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Peng Y, Liang Z, Cai M, Wang J, Li D, Chen Q, Du X, Gu R, Wang G, Schnable PS, Wang J, Li L. ZmPTOX1, a plastid terminal oxidase, contributes to redox homeostasis during seed development and germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:460-477. [PMID: 38678554 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Maize plastid terminal oxidase1 (ZmPTOX1) plays a pivotal role in seed development by upholding redox balance within seed plastids. This study focuses on characterizing the white kernel mutant 3735 (wk3735) mutant, which yields pale-yellow seeds characterized by heightened protein but reduced carotenoid levels, along with delayed germination compared to wild-type (WT) seeds. We successfully cloned and identified the target gene ZmPTOX1, responsible for encoding maize PTOX-a versatile plastoquinol oxidase and redox sensor located in plastid membranes. While PTOX's established role involves regulating redox states and participating in carotenoid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves and tomato fruits, our investigation marks the first exploration of its function in storage organs lacking a photosynthetic system. Through our research, we validated the existence of plastid-localized ZmPTOX1, existing as a homomultimer, and established its interaction with ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase 1 (ZmFNR1), a crucial component of the electron transport chain (ETC). This interaction contributes to the maintenance of redox equilibrium within plastids. Our findings indicate a propensity for excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wk3735 seeds. Beyond its known role in carotenoids' antioxidant properties, ZmPTOX1 also impacts ROS homeostasis owing to its oxidizing function. Altogether, our results underscore the critical involvement of ZmPTOX1 in governing seed development and germination by preserving redox balance within the seed plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Delin Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Quanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Riliang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Patrick S Schnable
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, 2035 Roy J. Carver Co-Lab, Ames, 50011-3650, Iowa, USA
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology (MOA), College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
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Ezura K, Lu Y, Suzuki Y, Mitsuda N, Ariizumi T. Class II knotted-like homeodomain protein SlKN5 with BEL1-like homeodomain proteins suppresses fruit greening in tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2037-2054. [PMID: 38577750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Knotted1-like homeodomain (KNOX) proteins are essential in regulating plant organ differentiation. Land plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), have two classes of the KNOX protein family, namely, class I (KNOX I) and class II KNOX (KNOX II). While tomato KNOX I proteins are known to stimulate chloroplast development in fruit, affecting fruit coloration, the role of KNOX II proteins in this context remains unclear. In this study, we employ CRISPR/Cas9 to generate knockout mutants of the KNOX II member, SlKN5. These mutants display increased leaf complexity, a phenotype commonly associated with reduced KNOX II activity, as well as enhanced accumulation of chloroplasts and chlorophylls in smaller cells within young, unripe fruit. RNA-seq data analyses indicate that SlKN5 suppresses the transcriptions of genes involved in chloroplast biogenesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and gibberellin catabolism. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction assays reveal that SlKN5 physically interacts with three transcriptional repressors from the BLH1-clade of BEL1-like homeodomain (BLH) protein family, SlBLH4, SlBLH5, and SlBLH7, with SlBLH7 showing the strongest interaction. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of these SlBLH genes confirmed their overlapping roles in suppressing chloroplast biogenesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and lycopene cyclization. Transient assays further demonstrate that the SlKN5-SlBLH7 interaction enhances binding capacity to regulatory regions of key chloroplast- and chlorophyll-related genes, including SlAPRR2-like1, SlCAB-1C, and SlGUN4. Collectively, our findings elucidate that the KNOX II SlKN5-SlBLH regulatory modules serve to inhibit fruit greening and subsequently promote lycopene accumulation, thereby fine-tuning the color transition from immature green fruit to mature red fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Li A, Lin J, Zeng Z, Deng Z, Tan J, Chen X, Ding G, Zhu M, Xu B, Atkinson RG, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Cheng Y, Deng X, Zeng Y. The kiwifruit amyloplast proteome (kfALP): a resource to better understand the mechanisms underlying amyloplast biogenesis and differentiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:565-583. [PMID: 38159243 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The biogenesis and differentiation (B&D) of amyloplasts contributes to fruit flavor and color. Here, remodeling of starch granules, thylakoids and plastoglobules was observed during development and ripening in two kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) cultivars - yellow-fleshed 'Hort16A' and green-fleshed 'Hayward'. A protocol was developed to purify starch-containing plastids with a high degree of intactness, and amyloplast B&D was studied using label-free-based quantitative proteomic analyses in both cultivars. Over 3000 amyloplast-localized proteins were identified, of which >98% were quantified and defined as the kfALP (kiwifruit amyloplast proteome). The kfALP data were validated by Tandem-Mass-Tag (TMT) labeled proteomics in 'Hort16A'. Analysis of the proteomic data across development and ripening revealed: 1) a conserved increase in the abundance of proteins participating in starch synthesis/degradation during both amyloplast B&D; 2) up-regulation of proteins for chlorophyll degradation and of plastoglobule-localized proteins associated with chloroplast breakdown and plastoglobule formation during amyloplast differentiation; 3) constitutive expression of proteins involved in ATP supply and protein import during amyloplast B&D. Interestingly, two different pathways of amyloplast B&D were observed in the two cultivars. In 'Hayward', significant increases in abundance of photosynthetic- and tetrapyrrole metabolism-related proteins were observed, but the opposite trend was observed in 'Hort16A'. In conclusion, analysis of the kfALP provides new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying amyloplast B&D with relevance to key fruit quality traits in contrasting kiwifruit cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhebin Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jinjuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Gang Ding
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, Auckland, 92169, New Zealand
| | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, Auckland, 92169, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, Auckland, 92169, New Zealand
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
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4
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Rossouw GC, Orr R, Bennett D, Bally ISE. The roles of non-structural carbohydrates in fruiting: a review focusing on mango ( Mangifera indica). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23195. [PMID: 38588720 DOI: 10.1071/fp23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive development of fruiting trees, including mango (Mangifera indica L.), is limited by non-structural carbohydrates. Competition for sugars increases with cropping, and consequently, vegetative growth and replenishment of starch reserves may reduce with high yields, resulting in interannual production variability. While the effect of crop load on photosynthesis and the distribution of starch within the mango tree has been studied, the contribution of starch and sugars to different phases of reproductive development requires attention. This review focuses on mango and examines the roles of non-structural carbohydrates in fruiting trees to clarify the repercussions of crop load on reproductive development. Starch buffers the plant's carbon availability to regulate supply with demand, while sugars provide a direct resource for carbon translocation. Sugar signalling and interactions with phytohormones play a crucial role in flowering, fruit set, growth, ripening and retention, as well as regulating starch, sugar and secondary metabolites in fruit. The balance between the leaf and fruit biomass affects the availability and contributions of starch and sugars to fruiting. Crop load impacts photosynthesis and interactions between sources and sinks. As a result, the onset and rate of reproductive processes are affected, with repercussions for fruit size, composition, and the inter-annual bearing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard C Rossouw
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Ryan Orr
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Dale Bennett
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Ian S E Bally
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
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5
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Köhler M, Reginato M, Jin JJ, Majure LC. More than a spiny morphology: plastome variation in the prickly pear cacti (Opuntieae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:771-786. [PMID: 37467174 PMCID: PMC10799996 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastid genomes (plastomes) have long been recognized as highly conserved in their overall structure, size, gene arrangement and content among land plants. However, recent studies have shown that some lineages present unusual variations in some of these features. Members of the cactus family are one of these lineages, with distinct plastome structures reported across disparate lineages, including gene losses, inversions, boundary movements or loss of the canonical inverted repeat (IR) region. However, only a small fraction of cactus diversity has been analysed so far. METHODS Here, we investigated plastome features of the tribe Opuntieae, the remarkable prickly pear cacti, which represent one of the most diverse and important lineages of Cactaceae. We assembled de novo the plastome of 43 species, representing a comprehensive sampling of the tribe, including all seven genera, and analysed their evolution in a phylogenetic comparative framework. Phylogenomic analyses with different datasets (full plastome sequences and genes only) were performed, followed by congruence analyses to assess signals underlying contentious nodes. KEY RESULTS Plastomes varied considerably in length, from 121 to 162 kbp, with striking differences in the content and size of the IR region (contraction and expansion events), including a lack of the canonical IR in some lineages and the pseudogenization or loss of some genes. Overall, nine different types of plastomes were reported, deviating in the presence of the IR region or the genes contained in the IR. Overall, plastome sequences resolved phylogenetic relationships within major clades of Opuntieae with high bootstrap values but presented some contentious nodes depending on the dataset analysed (e.g. whole plastome vs. genes only). Congruence analyses revealed that most plastidial regions lack phylogenetic resolution, while few markers are supporting the most likely topology. Likewise, alternative topologies are driven by a handful of plastome markers, suggesting recalcitrant nodes in the phylogeny. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a dynamic nature of plastome evolution across closely related lineages, shedding light on peculiar features of plastomes. Variation of plastome types across Opuntieae is remarkable in size, structure and content and can be important for the recognition of species in some major clades. Unravelling connections between the causes of plastome variation and the consequences for species biology, physiology, ecology, diversification and adaptation is a promising and ambitious endeavour in cactus research. Although plastome data resolved major phylogenetic relationships, the generation of nuclear genomic data is necessary to confront these hypotheses and assess the recalcitrant nodes further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Köhler
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jian-Jun Jin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas C Majure
