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Pang L, Fang G, Liu Z, Dong Z, Chen J, Feng T, Zhang Q, Sheng Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li G, Chen X, Zhan S, Huang J. Coordinated molecular and ecological adaptations underlie a highly successful parasitoid. eLife 2024; 13:RP94748. [PMID: 38904661 PMCID: PMC11192535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of an organism depends on the molecular and ecological adaptations that promote its beneficial fitness. Parasitoids are valuable biocontrol agents for successfully managing agricultural pests, and they have evolved diversified strategies to adapt to both the physiological condition of hosts and the competition of other parasitoids. Here, we deconstructed the parasitic strategies in a highly successful parasitoid, Trichopria drosophilae, which parasitizes a broad range of Drosophila hosts, including the globally invasive species D. suzukii. We found that T. drosophilae had developed specialized venom proteins that arrest host development to obtain more nutrients via secreting tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), as well as a unique type of cell-teratocytes-that digest host tissues for feeding by releasing trypsin proteins. In addition to the molecular adaptations that optimize nutritional uptake, this pupal parasitoid has evolved ecologically adaptive strategies including the conditional tolerance of intraspecific competition to enhance parasitic success in older hosts and the obligate avoidance of interspecific competition with larval parasitoids. Our study not only demystifies how parasitoids weaponize themselves to colonize formidable hosts but also provided empirical evidence of the intricate coordination between the molecular and ecological adaptations that drive evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Gangqi Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhi Dong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ting Feng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guiyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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López-Landavery EA, Urquizo-Rosado Á, Saavedra-Flores A, Tapia-Morales S, Fernandino JI, Zelada-Mázmela E. Cellular and transcriptomic response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109472. [PMID: 38438059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The shrimp industry has historically been affected by viral and bacterial diseases. One of the most recent emerging diseases is Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), which causes severe mortality. Despite its significance to sanitation and economics, little is known about the molecular response of shrimp to this disease. Here, we present the cellular and transcriptomic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to two Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains for 98 h, wherein one is non-pathogenic (VpN) and the other causes AHPND (VpP). Exposure to the VpN strain resulted in minor alterations in hepatopancreas morphology, including reductions in the size of R and B cells and detachments of small epithelial cells from 72 h onwards. On the other hand, exposure to the VpP strain is characterized by acute detachment of epithelial cells from the hepatopancreatic tubules and infiltration of hemocytes in the inter-tubular spaces. At the end of exposure, RNA-Seq analysis revealed functional enrichment in biological processes, such as the toll3 receptor signaling pathway, apoptotic processes, and production of molecular mediators involved in the inflammatory response of shrimp exposed to VpN treatment. The biological processes identified in the VpP treatment include superoxide anion metabolism, innate immune response, antimicrobial humoral response, and toll3 receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed metabolic pathways associated with survival, cell adhesion, and reactive oxygen species, among others, for shrimp exposed to VpP. Our study proves the differential immune responses to two strains of V. parahaemolyticus, one pathogenic and the other nonpathogenic, enlarges our knowledge on the evolution of AHPND in L. vannamei, and uncovers unique perspectives on establishing genomic resources that may function as a groundwork for detecting probable molecular markers linked to the immune system in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A López-Landavery
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru.
| | - Ángela Urquizo-Rosado
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru
| | - Anaid Saavedra-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru
| | - Sandra Tapia-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru
| | - Juan I Fernandino
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru; Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús. INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, Argentina.
| | - Eliana Zelada-Mázmela
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Nuevo Chimbote, Ancash, Peru.
