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Wu YK, Jiang TT, Su YH, Mei L, Sun TK, Li YH, Wang ZD, Ji YY. The Potential Role of Virus Infection in the Progression of Thyroid Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:382-393. [PMID: 38751704 PMCID: PMC11092407 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors have engaged in the progression of thyroid cancer (TC). Recent studies have shown that viral infection can be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of TC. Viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may play an essential role in the occurrence, development, and even prognosis in TC. This review mainly explored the potential role of viral infection in the progress of TC. The possible mechanisms could be recognizing the host cell, binding to the receptors, affecting oncogenes levels, releasing viral products to shape a beneficial environment, interacting with immune cells to induce immune evasion, and altering the pituitary-thyroid axis. Thus, comprehensive knowledge may provide insights into finding molecular targets for diagnosing and treating virus-related TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ke Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tian Tian Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuan Hao Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Scientific Research Center and Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Kai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yun Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Ji
- Scientific Research Center and Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Murray-Nerger LA, Lozano C, Burton EM, Liao Y, Ungerleider NA, Guo R, Gewurz BE. The nucleic acid binding protein SFPQ represses EBV lytic reactivation by promoting histone H1 expression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4156. [PMID: 38755141 PMCID: PMC11099029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) uses a biphasic lifecycle of latency and lytic reactivation to infect >95% of adults worldwide. Despite its central role in EBV persistence and oncogenesis, much remains unknown about how EBV latency is maintained. We used a human genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify that the nuclear protein SFPQ was critical for latency. SFPQ supported expression of linker histone H1, which stabilizes nucleosomes and regulates nuclear architecture, but has not been previously implicated in EBV gene regulation. H1 occupied latent EBV genomes, including the immediate early gene BZLF1 promoter. Upon reactivation, SFPQ was sequestered into sub-nuclear puncta, and EBV genomic H1 occupancy diminished. Enforced H1 expression blocked EBV reactivation upon SFPQ knockout, confirming it as necessary downstream of SFPQ. SFPQ knockout triggered reactivation of EBV in B and epithelial cells, as well as of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in B cells, suggesting a conserved gamma-herpesvirus role. These findings highlight SFPQ as a major regulator of H1 expression and EBV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Clarisel Lozano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eric M Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Rui Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Murray-Nerger LA, Maestri D, Liu X, Li Z, Tempera I, Teng M, Gewurz BE. The DNA loop release factor WAPL suppresses Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression to maintain the highly restricted latency I program. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593401. [PMID: 38766209 PMCID: PMC11100819 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) uses latency programs to colonize the memory B-cell reservoir, and each program is associated with human malignancies. However, knowledge remains incomplete of epigenetic mechanisms that maintain the highly restricted latency I program, present in memory and Burkitt lymphoma cells, in which EBNA1 is the only EBV-encoded protein expressed. Given increasing appreciation that higher order chromatin architecture is an important determinant of viral and host gene expression, we investigated roles of Wings Apart-Like Protein Homolog (WAPL), a host factor that unloads cohesins to control DNA loop size and that was discovered as an EBNA2-associated protein. WAPL knockout (KO) in Burkitt cells de-repressed LMP1 and LMP2A expression but not other EBV oncogenes to yield a viral program reminiscent of EBV latency II, which is rarely observed in B-cells. WAPL KO also increased LMP1/2A levels in latency III lymphoblastoid cells. WAPL KO altered EBV genome architecture, triggering formation of DNA loops between the LMP promoter region and the EBV origins of lytic replication (oriLyt). Hi-C analysis further demonstrated that WAPL KO reprograms EBV genomic DNA looping. LMP1 and LMP2A de-repression correlated with decreased histone repressive marks at their promoters. We propose that EBV coopts WAPL to negatively regulate latent membrane protein expression to maintain Burkitt latency I. Author Summary EBV is a highly prevalent herpesvirus etiologically linked to multiple lymphomas, gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and multiple sclerosis. EBV persists in the human host in B-cells that express a series of latency programs, each of which is observed in a distinct type of human lymphoma. The most restricted form of EBV latency, called latency I, is observed in memory cells and in most Burkitt lymphomas. In this state, EBNA1 is the only EBV-encoded protein expressed to facilitate infected cell immunoevasion. However, epigenetic mechanisms that repress expression of the other eight EBV-encoded latency proteins remain to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the host factor WAPL might have a role in restriction of EBV genes, as it is a major regulator of long-range DNA interactions by negatively regulating cohesin proteins that stabilize DNA loops, and WAPL was found in a yeast 2-hybrid screen for EBNA2-interacting host factors. Using CRISPR together with Hi-ChIP and Hi-C DNA architecture analyses, we uncovered WAPL roles in suppressing expression of LMP1 and LMP2A, which mimic signaling by CD40 and B-cell immunoglobulin receptors, respectively. These proteins are expressed together with EBNA1 in the latency II program. We demonstrate that WAPL KO changes EBV genomic architecture, including allowing the formation of DNA loops between the oriLyt enhancers and the LMP promoter regions. Collectively, our study suggests that WAPL reinforces Burkitt latency I by preventing the formation of DNA loops that may instead support the latency II program.
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Francois AK, Rohani A, Loftus M, Dochnal S, Hrit J, McFarlane S, Whitford A, Lewis A, Krakowiak P, Boutell C, Rothbart SB, Kashatus D, Cliffe AR. Single-genome analysis reveals a heterogeneous association of the herpes simplex virus genome with H3K27me2 and the reader PHF20L1 following infection of human fibroblasts. mBio 2024; 15:e0327823. [PMID: 38411116 PMCID: PMC11005365 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03278-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The fate of herpesvirus genomes following entry into different cell types is thought to regulate the outcome of infection. For the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), latent infection of neurons is characterized by association with repressive heterochromatin marked with Polycomb silencing-associated lysine 27 methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me). However, whether H3K27 methylation plays a role in repressing lytic gene expression in non-neuronal cells is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, and with consideration that the fate of the viral genome and outcome of HSV-1 infection could be heterogeneous, we developed an assay to quantify the abundance of histone modifications within single viral genome foci of infected fibroblasts. Using this approach, combined with bulk epigenetic techniques, we were unable to detect any role for H3K27me3 during HSV-1 lytic infection of fibroblasts. By contrast, we could detect the lesser studied H3K27me2 on a subpopulation of viral genomes, which was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. In addition, viral genomes co-localized with the H3K27me2 reader protein PHF20L1, and this association was enhanced by inhibition of the H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3. Notably, targeting of H3K27me2 to viral genomes was enhanced following infection with a transcriptionally defective virus in the absence of Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. Collectively, these studies implicate a role for H3K27me2 in fibroblast-associated HSV genome silencing in a manner dependent on genome sub-nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. IMPORTANCE Investigating the potential mechanisms of gene silencing for DNA viruses in different cell types is important to understand the differential outcomes of infection, particularly for viruses like herpesviruses that can undergo distinct types of infection in different cell types. In addition, investigating chromatin association with viral genomes informs on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of DNA processes. However, there is a growing appreciation for heterogeneity in the outcome of infection at the single cell, and even single viral genome, level. Here we describe a novel assay for quantifying viral genome foci with chromatin proteins and show that a portion of genomes are targeted for silencing by H3K27me2 and associate with the reader protein PHF20L1. This study raises important questions regarding the mechanism of H3K27me2-specific targeting to viral genomes, the contribution of epigenetic heterogeneity to herpesvirus infection, and the role of PHF20L1 in regulating the outcome of DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Francois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Matt Loftus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joel Hrit
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC - University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Whitford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patryk Krakowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC - University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Liao Y, Yan J, Beri NR, Giulino-Roth L, Cesarman E, Gewurz BE. Germinal center cytokine driven epigenetic control of Epstein-Barr virus latency gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011939. [PMID: 38683861 PMCID: PMC11081508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with multiple human lymphomas that express characteristic EBV latency programs used by the virus to navigate the B-cell compartment. Upon primary infection, the EBV latency III program, comprised of six Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) antigens, drives infected B-cells into germinal center (GC). By incompletely understood mechanisms, GC microenvironmental cues trigger the EBV genome to switch to the latency II program, comprised of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A and observed in GC-derived Hodgkin lymphoma. To gain insights into pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency reprogramming as EBV-infected B-cells encounter microenvironmental cues, we characterized GC cytokine effects on EBV latency protein expression and on the EBV epigenome. We confirmed and extended prior studies highlighting GC cytokine effects in support of the latency II transition. The T-follicular helper cytokine interleukin 21 (IL-21), which is a major regulator of GC responses, and to a lesser extent IL-4 and IL-10, hyper-induced LMP1 expression, while repressing EBNA expression. However, follicular dendritic cell cytokines including IL-15 and IL-27 downmodulate EBNA but not LMP1 expression. CRISPR editing highlighted that STAT3 and STAT5 were necessary for cytokine mediated EBNA silencing via epigenetic effects at the EBV genomic C promoter. By contrast, STAT3 was instead necessary for LMP1 promoter epigenetic remodeling, including gain of activating histone chromatin marks and loss of repressive polycomb repressive complex silencing marks. Thus, EBV has evolved to coopt STAT signaling to oppositely regulate the epigenetic status of key viral genomic promoters in response to GC cytokine cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinjie Yan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nina R. Beri