- University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS), Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ying J, Wang Y, Xu L, Yao S, Wang K, Dong J, Ma Y, Wang L, Xie Y, Yan K, Li J, Liu L. RsGLK2.1-RsNF-YA9a module positively regulates the chlorophyll biosynthesis by activating RsHEMA2 in green taproot of radish. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 334:111768. [PMID: 37343602 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically important and widely cultivated root vegetable crop. The coloration of the green skin and green flesh is an important trait influencing the nutrition and flavor quality in fruit radish. GOLDEN2-LIKEs (GLKs) play critically important roles in plastid development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis still remain elusive in green fruit radish taproot. Herein, the RsGLK2.1 gene exhibited higher expression level in taproot with a green skin (GS) and green flesh (GF) than that in taproot of the white or red radish genotypes. RsGLK2.1 is a nuclear transcription factor that has intrinsic transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of RsGLK2.1 increased the total chlorophyll content of 20.68%-45.84% in radish leaves. Knockout of the RsGLK2.1 gene via CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in a significant decrease in the chlorophyll content. Overexpression of the RsGLK2.1 gene could restore the phenotype of the glk1glk2 mutant Arabidopsis. RsGLK2.1 was participated in regulating the chlorophyll biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoter of RsHEMA2 and activating its transcription. The interaction of RsNF-YA9a with RsGLK2.1 increased the transcriptional activity of the downstream gene RsHEMA2 under the light condition rather than the dark condition, indicating that both of them regulate the chlorophyll biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner of radish. Overall, these results provided insights into the molecular framework of the RsGLK2.1-RsNF-YA9a module, and could facilitate dissecting the regulatory mechanism underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis in green taproot of radish, and genetic improvement of quality traits in fruit radish breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuqi Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Junhui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yinbo Ma
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Lun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jingxue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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7
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Bhargava N, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Voogd C, Allan AC. Comparative transcriptomic and plastid development analysis sheds light on the differential carotenoid accumulation in kiwifruit flesh. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213086. [PMID: 37711308 PMCID: PMC10499360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are colorful lipophilic isoprenoids synthesized in all photosynthetic organisms which play roles in plant growth and development and provide numerous health benefits in the human diet (precursor of Vitamin A). The commercially popular kiwifruits are golden yellow-fleshed (Actinidia chinensis) and green fleshed (A. deliciosa) cultivars which have a high carotenoid concentration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis and sequestration of carotenoids in Actinidia species is key to increasing nutritional value of this crop via breeding. In this study we analyzed fruit with varying flesh color from three Actinidia species; orange-fleshed A. valvata (OF), yellow-fleshed A. polygama (YF) and green-fleshed A. arguta (GF). Microscopic analysis revealed that carotenoids accumulated in a crystalline form in YF and OF chromoplasts, with the size of crystals being bigger in OF compared to YF, which also contained globular substructures in the chromoplast. Metabolic profiles were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which showed that β-carotene was the predominant carotenoid in the OF and YF species, while lutein was the dominant carotenoid in the GF species. Global changes in gene expression were studied between OF and GF (both tetraploid) species using RNA-sequencing which showed higher expression levels of upstream carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes such as DXS, PSY, GGPPS, PDS, ZISO, and ZDS in OF species compared to GF. However, low expression of downstream pathway genes was observed in both species. Pathway regulatory genes (OR and OR-L), plastid morphology related genes (FIBRILLIN), chlorophyll degradation genes (SGR, SGR-L, RCCR, and NYC1) were upregulated in OF species compared to GF. This suggests chlorophyll degradation (primarily in the initial ripening stages) is accompanied by increased carotenoid production and localization in orange flesh tissue, a contrast from green flesh tissue. These results suggest a coordinated change in the carotenoid pathway, as well as changes in plastid type, are responsible for an orange phenotype in certain kiwifruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wang X, Bai S, Zhang Z, Zheng F, Song L, Wen L, Guo M, Cheng G, Yao W, Gao Y, Li J. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of 29 tomato germplasms: genome structures, phylogenetic relationships, and adaptive evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1179009. [PMID: 37229122 PMCID: PMC10203424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1179009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to compare and analyze the chloroplast (cp) genomes of tomato germplasms and understand their phylogenetic relationships, the cp genomes of 29 tomato germplasms were sequenced and analyzed in this study. The results showed highly conserved characteristics in structure, number of gene and intron, inverted repeat regions, and repeat sequences among the 29 cp genomes. Moreover, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci with high polymorphism located at 17 fragments were selected as candidate SNP markers for future studies. In the phylogenetic tree, the cp genomes of tomatoes were clustered into two major clades, and the genetic relationship between S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum was very close. In addition, only rps15 showed the highest average K A/K S ratio in the analysis of adaptive evolution, which was strongly positively selected. It may be very important for the study of adaptive evolution and breeding of tomato. In general, this study provides valuable information for further study of phylogenetic relationships, evolution, germplasm identification, and molecular marker-assisted selection breeding of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shengyi Bai
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Fushun Zheng
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lu Wen
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Meng Guo
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guoxin Cheng
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenkong Yao
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanming Gao
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- College of Enology and Horticultrue, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Facility Horticulture (Ningxia University) Technology Innovation Center, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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9
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Nabipour Sanjbod R, Chamani E, Pourbeyrami Hir Y, Estaji A. Autophagic and phytochemical aspects of color changes in white petals of snapdragon flower during development and senescence. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:695-707. [PMID: 37363413 PMCID: PMC10284784 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Color change in petals is a clever strategy to attract more pollinators and one of the attractive features of edible flowers for consumers. Several physiological, phytochemical, and ultrastructural factors are involved in this process. However, this phenomenon is well underexplored in white petals. In this study, we investigated the color changes of the white petals of the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus 'Legend White') flower from different aspects during development and senescence. In the ultrastructural analysis, both epidermal and mesophyll cells were examined. During flower development, plastid transition and autophagy processes led to the fading of the green color of young petals and the reduction of starch content, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The piecemeal chlorophagy was observed in the degradation of starch granules. Leucoplasts were converted into autophagosome-like structures and then disappeared. The presence of these structures was evidence of the transformation of the plastid to the vacuole. As the green color faded, phytochemical compounds were synthesized. With partial flower opening and progression of senescence, pH and phenolic compounds were responsible for color changes. The highest amount of phenolic compound was observed after the flower opening stages. However, Phenolic colored compounds or total anthocyanins became colorless under the influence of low pH. The decrease in starch content caused an increase in the lightness parameter, and the petal color changed to pale yellow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nabipour Sanjbod
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Chamani
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Younes Pourbeyrami Hir
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Asghar Estaji
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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10
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Sierra J, Escobar-Tovar L, Leon P. Plastids: diving into their diversity, their functions, and their role in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2508-2526. [PMID: 36738278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are a group of essential, heterogenous semi-autonomous organelles characteristic of plants that perform photosynthesis and a diversity of metabolic pathways that impact growth and development. Plastids are remarkably dynamic and can interconvert in response to specific developmental and environmental cues, functioning as a central metabolic hub in plant cells. By far the best studied plastid is the chloroplast, but in recent years the combination of modern techniques and genetic analyses has expanded our current understanding of plastid morphological and functional diversity in both model and non-model plants. These studies have provided evidence of an unexpected diversity of plastid subtypes with specific characteristics. In this review, we describe recent findings that provide insights into the characteristics of these specialized plastids and their functions. We concentrate on the emerging evidence that supports the model that signals derived from particular plastid types play pivotal roles in plant development, environmental, and defense responses. Furthermore, we provide examples of how new technologies are illuminating the functions of these specialized plastids and the overall complexity of their differentiation processes. Finally, we discuss future research directions such as the use of ectopic plastid differentiation as a valuable tool to characterize factors involved in plastid differentiation. Collectively, we highlight important advances in the field that can also impact future agricultural and biotechnological improvement in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Lina Escobar-Tovar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
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11