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Lenchours Pezzano J, Rodriguez YE, Fernández-Gimenez AV, Laitano MV. Exploring fishery waste potential as antifouling component. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20159-20171. [PMID: 38372927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a global issue with economic and ecological implications. Existing solutions, such as biocide-based antifouling paints, are toxic for the environment. The search for better antifouling agents remains crucial. Recent research focuses on eco-friendly antifouling paints containing natural compounds like enzymes. This study evaluates enzymatic extracts from fishery residues for antifouling potential. Extracts from Pleoticus muelleri shrimp, Illex argentinus squid, and Lithodes santolla king crab were analyzed. Proteolytic activity and thermal stability were assessed, followed by bioassays on mussel byssus thread formation and barnacle cypris adhesive footprints. All three extracts demonstrated proteolytic activity and 24-h stability at temperate oceanic temperatures, except I. argentinus. P. muelleri extracts hindered cyprid footprint formation and mussel byssus thread generation. Further purification is required for L. santolla extract to assess its antifouling potential activity. This study introduces the use of fishery waste-derived enzyme extracts as a novel antifouling agent, providing a sustainable tool to fight against biofouling formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lenchours Pezzano
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Yamila E Rodriguez
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía V Fernández-Gimenez
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María V Laitano
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Midtbø HMD, Eichner C, Hamre LA, Dondrup M, Flesland L, Tysseland KH, Kongshaug H, Borchel A, Skoge RH, Nilsen F, Øvergård AC. Salmon louse labial gland enzymes: implications for host settlement and immune modulation. Front Genet 2024; 14:1303898. [PMID: 38299097 PMCID: PMC10828956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1303898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a skin- and blood-feeding ectoparasite, infesting salmonids. While feeding, labial gland proteins from the salmon louse may be deposited on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin. Previously characterized labial gland proteins are involved in anti-coagulation and may contribute to inhibiting Atlantic salmon from mounting a sufficient immune response against the ectoparasite. As labial gland proteins seem to be important in the host-parasite interaction, we have, therefore, identified and characterized ten enzymes localized to the labial gland. They are a large group of astacins named L. salmonis labial gland astacin 1-8 (LsLGA 1-8), one serine protease named L. salmonis labial gland serine protease 1 (LsLGSP1), and one apyrase named L. salmonis labial gland apyrase 1 (LsLGAp1). Protein domain predictions showed that LsLGA proteins all have N-terminal ShK domains, which may bind to potassium channels targeting the astacins to its substrate. LsLGA1 and -4 are, in addition, expressed in another gland type, whose secrete also meets the host-parasite interface. This suggests that LsLGA proteins may have an anti-microbial function and may prevent secondary infections in the wounds. LsLGAp1 is predicted to hydrolyze ATP or AMP and is, thereby, suggested to have an immune dampening function. In a knockdown study targeting LsLGSP1, a significant increase in IL-8 and MMP13 at the skin infestation site was seen under LsLGSP1 knockdown salmon louse compared to the control, suggesting that LsLGSP1 may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, most of the identified labial gland proteins are expressed in mature copepodids prior to host settlement, are not regulated by starvation, and are expressed at similar or higher levels in lice infesting the salmon louse-resistant pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). This study, thereby, emphasizes the importance of labial gland proteins for host settlement and their immune dampening function. This work can further contribute to anti-salmon louse treatment such as vaccine development, functional feed, or gene-edited salmon louse-resistant Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linn Flesland
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Borchel
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Hvidsten Skoge
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Song A, Gao Z, Zhou Y, Miao J, Xu R, Pan L. Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Food Metabolism and Reproductive Endocrine and Ovarian Development in Female Scallop Chlamys farreri at Different Reproductive Stages. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 38088252 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the most carcinogenic effects of all the PAHs, has multiple toxic effects on marine bivalves. We investigated the interference mechanism of B[a]P on food metabolism (sugars, proteins, and sugars), and on reproductive endocrine and ovarian development in female scallops (Chlamys farreri). Scallops were exposed to different concentrations of B[a]P concentrations of 0, 0.38, 3.8, and 38 μg/L throughout gonadal development. Total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the digestive glands were increased, and their synthesis genes were upregulated. The plasma glucose contents decreased with the inhibition of glycogen synthesis genes and the induction of glycolysis genes in the digestive gland. The results showed that B[a]P had endocrine-disrupting effects on scallops, that it negatively affected genes related to ovarian cell proliferation, sex differentiation, and egg development, and that it caused damage to ovarian tissue. Our findings supplement the information on B[a]P disruption in gonadal development of marine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-14. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Song