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Cao XH, Fan ZY, Chang YJ, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ, Zhao XY. Prediction model for EBV infection following HLA haploidentical matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Transl Med 2024; 22:244. [PMID: 38448996 PMCID: PMC10916301 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for hematological malignancies. However, viral infections, particularly EBV infection, frequently occur following allo-HSCT and can result in multi-tissue and organ damage. Due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs, these infections can even progress to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), thereby impacting the prognosis. In light of this, our objective is to develop a prediction model for EBV infection following allo-HSCT. METHODS A total of 466 patients who underwent haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) between September 2019 and December 2020 were included in this study. The patients were divided into a development cohort and a validation cohort based on the timing of their transplantation. Our aim was to develop and validate a grading scale using these cohorts to predict the risk of EBV infection within the first year after haplo-HSCT. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) data from the bone marrow of healthy donors were utilized to assess the impact of age on immune cells and viral infection. RESULTS In the multivariate logistic regression model, four predictors were retained: donor age, female-to-male transplant, graft MNC (mononuclear cell) dose, and CD8 dose. Based on these predictors, an EBV reactivation predicting score system was constructed. The scoring system demonstrated good calibration in both the derivation and validation cohorts, as confirmed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p > 0.05). The scoring system also exhibited favorable discriminative ability, as indicated by the C statistics of 0.72 in the derivation cohort and 0.60 in the validation cohort. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy of the scoring system was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves based on risk ratings. The results showed significant differences in EBV reactivation rates between different risk groups, with p-values less than 0.001 in both the derivation and validation cohorts, indicating robust clinical utility. The analysis of sc-RNAseq data from the bone marrow of healthy donors revealed that older age had a profound impact on the quantity and quality of immune subsets. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted that older age was associated with a higher risk of infection. Specifically, CD8 + T cells from older individuals showed enrichment in the pathway of "viral carcinogenesis", while older CD14 + monocytes exhibited enrichment in the pathway of "regulation of viral entry into host cell." These findings suggest that older age may contribute to an increased susceptibility to viral infections, as evidenced by the altered immune profiles observed in the sc-RNAseq data. CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrate the development and validation of an effective scoring system for predicting EBV reactivation after haplo-HSCT, and provide insights into the impact of age on immune subsets and viral infection susceptibility based on sc-RNAseq analysis of healthy donors' bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Hong Cao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Ying Fan
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.
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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Samayoa-Reyes G, Weigel C, Koech E, Waomba K, Jackson C, Onditi IA, Sabourin KR, Kenney S, Baiocchi RA, Oakes CC, Ogolla S, Rochford R. Effect of Malaria Infection on Epstein-Barr Virus Persistence in Kenyan Children. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:73-82. [PMID: 37433031 PMCID: PMC10786253 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2 cofactors in the etiology of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and repeated Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections. This study evaluated EBV loads in mucosal and systemic compartments of children with malaria and controls. Age was analyzed as a covariate because immunity to malaria in endemic regions is age dependent. METHODS Children (2-10 years) with clinical malaria from Western Kenya and community controls without malaria were enrolled. Saliva and blood samples were collected, EBV viral load was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and EpiTYPER MassARRAY was used to assess methylation of 3 different EBV genes. RESULTS Regardless of the compartment, we detected EBV more frequently in malaria cases compared to controls, although the difference was not significant. When EBV was detected, there were no differences in viral load between cases and controls. However, EBV methylation was significantly lower in the malaria group compared to controls in both plasma and saliva (P < .05), indicating increased EBV lytic replication. In younger children before development of immunity to malaria, there was a significant effect of malaria on EBV load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that malaria can directly modulate EBV persistence in children, increasing their risk for BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christoph Weigel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emmily Koech
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kevin Waomba
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Conner Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ian A Onditi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Katherine R Sabourin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shannon Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher C Oakes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sidney Ogolla
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Tang CL, Li XZ, Zhou T, Deng CM, Jiang CT, Zhang YM, Liao Y, Wang TM, He YQ, Xue WQ, Jia WH, Zheng XH. EBV DNA methylation profiles and its application in distinguishing nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38212818 PMCID: PMC10785554 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an oncovirus, EBV is associated with multiple cancers, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. EBV methylation plays an important role in regulating tumor occurrence. However, the EBV methylation profiles in EBV-associated tumor tissues are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, EBV methylation capture sequencing was conducted in several different tumor tissue samples, including NPC, EBVaGC, lung LELC and parotid LELC. Besides, EBV capture sequencing and following qMSP were performed on nasopharyngeal brushing samples from NPC and nasal NKTCL patients. Our results showed that the EBV genome among different types of tumors displayed specific methylation patterns. Among the four types of tumors from epithelial origin (NPC, EBVaGC, lung LELC and parotid LELC), the most significant differences were found between EBVaGC and the others. For example, in EBVaGC, all CpG sites within 1,44,189-1,45,136 bp of the EBV genome sequence on gene RPMS1 were hyper-methylated compared to the others. Differently, significant differences of EBV CpG sites, particularly those located on gene BILF2, were observed between NPC and nasal NKTCL patients in nasopharyngeal brushing samples. Further, the methylated level of BILF2 was further detected using qMSP, and a diagnostic model distinguishing NPC and nasal NKTCL was established. The AUC of the model was 0.9801 (95% CI 0.9524-1.0000), with the sensitivity and specificity of 98.81% (95% CI 93.63-99.94%) and 76.92% (95% CI 49.74-91.82%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals more clues for further understanding the pathogenesis of EBV, and provides a possibility for distinguishing EBV-related tumor by detecting specific EBV CpG sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Mi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Yifei L, Jinjie Y, Beri NR, Roth LG, Ethel C, Benjamin E. G. Germinal Center Cytokines Driven Epigenetic Control of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Gene Expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573986. [PMID: 38260430 PMCID: PMC10802360 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with multiple human lymphomas that express characteristic EBV latency programs used by the virus to navigate the B-cell compartment. Upon primary infection, the EBV latency III program, comprised of six Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) antigens, drives infected B-cells into germinal center (GC). By incompletely understood mechanisms, GC microenvironmental cues trigger the EBV genome to switch to the latency II program, comprised of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A and observed in GC-derived Hodgkin lymphoma. To gain insights into pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency reprogramming as EBV-infected B-cells encounter microenvironmental cues, we characterized GC cytokine effects on EBV latency protein expression and on the EBV epigenome. We confirmed and extended prior studies highlighting GC cytokine effects in support of the latency II transition. The T-follicular helper cytokine interleukin 21 (IL-21), which is a major regulator of GC responses, and to a lesser extent IL-4 and IL-10, hyper-induced LMP1 expression, while repressing EBNA expression. However, follicular dendritic cell cytokines including IL-15 and IL-27 downmodulate EBNA but not LMP1 expression. CRISPR editing highlighted that STAT3 and STAT5 were necessary for cytokine mediated EBNA silencing via epigenetic effects at the EBV genomic C promoter. By contrast, STAT3 was instead necessary for LMP1 promoter epigenetic remodeling, including gain of activating histone chromatin marks and loss of repressive polycomb repressive complex silencing marks. Thus, EBV has evolved to coopt STAT signaling to oppositely regulate the epigenetic status of key viral genomic promoters in response to GC cytokine cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Yifei
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yan Jinjie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nina R. Beri
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa G. Roth
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Gewurz Benjamin E.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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11
