan V, Chavant V, Weinsanto I, Maduna T, Darbon P, Goumon Y. Unveiling the Impact of Morphine on Tamoxifen Metabolism in Mice in vivo. Front Oncol 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 32154159 PMCID: PMC7046683 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tamoxifen is used to treat breast cancer and cancer recurrences. After administration, tamoxifen is converted into two more potent antitumor compounds, 4OH-tamoxifen and endoxifen by the CYP3A4/5 and 2D6 enzymes in human. These active compounds are inactivated by the same UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms as those involved in the metabolism of morphine. Importantly, cancer-associated pain can be treated with morphine, and the common metabolic pathway of morphine and tamoxifen suggests potential clinically relevant interactions. Methods: Mouse liver microsomes were used to determine the impact of morphine on 4OH-tamoxifen metabolism in vitro. For in vivo experiments, female mice were first injected with tamoxifen alone and then with tamoxifen and morphine. Blood was collected, and LC-MS/MS was used to quantify tamoxifen, 4OH-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, endoxifen, 4OH-tamoxifen-glucuronide, and endoxifen-glucuronide. Results:In vitro, we found increased Km values for the production of 4OH-tamoxifen-glucuronide in the presence of morphine, suggesting an inhibitory effect on 4OH-tamoxifen glucuronidation. Conversely, in vivo morphine treatment decreased 4OH-tamoxifen levels in the blood while dramatically increasing the formation of inactive metabolites 4OH-tamoxifen-glucuronide and endoxifen-glucuronide. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the need for caution when extrapolating results from in vitro metabolic assays to in vivo drug metabolism interactions. Importantly, morphine strongly impacts tamoxifen metabolism in mice. It suggests that tamoxifen efficiency could be reduced when both drugs are co-administered in a clinical setting, e.g., to relieve pain in breast cancer patients. Further studies are needed to assess the potential for tamoxifen-morphine metabolic interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gabel
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Aubry
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Volodya Hovhannisyan
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Chavant
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Mass Spectrometry Facilities of the CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan Weinsanto
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tando Maduna
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Darbon
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Mass Spectrometry Facilities of the CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Savery D, Maniou E, Culshaw LH, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Galea GL. Refinement of inducible gene deletion in embryos of pregnant mice. Birth Defects Res 2019; 112:196-204. [PMID: 31793758 PMCID: PMC7003956 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CreERT2‐mediated gene recombination is widely applied in developmental biology research. Activation of CreERT2 is typically achieved by injection of tamoxifen in an oily vehicle into the peritoneal cavity of mid‐gestation pregnant mice. This can be technically challenging and adversely impacts welfare. Here we characterize three refinements to this technique: Pipette feeding (not gavage) of tamoxifen, ex vivo CreERT2 activation in whole embryo culture and injection of cell‐permeable TAT‐Cre into Cre‐negative cultured embryos. We demonstrate that pipette feeding of tamoxifen solution to the mother on various days of gestation reliably activates embryonic CreERT2, illustrated here using β‐ActinCreERT2, Sox2CreERT2, TCreERT2, and Nkx1.2CreERT2. Pipette feeding of tamoxifen induces dose‐dependent recombination of Rosa26mTmG reporters when administered at E8.5. Activation of two neuromesodermal progenitor‐targeting Cre drivers, TCreERT2, and Nkx1.2CreERT2, produces comparable neuroepithelial lineage tracing. Dose‐dependent CreERT2 activation can also be achieved by brief exposure to 4OH‐tamoxifen in whole embryo culture, allowing temporal control of gene deletion and eliminating the need to treat pregnant mice. Rosa26mTmG reporter recombination can also be achieved regionally by injecting TAT‐Cre into embryonic tissues at the start of culture. This allows greater spatial control over Cre activation than can typically be achieved with endogenous CreERT2, for example by injecting TAT‐Cre on one side of the midline. We hope that our description and application of these techniques will stimulate refinement of experimental methods involving CreERT2 activation for gene deletion and lineage tracing studies. Improved temporal (ex vivo treatment) and spatial (TAT‐Cre injection) control of recombination will also allow previously intractable questions to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Savery
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lucy H Culshaw
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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24