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yueyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruiyi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Hildebrand J, Chang WW, Hu MY, Stumpp M. Characterization of digestive proteases in the gut of a basal deuterostome. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245789. [PMID: 37470128 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Digestive systems are complex organs that allow organisms to absorb energy from their environment to fuel vital processes such as growth, development and the maintenance of homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of digestive physiology is therefore essential to fully understand the energetics of an organism. The digestion of proteins is of particular importance because most heterotrophic organisms are not able to synthesize all essential amino acids. While Echinoderms are basal deuterostomes that share a large genetic similarity with vertebrates, their digestion physiology remains largely unexplored. Using a genetic approach, this work demonstrated that several protease genes including an enteropeptidase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase and trypsin involved in mammalian digestive networks are also found in sea urchin larvae. Through characterization including perturbation experiments with different food treatments and pharmacological inhibition of proteases using specific inhibitors, as well as transcriptomic analysis, we conclude that the trypsin-2 gene codes for a crucial enzyme for protein digestion in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Measurements of in vivo digestion rates in the transparent sea urchin larva were not altered by pharmacological inhibition of trypsin (using soybean trypsin inhibitor) or serine proteases (aprotinin), suggesting that proteases are not critically involved in the initial step of microalgal breakdown. This work provides new insights into the digestive physiology of a basal deuterostome and allows comparisons from the molecular to the functional level in the digestive systems of vertebrates and mammals. This knowledge will contribute to a better understanding for conserved digestive mechanisms that evolved in close interaction with their biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Hildebrand
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - William W Chang
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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You Y, Sun X, Lin S. An ancient enzyme finds a new home: Prevalence and neofunctionalization of trypsin in marine phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:152-166. [PMID: 36369667 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin is an ancient protease best known as a digestive enzyme in animals, and traditionally believed to be absent in plants and protists. However, our recent studies have revealed its wide presence and important roles in marine phytoplankton. Here, to gain a better understanding on the importance of trypsin in phytoplankton, we further surveyed the distribution, diversity, evolution and potential ecological roles of trypsin in global ocean phytoplankton. Our analysis indicated that trypsin is widely distributed both taxonomically and geographically in marine phytoplankton. Furthermore, by systematic comparative analyses we found that algal trypsin could be classified into two subfamilies (trypsin I and trypsin II) and exhibited highly duplicated and diversified during evolution. We also observed markedly different domain sequences and organizations between and within the subfamilies, suggesting potential neofunctionalization. Diatoms contain both subfamilies of trypsin, with higher numbers of genes and more environment-responsive expression of trypsin than other lineages. The duplication and subsequent neofunctionalization of the trypsin family may be important in diatoms for adapting to dynamical environmental conditions, contributing to diatoms' dominance in the coastal oceans. This work advances our knowledge on the distribution and neofunctionalization of this ancient enzyme and creates a new window of research on phytoplankton biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xueqiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340-6048, USA
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Breeschoten T, Schranz ME, Poelman EH, Simon S. Family dinner: Transcriptional plasticity of five Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) feeding on three host plant species. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9258. [PMID: 36091341 PMCID: PMC9448971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insects often show specialization in feeding on different host plants in terms of survival and growth and, therefore, can be considered minor or major pests of particular hosts. Whether polyphagous insects employ a common transcriptional response to cope with defenses from diverse host plants is under-studied. We focused on patterns of transcriptional plasticity in polyphagous moths (Noctuidae), of which many species are notorious pests, in relation to herbivore performance on different host plants. We compared the transcriptional plasticity of five polyphagous moth species feeding and developing on three different host plant species. Using a comparative phylogenetic framework, we evaluated if successful herbivory, as measured by larval performance, is determined by a shared or lineage-specific transcriptional response. The upregulated transcriptional activity, or gene expression pattern, of larvae feeding on the different host plants and artificial control diet was highly plastic and moth species-specific. Specialization, defined as high herbivore success for specific host plants, was not generally linked to a lower number of induced genes. Moths that were more distantly related and showing high herbivore success for certain host plants showed shared expression of multiple homologous genes, indicating convergence. We further observed specific transcriptional responses within phylogenetic lineages. These expression patterns for specific host plant species are likely caused by shared evolutionary histories, for example, symplesiomorphic patterns, and could therefore not be associated with herbivore success alone. Multiple gene families, with roles in plant digestion and detoxification, were widely expressed in response to host plant feeding but again showed highly moth species-specific. Consequently, high herbivore success for specific host plants is also driven by species-specific transcriptional plasticity. Thus, potential pest moths display a complex and species-specific transcriptional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Muhlia-Almazán AT, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Understanding the Digestive Peptidases from Crustaceans: from Their Biochemical Basis and Classical Perspective to the Biotechnological Approach. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:480-491. [PMID: 35384610 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific studies about decapod crustaceans' digestive physiology have increased, being an important topic with novel results in the last years. This revision aims to show how the study of crustacean peptidases has evolved, from the classical biochemical characterization studies to the assessment of their usefulness in biotechnological and industrial processes, with emphasis on commercial species of interest to world aquaculture and fisheries. First studies determined the proteolytic activity of the midgut gland crude extracts and evaluated the optimum biochemical properties of specific enzymes. Peptidase's identity was determined using inhibitors and specific protein substrates on tube tests and electrophoresis gels. Later, various studies focused on the characterization of purified peptidases and their gene expression. Recently, the integrated mechanisms of enzyme participation during the digestive process of food protein have been established using novel techniques. Scientific research has revealed some of the potential biotechnological applications of crustacean peptidases in the food industry and other processes. However, the knowledge field is enormous, and there is much to explore and study in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Teresita Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Hermosillo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, ZP 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Analía Verónica Fernández-Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, ZP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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10
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Breeschoten T, van der Linden CFH, Ros VID, Schranz ME, Simon S. Expanding the Menu: Are Polyphagy and Gene Family Expansions Linked across Lepidoptera? Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6482744. [PMID: 34951642 PMCID: PMC8725640 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary expansions and contractions of gene families are often correlated with key innovations and/or ecological characteristics. In butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), expansions of gene families involved in detoxification of plant specialized metabolites are hypothesized to facilitate a polyphagous feeding style. However, analyses supporting this hypothesis are mostly based on a limited number of lepidopteran species. We applied a phylogenomics approach, using 37 lepidopteran genomes, to analyze if gene family evolution (gene gain and loss) is associated with the evolution of polyphagy. Specifically, we compared gene counts and evolutionary gene gain and loss rates of gene families involved in adaptations with plant feeding. We correlated gene evolution to host plant family range (phylogenetic diversity) and specialized metabolite content of plant families (functional metabolite diversity). We found a higher rate for gene loss than gene gain in Lepidoptera, a potential consequence of genomic rearrangements and deletions after (potentially small-scale) duplication events. Gene family expansions and contractions varied across lepidopteran families, and were associated to host plant use and specialization levels. Within the family Noctuidae, a higher expansion rate for gene families involved in detoxification can be related to the large number of polyphagous species. However, gene family expansions are observed in both polyphagous and monophagous lepidopteran species and thus seem to be species-specific in the taxa sampled. Nevertheless, a significant positive correlation of gene counts of the carboxyl- and choline esterase and glutathione-S-transferase detoxification gene families with the level of polyphagy was identified across Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
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11
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De Lucca Caetano LH, Nishiyama-Jr MY, de Carvalho Lins Fernandes Távora B, de Oliveira UC, de Loiola Meirelles Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Faquim-Mauro EL, Magalhães GS. Recombinant Production and Characterization of a New Toxin from Cryptops iheringi Centipede Venom Revealed by Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:858. [PMID: 34941696 PMCID: PMC8704451 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Chilopoda class of centipede, the Cryptops genus is one of the most associated with envenomation in humans in the metropolitan region of the state of São Paulo. To date, there is no study in the literature about the toxins present in its venom. Thus, in this work, a transcriptomic characterization of the Cryptops iheringi venom gland, as well as a proteomic analysis of its venom, were performed to obtain a toxin profile of this species. These methods indicated that 57.9% of the sequences showed to be putative toxins unknown in public databases; among them, we pointed out a novel putative toxin named Cryptoxin-1. The recombinant form of this new toxin was able to promote edema in mice footpads with massive neutrophils infiltration, linking this toxin to envenomation symptoms observed in accidents with humans. Our findings may elucidate the role of this toxin in the venom, as well as the possibility to explore other proteins found in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lhiri Hanna De Lucca Caetano
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.Y.N.-J.); (U.C.d.O.); (I.d.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | | | - Ursula Castro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.Y.N.-J.); (U.C.d.O.); (I.d.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | | | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
| | - Geraldo Santana Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
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12