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Qin C, Xie T, Yeh WW, Savas AC, Feng P. Metabolic Enzymes in Viral Infection and Host Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38257735 PMCID: PMC10820379 DOI: 10.3390/v16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes are central players for cell metabolism and cell proliferation. These enzymes perform distinct functions in various cellular processes, such as cell metabolism and immune defense. Because viral infections inevitably trigger host immune activation, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to blunt or exploit the host immune response to enable viral replication. Meanwhile, viruses hijack key cellular metabolic enzymes to reprogram metabolism, which generates the necessary biomolecules for viral replication. An emerging theme arising from the metabolic studies of viral infection is that metabolic enzymes are key players of immune response and, conversely, immune components regulate cellular metabolism, revealing unexpected communication between these two fundamental processes that are otherwise disjointed. This review aims to summarize our present comprehension of the involvement of metabolic enzymes in viral infections and host immunity and to provide insights for potential antiviral therapy targeting metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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12
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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13
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Francois AK, Rohani A, Loftus M, Dochnal S, Hrit J, McFarlane S, Whitford A, Lewis A, Krakowiak P, Boutell C, Rothbart SB, Kashatus D, Cliffe AR. Single-genome analysis reveals heterogeneous association of the Herpes Simplex Virus genome with H3K27me2 and the reader PHF20L1 following infection of human fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.03.569766. [PMID: 38076966 PMCID: PMC10705572 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.03.569766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The fate of herpesvirus genomes following entry into different cell types is thought to regulate the outcome of infection. For the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), latent infection of neurons is characterized by association with repressive heterochromatin marked with Polycomb silencing-associated lysine 27 methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me). However, whether H3K27 methylation plays a role in repressing lytic gene expression in non-neuronal cells is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, and with consideration that the fate of the viral genome and outcome of HSV-1 infection could be heterogeneous, we developed an assay to quantify the abundance of histone modifications within single viral genome foci of infected fibroblasts. Using this approach, combined with bulk epigenetic techniques, we were unable to detect any role for H3K27me3 during HSV-1 lytic infection of fibroblasts. In contrast, we could detect the lesser studied H3K27me2 on a subpopulation of viral genomes, which was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. This was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. In addition, viral genomes co-localized with the H3K27me2 reader protein PHF20L1, and this association was enhanced by inhibition of the H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3. Notably, targeting of H3K27me2 to viral genomes was enhanced following infection with a transcriptionally defective virus in the absence of Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. Collectively, these studies implicate a role for H3K27me2 in fibroblast-associated HSV genome silencing in a manner dependent on genome sub-nuclear localization and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Francois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Matt Loftus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Joel Hrit
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Abigail Whitford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Anna Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Patryk Krakowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Scott B. Rothbart
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - David Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Anna R Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
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14
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Looi CK, Foong LC, Chung FFL, Khoo ASB, Loo EM, Leong CO, Mai CW. Targeting the crosstalk of epigenetic modifications and immune evasion in nasopharyngeal cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2501-2526. [PMID: 37755585 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of head and neck cancer that is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV acts as an epigenetic driver in NPC tumorigenesis, reprogramming the viral and host epigenomes to regulate viral latent gene expression, and creating an environment conducive to the malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Targeting epigenetic mechanisms in pre-clinical studies has been shown promise in eradicating tumours and overcoming immune resistance in some solid tumours. However, its efficacy in NPC remains inclusive due to the complex nature of this cancer. In this review, we provide an updated understanding of the roles of epigenetic factors in regulating EBV latent gene expression and promoting NPC progression. We also explore the crosstalk between epigenetic mechanisms and immune evasion in NPC. Particularly, we discuss the potential roles of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in reversing immune suppression and augmenting antitumour immunity. Furthermore, we highlight the advantages of combining epigenetic therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor to reverse immune resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Epigenetic drugs have the potential to modulate both epigenetic mediators and immune factors involved in NPC. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend the diverse range of epigenetic modifications in NPC. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between epigenetic mechanisms and immune evasion during NPC progression is crucial for the development of more effective treatments for this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-King Looi
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lian-Chee Foong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ee-Mun Loo
- AGTC Genomics, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- AGTC Genomics, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development, and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Xu H, Akinyemi IA, Haley J, McIntosh MT, Bhaduri-McIntosh S. ATM, KAP1 and the Epstein-Barr virus polymerase processivity factor direct traffic at the intersection of transcription and replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11104-11122. [PMID: 37852757 PMCID: PMC10639065 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of transcription and replication must be carefully regulated for heavily-transcribed genomes of double-stranded DNA viruses: transcription of immediate early/early genes must decline as replication ramps up from the same genome-ensuring efficient and timely replication of viral genomes followed by their packaging by structural proteins. To understand how the prototypic DNA virus Epstein-Barr virus tackles the logistical challenge of switching from transcription to DNA replication, we examined the proteome at viral replication forks. Specifically, to transition from transcription, the viral DNA polymerase-processivity factor EA-D is SUMOylated by the epigenetic regulator and E3 SUMO-ligase KAP1/TRIM28. KAP1's SUMO2-ligase function is triggered by phosphorylation via the PI3K-related kinase ATM and the RNA polymerase II-associated helicase RECQ5 at the transcription machinery. SUMO2-EA-D then recruits the histone loader CAF1 and the methyltransferase SETDB1 to silence the parental genome via H3K9 methylation, prioritizing replication. Thus, a key viral protein and host DNA repair, epigenetic and transcription-replication interference pathways orchestrate the handover from transcription-to-replication, a fundamental feature of DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhou Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ibukun A Akinyemi
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Haley
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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16
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Wang C, Zhao B. Epstein-Barr virus and host cell 3D genome organization. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29234. [PMID: 37988227 PMCID: PMC10664867 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is organized in an extremely complexed yet ordered way within the nucleus. Genome organization plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. Viruses manipulate the host machinery to influence host genome organization to favor their survival and promote disease development. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human virus, whose infection is associated with various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how EBV uses different strategies to control the cellular 3D genome organization to affect cell gene expression to transform normal cells into lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Ren Q, Feng Y. A therapy that modulates T lymphocyte subsets in patients infected with Epstein-Barr virus: Ganciclovir combined with interferon atomization inhalation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34946. [PMID: 37653833 PMCID: PMC10470752 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ganciclovir combined with interferon atomization inhalation on T lymphocyte subsets in patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and its efficacy. Fifty patients with EBV infection who received ganciclovir combined with interferon atomization inhalation were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy people were selected as the control group. The changes of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry before treatment and at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th cycle after treatment. Before treatment, the CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ indexes of the patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05), and the CD8+ level was significantly increased (P < .05). After one cycle of treatment, there was no significant difference in the changes of T lymphocyte subsets compared with those before treatment. After 2 and 3 cycles of treatment, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ values were higher than those before treatment (P > .05), and CD8+ index was lower than that before treatment (P < .05). After the 4th cycle of treatment, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ values were significantly improved (P < .05), and CD8+ index was significantly decreased (P < .05). Ganciclovir combined with interferon atomization inhalation can regulate the changes of T lymphocyte subsets in patients with EBV infection, improve the patient's condition, and has no obvious adverse reactions. Monitoring the changes of T lymphocyte subsets during treatment is more meaningful to predict the therapeutic effect of patients with EB virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xiangdu District, Xingtai City, China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xiangdu District, Xingtai City, China
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18