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Salas-Sanjuán MDC, Rebolloso MDM, del Moral F, Valenzuela JL. Use of Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Storage to Improve the Quality and Shelf-Life of Marmande Tomatoes cv. Rojito. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061197. [PMID: 36981124 PMCID: PMC10048657 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of storing Marmande tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum, cv Rojito) under hypobaric conditions was evaluated. The fruits were sorted into four lots of 72 fruits each. One lot was considered as a control, and the fruits were kept in the open box, while the fruits of the rest of the three remaining lots were enclosed in airtight containers and subjected to 101, 75 and 50 Kpa, respectively. Control fruits and airtight containers were kept at room temperature, and every three days from the beginning of the experiment the following main quality parameters were analysed: ethylene production rate, firmness, colour, total solids content, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and pigments, as well as a sensory analysis carried out by panellists. The results show that sub-atmospheric storage led a reduction in ethylene production, which was associated with a delay in ripening. The differences in the evolution of pigments were very significant, while a large degradation of chlorophylls was observed in the control fruits and in those kept at 101 kPa, in the fruits kept at 75 kPa and 50 kPa the degradation was much slower. In relation to carotenoid pigments, it was observed that sub-atmospheric treatments delayed their appearance compared to control and 101 kPa fruits. In relation to other quality parameters, it was found that control fruit and fruit held at 101 kPa softened more rapidly than fruit under sub-atmospheric conditions, whose loss of firmness was more gradual with differences found only at 9 and 12 days of storage with respect to fruit firmness at harvest. The appearance of these fruits was evaluated with the same score as at the time of harvesting, during 9 of the 12 days of the experiment, then a positive effect of sub-atmospheric treatments was also found in the sensory analysis. The results suggest that sub-atmospheric storage could be a suitable method of increasing the shelf-life of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Salas-Sanjuán
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María del Mar Rebolloso
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando del Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Valenzuela
- Department of Biology & Geology, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1696-1710. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.20.496796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Mohd Ali S, Li N, Soufi Z, Yao J, Johnson E, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Multiple ubiquitin E3 ligase genes antagonistically regulate chloroplast-associated protein degradation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1138-1146.e5. [PMID: 36822201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is the most prominent member of a diverse group of plant organelles called the plastids, and it is characterized by its vital role in photosynthesis. 1,2,3 Most of the ∼3,000 different proteins in chloroplasts are synthesized in the cytosol in precursor (preprotein) form, each with a cleavable transit peptide. 4,5,6,7,8 Preproteins are imported via translocons in the outer and inner envelope membranes of the chloroplast, termed TOC and TIC, respectively. 9,10,11,12,13 Discovery of the chloroplast-localized ubiquitin E3 ligase SUPPRESSOR OF PPI1 LOCUS1 (SP1) demonstrated that the nucleocytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) targets the TOC apparatus to dynamically control protein import and chloroplast biogenesis in response to developmental and environmental cues. The relevant UPS pathway is termed chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD). 14,15,16 Two homologs of SP1 exist, SP1-like1 (SPL1) and SPL2, but their roles have remained obscure. Here, we show that SP1 is ubiquitous in the Viridiplantae and that SPL2 and SPL1 appeared early during the evolution of the Viridiplantae and land plants, respectively. Through genetic and biochemical analysis, we reveal that SPL1 functions as a negative regulator of SP1, potentially by interfering with its ability to catalyze ubiquitination. In contrast, SPL2, the more distantly related SP1 homolog, displays partial functional redundancy with SP1. Both SPL1 and SPL2 modify the extent of leaf senescence, like SP1, but do so in diametrically opposite ways. Thus, SPL1 and SPL2 are bona fide CHLORAD system components with negative and positive regulatory functions that allow for nuanced control of this vital proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Mohd Ali
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Na Li
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ziad Soufi
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jinrong Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Qihua Ling
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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15
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Kim DB, Na C, Hwang I, Lee DW. Understanding protein translocation across chloroplast membranes: Translocons and motor proteins. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:408-416. [PMID: 36223071 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular organelles in eukaryotes are surrounded by lipid membranes. In an endomembrane system, vesicle trafficking is the primary mechanism for the delivery of organellar proteins to specific organelles. However, organellar proteins for chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and peroxisomes that are translated in the cytosol are directly imported into their target organelles. Chloroplasts are a plant-specific organelle with outer and inner envelope membranes, a dual-membrane structure that is similar to mitochondria. Interior chloroplast proteins translated by cytosolic ribosomes are thus translocated through TOC and TIC complexes (translocons in the outer and inner envelope of chloroplasts, respectively), with stromal ATPase motor proteins playing a critical role in pulling pre-proteins through these import channels. Over the last three decades, the identity and function of TOC/TIC components and stromal motor proteins have been actively investigated, which has shed light on the action mechanisms at a molecular level. However, there remains some disagreement over the exact composition of TIC complexes and genuine stromal motor proteins. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms by which proteins are translocated through TOC/TIC complexes and discuss future prospects for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Been Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Changhee Na
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
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16
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The Ubiquitin-26S Proteasome Pathway and Its Role in the Ripening of Fleshy Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032750. [PMID: 36769071 PMCID: PMC9917055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent proteolytic complex in eukaryotes, which is mainly responsible for the degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins and some regulatory proteins in cells, and it is essential to maintain the balance of protein levels in the cell. The ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway, which targets a wide range of protein substrates in plants, is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism involved in various stages of plant growth and development and in the maturation process of fleshy fruits. Fleshy fruit ripening is a complex biological process, which is the sum of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions, including the biosynthesis and signal transduction of ripening related hormones, pigment metabolism, fruit texture changes and the formation of nutritional quality. This paper reviews the structure of the 26S proteasome and the mechanism of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway, and it summarizes the function of this pathway in the ripening process of fleshy fruits.
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17
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Morelli L, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Open avenues for carotenoid biofortification of plant tissues. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100466. [PMID: 36303429 PMCID: PMC9860184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are plastidial isoprenoids that function as photoprotectants, pigments, and precursors of apocarotenoids such as the hormones abscisic acid and strigolactones. Humans do not produce carotenoids but need to obtain them from their diet as precursors of retinoids, including vitamin A. Carotenoids also provide numerous other health benefits. Multiple attempts to improve the carotenoid profile of different crops have been carried out by manipulating carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and/or storage. Here, we will focus on open questions and emerging subjects related to the use of biotechnology for carotenoid biofortification. After impressive achievements, new efforts should be directed to extend the use of genome-editing technologies to overcome regulatory constraints and improve consumer acceptance of the carotenoid-enriched products. Another challenge is to prevent off-target effects like those resulting from altered hormone levels and metabolic homeostasis. Research on biofortification of green tissues should also look for new ways to deal with the negative impact that altered carotenoid contents may have on photosynthesis. Once a carotenoid-enriched product has been obtained, additional effort should be devoted to confirming that carotenoid intake from the engineered food is also improved. This work involves ensuring post-harvest stability and assessing bioaccessibility of the biofortified product to confirm that release of carotenoids from the food matrix has not been negatively affected. Successfully addressing these challenges will ensure new milestones in carotenoid biotechnology and biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Hao DL, Zhou JY, Huang YN, Wang HR, Li XH, Guo HL, Liu JX. Roles of plastid-located phosphate transporters in carotenoid accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059536. [PMID: 36589064 PMCID: PMC9798012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced carotenoid accumulation in plants is crucial for the nutritional and health demands of the human body since these beneficial substances are acquired through dietary intake. Plastids are the major organelles to accumulate carotenoids in plants and it is reported that manipulation of a single plastid phosphate transporter gene enhances carotenoid accumulation. Amongst all phosphate transport proteins including phosphate transporters (PHTs), plastidial phosphate translocators (pPTs), PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1), vacuolar phosphate efflux transporter (VPE), and Sulfate transporter [SULTR]-like phosphorus distribution transporter (SPDT) in plants, plastidic PHTs (PHT2 & PHT4) are found as the only clade that is plastid located, and manipulation of which affects carotenoid accumulation. Manipulation of a single chromoplast PHT (PHT4;2) enhances carotenoid accumulation, whereas manipulation of a single chloroplast PHT has no impact on carotenoid accumulation. The underlying mechanism is mainly attributed to their different effects on plastid orthophosphate (Pi) concentration. PHT4;2 is the only chromoplast Pi efflux transporter, and manipulating this single chromoplast PHT significantly regulates chromoplast Pi concentration. This variation subsequently modulates the carotenoid accumulation by affecting the supply of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a substrate for carotenoid biosynthesis, by modulating the transcript abundances of carotenoid biosynthesis limited enzyme genes, and by regulating chromoplast biogenesis (facilitating carotenoid storage). However, at least five orthophosphate influx PHTs are identified in the chloroplast, and manipulating one of the five does not substantially modulate the chloroplast Pi concentration in a long term due to their functional redundancy. This stable chloroplast Pi concentration upon one chloroplast PHT absence, therefore, is unable to modulate Pi-involved carotenoid accumulation processes and finally does affect carotenoid accumulation in photosynthetic tissues. Despite these advances, several cases including the precise location of plastid PHTs, the phosphate transport direction mediated by these plastid PHTs, the plastid PHTs participating in carotenoid accumulation signal pathway, the potential roles of these plastid PHTs in leaf carotenoid accumulation, and the roles of these plastid PHTs in other secondary metabolites are waiting for further research. The clarification of the above-mentioned cases is beneficial for breeding high-carotenoid accumulation plants (either in photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic edible parts of plants) through the gene engineering of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Hao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhou
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, China
| | - Ya-Nan Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Guo
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Liu
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
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20