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Lu K, Cheng YB, Li YM, Li WR, Song YY, Zeng RS, Sun ZX. The KNRL nuclear receptor controls hydrolase-mediated vitellin breakdown during embryogenesis in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1633-1650. [PMID: 33191602 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitellin (Vn) homeostasis is central to the fecundity of oviparous insects. Most studies have focused on the synthesis and transportation of Vn as a building block for developing eggs during vitellogenesis; however, less is known about how the utilization of this nutrient reserve affects embryonic development. Here, we show that the single ortholog of the knirps and knirps-like nuclear receptors, KNRL, negatively regulates Vn breakdown by suppressing the expression of hydrolase genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. KNRL was highly expressed in the ovary of adult females, and knockdown of KNRL by RNA interference resulted in the acceleration of Vn breakdown and the inhibition of embryonic development. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that numerous hydrolase genes, including cathepsins and trypsins were up-regulated after KNRL knockdown. At least eight of the nine significantly enriched Gene Ontology terms for the up-regulated genes were in proteolysis-related categories. The expression levels of five selected trypsin genes and the enzymatic activities of trypsin in the embryos were significantly increased after KNRL knockdown. Moreover, trypsin injection prolonged egg duration, delayed embryonic development, accelerated Vn breakdown and severely reduced egg hatchability, a pattern similar to that observed in KNRL-silenced N. lugens. These observations suggest that KNRL controls Vn breakdown in embryos via the transcriptional inhibition of hydrolases. Generally, this study provides a foundation for understanding how embryo nutrient reserves are mobilized during embryogenesis and identifies several genes and pathways that may prove valuable targets for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ren-Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Wang X, Zhang T, Xie H, Wang Z, Jing D, He K, Gao X. Phenotypic responses and potential genetic mechanism of lepidopteran insects under exposure to graphene oxide. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:113008. [PMID: 34808504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clarification of the interactions between engineered nanomaterials and multiple generations of insects is crucial to understanding the impact of nanotechnology on the environment and agriculture, particularly in toxicity management, pest management and genetic engineering. To date, there has been very limited information about nanoparticle-insect interactions at the genetic and proteomic levels. Here, we examined the phenotypic responses and potential mechanism of a lepidopteran insect Asian corn borer (ACB) to graphene oxide (GO). It was demonstrated that GO could significantly promote the growth of ACB. The transcriptomic and proteomic results consistently verified that GO might activate trypsin-like serine protease, glutathione S-transferase, heat shock protein and glycosyltransferase to further influence the development of ACB. RNA interference results indicated that the trypsin gene was one of the critical genes to accelerate the growth of ACB fed with GO diet. Moreover, physiological analysis showed potential alterations of the expression levels of genes and proteins, and more cholesterol (CE), triacylglycerides (TG) and lipids were accumulated in GO-exposed ACB. Our findings may help to reveal the phenotypic, physiological and genetic responses of insects under exposure to nanomaterials and to assess the environmental risks of other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haicui Xie
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Dapeng Jing
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kanglai He
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoduo Gao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
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14
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Han J, Rotenberg D. Integration of transcriptomics and network analysis reveals co-expressed genes in Frankliniella occidentalis larval guts that respond to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:810. [PMID: 34758725 PMCID: PMC8582212 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut is the first barrier to infection by viruses that are internally borne and transmitted persistently by arthropod vectors to plant and animal hosts. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a plant-pathogenic virus, is transmitted exclusively by thrips vectors in a circulative-propagative manner. Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips), the principal thrips vector of TSWV, is transmission-competent only if the virus is acquired by young larvae. To begin to understand the larval gut response to TSWV infection and accumulation, a genome-assisted, transcriptomic analysis of F. occidentalis gut tissues of first (early L1) and second (early L2 and late L2) instar larvae was conducted using RNA-Seq to identify differentially-expressed transcripts (DETs) in response to TSWV compared to non-exposed cohorts. Results The larval gut responded in a developmental stage-dependent manner, with the majority of DETs (71%) associated with the early L1 stage at a time when virus infection is limited to the midgut epithelium. Provisional annotations of these DETs inferred roles in digestion and absorption, insect innate immunity, and detoxification. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis using all assembled transcripts of the gut transcriptome revealed eight gene modules that distinguish larval development. Intra-module interaction network analysis of the three most DET-enriched modules revealed ten central hub genes. Droplet digital PCR-expression analyses of select network hub and connecting genes revealed temporal changes in gut expression during and post exposure to TSWV. Conclusions These findings expand our understanding of the developmentally-mediated interaction between thrips vectors and orthotospoviruses, and provide opportunities for probing pathways for biomarkers of thrips vector competence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08100-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Han