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Reyes ME, Zanella L, Riquelme I, Buchegger K, Mora-Lagos B, Guzmán P, García P, Roa JC, Ili CG, Brebi P. Exploring the Genetic Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus among Patients with Gastric Cancer in Southern Chile. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11276. [PMID: 37511034 PMCID: PMC10378801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with gastric cancer (GC), one of the deadliest malignancies in Chile and the world. Little is known about Chilean EBV strains. This study aims to investigate the frequency and genetic diversity of EBV in GC in patients in southern Chile. To evaluate the prevalence of EBV in GC patients from the Chilean population, we studied 54 GC samples using the gold standard detection method of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER). The EBV-positive samples were subjected to amplification and sequencing of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 3A (EBNA3A) gene to evaluate the genetic diversity of EBV strains circulating in southern Chile. In total, 22.2% of the GC samples were EBV-positive and significantly associated with diffuse-type histology (p = 0.003). Phylogenetic analyses identified EBV-1 and EBV-2 in the GC samples, showing genetic diversity among Chilean isolates. This work provides important information for an epidemiological follow-up of the different EBV subtypes that may cause GC in southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
| | - Louise Zanella
- Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Sociomedicina, Santiago 7560908, Chile
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
| | - Kurt Buchegger
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-(-CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile
| | - Bárbara Mora-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
| | - Pablo Guzmán
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan C Roa
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Carmen Gloria Ili
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-(-CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - Priscilla Brebi
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-(-CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
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19
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Sullivan J, Huth L, Meers J, McMichael L. Presence of Multiple Herpesvirus Variants in Australian Flying Foxes (Pteropus spp.). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:453-459. [PMID: 37270294 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses have been detected in bat species from several countries, with a limited number of studies examining herpesviruses in Pteropus spp. (flying foxes) and no investigation of herpesviruses in Australian flying foxes. We examined the presence and prevalence of herpesviruses in the four mainland Australian flying fox species. A nested PCR targeting highly conserved amino acid motifs in the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of herpesviruses was used to analyze 564 samples collected from 514 individual Pteropus scapulatus, Pteropus poliocephalus, Pteropus alecto, and Pteropus conspicillatus. The prevalence of herpesvirus DNA in blood, urine, oral, and fecal swabs from the four species was 17% in P. scapulatus, 11% in P. poliocephalus, 10% in P. alecto, and 9% in P. conspicillatus (31% in P. conspicillatus spleen tissue). Five putative novel herpesviruses were detected. Following PCR amplicon sequence analysis, four of the herpesviruses grouped phylogenetically with the gammaherpesviruses, with nucleotide identities between 79% and 90% to gammaherpesviruses from Asian megabats. A betaherpesvirus was detected in P. scapulatus with 99% nucleotide identity to the partial DPOL gene sequence of an Indonesian fruit bat betaherpesvirus. This study lays the foundation for future epidemiology research of herpesviruses in Australian Pteropus spp. and adds to the discussion of hypotheses surrounding the evolutionary epidemiology of bat-borne viruses on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sullivan
- University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Science Building, Gatton Campus, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren Huth
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Building P22, Toowoomba Campus, 487-535 West St, Darling Heights 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Science Building, Gatton Campus, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee McMichael
- University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Science Building, Gatton Campus, 5391 Warrego Hwy, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Liu T, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Wang R, Qin Y, Huang Y, Mo Y, Huang T. The role of EBV-encoded miRNA in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1204030. [PMID: 37388232 PMCID: PMC10301731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4, EBV) is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that infects over 90% of the population worldwide. However, our understanding of EBV's contribution to tumorigenesis of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) remains incomplete. Recent advancements in EBVaGC research have highlighted that EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) play prominent roles in critical cellular processes such as migration, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation, immune response, and autophagy. Notably, the largest group of EBV-encoded miRNAs, known as BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs), exhibit bidirectional effects in EBVaGC. For instance, they present both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic functions and enhance chemosensitivity while also conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil. Despite these findings, the comprehensive mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to EBVaGC are yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we summarize the current evidence of the roles of miRNA in EBVaGC, particularly with the application of multi-omic techniques. Additionally, we discuss the application of miRNA in EBVaGC in retrospective analyses and provide novel perspectives on the use of miRNA in EBVaGC in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanning Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingxi Mo
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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21
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Yao Y, Kong W, Yang L, Ding Y, Cui H. Immunity and Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Epstein-Barr Virus. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:303-317. [PMID: 37285188 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human oncogenic virus to be identified, which evades the body's immune surveillance through multiple mechanisms that allow long-term latent infection. Under certain pathological conditions, EBVs undergo a transition from the latent phase to the lytic phase and cause targeted dysregulation of the host immune system, leading to the development of EBV-related diseases. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of developing an immune response to EBV and the evasion of immune recognition by EBV is important for the understanding of the pathogenesis of EBV, which is of great significance for finding strategies to prevent EBV infection, and developing a therapy to treat EBV-associated diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of host immunological responses to EBV infection and the mechanisms of EBV-mediated immune evasion during chronic active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijing Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxue Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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22
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Yang L, Pu J, Cai F, Zhang Y, Gao R, Zhuang S, Liang Y, Wu Z, Pan S, Song J, Han F, Tang J, Wang X. Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection: A potential junction between primary Sjögren's syndrome and lymphoma. Cytokine 2023; 168:156227. [PMID: 37244248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that targets exocrine glands, leading to exocrine dysfunction. Due to its propensity to infect epithelial and B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is hypothesized to be related with pSS. Through molecular mimicry, the synthesis of specific antigens, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, EBV contributes to the development of pSS. Lymphoma is the most lethal outcome of EBV infection and the development of pSS. As a population-wide virus, EBV has had a significant role in the development of lymphoma in people with pSS. In the review, we will discuss the possible causes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufei Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jincheng Pu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Feiyang Cai
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute and Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ronglin Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shuqi Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shengnan Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jiamin Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
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23
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Murata T. Tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus: Diverse functions, complex networks, and oncogenesis. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200260. [PMID: 37169175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument is the structure between the envelope and nucleocapsid of herpesvirus particles. Viral (and cellular) proteins accumulate to create the layers of the tegument. Some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tegument proteins are conserved widely in Herpesviridae, but others are shared only by members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. As the interface to envelope and nucleocapsid, the tegument functions in virion morphogenesis and budding of the nucleocapsid during progeny production. When a virus particle enters a cell, enzymes such as kinase and deubiquitinase, and transcriptional activators are released from the virion to promote virus infection. Moreover, some EBV tegument proteins are involved in oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the roles of EBV tegument proteins, in comparison to those of other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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24
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Caruso LB, Maestri D, Tempera I. Three-Dimensional Chromatin Structure of the EBV Genome: A Crucial Factor in Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1088. [PMID: 37243174 PMCID: PMC10222312 DOI: 10.3390/v15051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human gamma-herpesvirus that is widespread worldwide. To this day, about 200,000 cancer cases per year are attributed to EBV infection. EBV is capable of infecting both B cells and epithelial cells. Upon entry, viral DNA reaches the nucleus and undergoes a process of circularization and chromatinization and establishes a latent lifelong infection in host cells. There are different types of latency all characterized by different expressions of latent viral genes correlated with a different three-dimensional architecture of the viral genome. There are multiple factors involved in the regulation and maintenance of this three-dimensional organization, such as CTCF, PARP1, MYC and Nuclear Lamina, emphasizing its central role in latency maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Maestri
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.B.C.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Italo Tempera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.B.C.); (D.M.)