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Li Y, Jian Y, Mao Y, Meng F, Shao Z, Wang T, Zheng J, Wang Q, Liu L. "Omics" insights into plastid behavior toward improved carotenoid accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1001756. [PMID: 36275568 PMCID: PMC9583013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are a group of diverse organelles with conserved carotenoids synthesizing and sequestering functions in plants. They optimize the carotenoid composition and content in response to developmental transitions and environmental stimuli. In this review, we describe the turbulence and reforming of transcripts, proteins, and metabolic pathways for carotenoid metabolism and storage in various plastid types upon organogenesis and external influences, which have been studied using approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabonomics. Meanwhile, the coordination of plastid signaling and carotenoid metabolism including the effects of disturbed carotenoid biosynthesis on plastid morphology and function are also discussed. The "omics" insight extends our understanding of the interaction between plastids and carotenoids and provides significant implications for designing strategies for carotenoid-biofortified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tonglin Wang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jirong Zheng
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Pandey A, Chaudhary S, Bhat B. The Potential Role of Plastome Copy Number as a Quality Biomarker for Plant Products using Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. Curr Genomics 2022; 23:289-298. [PMID: 36777877 PMCID: PMC9875542 DOI: 10.2174/1389202923666220513111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plastids are plant-specific semi-autonomous self-replicating organelles, containing circular DNA molecules called plastomes. Plastids perform crucial functions, including photosynthesis, stress perception and response, synthesis of metabolites, and storage. The plastome and plastid numbers have been shown to be modulated by developmental stage and environmental stimuli and have been used as a biomarker (identification of plant species) and biosensor (an indicator of abiotic and biotic stresses). However, the determination of plastome sequence and plastid number is a laborious process requiring sophisticated equipment. Methods: This study proposes using plastome copy number (PCN), which can be determined rapidly by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) as a plant product quality biomarker. This study shows that the PCN log10 and range PCN log10 values calculated from RT-qPCR data, which was obtained for two years from leaves and lint samples of cotton and seed samples of cotton, rice, soybean, maize, and sesame can be used for assessing the quality of the samples. Results: Observation of lower range PCN log10 values for CS (0.31) and CR (0.58) indicated that the PCN showed little variance from the mean PCN log10 values for CS (3.81) and CR (3.85), suggesting that these samples might have encountered ambient environmental conditions during growth and/ or post-harvest storage and processing. This conclusion was further supported by observation of higher range PCN log10 values for RS (3.09) versus RP (0.05), where rice seeds in the RP group had protective hull covering compared to broken hull-less seeds in the RS group. To further support that PCN is affected by external factors, rice seeds treated with high temperatures and pathogens exhibited lower PCN values when compared to untreated seeds. Furthermore, the range PCN log10 values were found to be high for cotton leaf (CL) and lint (Clt) sample groups, 4.11 and 3.63, respectively, where leaf and lint samples were of different sizes, indicating that leaf samples might be of different developmental stage and lint samples might have been processed differently, supporting that the PCN is affected by both internal and external factors, respectively. Moreover, PCN log10 values were found to be plant specific, with oil containing seeds such as SeS (6.49) and MS (5.05) exhibiting high PCN log10 values compared to non-oil seeds such as SS (1.96). Conclusion: In conclusion, it was observed that PCN log10 values calculated from RT-qPCR assays were specific to plant species and the range of PCN log10 values can be directly correlated to the internal and external factors and, therefore might be used as a potential biomarker for assessing the quality of plant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Pandey
- 19 University Road, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Analytical Science Division - Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Shifa Chaudhary
- 19 University Road, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Analytical Science Division - Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Binu Bhat
- 19 University Road, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Analytical Science Division - Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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22
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Fernández-Cancelo P, Iglesias-Sanchez A, Torres-Montilla S, Ribas-Agustí A, Teixidó N, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Giné-Bordonaba J. Environmentally driven transcriptomic and metabolic changes leading to color differences in "Golden Reinders" apples. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913433. [PMID: 35979073 PMCID: PMC9377453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple is characterized by its high adaptation to diverse growing environments. However, little is still known about how different environments can regulate at the metabolic or molecular level specific apple quality traits such as the yellow fruit peel color. In this study, changes in carotenoids and chlorophylls, antioxidants as well as differences in the transcriptome were investigated by comparing the peel of "Golden Reinders" apples grown at different valley and mountain orchards. Mountain environment favored the development of yellow color, which was not caused by an enhanced accumulation of carotenoids but rather by a decrease in the chlorophyll content. The yellow phenotype was also associated to higher expression of genes related to chloroplast functions and oxidative stress. Time-course analysis over the last stages of apple development and ripening, in fruit from both locations, further revealed that the environment differentially modulated isoprenoids and phenylpropanoid metabolism and pointed out a key role for H2O2 in triggering apple peel degreening. Overall, the results presented herein provide new insights into how different environmental conditions regulate pigment and antioxidant metabolism in apple leading to noticeable differences in the apple peel color.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariadna Iglesias-Sanchez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Neus Teixidó
- Postharvest Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- Postharvest Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
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23
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Zheng S, Dong J, Lu J, Li J, Jiang D, Yu H, Ye S, Bu W, Liu Z, Zhou H, Ding Y, Zhuang C. A cytosolic pentatricopeptide repeat protein is essential for tapetal plastid development by regulating OsGLK1 transcript levels in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1678-1695. [PMID: 35306663 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most plant pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins localize to and function inside plastids and mitochondria. However, the function of PPRs that only localize to the cytoplasm remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the rice (Oryza sativa) PPR protein CYTOPLASM-LOCALIZED PPR1 (OsCPPR1) contributes to pollen development and localizes to the cytoplasm. Knocking down OsCPPR1 led to abnormal plastid development in tapetal cells, prolonged tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and tapetum degradation, and significantly reduced pollen fertility. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the transcript level of OsGOLDEN-LIKE1 (OsGLK1), which encodes a transcription factor that regulates plastid development and maintenance, was significantly higher in the OsCPPR1 knockdown plants compared to wild-type plants. We further determined that OsCPPR1 downregulates OsGLK1 transcription by directly binding to the single-stranded regions of OsGLK1 mRNAs. Overexpression of OsGLK1 resulted in abnormal tapetum and plastid development, similar to that seen in OsCPPR1 knockdown plants, and suppression of OsGLK1 partially restored pollen fertility in the OsCPPR1 knockdown plants. We therefore conclude that OsCPPR1 suppresses OsGLK1 in the regulation of plastid development and PCD in the tapetum. Our work revealed novel functions for a cytosolic PPR, demonstrating the diverse roles of PPRs in plants and identifying a new regulatory mechanism for regulating pollen development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingfang Dong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dagang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haopeng Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Simiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenli Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yiliang Ding
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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24
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Linares G, Rojas ML. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Pigments From Food Processing By-Products: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:891462. [PMID: 35685880 PMCID: PMC9171369 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.891462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is an emerging technology, which has been highly explored in the food area to improve processes and products. When ultrasound is applied to a product with solid or fluid characteristics, the passage of acoustic waves and acoustic cavitation generates different mechanisms responsible for modifications in the original matrix of the sample. These effects of ultrasound can also be used to take advantage of by-products, for example by extracting compounds of interest, including natural pigments. Natural pigments or colorants are being highly demanded by different industries not only for color purposes but also due to their healthy properties, the greater demands in regulations and new consumer preferences. This review presents an updated critical analysis of the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain natural pigments from food processing by-products. Initially, the ultrasound effects and mechanisms that improve the extraction of natural pigments in a fluid medium, as well as the factors that influence the extraction and the energy consumption of UAE are analyzed and described. Subsequently, the UAE application to obtain pigments belonging to the groups of carotenoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanins and betalains is evaluated. These sections detail the processing conditions, positive and negative effects, as well as possible applications of the extracted pigments. This review presents relevant information that may be useful to expand and explore new applications of ultrasound technology as well as promote the revaluation of by-products to obtain pigments that can be used in food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Linares
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroindustriales, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Meliza Lindsay Rojas
- Dirección de Investigación, Innovación y Responsabilidad Social, Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN), Trujillo, Peru
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25
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Choi YJ, Zaikova K, Yeom SJ, Kim YS, Lee DW. Biogenesis and Lipase-Mediated Mobilization of Lipid Droplets in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1243. [PMID: 35567244 PMCID: PMC9105935 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mainly contain neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TAGs) and sterol esters, which are considered energy reserves. The metabolic pathways associated with LDs in eukaryotic species are involved in diverse cellular functions. TAG synthesis in plants is mediated by the sequential involvement of two subcellular organelles, i.e., plastids - plant-specific organelles, which serve as the site of lipid synthesis, and the ER. TAGs and sterol esters synthesized in the ER are sequestered to form LDs through the cooperative action of several proteins, such as SEIPINs, LD-associated proteins, LDAP-interacting proteins, and plant-specific proteins such as oleosins. The integrity and stability of LDs are highly dependent on oleosins, especially in the seeds, and oleosin degradation is critical for efficient mobilization of the TAGs of plant LDs. As the TAGs mobilize in LDs during germination and post-germinative growth, a plant-specific lipase-sugar-dependent 1 (SDP1)-plays a major role, through the inter-organellar communication between the ER and peroxisomes. In this review, we briefly recapitulate the different processes involved in the biogenesis and degradation of plant LDs, followed by a discussion of future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kseniia Zaikova