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
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15
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Simon S, Breeschoten T, Jansen HJ, Dirks RP, Schranz ME, Ros VID. Genome and transcriptome analysis of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua reveals targets for pest control. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab311. [PMID: 34557910 PMCID: PMC8527508 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes some of the most infamous insect pests of cultivated plants including Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura, and Spodoptera exigua. To effectively develop targeted pest control strategies for diverse Spodoptera species, genomic resources are highly desired. To this aim, we provide the genome assembly and developmental transcriptome comprising all major life stages of S. exigua, the beet armyworm. Spodoptera exigua is a polyphagous herbivore that can feed on > 130 host plants, including several economically important crops. The 419 Mb beet armyworm genome was sequenced from a female S. exigua pupa. Using a hybrid genome sequencing approach (Nanopore long-read data and Illumina short read), a high-quality genome assembly was achieved (N50 = 1.1 Mb). An official gene set (18,477 transcripts) was generated by automatic annotation and by using transcriptomic RNA-seq datasets of 18 S. exigua samples as supporting evidence. In-depth analyses of developmental stage-specific expression combined with gene tree analyses of identified homologous genes across Lepidoptera genomes revealed four potential genes of interest (three of them Spodoptera-specific) upregulated during first- and third-instar larval stages for targeted pest-outbreak management. The beet armyworm genome sequence and developmental transcriptome covering all major developmental stages provide critical insights into the biology of this devastating polyphagous insect pest species worldwide. In addition, comparative genomic analyses across Lepidoptera significantly advance our knowledge to further control other invasive Spodoptera species and reveals potential lineage-specific target genes for pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Pankova SM, Sakibaev FA, Holyavka MG, Vyshkvorkina YM, Lukin AN, Artyukhov VG. Studies of the Processes of the Trypsin Interactions with Ion Exchange Fibers and Chitosan. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Murad NF, Silva-Brandão KL, Brandão MM. Mechanisms behind polyphagia in a pest insect: Responses of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) strains to preferential and alternative larval host plants assessed with gene regulatory networks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2021; 1864:194687. [PMID: 33561559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dataset of gene expression from Spodoptera frugiperda, a highly generalist pest moth, was used to understand how gene regulation is related to larval host plant preference. Transcriptomic data of corn and rice strains of S. frugiperda larvae, reared on different diets, were analysed with three different approaches of gene network inference, namely co-expression, weighted co-expression and Bayesian networks, since each methodology provides a different visualization of the data. Using these approaches, it was possible to identify two loosely interconnected co-expression networks, one of them responsible for fast response to herbivory and anti-herbivory mechanisms and the other related to housekeeping genes, which present slower response to environmental variations. Integrating different levels of information such as gene expression patterns, gene assembly, transcriptomics, relationship among genes and phenotypes, functional relationships, among other information, enabled a wider visualization of S. frugiperda response to diet stimuli. The biological properties in the proposed networks are here described and discussed, as well as patterns of gene expression related to larval performance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Faraj Murad
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Lucas Silva-Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001. CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendes Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Datki Z, Acs E, Balazs E, Sovany T, Csoka I, Zsuga K, Kalman J, Galik-Olah Z. Exogenic production of bioactive filamentous biopolymer by monogonant rotifers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111666. [PMID: 33396176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical ecology of rotifers has been little studied. A yet unknown property is presented within some monogonant rotifers, namely the ability to produce an exogenic filamentous biopolymer, named 'Rotimer'. This rotifer-specific viscoelastic fiber was observed in six different freshwater monogonants (Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane bulla, Lepadella patella, Itura aurita, Colurella adriatica and Trichocerca iernis) in exception of four species. Induction of Rotimer secretion can only be achieved by mechanically irritating rotifer ciliate with administering different types (yeast cell skeleton, denatured BSA, epoxy, Carmine or urea crystals and micro-cellulose) and sizes (approx. from 2.5 to 50 µm diameter) of inert particles, as inductors or visualization by adhering particles. The thickness of this Rotimer is 33 ± 3 nm, detected by scanning electron microscope. This material has two structural formations (fiber or gluelike) in nano dimension. The existence of the novel adherent natural product becomes visible by forming a 'Rotimer-Inductor Conglomerate' (RIC) web structure within a few minutes. The RIC-producing capacity of animals, depends on viability, is significantly modified according to physiological- (depletion), drug- (toxin or stimulator) and environmental (temperature, salt content and pH) effects. The E. dilatata-produced RIC is affected by protein disruptors but is resistant to several chemical influences and its Rotimer component has an overwhelming cell (algae, yeast and human neuroblastoma) motility inhibitory effect, associated with low toxicity. This biopolymer-secretion-capacity is protective of rotifers against human-type beta-amyloid aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Datki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Eva Acs