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25
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Li S, Yang L, Li Y, Yue W, Xin S, Li J, Long S, Zhang W, Cao P, Lu J. Epstein-Barr Virus Synergizes with BRD7 to Conquer c-Myc-Mediated Viral Latency Maintenance via Chromatin Remodeling. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0123722. [PMID: 36728436 PMCID: PMC10101146 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01237-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) switches between latent and lytic phases in hosts, which is important in the development of related diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of controlling the viral biphasic life cycle and how EBV mediates this regulation remain largely unknown. This study identified bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7) as a crucial host protein in EBV latent infection. Based on the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing of endogenous BRD7 in Burkitt lymphoma cells, we found that EBV drove BRD7 to regulate cellular and viral genomic loci, including the transcriptional activation of c-Myc, a recently reported regulator of EBV latency. Additionally, EBV-mediated BRD7 signals were enriched around the FUSE (far-upstream sequence element) site in chromosome 8 and the enhancer LOC108348026 in the lgH locus, which might activate the c-Myc alleles. Mechanically, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) bound to BRD7 and colocalized at promoter regions of the related genes, thus serving as cofactors for the maintenance of viral latency. Moreover, the disruption of BRD7 decreased the c-Myc expression, induced the BZLF1 expression, and reactivated the lytic cycle. Our findings reveal the unique role of BRD7 to synergize with EBV in maintaining the viral latency state via chromatin remodeling. This study paves the way for understanding the new molecular mechanism of EBV-induced chromatin remodeling and latent-lytic switch, providing novel therapeutic candidate targets for EBV persistent infection. IMPORTANCE When establishing persistent infection in most human hosts, EBV is usually latent. How the viral latency is maintained in cells remains largely unknown. c-Myc was recently reported to act as a controller of the lytic switch, while whether and how EBV regulates it remain to be explored. Here, we identified that BRD7 is involved in controlling EBV latency. We found that EBV-mediated BRD7 was enriched in both the normal promoter regions and the translocation alleles of c-Myc, and disruption of BRD7 decreased c-Myc expression to reactivate the lytic cycle. We also demonstrated that EBV-encoded EBNA1 bound to and regulated BRD7. Therefore, we reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV can regulate its infection state by coordinating with host BRD7 to target c-Myc. Our findings will help future therapeutic intervention strategies for EBV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sijing Long
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Williams MV, Mena-Palomo I, Cox B, Ariza ME. EBV dUTPase: A Novel Modulator of Inflammation and the Tumor Microenvironment in EBV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:855. [PMID: 36765813 PMCID: PMC9913121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that put into question the classical dogma that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exists in cells as either a lytic virus in which new progeny is produced or in a latent state in which no progeny is produced. Notably, a third state has now been described, known as the abortive-lytic phase, which is characterized by the expression of some immediate early (IE) and early (E) genes, but no new virus progeny is produced. While the function of these IE and E gene products is not well understood, several recent studies support the concept they may contribute to tumor promotion by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). The mechanisms by which these viral gene products may contribute to tumorigenesis remain unclear; however, it has been proposed that some of them promote cellular growth, immune evasion, and/or inhibit apoptosis. One of these EBV early gene products is the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) encoded by BLLF3, which not only contributes to the establishment of latency through the production of activin A and IL-21, but it may also alter the TME, thus promoting oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall V. Williams
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Irene Mena-Palomo
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brandon Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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A New Insight Into p53-Inhibiting Genes in Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Adenocarcinoma. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:34-45. [PMID: 36624687 PMCID: PMC9971710 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background The p53 mutation is uncommon in Epstein–Barr virus-linked gastric carcinoma, but its suppression occurs through mechanisms such as ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (USP7) inhibitions via Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of EBNA1 on p53-inhibiting gene expression and the impact of USP7 inhibition on p53 suppression. Methods MKN-45 cells were transfected with the EBNA1 plasmid. A stable EBNA1 expression cell line was developed through selection based on hygromycin B resistance. Murine double minute (MDM)4, MDM2, sirtuin (SIRT)3, histone deacetylase (HDAC)1, proteasome 26S subunit, Non-ATPase (PSMD)10, USP7, and p53 expression were checked using real-time PCR. Also, cells containing EBNA1 or control plasmid were treated with GNE-6776, and the expression of the interested genes and cell survival were assessed. Results MDM4, MDM2, and PSMD10 were significantly upregulated in the MKN-45 cell line following EBNA1 transfection. Morphological changes were observed in the cells harboring EBNA1 after 20 days. In the control cells, USP7 inhibition significantly upregulated the HDAC1, PSMD10, MDM4, and MDM2 genes after 24 h, but downregulated these genes after four days. In the EBNA1-harboring cells, MDM2, MDM4, and PSMD10 genes were significantly upregulated after 24 h, and this effect was sustained for all genes except for MDM4, even after four days. Furthermore, USP7 inhibition induced apoptosis in both cell groups. Conclusion EBNA1 enhances the expression of p53-inhibiting genes. Two events—p53 protein overexpression and apoptosis activation—followed the suppression of the USP7 protein and provided evidence for its possible function. The significance of the EBNA1-USP7 interaction in p53 suppression warrants additional investigation and possibly reconsideration.
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28
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Interplay between activation of endogenous retroviruses and inflammation as common pathogenic mechanism in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:242-252. [PMID: 36270439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are ancestorial retroviral elements that were integrated into our genome through germline infections and insertions during evolution. They have repeatedly been implicated in the aetiology and pathophysiology of numerous human disorders, particularly in those that affect the central nervous system. In addition to the known association of ERVs with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a growing number of studies links the induction and expression of these retroviral elements with the onset and severity of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Although these disorders differ in terms of overall disease pathology and causalities, a certain degree of (subclinical) chronic inflammation can be identified in all of them. Based on these commonalities, we discuss the bidirectional relationship between ERV expression and inflammation and highlight that numerous entry points to this reciprocal sequence of events exist, including initial infections with ERV-activating pathogens, exposure to non-infectious inflammatory stimuli, and conditions in which epigenetic silencing of ERV elements is disrupted.
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29
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Friedman MJ, Lee H, Kwon YC, Oh S. Dynamics of Viral and Host 3D Genome Structure upon Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1515-1526. [PMID: 36398441 PMCID: PMC9843816 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromatin is highly organized in the 3D nuclear space and dynamically regulated in response to environmental stimuli. This genomic organization is arranged in a hierarchical fashion to support various cellular functions, including transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Like other host cellular mechanisms, viral pathogens utilize and modulate host chromatin architecture and its regulatory machinery to control features of their life cycle, such as lytic versus latent status. Combined with previous research focusing on individual loci, recent global genomic studies employing conformational assays coupled with high-throughput sequencing technology have informed models for host and, in some cases, viral 3D chromosomal structure re-organization during infection and the contribution of these alterations to virus-mediated diseases. Here, we review recent discoveries and progress in host and viral chromatin structural dynamics during infection, focusing on a subset of DNA (human herpesviruses and HPV) as well as RNA (HIV, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) viruses. An understanding of how host and viral genomic structure affect gene expression in both contexts and ultimately viral pathogenesis can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyer J. Friedman
- Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haram Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infections, Korean Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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30