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Hasan M, Marzouk MA, Adhikari S, Wright TD, Miller BP, Matossian MD, Elliott S, Wright M, Alzoubi M, Collins-Burow BM, Burow ME, Holzgrabe U, Zlotos DP, Stratford RE, Witt-Enderby PA. Pharmacological, Mechanistic, and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Novel Melatonin-Tamoxifen Drug Conjugates as Breast Cancer Drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:272-296. [PMID: 31221824 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is used to prevent and treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC); however, its chronic use can increase uterine cancer risk and induce tamoxifen resistance. Novel melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates may be promising to treat BC and may help offset the adverse effects of tamoxifen usage alone due to the presence of melatonin. We synthesized and screened five drug conjugates (C2, C4, C5, C9, and C15 linked) for their effects on BC cell (MCF-7, tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7, mouse mammary carcinoma, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549) viability, migration, and binding affinity to melatonin receptor 1 (MT1R) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). C4 and C5 demonstrated the most favorable pharmacological characteristics with respect to binding profiles (affinity for ESR1 and MT1R) and their potency/efficacy to inhibit BC cell viability and migration in four phenotypically diverse invasive ductal BC cell lines. C4 and C5 were further assessed for their actions against tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells and a patient-derived xenograft triple-negative BC cell line (TU-BcX-4IC) and for their mechanisms of action using selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2, MEK5, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. C4 and C5 inhibited tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells with equal potency (IC50 = 4-8 μM) and efficacy (∼90% inhibition of viability and migration) but demonstrated increased potency (IC50 = 80-211 μM) and efficacy (∼140% inhibition) to inhibit migration versus cell viability (IC50 = 181-304 mM; efficacy ∼80% inhibition) in TU-BcX-4IC cells. Unique pharmacokinetic profiles were observed, with C4 having greater bioavailability than C5. Further assessment of C4 and C5 demonstrates that they create novel pharmacophores within each BC cell that is context specific and involves MEK1/2/pERK1/2, MEK5/pERK5, PI3K, and nuclear factor κB. These melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates show promise as novel anticancer drugs and further preclinical and clinical evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hasan
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Mohamed Akmal Marzouk
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Saugat Adhikari
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Thomas D Wright
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Benton P Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Margarite D Matossian
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Steven Elliott
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Maryl Wright
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Madlin Alzoubi
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Bridgette M Collins-Burow
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
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Liu J, Shelkar GP, Zhao F, Clausen RP, Dravid SM. Modulation of burst firing of neurons in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus by GluN2C-containing NMDA receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:mol.119.116780. [PMID: 31160332 PMCID: PMC6620419 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2C subunit of the NMDA receptor is enriched in the neurons in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (nRT), but its role in regulating their function is not well understood. We found that deletion of GluN2C subunit did not affect spike frequency in response to depolarizing current injection or hyperpolarization-induced rebound burst firing of nRT neurons. D-cycloserine or CIQ (GluN2C/GluN2D positive allosteric modulator) did not affect the depolarization-induced spike frequency in nRT neurons. A newly identified highly potent and efficacious co-agonist of GluN1/GluN2C NMDA receptors, AICP, was found to reduce the spike frequency and burst firing of nRT neurons in wildtype but not GluN2C knockout. This effect was potentially due to facilitation of GluN2C-containing receptors because inhibition of NMDA receptors by AP5 did not affect spike frequency in nRT neurons. We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of AICP. AICP did not affect basal locomotion or prepulse inhibition but facilitated MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. This effect was observed in wildtype but not in GluN2C knockout mice demonstrating that AICP produces GluN2C-selective effects in vivo Using a chemogenetic approach we examined the role of nRT in this behavioral effect. Gq or Gi coupled DREADDs were selectively expressed in nRT neurons using cre-dependent viral vectors and PV-Cre mouse line. We found that similar to AICP effect, activation of Gq but not Gi coupled DREADD facilitated MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. Together, these results identify a unique role of GluN2C-containing receptors in the regulation of nRT neurons and suggest GluN2C-selective in vivo targeting of NMDA receptors by AICP. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The nucleus reticularis of the thalamus composed of GABAergic neurons is termed as guardian of the gateway and is an important regulator of corticothalamic communication which may be impaired in autism, non-convulsive seizures and other conditions. We found that strong facilitation of tonic activity of GluN2C subtype of NMDA receptors using AICP, a newly identified glycine-site agonist of NMDA receptors, modulates the function of reticular thalamus neurons. AICP was also able to produce GluN2C-dependent behavioral effects in vivo. Together, these finding identify a novel mechanism and a pharmacological tool to modulate activity of reticular thalamic neurons in disease states.