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Wild Plants Industrialization Research Division, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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26
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Daròs JA. Transient expression systems to rewire plant carotenoid metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102190. [PMID: 35183926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of foodstuffs with health-promoting metabolites such as carotenoids is a powerful tool to fight against unhealthy eating habits. Dietary carotenoids are vitamin A precursors and reduce risk of several chronical diseases. Additionally, carotenoids and their cleavage products (apocarotenoids) are used as natural pigments and flavors by the agrofood industry. In the last few years, major advances have been made in our understanding of how plants make and store carotenoids in their natural compartments, the plastids. In part, this knowledge has been acquired by using transient expression systems, notably agroinfiltration and viral vectors. These techniques allow profound changes in the carotenoid profile of plant tissues at the desired developmental stage, hence preventing interference with normal plant growth and development. Here we review how transient expression approaches have contributed to learn about the structure and regulation of plant carotenoid biosynthesis and to rewire carotenoid metabolism and storage for efficient biofortification of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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27
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Chen Q, Shen P, Bock R, Li S, Zhang J. Comprehensive analysis of plastid gene expression during fruit development and ripening of kiwifruit. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1103-1114. [PMID: 35226116 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global survey of plastid gene expression during fruit ripening in kiwifruit provides cis-elements for the future engineering of the plastid genome of kiwifruit. A limitation in the application of plastid biotechnology for molecular farming is the low-level expression of transgenes in non-green plastids compared with photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Unlike other fruits, not all chloroplasts are transformed into chromoplasts during ripening of red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) fruits, which may make kiwifruit an ideal horticultural plant for recombinant protein production by plastid engineering. To identify cis-elements potentially triggering high-level transgene expression in edible tissues of the 'Hongyang' kiwifruit, here we report a comprehensive analysis of kiwifruit plastid gene transcription in green leaves and fruits at three different developmental stages. While transcripts of a few photosynthesis-related genes and most genetic system genes were substantially upregulated in green fruits compared with leaves, nearly all plastid genes were significantly downregulated at the RNA level during fruit development. Expression of a few genes remained unchanged, including psbA, the gene encoding the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II. However, PsbA protein accumulation decreased continuously during chloroplast-to-chromoplast differentiation. Analysis of post-transcriptional steps in mRNA maturation, including intron splicing and RNA editing, revealed that splicing and editing may contribute to regulation of plastid gene expression. Altogether, 40 RNA editing sites were verified, and 5 of them were newly discovered. Taken together, this study has generated a valuable resource for the analysis of plastid gene expression and provides cis-elements for future efforts to engineer the plastid genome of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Pan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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28
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Dhami N, Pogson BJ, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. A foliar pigment-based bioassay for interrogating chloroplast signalling revealed that carotenoid isomerisation regulates chlorophyll abundance. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:18. [PMID: 35177117 PMCID: PMC8851705 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some plastid-derived metabolites can control nuclear gene expression, chloroplast biogenesis, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. For example, norflurazon (NFZ) induced inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis in leaves elicits a protoporphyrin IX (Mg-ProtoIX) retrograde signal that controls chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. Carotenoid cleavage products, known as apocarotenoids, also regulate plastid development. The key steps in carotenoid biosynthesis or catabolism that can regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis in leaf tissues remain unclear. Here, we established a foliar pigment-based bioassay using Arabidopsis rosette leaves to investigate plastid signalling processes in young expanding leaves comprising rapidly dividing and expanding cells containing active chloroplast biogenesis. RESULTS We demonstrate that environmental treatments (extended darkness and cold exposure) as well as chemical (norflurazon; NFZ) inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis, reduce chlorophyll levels in young, but not older leaves of Arabidopsis. Mutants with disrupted xanthophyll accumulation, apocarotenoid phytohormone biosynthesis (abscisic acid and strigolactone), or enzymatic carotenoid cleavage, did not alter chlorophyll levels in young or old leaves. However, perturbations in acyclic cis-carotene biosynthesis revealed that disruption of CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO), but not ZETA-CAROTENE ISOMERASE (Z-ISO) activity, reduced chlorophyll levels in young leaves of Arabidopsis plants. NFZ-induced inhibition of PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) activity caused higher phytoene accumulation in younger crtiso leaves compared to WT indicating a continued substrate supply from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. CONCLUSION The Arabidopsis foliar pigment-based bioassay can be used to differentiate signalling events elicited by environmental change, chemical treatment, and/or genetic perturbation, and determine how they control chloroplast biogenesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Genetic perturbations that impaired xanthophyll biosynthesis and/or carotenoid catabolism did not affect chlorophyll biosynthesis. The lack of CAROTENOID ISOMERISATION reduced chlorophyll accumulation, but not phytoene biosynthesis in young leaves of Arabidopsis plants growing under a long photoperiod. Findings generated using the newly customised foliar pigment-based bioassay implicate that carotenoid isomerase activity and NFZ-induced inhibition of PDS activity elicit different signalling pathways to control chlorophyll homeostasis in young leaves of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara 30, Kaski, Gandaki, 33700, Nepal
| | - B J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - D T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - C I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Houhou F, Martí M, Cordero T, Aragonés V, Sáez C, Cebolla-Cornejo J, de Castro AP, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Picó B, Daròs JA. Carotenoid fortification of zucchini fruits using a viral RNA vector. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100328. [PMID: 35157358 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are health-promoting metabolites in livestock and human diets. Some important crops have been genetically modified to increase their content. Although the usefulness of transgenic plants to alleviate nutritional deficiencies is obvious, their social acceptance has been controversial. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate an alternative biotechnological strategy for carotenoid fortification of edible fruits in which no transgenic DNA is involved. A viral RNA vector derived from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was modified to express a bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB), and inoculated to zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) leaves nurturing pollinated flowers. After the viral vector moved to the developing fruit and expressed crtB, the rind and flesh of the fruits developed yellow-orange rather than green color. Metabolite analyses showed a substantial enrichment in health-promoting carotenoids, such as α- and β-carotene (provitamin A), lutein and phytoene, in both rind and flesh. CONCLUSION Although this strategy is perhaps not free from controversy due to the use of genetically modified viral RNA, our work does demonstrate the possibility of metabolically fortifying edible fruits using an approach in which no transgenes are involved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhreddine Houhou
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Maricarmen Martí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Teresa Cordero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Verónica Aragonés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez de Castro
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Belén Picó
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, 46022, Spain
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30
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Pradeepkumara N, Sharma PK, Munshi AD, Behera TK, Bhatia R, Kumari K, Singh J, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Arora A, Rai A, Kumar D, Bhattacharya RC, Dey SS. Fruit transcriptional profiling of the contrasting genotypes for shelf life reveals the key candidate genes and molecular pathways regulating post-harvest biology in cucumber. Genomics 2022; 114:110273. [PMID: 35092817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber fruits are perishable in nature and become unfit for market within 2-3 days of harvesting. A natural variant, DC-48 with exceptionally high shelf life was developed and used to dissect the genetic architecture and molecular mechanism for extended shelf life through RNA-seq for first time. A total of 1364 DEGs were identified and cell wall degradation, chlorophyll and ethylene metabolism related genes played key role. Polygalacturunase (PG), Expansin (EXP) and xyloglucan were down regulated determining fruit firmness and retention of fresh green colour was mainly attributed to the low expression level of the chlorophyll catalytic enzymes (CCEs). Gene regulatory networks revealed the hub genes and cross-talk associated with wide variety of the biological processes. Large number of SSRs (21524), SNPs (545173) and InDels (126252) identified will be instrumental in cucumber improvement. A web genomic resource, CsExSLDb developed will provide a platform for future investigation on cucumber post-harvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pradeepkumara
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A D Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - T K Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Bhatia
- Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Kumari
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jogendra Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - R C Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - S S Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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31
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Sun T, Rao S, Zhou X, Li L. Plant carotenoids: recent advances and future perspectives. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:3. [PMID: 37789426 PMCID: PMC10515021 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms. Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, and signaling. They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants. The vital roles of carotenoids to plants and humans have prompted significant progress toward our understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation. New regulators and novel roles of carotenoid metabolites are continuously revealed. This review focuses on current status of carotenoid metabolism and highlights recent advances in comprehension of the intrinsic and multi-dimensional regulation of carotenoid accumulation. We also discuss the functional evolution of carotenoids, the agricultural and horticultural application, and some key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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32