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Luo H, Liu D, Liu W, Jin J, Bi X, Zhang P, Gu J, Zheng M, Xiao M, Liu X, Zhou J, Wang QF. Clinical and genetic characterization of Epstein-Barr virus-associated T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 151:1096-1109. [PMID: 36423698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated T-/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphoproliferative diseases clinically take on various forms, ranging from an indolent course to an aggressive condition. OBJECTIVE Clinically, failure to establish precise diagnosis and provide proper treatment makes it difficult to help patients. We sought to better understand the underlying pathogenesis and to identify genetic prognostic factors to achieve better treatment efficacy. METHODS In this study, 119 cases of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases, including EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (n = 46) and chronic active EBV disease of T/NK cell type (n = 73), were retrospectively examined. RESULTS Adults aged >20 years at onset accounted for 71.4% of our cohort. About 54.6% patients with unfavorable overall survival developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and had higher plasma EBV load. Allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation was the sole independent favorable factor. We systematically screened germline and somatic aberrations by whole-exome and targeted sequencing. Among 372 antiviral immunity genes, germline variants of 8 genes were significantly enriched. From a panel of 24 driver genes, somatic mutations were frequently identified in dominant EBV-infected T/NK cells. Patients carrying any germline/somatic aberrations in epigenetic modifiers and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway had worse overall survival than those without 2 type aberrations. Importantly, patients with IFIH1 and/or DDX3X aberrations in the RLR pathway had higher plasma and NK-cell EBV load. Knockdown of DDX3X in NKYS cells downregulated RLR signaling activities and elevated the expression of EBV-encoded oncogenes such as LMP1 and EBNA1. CONCLUSION Genetic defects were prevalent in adult EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients and patients with chronic active EBV disease of T/NK cell type; these defects were associated with unfavorable prognosis. These findings can help clinicians work out more precise staging of the condition and provide new insights into these EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian-Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Solomay TV, Semenenko TA. [Epstein-Barr viral infection is a global epidemiological problem]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:265-273. [PMID: 36097708 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies devoted to Epstein-Barr viral infection (EBV infection) has been growing in recent years. However, they all relate to the clinical aspects of this problem. Epidemiology issues remain practically unexplored. A review of domestic and foreign publications has shown that at the present stage there is a high intensity of the epidemic process of EBV infection both in Russia and abroad. The main indicators of unfavorable epidemiological situation are the ubiquitous spread of the pathogen and the increase in the incidence of infectious mononucleosis in recent years. The deterioration of the epidemic situation of EBV infection is influenced by changes in the immunological reactivity of various population groups due to the spread of HIV, HBV, HCV, the causative agent of tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. The above makes it possible to classify the problem as a global one and determines the need for the rapid implementation of the system of epidemiological surveillance of EBV infection and optimization of the complex of preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Reducing the burden of EBV is possible only with the consolidated participation of specialists of various profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Solomay
- Interregional Department No. 1 of the FMBA of Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - T A Semenenko
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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Guo R, Liang JH, Zhang Y, Lutchenkov M, Li Z, Wang Y, Trujillo-Alonso V, Puri R, Giulino-Roth L, Gewurz BE. Methionine metabolism controls the B cell EBV epigenome and viral latency. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1280-1297.e9. [PMID: 36070681 PMCID: PMC9482757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) subverts host epigenetic pathways to switch between viral latency programs, colonize the B cell compartment, and reactivate. Within memory B cells, the reservoir for lifelong infection, EBV genomic DNA and histone methylation marks restrict gene expression. But this epigenetic strategy also enables EBV-infected tumors, including Burkitt lymphomas, to evade immune detection. Little is known about host cell metabolic pathways that support EBV epigenome landscapes. We therefore used amino acid restriction, metabolomic, and CRISPR approaches to identify that an abundant methionine supply and interconnecting methionine and folate cycles maintain Burkitt EBV gene silencing. Methionine restriction, or methionine cycle perturbation, hypomethylated EBV genomes and de-repressed latent membrane protein and lytic gene expression. Methionine metabolism also shaped EBV latency gene regulation required for B cell immortalization. Dietary methionine restriction altered murine Burkitt xenograft metabolomes and de-repressed EBV immunogens in vivo. These results highlight epigenetic/immunometabolism crosstalk supporting the EBV B cell life cycle and suggest therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jin Hua Liang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Lutchenkov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhixuan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vicenta Trujillo-Alonso
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Patra SK, Szyf M. Epigenetic perspectives of COVID-19: Virus infection to disease progression and therapeutic control. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166527. [PMID: 36002132 PMCID: PMC9393109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused numerous deaths as well as imposed social isolation and upheaval world-wide. Although, the genome and the composition of the virus, the entry process and replication mechanisms are well investigated from by several laboratories across the world, there are many unknown remaining questions. For example, what are the functions of membrane lipids during entry, packaging and exit of virus particles? Also, the metabolic aspects of the infected tissue cells are poorly understood. In the course of virus replication and formation of virus particles within the host cell, the enhanced metabolic activities of the host is directly proportional to viral loads. The epigenetic landscape of the host cells is also altered, particularly the expression/repression of genes associated with cellular metabolism as well as cellular processes that are antagonistic to the virus. Metabolic pathways are enzyme driven processes and the expression profile and mechanism of regulations of the respective genes encoding those enzymes during the course of pathogen invasion might be highly informative on the course of the disease. Recently, the metabolic profile of the patients' sera have been analysed from few patients. In view of this, and to gain further insights into the roles that epigenetic mechanisms might play in this scenario in regulation of metabolic pathways during the progression of COVID-19 are discussed and summarised in this contribution for ensuring best therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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34
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Albanese M, Tagawa T, Hammerschmidt W. Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955603. [PMID: 35935191 PMCID: PMC9355577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Hammerschmidt,
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35
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Liu Y, Li Y, Bao H, Liu Y, Chen L, Huang H. Epstein-Barr Virus Tegument Protein BKRF4 is a Histone Chaperone. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167756. [PMID: 35870648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone chaperones, which constitute an interaction and functional network involved in all aspects of histone metabolism, have to date been identified only in eukaryotes. The Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BKRF4 is a histone-binding protein that engages histones H2A-H2B and H3-H4, and cellular chromatin, inhibiting the host DNA damage response. Here, we identified BKRF4 as a bona fide viral histone chaperone whose histone-binding domain (HBD) forms a co-chaperone complex with the human histone chaperone ASF1 in vitro. We determined the crystal structures of the quaternary complex of the BKRF4 HBD with human H3-H4 dimer and the histone chaperone ASF1b and the ternary complex of the BKRF4 HBD with human H2A-H2B dimer. Through structural and biochemical studies, we elucidated the molecular basis for H3-H4 and H2A-H2B recognition by BKRF4. We also revealed two conserved motifs, D/EL and DEF/Y/W, within the BKRF4 HBD, which may represent common motifs through which histone chaperones target H3-H4 and H2A-H2B, respectively. In conclusion, our results identify BKRF4 as a histone chaperone encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus, representing a typical histone chaperone found in a non-eukaryote. We envision that more histone chaperones await identification and characterization in DNA viruses and even archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongyu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongda Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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36
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The roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) gene and the genome in patients with EBV-associated diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4413-4426. [PMID: 35763069 PMCID: PMC9259528 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that is closely associated with several malignant and lymphoproliferative diseases. Studies have shown that the typical characteristic of EBV-associated diseases is aberrant methylation of viral DNA and the host genome. EBV gene methylation helps EBV escape from immune monitoring and persist in host cells. EBV controls viral gene promoter methylation by hijacking host epigenetic machinery to regulate the expression of viral genes. EBV proteins also interact with host epigenetic regulatory factors to mediate the methylation of the host’s important tumour suppressor gene promoters, thereby participating in the occurrence of tumorigenesis. Since epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are reversible in nature, drugs that target DNA methylation can be developed for epigenetic therapy against EBV-associated tumours. Various methylation modes in the host and EBV genomes may also be of diagnostic and prognostic value. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of EBV gene and host genome in EBV-associated diseases, proposes the application prospect of DNA methylation in early clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provides insight into methylation-based strategies against EBV-associated diseases. Key points • Methylation of both the host and EBV genomes plays an important role in EBV-associateddiseases. • The functions of methylation of the host and EBV genomes in the occurrence and development of EBV-associated diseases are diverse. • Methylation may be a therapeutic target or biomarker in EBV-associated diseases.
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37
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051017. [PMID: 35632758 PMCID: PMC9146158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.