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Ceasrine AM, Ruiz-Otero N, Lin EE, Lumelsky DN, Boehm ED, Kuruvilla R. Tamoxifen Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Delivery-, Sex-, and Strain-Dependent Manner in Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:782-790. [PMID: 30759201 PMCID: PMC6424092 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, is widely used in mouse models to temporally control gene expression but is also known to affect body composition. We report that tamoxifen has significant and sustained effects on glucose tolerance, independent of effects on insulin sensitivity, in mice. IP, but not oral, tamoxifen delivery improved glucose tolerance in three inbred mouse strains. The extent and persistence of tamoxifen-induced effects were sex and strain dependent. These findings highlight the need to revise commonly used tamoxifen-based protocols for gene manipulation in mice by including longer chase periods after injection, oral delivery, and the use of tamoxifen-treated littermate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Alexis M. Ceasrine, PhD, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Mudd Hall 200, Baltimore, Maryland 21218. E-mail:
| | | | - Eugene E Lin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David N Lumelsky
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erica D Boehm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Chedrawe MAJ, Holman SP, Lamport AC, Akay T, Robertson GS. Pioglitazone is superior to quetiapine, clozapine and tamoxifen at alleviating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:72-82. [PMID: 29957391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that clozapine and quetiapine (atypical antipsychotics), tamoxifen (selective-estrogen receptor modulator) and pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist) may improve functional recovery in multiple sclerosis (MS). We have compared the effectiveness of oral administration of these drugs, beginning at peak disease, at reducing ascending paralysis, motor deficits and demyelination in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mice were immunized with an immunogenic peptide corresponding to amino acids 35-55 of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected with pertussis toxin to induce EAE. Unlike clozapine, quetiapine and tamoxifen, administration of pioglitazone beginning at peak disease decreased both clinical scores and lumbar white matter loss in EAE mice. Using kinematic gait analysis, we found that pioglitazone also maintained normal movement of the hip, knee and ankle joints for at least 44 days after MOG35-55 immunization. This long-lasting preservation of hindleg joint movements was accompanied by reduced white matter loss, microglial and macrophage activation and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the lumbar spinal cords of EAE mice. These results support clinical findings that suggest pioglitazone may reduce the progressive loss of motor function in MS by decreasing inflammation and myelin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A J Chedrawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Scott P Holman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna-Claire Lamport
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada.
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28
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Jahn HM, Kasakow CV, Helfer A, Michely J, Verkhratsky A, Maurer HH, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. Refined protocols of tamoxifen injection for inducible DNA recombination in mouse astroglia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5913. [PMID: 29651133 PMCID: PMC5897555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible DNA recombination of floxed alleles in vivo by liver metabolites of tamoxifen (TAM) is an important tool to study gene functions. Here, we describe protocols for optimal DNA recombination in astrocytes, based on the GLAST-CreERT2/loxP system. In addition, we demonstrate that quantification of genomic recombination allows to determine the proportion of cell types in various brain regions. We analyzed the presence and clearance of TAM and its metabolites (N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen) in brain and serum of mice by liquid chromatographic-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) and assessed optimal injection protocols by quantitative RT-PCR of several floxed target genes (p2ry1, gria1, gabbr1 and Rosa26-tdTomato locus). Maximal recombination could be achieved in cortex and cerebellum by single daily injections for five and three consecutive days, respectively. Furthermore, quantifying the loss of floxed alleles predicted the percentage of GLAST-positive cells (astroglia) per brain region. We found that astrocytes contributed 20 to 30% of the total cell number in cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and optic nerve, while in the cerebellum Bergmann glia, velate astrocytes and white matter astrocytes accounted only for 8% of all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jahn
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmen V Kasakow
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Helfer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Julian Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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29
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A multi-gram-scale stereoselective synthesis of Z-endoxifen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1352-1356. [PMID: 29548575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Z-Endoxifen is widely regarded as the most active metabolite of tamoxifen, and has recently demonstrated a 26.3% clinical benefit in a phase I clinical trial to treat metastatic breast cancer after the failure of standard endocrine therapy. Future pharmacological and pre-clinical studies of Z-endoxifen would benefit from reliable and efficient synthetic access to the drug. Here, we describe a short and efficient, stereoselective synthesis of Z-endoxifen capable of delivering multi-gram (37 g) quantities of the drug in >97% purity with a Z/E ratio >99% after trituration.