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Li P, Lv S, Zhang D, Su T, Xin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Zhang F. The Carotenoid Esterification Gene BrPYP Controls Pale-Yellow Petal Color in Flowering Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. subsp. parachinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844140. [PMID: 35592555 PMCID: PMC9111173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid esterification plays indispensable roles in preventing degradation and maintaining the stability of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying carotenoid esterification, especially in floral organs, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a natural mutant flowering Chinese cabbage (Caixin, Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) with visually distinguishable pale-yellow petals controlled by a single recessive gene. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the chromoplasts in the yellow petals were surrounded by more fully developed plastoglobules compared to the pale-yellow mutant. Carotenoid analyses further revealed that, compared to the pale-yellow petals, the yellow petals contained high levels of esterified carotenoids, including lutein caprate, violaxanthin dilaurate, violaxanthin-myristate-laurate, 5,6epoxy-luttein dilaurate, lutein dilaurate, and lutein laurate. Based on bulked segregation analysis and fine mapping, we subsequently identified the critical role of a phytyl ester synthase 2 protein (PALE YELLOW PETAL, BrPYP) in regulating carotenoid pigmentation in flowering Chinese cabbage petals. Compared to the yellow wild-type, a 1,148 bp deletion was identified in the promoter region of BrPYP in the pale-yellow mutant, resulting in down-regulated expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring beta-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by yellow (BrPYP Y ::GUS) and pale-yellow type (BrPYP PY ::GUS) promoters were subsequently constructed, revealing stronger expression of BrPYP Y ::GUS both in the leaves and petals. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of BrPYP significantly altered petal color from yellow to pale yellow. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of carotenoid esterification, suggesting a role of phytyl ester synthase in carotenoid biosynthesis of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuancang Yu,
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- Fenglan Zhang,
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Cheong MS, Choe H, Jeong MS, Yoon YE, Jung HS, Lee YB. Different Inhibitory Effects of Erythromycin and Chlortetracycline on Early Growth of Brassica campestris Seedlings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101273. [PMID: 34680853 PMCID: PMC8532913 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics, including erythromycin (Ery) and chlortetracycline (CTC), are often detected in agricultural land. Although these contaminants affect plant growth and development, their effects on crops remain elusive. In this study, the effects of Ery and CTC on plant growth were investigated and compared by analyzing transcript abundance in Brassica campestris seedlings. Treatment with Ery and/or CTC reduced chlorophyll content in leaves and photosynthetic efficiency. Examination of the chloroplast ultrastructure revealed the presence of abnormally shaped plastids in response to Ery and CTC treatments. The antibiotics produced similar phenotypes of lower accumulation of photosynthetic genes, including RBCL and LHCB1.1. Analysis of the transcript levels revealed that Ery and CTC differentially down-regulated genes involved in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway and primary root growth. In the presence of Ery and CTC, chloroplasts were undeveloped and photosynthesis efficiency was reduced. These results suggest that both Ery and CTC individually affect gene expression and influence plant physiological activity, independently of one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Cheong
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Hyeonji Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.C.); (Y.-E.Y.)
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.S.J.); (H.S.J.)
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Yoon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.C.); (Y.-E.Y.)
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.S.J.); (H.S.J.)
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.C.); (Y.-E.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1967
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Torres-Montilla S, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Making extra room for carotenoids in plant cells: New opportunities for biofortification. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 84:101128. [PMID: 34530006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection and provide colors in the yellow to red range to non-photosynthetic organs such as petals and ripe fruits. They are also the precursors of biologically active molecules not only in plants (including hormones and retrograde signals) but also in animals (including retinoids such as vitamin A). A carotenoid-rich diet has been associated with improved health and cognitive capacity in humans, whereas the use of carotenoids as natural pigments is widespread in the agrofood and cosmetic industries. The nutritional and economic relevance of carotenoids has spurred a large number of biotechnological strategies to enrich plant tissues with carotenoids. Most of such approaches to alter carotenoid contents in plants have been focused on manipulating their biosynthesis or degradation, whereas improving carotenoid sink capacity in plant tissues has received much less attention. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms influencing carotenoid storage in plants has substantially grown in the last years, opening new opportunities for carotenoid biofortification. Here we will review these advances with a particular focus on those creating extra room for carotenoids in plant cells either by promoting the differentiation of carotenoid-sequestering structures within plastids or by transferring carotenoid production to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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35
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Transcriptomic analysis of a wild and a cultivated varieties of Capsicum annuum over fruit development and ripening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256319. [PMID: 34428253 PMCID: PMC8384167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Its fruits contain metabolites produced over the maturation process like capsaicinoids and carotenoids. This metabolic process produces internal changes in flavor, color, texture, and aroma in fruits to make them more attractive for seed dispersal organisms. The chiltepin (C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum) is a wild variety of the C. annuum L. species that is considered a source of genetic resources that could be used to improve the current chili crops. In this study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on two fruit maturation stages: immature stage (green fruit) and mature stage (red fruit) of a wild and a cultivated pepper variety. We found 19,811 genes expressed, and 1,008 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) in at least one of the five contrast used; 730 DEGs were found only in one contrast, and most DEGs in all contrasts were downregulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the majority of DEGs are related to stress responses. KEGG enrichment analysis detected differences in expression patterns in metabolic pathways related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, carotenoid biosynthesis and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. We selected 105 tomato fruit ripening-related genes, and found 53 pepper homologs differentially expressed related to shape, size, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. According to the transcriptome analysis, the two peppers showed very similar gene expression patterns; differences in expression patterns of genes related to shape, size, ethylene and secondary metabolites biosynthesis suggest that changes produced by domestication of chilli pepper could be very specific to the expression of genes related to traits desired in commercial fruits.
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36
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Davis MM, Lamichhane R, Bruce BD. Elucidating Protein Translocon Dynamics with Single-Molecule Precision. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:569-583. [PMID: 33865650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Translocons are protein assemblies that facilitate the targeting and transport of proteins into and across biological membranes. Our understanding of these systems has been advanced using genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology. Despite these classic advances, until recently we have still largely lacked a detailed understanding of how translocons recognize and facilitate protein translocation. With the advent and improvements of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, the details of how translocons function are finally emerging. Here, we introduce these methods and evaluate their importance in understanding translocon structure, function, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rajan Lamichhane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Graduate Program in Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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37
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Choi H, Yi T, Ha SH. Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692024. [PMID: 34220916 PMCID: PMC8248682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform specialized functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites. They come in a variety of forms with different characteristics, enabling them to function in a diverse array of organ/tissue/cell-specific developmental processes and with a variety of environmental signals. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the distinctive roles of plastids and their transition statuses, according to their features. Furthermore, the most recent understanding of their regulatory mechanisms is highlighted at both transcriptional and post-translational levels, with a focus on the greening and non-greening phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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38
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Karagiannis E, Michailidis M, Skodra C, Stamatakis G, Dasenaki M, Ganopoulos I, Samiotaki M, Thomaidis NS, Molassiotis A, Tanou G. Proteo-metabolomic journey across olive drupe development and maturation. Food Chem 2021; 363:130339. [PMID: 34147896 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maturity is one of the most important factors associated with the quality of olive products, however the molecular events underlying olive drupe development remain poorly characterized. Using proteomic and metabolomic approaches, this study investigated the changes in the olive drupes (cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis) across six developmental stages (S1-S6) that characterize the dynamics of fruit growth and color. Primary metabolites, including carbohydrates and organic acids (i.e., xylose, malic acid), showed significant accumulation in the black maturation stage. Temporal changes in various secondary metabolites (e.g., oleuropein, oleacin and tyrosol) were also observed. Proteins involved in oxidation-reduction (i.e., LOX1/5), carbohydrate metabolism (i.e., GLUA, PG) and photosynthesis (i.e., chlorophyll a-b binding proteins) significantly altered in the turning black compared to the green mature stage. By providing the first proteometabolomic study of olive drupe development, this investigation offers a novel framework for further studies on this economically relevant crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece.
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece.
| | - Christina Skodra
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece.
| | - George Stamatakis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari 16672, Greece.
| | - Marilena Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece.
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari 16672, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece.
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece.