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38
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Phung Q, Lin MJ, Xie H, Greninger AL. Fragment Size-Based Enrichment of Viral Sequences in Plasma Cell-Free DNA. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:476-484. [PMID: 35569878 PMCID: PMC9127460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a promising milieu for broad-based cancer and infectious disease diagnostics. The performance of cfDNA sequencing for infectious disease diagnostics is chiefly limited by inadequate analytical sensitivity. The current study investigated whether the analytical sensitivity of cfDNA sequencing for viral diagnostics could be improved by selective sequencing of short cfDNA fragments, given prior observations of shorter fragment size distribution in microbial and cytomegalovirus-derived cfDNA compared with human-derived cfDNA. It shows that the shorter plasma cfDNA fragment size distribution is a general feature of multiple DNA viruses, including adenovirus [interquartile range (IQR), 87 to 165 bp], herpes simplex virus 2 (IQR, 114 to 195 bp), human herpesvirus 6 (IQR, 145 to 176 bp), and varicella zoster virus (IQR, 98 to 182 bp), compared with human (IQR, 148 to 178 bp). It was used to further optimize a size selection-based cfDNA sequencing method, demonstrating an enrichment of viral sequences up to 16.6-fold, with a median fold enrichment of 6.7×, 4.6×, 2.2×, and 10.3× for adenovirus, herpes simplex virus 2, human herpesvirus 6, and varicella zoster virus, respectively. These findings demonstrate a simple yet scalable method for enhanced detection of DNA viremia that maintains the unbiased nature of cfDNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Phung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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39
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Caruso LB, Guo R, Keith K, Madzo J, Maestri D, Boyle S, Wasserman J, Kossenkov A, Gewurz BE, Tempera I. The nuclear lamina binds the EBV genome during latency and regulates viral gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010400. [PMID: 35421198 PMCID: PMC9009669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infects almost 95% of the population worldwide. While typically asymptomatic, EBV latent infection is associated with several malignancies of epithelial and lymphoid origin in immunocompromised individuals. In latently infected cells, the EBV genome persists as a chromatinized episome that expresses a limited set of viral genes in different patterns, referred to as latency types, which coincide with varying stages of infection and various malignancies. We have previously demonstrated that latency types correlate with differences in the composition and structure of the EBV episome. Several cellular factors, including the nuclear lamina, regulate chromatin composition and architecture. While the interaction of the viral genome with the nuclear lamina has been studied in the context of EBV lytic reactivation, the role of the nuclear lamina in controlling EBV latency has not been investigated. Here, we report that the nuclear lamina is an essential epigenetic regulator of the EBV episome. We observed that in B cells, EBV infection affects the composition of the nuclear lamina by inducing the expression of lamin A/C, but only in EBV+ cells expressing the Type III latency program. Using ChIP-Seq, we determined that lamin B1 and lamin A/C bind the EBV genome, and their binding correlates with deposition of the histone repressive mark H3K9me2. By RNA-Seq, we observed that knock-out of lamin A/C in B cells alters EBV gene expression. Our data indicate that the interaction between lamins and the EBV episome contributes to the epigenetic control of viral gene expression during latency, suggesting a restrictive function of the nuclear lamina as part of the host response against viral DNA entry into the nucleus. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong latent infection in a small fraction of B cells of the infected individuals. In most cases, EBV infection is asymptomatic; however, especially in the context of immune suppression, EBV latent infection is associated with several malignancies. In EBV+ cancer cells, latent viral gene expression plays an essential role in sustaining the cancer phenotype. We and others have established that epigenetic modifications of the viral genome are critical to regulating EBV gene expression during latency. Understanding how the EBV genome is epigenetically regulated during latent infection may help identify new specific therapeutic targets for treating EBV+ malignancies. The nuclear lamina is involved in regulating the composition and structure of the cellular chromatin. In the present study, we determined that the nuclear lamina binds the EBV genome during latency, influencing viral gene expression. Depleting one component of the nuclear lamina, lamin A/C, increased the expression of latent EBV genes associated with cellular proliferation, indicating that the binding of the nuclear lamina with the viral genome is essential to control viral gene expression in infected cells. Our data show for the first time that the nuclear lamina may be involved in the cellular response against EBV infection by restricting viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Keith
- The Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jozef Madzo
- The Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Davide Maestri
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Boyle
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Wasserman
- The Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Italo Tempera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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40
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Yiu SPT, Guo R, Zerbe C, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. Epstein-Barr virus BNRF1 destabilizes SMC5/6 cohesin complexes to evade its restriction of replication compartments. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110411. [PMID: 35263599 PMCID: PMC8981113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects people worldwide. Delivery of ∼170-kb EBV genomes to nuclei and use of nuclear membrane-less replication compartments (RCs) for their lytic cycle amplification necessitate evasion of intrinsic antiviral responses. Proteomics analysis indicates that, upon B cell infection or lytic reactivation, EBV depletes the cohesin SMC5/6, which has major roles in chromosome maintenance and DNA damage repair. The major tegument protein BNRF1 targets SMC5/6 complexes by a ubiquitin proteasome pathway dependent on calpain proteolysis and Cullin-7. In the absence of BNRF1, SMC5/6 associates with R-loop structures, including at the viral lytic origin of replication, and interferes with RC formation and encapsidation. CRISPR analysis identifies RC restriction roles of SMC5/6 components involved in DNA entrapment and SUMOylation. Our study highlights SMC5/6 as an intrinsic immune sensor and restriction factor for a human herpesvirus RC and has implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cassie Zerbe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Manara F, Jay A, Odongo GA, Mure F, Maroui MA, Diederichs A, Sirand C, Cuenin C, Granai M, Mundo L, Hernandez-Vargas H, Lazzi S, Khoueiry R, Gruffat H, Herceg Z, Accardi R. Epigenetic Alteration of the Cancer-Related Gene TGFBI in B Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus and Exposed to Aflatoxin B1: Potential Role in Burkitt Lymphoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1284. [PMID: 35267594 PMCID: PMC8909323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a malignant B cell neoplasm that accounts for almost half of pediatric cancers in sub-Saharan African countries. Although the BL endemic prevalence is attributable to the combination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with malaria and environmental carcinogens exposure, such as the food contaminant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the molecular determinants underlying the pathogenesis are not fully understood. Consistent with the role of epigenetic mechanisms at the interface between the genome and environment, AFB1 and EBV impact the methylome of respectively leukocytes and B cells specifically. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation of common epigenomic changes following EBV or AFB1 exposure in B cells. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identified an EBV-AFB1 common signature within the TGFBI locus, which encodes for a putative tumor suppressor often altered in cancer. Subsequent mechanistic analyses confirmed a DNA-methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing of TGFBI involving the recruitment of DNMT1 methyltransferase that is associated with an activation of the NF-κB pathway. Our results reveal a potential common mechanism of B cell transformation shared by the main risk factors of endemic BL (EBV and AFB1), suggesting a key determinant of disease that could allow the development of more efficient targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Manara
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Antonin Jay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Fabrice Mure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohamed Ali Maroui
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Audrey Diederichs
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Massimo Granai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | | | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
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Xia W, Chen H, Feng Y, Shi N, Huang Z, Feng Q, Jiang X, He G, Xie M, Lai Y, Wang Z, Yi X, Tang A. Tree Shrew Is a Suitable Animal Model for the Study of Epstein Barr Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 12:789604. [PMID: 35111158 PMCID: PMC8801525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that latently infects approximately 95% of adults and is associated with a spectrum of human diseases including Infectious Mononucleosis and a variety of malignancies. However, understanding the pathogenesis, vaccines and antiviral drugs for EBV-associated disease has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. Tree shrew is a novel laboratory animal with a close phylogenetic relationship to primates, which is a critical advantage for many animal models for human disease, especially viral infections. Herein, we first identified the key residues in the CR2 receptor that bind the gp350 protein and facilitate viral entry. We found that tree shrew shares 100% sequence identity with humans in these residues, which is much higher than rabbits (50%) and rats (25%). In vitro analysis showed that B lymphocytes of tree shrews are susceptible to EBV infection and replication, as well as EBV-enhanced cell proliferation. Moreover, results of in vivo experiments show that EBV infection in tree shrews resembles EBV infection in humans. The infected animals exhibited transient fever and loss of weight accompanied by neutropenia and high viremia levels during the acute phase of the viral infection. Thereafter, tree shrews acted as asymptomatic carriers of the virus in most cases that EBV-related protein could be detected in blood and tissues. However, a resurgence of EBV infection occurred at 49 dpi. Nanopore transcriptomic sequencing of peripheral blood in EBV-infected animals revealed the dynamic changes in biological processes occurring during EBV primary infection. Importantly, we find that neutrophil function was impaired in tree shrew model as well as human Infectious Mononucleosis datasets (GSE85599 and GSE45918). In addition, retrospective case reviews suggested that neutropenia may play an important role in EBV escaping host innate immune response, leading to long-term latent infection. Our findings demonstrated that tree shrew is a suitable animal model to evaluate the mechanisms of EBV infection, and for developing vaccines and therapeutic drugs against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Zongjian Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Guangyao He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Mao Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Yongjin Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
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Petrova-Drus K, Quesada AE, Bowman AS, Ptashkin R, Yao J, Arcila ME, Ho C, Moung C, Regalado J, Benayed R, Benhamida JK, Galera PK, Dogan A, Vanderbilt C. Quantitative Off-Target Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus-Derived DNA in Routine Molecular Profiling of Hematopoietic Neoplasms by Panel-Based Hybrid-Capture Next-Generation Sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:69-78. [PMID: 34801704 PMCID: PMC8802759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with hematologic and solid tumors. We utilized a hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform targeting 400 genes associated with hematological malignancies to detect and quantify nontargeted viral-derived EBV reads that aligned to the EBV reference contig (NC_007605). We evaluated 5234 samples from 3636 unique patients with hematological neoplasms and found that 100 samples (1.9%) in 93 unique patients had ≥6 EBV reads (range, 6 to 32,325; mean, 827.5; median, 54). Most (n = 73, 73%) represented known EBV-associated conditions, and the most common was post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (n = 21, 29%). Documented EBV viremia was found in 4 of 27 samples with a moderate quantity of EBV reads and conditions not known to be EBV associated, whereas suspected viremia or low-level activation was likely in the remaining 23 samples. A good correlation (Spearman r = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.74-0.85) was found between EBV reads by NGS and systematic semiquantitative EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization in 162 available samples, particularly at greater EBV involvement. An optimal threshold for significant morphologic EBV involvement was found to be ≥10 reads by the receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under the curve, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.9974%-1.000%). Thus, in addition to mutational analysis, hybrid-capture-based NGS panels can detect and quantitate off-target EBV-derived viral DNA, which correlates well with morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Petrova-Drus
- Address correspondence to Kseniya Petrova-Drus, M.D., Ph.D., Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, 1275 York Ave., C-563-C, New York, NY 10065.