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30
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Orally administered endoxifen inhibits tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:3. [PMID: 29308069 PMCID: PMC5751858 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoxifen, an active metabolite of tamoxifen, has been shown to be an effective anti-estrogenic agent in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients. In melanoma, estrogen receptor expression is shown to be associated with disease progression. However, the therapeutic benefit of endoxifen in melanoma has not yet been evaluated. Here, we present the first demonstration of the anti-melanogenic activity of endoxifen in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of endoxifen was tested using a cell viability assay. The in vivo anti-melanogenic activity was evaluated in B16F10 cell-bearing C57BL/6 mice, a mouse melanoma model. The general toxicity was tested in Swiss albino mice. Endoxifen exhibited greater activity against melanoma cell lines. Treatment of B16F10 mouse and SK-MEL-5 human melanoma cell lines with 10 μM of endoxifen for 48 h respectively resulted in 93.6 and 92.5% cell death. Orally administered endoxifen, at dose levels of 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight/day for 20 consecutive days, respectively reduced metastatic melanoma nodules in the lungs by 26.7 and 82.7%. Endoxifen was found to be a safe and effective anti-melanogenic agent in animal studies.
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Goetz MP, Suman VJ, Reid JM, Northfelt DW, Mahr MA, Ralya AT, Kuffel M, Buhrow SA, Safgren SL, McGovern RM, Black J, Dockter T, Haddad T, Erlichman C, Adjei AA, Visscher D, Chalmers ZR, Frampton G, Kipp BR, Liu MC, Hawse JR, Doroshow JH, Collins JM, Streicher H, Ames MM, Ingle JN. First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Tamoxifen Metabolite Z-Endoxifen in Women With Endocrine-Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:3391-3400. [PMID: 28854070 PMCID: PMC5648176 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.73.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endoxifen is a tamoxifen metabolite with potent antiestrogenic activity. Patients and Methods We performed a phase I study of oral Z-endoxifen to determine its toxicities, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity. Eligibility included endocrine-refractory, estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. An accelerated titration schedule was applied until moderate or dose-limiting toxicity occurred, followed by a 3+3 design and expansion at 40, 80, and 100 mg per day. Tumor DNA from serum (circulating cell free [cf); all patients] and biopsies [160 mg/day and expansion]) was sequenced. Results Of 41 enrolled patients, 38 were evaluable for MTD determination. Prior endocrine regimens during which progression occurred included aromatase inhibitor (n = 36), fulvestrant (n = 21), and tamoxifen (n = 15). Patients received endoxifen once daily at seven dose levels (20 to 160 mg). Dose escalation ceased at 160 mg per day given lack of MTD and endoxifen concentrations > 1,900 ng/mL. Endoxifen clearance was unaffected by CYP2D6 genotype. One patient (60 mg) had cycle 1 dose-limiting toxicity (pulmonary embolus). Overall clinical benefit rate (stable > 6 months [n = 7] or partial response by RECIST criteria [n = 3]) was 26.3% (95% CI, 13.4% to 43.1%) including prior tamoxifen progression (n = 3). cfDNA mutations were observed in 13 patients ( PIK3CA [n = 8], ESR1 [n = 5], TP53 [n = 4], and AKT [n = 1]) with shorter progression-free survival ( v those without cfDNA mutations; median, 61 v 132 days; log-rank P = .046). Clinical benefit was observed in those with ESR1 amplification (tumor; 80 mg/day) and ESR1 mutation (cfDNA; 160 mg/day). Comparing tumor biopsies and cfDNA, some mutations ( PIK3CA, TP53, and AKT) were undetected by cfDNA, whereas cfDNA mutations ( ESR1, TP53, and AKT) were undetected by biopsy. Conclusion In endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer, Z-endoxifen provides substantial drug exposure unaffected by CYP2D6 metabolism, acceptable toxicity, and promising antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Goetz
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Corresponding author: Matthew P. Goetz, MD, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; e-mail:
| | - Vera J. Suman
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Don W. Northfelt
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael A. Mahr
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew T. Ralya
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mary Kuffel
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah A. Buhrow
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephanie L. Safgren
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Renee M. McGovern
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - John Black