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39
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Wu GZ, Bock R. GUN control in retrograde signaling: How GENOMES UNCOUPLED proteins adjust nuclear gene expression to plastid biogenesis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:457-474. [PMID: 33955483 PMCID: PMC8136882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cellular compartments is vital for development and environmental adaptation. Signals emanating from organelles, so-called retrograde signals, coordinate nuclear gene expression with the developmental stage and/or the functional status of the organelle. Plastids (best known in their green photosynthesizing differentiated form, the chloroplasts) are the primary energy-producing compartment of plant cells, and the site for the biosynthesis of many metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, isoprenoids, tetrapyrroles, vitamins, and phytohormone precursors. Signals derived from plastids regulate the accumulation of a large set of nucleus-encoded proteins, many of which localize to plastids. A set of mutants defective in retrograde signaling (genomes uncoupled, or gun) was isolated over 25 years ago. While most GUN genes act in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, resolving the molecular function of GUN1, the proposed integrator of multiple retrograde signals, has turned out to be particularly challenging. Based on its amino acid sequence, GUN1 was initially predicted to be a plastid-localized nucleic acid-binding protein. Only recently, mechanistic information on the function of GUN1 has been obtained, pointing to a role in plastid protein homeostasis. This review article summarizes our current understanding of GUN-related retrograde signaling and provides a critical appraisal of the various proposed roles for GUNs and their respective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Wu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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40
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Dhami N. Chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition envisions provitamin A biofortification in green vegetables. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:799-804. [PMID: 33754204 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoids available in food are vital dietary micronutrients for human health. Plants synthesize and accumulate different carotenoids in plastids in a tissue-specific manner. The level of β-carotene (provitamin A) and other nutritionally important carotenoids is substantially low in the green tissues such as leaves compared to the fruits and roots. In photosynthetic tissues, chloroplasts can accumulate a moderate level of carotenoids, mainly to facilitate photosynthesis and environmental stress tolerance. However, chromoplasts from the storage tissues such as tomato fruit and carrot root can synthesize and accumulate carotenoids to a substantially higher level. A synthetic biology approach that utilizes a transient expression of bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB) gene in the photosynthetic leaves can induce the transition of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. The plastid-localized heterologous expression of crtB in leaves can induce the overaccumulation of phytoene, triggering the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition; therefore, enhancing the biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids, including provitamin A. The transition of chloroplasts into chromoplasts, however, altered the photosynthetic thylakoids, consequently reducing the photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth. An efficient metabolic engineering strategy is desirable to enhance the production of targeted carotenoids in leaves without perturbing the photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth. Collectively, a synthetic biology strategy that triggers the transformation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts in photosynthetic tissues unfolds new avenues for carotenoid biofortification in the leafy food and vegetable crops, which can increase the dietary intake of carotenoids, therefore, combating the crisis of vitamin A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara 30, Dhungepatan, Pokhara, Gandaki, 33700, Nepal.
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41
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Andersen TB, Llorente B, Morelli L, Torres‐Montilla S, Bordanaba‐Florit G, Espinosa FA, Rodriguez‐Goberna MR, Campos N, Olmedilla‐Alonso B, Llansola‐Portoles MJ, Pascal AA, Rodriguez‐Concepcion M. An engineered extraplastidial pathway for carotenoid biofortification of leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1008-1021. [PMID: 33314563 PMCID: PMC8131046 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic plastidial isoprenoids highly valued as nutrients and natural pigments. A correct balance of chlorophylls and carotenoids is required for photosynthesis and therefore highly regulated, making carotenoid enrichment of green tissues challenging. Here we show that leaf carotenoid levels can be boosted through engineering their biosynthesis outside the chloroplast. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that high extraplastidial production of carotenoids requires an enhanced supply of their isoprenoid precursors in the cytosol, which was achieved using a deregulated form of the main rate-determining enzyme of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Constructs encoding bacterial enzymes were used to convert these MVA-derived precursors into carotenoid biosynthetic intermediates that do not normally accumulate in leaves, such as phytoene and lycopene. Cytosolic versions of these enzymes produced extraplastidial carotenoids at levels similar to those of total endogenous (i.e. chloroplast) carotenoids. Strategies to enhance the development of endomembrane structures and lipid bodies as potential extraplastidial carotenoid storage systems were not successful to further increase carotenoid contents. Phytoene was found to be more bioaccessible when accumulated outside plastids, whereas lycopene formed cytosolic crystalloids very similar to those found in the chromoplasts of ripe tomatoes. This extraplastidial production of phytoene and lycopene led to an increased antioxidant capacity of leaves. Finally, we demonstrate that our system can be adapted for the biofortification of leafy vegetables such as lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B. Andersen
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Luca Morelli
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Fausto A. Espinosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Narciso Campos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia MolecularUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
| | | | | | - Andrew A. Pascal
- CEA, CNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Manuel Rodriguez‐Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
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42
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Chattopadhyay T, Hazra P, Akhtar S, Maurya D, Mukherjee A, Roy S. Skin colour, carotenogenesis and chlorophyll degradation mutant alleles: genetic orchestration behind the fruit colour variation in tomato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:767-782. [PMID: 33388894 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The genetics underlying the fruit colour variation in tomato is an interesting area of both basic and applied research in plant biology. There are several factors, like phytohormones, environmental signals and epistatic interactions between genes, which modulate the ripe fruit colour in tomato. However, three aspects: genetic regulation of skin pigmentation, carotenoid biosynthesis and ripening-associated chlorophyll degradation in tomato fruits are of pivotal importance. Different genes along with their mutant alleles governing the aforementioned characters have been characterized in detail. Moreover, the interaction of these mutant alleles has been explored, which has paved the way for developing novel tomato genotypes with unique fruit colour and beneficial phytonutrient composition. In this article, we review the genes and the corresponding mutant alleles underlying the variation in tomato skin pigmentation, carotenoid biosynthesis and ripening-associated chlorophyll degradation. The possibility of generating novel fruit colour-variants using different combinations of these mutant alleles is documented. Furthermore, the involvement of some other mutant alleles (like those governing purple fruit colour and high fruit pigmentation), not belonging to the aforementioned three categories, are discussed in brief. The simplified representation of the assembled information in this article should not only help a broad range of readers in their basic understanding of this complex phenomenon but also trigger them for further exploration of the same. The article would be useful for genetic characterization of fruit colour-variants and molecular breeding for fruit colour improvement in tomato using the well-characterized mutant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthartha Chattopadhyay
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India.