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44
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Bernaudat F, Gustems M, Günther J, Oliva MF, Buschle A, Göbel C, Pagniez P, Lupo J, Signor L, Müller CW, Morand P, Sattler M, Hammerschmidt W, Petosa C. Structural basis of DNA methylation-dependent site selectivity of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch protein ZEBRA/Zta/BZLF1. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:490-511. [PMID: 34893887 PMCID: PMC8754650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) alternates between latency and lytic replication. The viral bZIP transcription factor ZEBRA (Zta, BZLF1) regulates this cycle by binding to two classes of ZEBRA response elements (ZREs): CpG-free motifs resembling the consensus AP-1 site recognized by cellular bZIP proteins and CpG-containing motifs that are selectively bound by ZEBRA upon cytosine methylation. We report structural and mutational analysis of ZEBRA bound to a CpG-methylated ZRE (meZRE) from a viral lytic promoter. ZEBRA recognizes the CpG methylation marks through a ZEBRA-specific serine and a methylcytosine-arginine-guanine triad resembling that found in canonical methyl-CpG binding proteins. ZEBRA preferentially binds the meZRE over the AP-1 site but mutating the ZEBRA-specific serine to alanine inverts this selectivity and abrogates viral replication. Our findings elucidate a DNA methylation-dependent switch in ZEBRA's transactivation function that enables ZEBRA to bind AP-1 sites and promote viral latency early during infection and subsequently, under appropriate conditions, to trigger EBV lytic replication by binding meZREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Montse Gustems
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Johannes Günther
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Gaching, Germany
| | - Mizar F Oliva
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexander Buschle
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Priscilla Pagniez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Lupo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Luca Signor
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrice Morand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Gaching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Carlo Petosa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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46
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De Novo Polycomb Recruitment: Lessons from Latent Herpesviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081470. [PMID: 34452335 PMCID: PMC8402699 DOI: 10.3390/v13081470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Herpesviruses persist in the form of a latent infection in specialized cell types. During latency, the herpesvirus genomes associate with cellular histone proteins and the viral lytic genes assemble into transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin. Although there is divergence in the nature of heterochromatin on latent herpesvirus genomes, in general, the genomes assemble into forms of heterochromatin that can convert to euchromatin to permit gene expression and therefore reactivation. This reversible form of heterochromatin is known as facultative heterochromatin and is most commonly characterized by polycomb silencing. Polycomb silencing is prevalent on the cellular genome and plays a role in developmentally regulated and imprinted genes, as well as X chromosome inactivation. As herpesviruses initially enter the cell in an un-chromatinized state, they provide an optimal system to study how de novo facultative heterochromatin is targeted to regions of DNA and how it contributes to silencing. Here, we describe how polycomb-mediated silencing potentially assembles onto herpesvirus genomes, synergizing what is known about herpesvirus latency with facultative heterochromatin targeting to the cellular genome. A greater understanding of polycomb silencing of herpesviruses will inform on the mechanism of persistence and reactivation of these pathogenic human viruses and provide clues regarding how de novo facultative heterochromatin forms on the cellular genome.
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Soldan SS, Su C, Lamontagne RJ, Grams N, Lu F, Zhang Y, Gesualdi JD, Frase DM, Tolvinski LE, Martin K, Messick TE, Fingerut JT, Koltsova E, Kossenkov A, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic Plasticity Enables CNS-Trafficking of EBV-infected B Lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009618. [PMID: 34106998 PMCID: PMC8216538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Subpopulations of B-lymphocytes traffic to different sites and organs to provide diverse and tissue-specific functions. Here, we provide evidence that epigenetic differences confer a neuroinvasive phenotype. An EBV+ B cell lymphoma cell line (M14) with low frequency trafficking to the CNS was neuroadapted to generate a highly neuroinvasive B-cell population (MUN14). MUN14 B cells efficiently infiltrated the CNS within one week and produced neurological pathologies. We compared the gene expression profiles of viral and cellular genes using RNA-Seq and identified one viral (EBNA1) and several cellular gene candidates, including secreted phosphoprotein 1/osteopontin (SPP1/OPN), neuron navigator 3 (NAV3), CXCR4, and germinal center-associated signaling and motility protein (GCSAM) that were selectively upregulated in MUN14. ATAC-Seq and ChIP-qPCR revealed that these gene expression changes correlated with epigenetic changes at gene regulatory elements. The neuroinvasive phenotype could be attenuated with a neutralizing antibody to OPN, confirming the functional role of this protein in trafficking EBV+ B cells to the CNS. These studies indicate that B-cell trafficking to the CNS can be acquired by epigenetic adaptations and provide a new model to study B-cell neuroinvasion associated CNS lymphoma and autoimmune disease of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Soldan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chenhe Su
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas Grams
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James D. Gesualdi
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Frase
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lois E. Tolvinski
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kayla Martin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Troy E. Messick
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Ekaterina Koltsova
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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49
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Bouvet M, Voigt S, Tagawa T, Albanese M, Chen YFA, Chen Y, Fachko DN, Pich D, Göbel C, Skalsky RL, Hammerschmidt W. Multiple Viral microRNAs Regulate Interferon Release and Signaling Early during Infection with Epstein-Barr Virus. mBio 2021; 12:e03440-20. [PMID: 33785626 PMCID: PMC8092300 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03440-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, encodes 44 microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate many genes with various functions in EBV-infected cells. Multiple target genes of the EBV miRNAs have been identified, some of which play important roles in adaptive antiviral immune responses. Using EBV mutant derivatives, we identified additional roles of viral miRNAs in governing versatile type I interferon (IFN) responses upon infection of human primary mature B cells. We also found that Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and LF2, viral genes with previously reported functions in inducing or regulating IFN-I pathways, had negligible or even contrary effects on secreted IFN-α in our model. Data mining and Ago PAR-CLIP experiments uncovered more than a dozen previously uncharacterized, direct cellular targets of EBV miRNA associated with type I IFN pathways. We also identified indirect targets of EBV miRNAs in B cells, such as TRL7 and TLR9, in the prelatent phase of infection. The presence of epigenetically naive, non-CpG methylated viral DNA was essential to induce IFN-α secretion during EBV infection in a TLR9-dependent manner. In a newly established fusion assay, we verified that EBV virions enter a subset of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and determined that these infected pDCs are the primary producers of IFN-α in EBV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings document that many EBV-encoded miRNAs regulate type I IFN response in newly EBV infected primary human B cells in the prelatent phase of infection and dampen the acute release of IFN-α in pDCs upon their encounter with EBV.IMPORTANCE Acute antiviral functions of all nucleated cells rely on type I interferon (IFN-I) pathways triggered upon viral infection. Host responses encompass the sensing of incoming viruses, the activation of specific transcription factors that induce the transcription of IFN-I genes, the secretion of different IFN-I types and their recognition by the heterodimeric IFN-α/β receptor, the subsequent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and, finally, the transcription of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In sum, these cellular functions establish a so-called antiviral state in infected and neighboring cells. To counteract these cellular defense mechanisms, viruses have evolved diverse strategies and encode gene products that target antiviral responses. Among such immune-evasive factors are viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that can interfere with host gene expression. We discovered that multiple miRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) control over a dozen cellular genes that contribute to the antiviral states of immune cells, specifically B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We identified the viral DNA genome as the activator of IFN-α and question the role of abundant EBV EBERs, that, contrary to previous reports, do not have an apparent inducing function in the IFN-I pathway early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Bouvet
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Fu Adam Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020277. [PMID: 33670195 PMCID: PMC7916951 DOI: 10.3390/v13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
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