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Travis Dockter
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tufia Haddad
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles Erlichman
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alex A. Adjei
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dan Visscher
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zachary R. Chalmers
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Garrett Frampton
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin R. Kipp
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Minetta C. Liu
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - John R. Hawse
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jerry M. Collins
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard Streicher
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew M. Ames
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James N. Ingle
- Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Joel M. Reid, Don W. Northfelt, Michael A. Mahr, Andrew T. Ralya, Mary Kuffel, Sarah A. Buhrow, Stephanie L. Safgren, Renee M. McGovern, John Black, Travis Dockter, Tufia Haddad, Charles Erlichman, Alex A. Adjei, Dan Visscher, Benjamin R. Kipp, Minetta C. Liu, John R. Hawse, Matthew M. Ames, and James N. Ingle, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Zachary R. Chalmers and Garrett Frampton, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; and John R. Hawse, James H. Doroshow, Jerry M. Collins, and Howard Streicher, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Lineage tracing analysis allows mammary epithelial cells to be tracked in their natural environment, thereby revealing cell fate and proliferation choices in the intact tissue. This technique is particularly informative for studying how stem cells build and maintain the mammary epithelium during development and pregnancy. Here we describe two experimental systems based on Cre/loxP technology (CreERT2/loxP and rtTA/tetO-Cre/loxP), which allow the inducible, permanent labeling of mammary epithelial cells following the administration of either tamoxifen or doxycycline.
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Rogers KA, Moreno SE, Smith LA, Husson H, Bukanov NO, Ledbetter SR, Budman Y, Lu Y, Wang B, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O, Natoli TA. Differences in the timing and magnitude of Pkd1 gene deletion determine the severity of polycystic kidney disease in an orthologous mouse model of ADPKD. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/12/e12846. [PMID: 27356569 PMCID: PMC4926022 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a disease‐modifying therapy to treat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) requires well‐characterized preclinical models that accurately reflect the pathology and biochemical changes associated with the disease. Using a Pkd1 conditional knockout mouse, we demonstrate that subtly altering the timing and extent of Pkd1 deletion can have a significant impact on the origin and severity of kidney cyst formation. Pkd1 deletion on postnatal day 1 or 2 results in cysts arising from both the cortical and medullary regions, whereas deletion on postnatal days 3–8 results in primarily medullary cyst formation. Altering the extent of Pkd1 deletion by modulating the tamoxifen dose produces dose‐dependent changes in the severity, but not origin, of cystogenesis. Limited Pkd1 deletion produces progressive kidney cystogenesis, accompanied by interstitial fibrosis and loss of kidney function. Cyst growth occurs in two phases: an early, rapid growth phase, followed by a later, slow growth period. Analysis of biochemical pathway changes in cystic kidneys reveals dysregulation of the cell cycle, increased proliferation and apoptosis, activation of Mek‐Erk, Akt‐mTOR, and Wnt‐β‐catenin signaling pathways, and altered glycosphingolipid metabolism that resemble the biochemical changes occurring in human ADPKD kidneys. These pathways are normally active in neonatal mouse kidneys until repressed around 3 weeks of age; however, they remain active following Pkd1 deletion. Together, this work describes the key parameters to accurately model the pathological and biochemical changes associated with ADPKD in a conditional mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rogers
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah E Moreno
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie A Smith
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Hervé Husson
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Nikolay O Bukanov
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Steven R Ledbetter
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Yeva Budman
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Yuefeng Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Programming, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Thomas A Natoli