| | - Pranab Hazra
- Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
| | - Shirin Akhtar
- Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Deepak Maurya
- Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Sheuli Roy
- Alumna, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Qtr. No. C1/14, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
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43
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Ling Q, Sadali NM, Soufi Z, Zhou Y, Huang B, Zeng Y, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Jarvis RP. The chloroplast-associated protein degradation pathway controls chromoplast development and fruit ripening in tomato. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:655-666. [PMID: 34007040 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of green fleshy fruit to become colourful and flavoursome is an important strategy for plant reproduction and dispersal. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other species, fruit ripening is intimately linked to the biogenesis of chromoplasts, the plastids that are abundant in ripe fruit and specialized for the accumulation of carotenoid pigments. Chromoplasts develop from pre-existing chloroplasts in the fruit, but the mechanisms underlying this transition are poorly understood. Here, we reveal a role for the chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD) proteolytic pathway in chromoplast differentiation. Knockdown of the plastid ubiquitin E3 ligase SP1, or its homologue SPL2, delays tomato fruit ripening, whereas overexpression of SP1 accelerates ripening, as judged by colour changes. We demonstrate that SP1 triggers broader effects on fruit ripening, including fruit softening, and gene expression and metabolism changes, by promoting the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition. Moreover, we show that tomato SP1 and SPL2 regulate leaf senescence, revealing conserved functions of CHLORAD in plants. We conclude that SP1 homologues control plastid transitions during fruit ripening and leaf senescence by enabling reconfiguration of the plastid protein import machinery to effect proteome reorganization. The work highlights the critical role of chromoplasts in fruit ripening, and provides a theoretical basis for engineering crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Najiah Mohd Sadali
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ziad Soufi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binquan Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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44
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Chen J, Hawkins E, Seung D. Towards targeted starch modification in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102013. [PMID: 33677239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic approaches to modify starch in crops have been limited by our knowledge of starch biosynthesis. Recent advances in Arabidopsis have revealed key genetic components determining the size, shape and number of granules in a plastid. This has opened the doors to new discoveries on granule initiation in crop species. In parallel, advances in genomic resources and gene editing technologies allow targeted manipulation of starch biosynthesis genes in isogenic crop backgrounds. Such technologies have been successfully deployed to alter starch composition, and can now be used to modify other starch traits. This will allow the complex relationships between starch structure and physicochemical properties to be elucidated, which will facilitate the rational manipulation of starches in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Erica Hawkins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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45
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Rödiger A, Agne B, Dobritzsch D, Helm S, Müller F, Pötzsch N, Baginsky S. Chromoplast differentiation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1431-1442. [PMID: 33258209 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here a detailed analysis of the proteome adjustments that accompany chromoplast differentiation from chloroplasts during bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit ripening. While the two photosystems are disassembled and their constituents degraded, the cytochrome b6 f complex, the ATPase complex, and Calvin cycle enzymes are maintained at high levels up to fully mature chromoplasts. This is also true for ferredoxin (Fd) and Fd-dependent NADP reductase, suggesting that ferredoxin retains a central role in the chromoplasts' redox metabolism. There is a significant increase in the amount of enzymes of the typical metabolism of heterotrophic plastids, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis increase in abundance, supporting the pigment reorganization that goes together with chromoplast differentiation. The majority of plastid encoded proteins decline but constituents of the plastid ribosome and AccD increase in abundance. Furthermore, the amount of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remains unchanged despite a significant increase in phytoene desaturase (PDS) levels, suggesting that the electrons from phytoene desaturation are consumed by another oxidase. This may be a particularity of non-climacteric fruits such as bell pepper that lack a respiratory burst at the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rödiger
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Birgit Agne
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fränze Müller
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Pötzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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46
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Dar MS, Dholakia BB, Kulkarni AP, Oak PS, Shanmugam D, Gupta VS, Giri AP. Influence of domestication on specialized metabolic pathways in fruit crops. PLANTA 2021; 253:61. [PMID: 33538903 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During the process of plant domestication, the selection and traditional breeding for desired characters such as flavor, juiciness and nutritional value of fruits, probably have resulted in gain or loss of specialized metabolites contributing to these traits. Their appearance in fruits is likely due to the acquisition of novel and specialized metabolic pathways and their regulation, driven by systematic molecular evolutionary events facilitated by traditional breeding. Plants change their armory of specialized metabolism to adapt and survive in diverse ecosystems. This may occur through molecular evolutionary events, such as single nucleotide polymorphism, gene duplication and transposition, leading to convergent or divergent evolution of biosynthetic pathways producing such specialized metabolites. Breeding and selection for improved specific and desired traits (fruit size, color, taste, flavor, etc.) in fruit crops through conventional breeding approaches may further alter content and profile of specialized metabolites. Biosynthetic routes of these metabolites have been studied in various plants. Here, we explore the influence of plant domestication and breeding processes on the selection of biosynthetic pathways of favorable specialized metabolites in fruit crops. An orderly clustered arrangement of genes associated with their production is observed in many fruit crops. We further analyzed selection-based acquisition of specialized metabolic pathways comparing first the metabolic profiles and genes involved in their biosynthesis, followed by the genomic organization of such genes between wild and domesticated horticultural crops. Domestication of crop plants favored the acquisition and retention of metabolic pathways that enhanced the fruit value while eliminated those which produced toxic or unfavorable metabolites. Interestingly, unintentional reorganization of complex metabolic pathways by selection and traditional breeding processes has endowed us with flavorful, juicy and nutritionally rich fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saleem Dar
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India.
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India.
| | - Abhijeet P Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MS, 411007, India
| | - Pranjali S Oak
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MS, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India.
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47
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Żur I, Gajecka M, Dubas E, Krzewska M, Szarejko I. Albino Plant Formation in Androgenic Cultures: An Old Problem and New Facts. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2288:3-23. [PMID: 34270002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High frequency of albino plant formation in isolated microspore or anther cultures is a great problem limiting the possibility of their exploitation on a wider scale. It is highly inconvenient as androgenesis-based doubled haploid (DH) technology provides the simplest and shortest way to total homozygosity, highly valued by plant geneticists, biotechnologists and especially, plant breeders, and this phenomenon constitutes a serious limitation of these otherwise powerful tools. The genotype-dependent tendency toward albino plant formation is typical for many monocotyledonous plants, including cereals like wheat, barley, rice, triticale, oat and rye - the most important from the economical point of view. Despite many efforts, the precise mechanism underlying chlorophyll deficiency has not yet been elucidated. In this chapter, we review the data concerning molecular and physiological control over proper/disturbed chloroplast biogenesis, old hypotheses explaining the mechanism of chlorophyll deficiency, and recent studies which shed new light on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Gajecka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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48
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Macedo-Osorio KS, Martínez-Antonio A, Badillo-Corona JA. Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:775366. [PMID: 34868174 PMCID: PMC8635915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-tricopeptide repeat (PPR, TPR, and OPR) proteins are nucleus-encoded proteins composed of tandem repeats of 35, 34, and 38-40 amino acids, respectively. They form helix-turn-helix structures that interact with mRNA or other proteins and participate in RNA stabilization, processing, maturation, and act as translation enhancers of chloroplast and mitochondrial mRNAs. These helical repeat proteins are unevenly present in plants and algae. While PPR proteins are more abundant in plants than in algae, OPR proteins are more abundant in algae. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice there have been 450, 661, and 477 PPR proteins identified, respectively, which contrasts with only 14 PPR proteins identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Likewise, more than 120 OPR proteins members have been predicted from the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and only one has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to their abundance in land plants, PPR proteins have been largely characterized making it possible to elucidate their RNA-binding code. This has even allowed researchers to generate engineered PPR proteins with defined affinity to a particular target, which has served as the basis to develop tools for gene expression in biotechnological applications. However, fine elucidation of the helical repeat proteins code in Chlamydomonas is a pending task. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role PPR, TPR, and OPR proteins play in chloroplast gene expression in the green algae C. reinhardtii, pointing to relevant similarities and differences with their counterparts in plants. We also recapitulate on how these proteins have been engineered and shown to serve as mRNA regulatory factors for biotechnological applications in plants and how this could be used as a starting point for applications in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla S. Macedo-Osorio
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, México
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
- *Correspondence: Karla S. Macedo-Osorio,
| | - Agustino Martínez-Antonio
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
| | - Jesús A. Badillo-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, México
- Jesús A. Badillo-Corona,
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Ip YK, Teng GCY, Boo MV, Poo JST, Hiong KC, Kim H, Wong WP, Chew SF. Symbiodiniaceae Dinoflagellates Express Urease in Three Subcellular Compartments and Upregulate its Expression Levels in situ in Three Organs of a Giant Clam (Tridacna squamosa) During Illumination. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1696-1711. [PMID: 32725784 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giant clams harbor three genera of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium, Cladocopium, and Durusdinium) as extracellular symbionts (zooxanthellae). While symbiotic dinoflagellates can synthesize amino acids to benefit the host, they are nitrogen-deficient. Hence, the host must supply them with nitrogen including urea, which can be degraded to ammonia and carbon dioxide by urease (URE). Here, we report three complete coding cDNA sequences of URE, one for each genus of dinoflagellate, obtained from the colorful outer mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. The outer mantle had higher transcript level of Tridacna squamosa zooxanthellae URE (TSZURE) than the whitish inner mantle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas, and ctenidium. TSZURE was immunolocalized strongly and atypically in the plastid, moderately in the cytoplasm, and weakly in the cell wall and plasma membrane of symbiotic dinoflagellates. In the outer mantle, illumination upregulated the protein abundance of TSZURE, which could enhance urea degradation in photosynthesizing dinoflagellates. The urea-nitrogen released could then augment synthesis of amino acids to be shared with the host for its general needs. Illumination also enhanced gene and protein expression levels of TSZURE/TSZURE in the inner mantle and foot muscle, which contain only small quantities of symbiotic dinoflagellate, have no iridocyte, and lack direct exposure to light. With low phototrophic potential, dinoflagellates in the inner mantle and foot muscle might need to absorb carbohydrates in order to assimilate the urea-nitrogen into amino acids. Amino acids donated by dinoflagellates to the inner mantle and the foot muscle could be used especially for synthesis of organic matrix needed for light-enhanced shell formation and muscle protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Kwong Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Germaine Ching Yun Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Mel Veen Boo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Jeslyn Shi Ting Poo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Kum Chew Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Hyoju Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Wai Peng Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117543
| | - Shit Fun Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616
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50
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Villa-Rivera MG, Ochoa-Alejo N. Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2020; 25:E5573. [PMID: 33260997 PMCID: PMC7729576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper is a prominent cultivated horticultural crop that is traditionally used for food seasoning and is applied for the treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. Its beneficial health properties are due to its abundance and variety of bioactive components, such as carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and vitamins. In particular, carotenoids have important nutraceutical properties, and several studies have focused on their potential in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge of general aspects of chili pepper carotenoids (biosynthesis pathway, types and content in Capsicum spp., and the effects of processing on carotenoid content) and recent findings on the effects of carotenoid nutraceuticals, such as antioxidant, cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disorder preventive, and anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico;
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