- Department of Rare Renal Disease Research, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts
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Chang JH, Chen J, Liu L, Messick K, Ly J. Rifampin-Mediated Induction of Tamoxifen Metabolism in a Humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A4/3A7-CYP2D6 Mouse Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1736-1741. [PMID: 27538915 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Animals are not commonly used to assess drug-drug interactions due to poor clinical translatability arising from species differences that may exist in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and their regulation pathways. In this study, a transgenic mouse model expressing human pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), CYP3A4/CYP3A7, and CYP2D6 (Tg-composite) was used to investigate the effect of induction mediated by rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites. In humans, tamoxifen is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, and multiple-day treatment with rifampin decreased tamoxifen exposure by 6.2-fold. Interestingly, exposure of tamoxifen metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT), N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDM), and endoxifen also decreased. In the Tg-composite model, pretreatment with rifampin decreased tamoxifen area under the time-concentration curve between 0 and 8 hours (AUC0-8) from 0.82 to 0.20 µM*h, whereas AUC0-8 of 4OHT, NDM, and endoxifen decreased by 3.4-, 4.7-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, mirroring the clinic observations. In the humanized PXR-CAR (hPXR-CAR) model, rifampin decreased AUC0-8 of tamoxifen and its metabolites by approximately 2-fold. In contrast, no significant modulation by rifampin was observed in the nonhumanized C57BL/6 (wild-type) animals. In vitro kinetics determined in microsomes prepared from livers of the Tg-composite animals showed that, although Km values were not different between vehicle- and rifampin-treated groups, rifampin increased the Vmax for the CYP3A4-mediated pathways. These data demonstrate that, although the hPXR-CAR model is responsive to rifampin, the extent of the clinical rifampin-tamoxifen interaction is better represented by the Tg-composite model. Consequently, the Tg-composite model may be a suitable tool to examine the extent of rifampin-mediated induction for other compounds whose metabolism is mediated by CYP3A4 and/or CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Chang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - John Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kirsten Messick
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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35
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Schweikart KM, Eldridge SR, Safgren SL, Parman T, Reid JM, Ames MM, Goetz MP, Davis MA. Comparative uterotrophic effects of endoxifen and tamoxifen in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1188-96. [PMID: 24670817 PMCID: PMC4177029 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen), one of the major active metabolites of tamoxifen, has substantially greater estrogen antagonist properties and antiproliferative effects in breast tumor cells than tamoxifen, a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist. An associated risk of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia has been linked to the estrogen agonist properties of tamoxifen. We evaluated endoxifen using a classic uterotrophic effects method. Rats were given endoxifen or tamoxifen orally for 3 days. Estradiol was the positive control. Endoxifen and tamoxifen plasma levels exceeded those previously observed clinically. Uterine weight was 3-fold higher in the estradiol group than in the tamoxifen or endoxifen groups, which did not differ from vehicle controls. Tamoxifen and endoxifen caused a greater increase in luminal epithelial cell height than estradiol. Both tamoxifen and endoxifen produced an increase in the stromal BrdU labeling index (LI) that was ≤ estradiol and inversely related to dose, but did not affect luminal epithelial cell BrdU LI. As expected, estradiol increased luminal epithelial cell proliferation. These results indicate that endoxifen induces uterotrophic effects, but is less potent than estradiol in eliciting these effects. Given prior preclinical observations that endoxifen has superior antitumor activity than tamoxifen, the observations of similar uterine effects suggest that the endoxifen risk/benefit ratio may be superior to tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Schweikart
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandy R Eldridge
- Charles River Laboratories Pathology Associates, Frederick, Maryland, USA Present address: Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Myrtle A Davis
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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