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina ut 29-31, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary; National University of Public Service, Faculty of Water Sciences, 6500 Baja, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky utca 12-14., Hungary
| | - Evelin Balazs
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Sovany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Szeged, Eotvos u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Csoka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Szeged, Eotvos u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Janos Kalman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Galik-Olah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Carretas-Valdez MI, Moreno-Cordova EN, Ibarra-Hernandez BG, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Castillo-Yañez FJ, Casas-Flores S, Osuna-Amarillas PS, Islas-Osuna MA, Arvizu-Flores AA. Characterization of the trypsin-III from Monterey sardine (Sardinops caeruleus): Insights on the cold-adaptation from the A236N mutant. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2701-2710. [PMID: 32827617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsins (E.C. 3.4.21.4) are digestive enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds containing arginine and lysine residues. Some trypsins from fish species are active at temperatures just above freezing, and for that are called cold-adapted enzymes, having many biotechnological applications. In this work, we characterized a recombinant trypsin-III from Monterey sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) and studied the role of a single residue on its cold-adapted features. The A236N mutant from sardine trypsin-III showed higher activation energy for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, it was more active at higher temperatures, and exhibited a higher thermal stability than the wild-type enzyme, suggesting a key role of this residue. The thermodynamic activation parameters revealed an increase in the activation enthalpy for the A236N mutant, suggesting the existence of more intramolecular contacts during the activation step. Molecular models for both enzymes suggest that a hydrogen-bond involving N236 may contact the C-terminal α-helix to the vicinity of the active site, thus affecting the biochemical and thermodynamic properties of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I Carretas-Valdez
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Elena N Moreno-Cordova
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Brisa G Ibarra-Hernandez
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Castillo-Yañez
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Pablo S Osuna-Amarillas
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Carretera Navojoa-Huatabampo km 5, Navojoa, Sonora 85874, Mexico
| | - Maria A Islas-Osuna
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Carr. Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, N0. 46. Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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20
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Meriño-Cabrera Y, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Castro JGS, Barbosa SL, Macedo MLR, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Noncompetitive tight-binding inhibition of Anticarsia gemmatalis trypsins by Adenanthera pavonina protease inhibitor affects larvae survival. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21687. [PMID: 32342573 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The economic loss in soybean crops caused by the Lepidoptera insects has encouraged the search for new strategies to control this pest, which are currently based on synthetic insecticides. This paper evaluated the ability of ApTI (Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor) to inhibit trypsin-like proteins from Anticarsia gemmatalis by docking, molecular dynamics, and enzymatic and survival assay. The docking and molecular dynamic simulation between trypsin and ApTI were performed using the program CLUSPRO and NAMD, respectively. The inhibitory constant Ki and the inhibition type were determined through chromogenic assays. The survival assay of neonatal larvae under treatment with artificial diet supplemented with ApTI was also performed. The ApTI binding site was predicted to block substrate access to trypsin due to four interactions with the enzyme, producing a complex with a surface area of 1,183.7 Å2 . The kinetic analysis revealed a noncompetitive tight-binding mechanism. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that the highest larvae mortality was 60%, using 1.2 mg of ApTI per 100 ml of artificial diet. The in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies demonstrated that ApTI is a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin with biotechnological potential for the control of A. gemmatalis insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaremis Meriño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A de Oliveira Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José G S Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Samuel L Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria L R Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Trypsin purified from Coryphaena hippurus (common dolphinfish): Purification, characterization, and application in commercial detergents. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Viader-Salvadó JM, Aguilar Briseño JA, Gallegos-López JA, Fuentes-Garibay JA, Alvarez-González CA, Guerrero-Olazarán M. Identification and in silico structural and functional analysis of a trypsin-like protease from shrimp Macrobrachium carcinus. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9030. [PMID: 32351789 PMCID: PMC7183752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a species of freshwater shrimp widely distributed from Florida southwards to southern Brazil, including southeast of Mexico. In the present work, we identified a putative trypsin-like protease cDNA fragment of 736 nucleotides from M. carcinus hepatopancreas tissue by the 3'RACE technique and compared the deduced amino acid sequence to other trypsin-related proteases to describe its structure and function relationship. The bioinformatics analyses showed that the deduced amino acid sequence likely corresponds to a trypsin-like protease closely related to brachyurins, which comprise a subset of serine proteases with collagenolytic activity found in crabs and other crustacea. The M. carcinus trypsin-like protease sequence showed a global sequence identity of 94% with an unpublished trypsin from Macrobrachium rosenbergii (GenBank accession no. AMQ98968), and only 57% with Penaeus vannamei trypsin (GenBank accession no. CAA60129). A detailed analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed specific differences with crustacean trypsins, such as the sequence motif at the beginning of the mature protein, activation mechanism of the corresponding zymogen, amino acid residues of the catalytic triad and residues responsible for substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Viader-Salvadó
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Aguilar Briseño
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Juan A. Gallegos-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José A. Fuentes-Garibay
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Alvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Martha Guerrero-Olazarán
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Wang Z, Li X, Tian J, Chu Y, Tian Y. Cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of a novel streptomyces trypsin in Bacillus subtilis SCK6. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:890-897. [PMID: 31739056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel streptomyces trypsin GM2938 was selected as the object of study. The active GM2938 contains 223 amino acid residues. Constructing recombinant plasmid and transforming Bacillus subtilis SCK6, the heterogenous expression of GM2938 was achieved. Through optimization of fermentation conditions, the expression level of GM2938 reached 1622.2 U/mL (esterase activity) and 33.8 U/mL (amidase activity). The recombinant trypsin was purified and measured: the specific activity of esterase was 5.6 × 103 U/mg, and the specific activity of amidase was 1.1 × 103 U/mg. Furthermore, the enzymatic properties of GM2938 were explore: the optimal reaction temperature and pH were 50 °C and 9.0, respectively; the recombinant enzyme show high stability at 25 °C and range of pH 5.0-9.0; Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, EDTA, DTT, DMSO, methanol, glycerin and ethanediol could promote the esterase and amidase activities at the investigated concentrations, while Fe2+, SDS, tritonx-100, acetone, chloroform and n-hexane inhibited the trypsin activities. Kinetic parameters of GM2938 were calculated: the Km of BAEE was 3.15 × 10-5 mol·L-1, Vmax value was 2.87 × 10-4 mol·L-1·min-1; the Km of BAPAN was 2.20 × 10-4 mol·L-1, the Vmax was 2.40 × 10-4 mol·L-1·min-1. These properties give trypsin GM2938 a potential application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Jiewei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, PR China.
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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24
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Guerrero-Olazarán M, Castillo-Galván M, Gallegos-López JA, Fuentes-Garibay JA, Viader-Salvadó JM. Biochemical characterization of recombinant Penaeus vannamei trypsinogen. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 238:110337. [PMID: 31476362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypsinogens are the inactive precursors of trypsins (EC 3.4.21.4), which are digestive serine proteases. Despite knowing the properties of trypsins from Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, the biochemical properties of shrimp trypsinogens including activation mechanisms and kinetics are unknown, due to difficulties isolating them from natural sources. In the present work, we describe the purification and biochemical characterization of four trypsinogen-like isoforms from recombinant P. vannamei trypsinogen, with a special emphasis on understanding its activation kinetics. The major trypsinogen-like isoform had an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa. The other three forms of recombinant trypsinogen were: an N-glycosylated form of 32 kDa, a possibly O-glycosylated form of 41 kDa, and a likely double-chain form with a subunit of 23 kDa. The autoactivation profile of three-recombinant trypsinogen-like isoforms showed increased trypsin activity at a rate that was higher than that of bovine trypsinogen. This confirms the hypothesis proposed in the literature of a rapid trypsinogen autoactivation in the absence of aspartates in the activation peptide as it is for P. vannamei trypsinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Guerrero-Olazarán
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Castillo-Galván
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Gallegos-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Fuentes-Garibay
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - José María Viader-Salvadó
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
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25
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Mayorova TD, Hammar K, Winters CA, Reese TS, Smith CL. The ventral epithelium of Trichoplax adhaerens deploys in distinct patterns cells that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus or diverse neuropeptides. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio045674. [PMID: 31366453 PMCID: PMC6737977 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The disk-shaped millimeter-sized marine animal, Trichoplax adhaerens, is notable because of its small number of cell types and primitive mode of feeding. It glides on substrates propelled by beating cilia on its lower surface and periodically pauses to feed on underlying microorganisms, which it digests externally. Here, a combination of advanced electron and light microscopic techniques are used to take a closer look at its secretory cell types and their roles in locomotion and feeding. We identify digestive enzymes in lipophils, a cell type implicated in external digestion and distributed uniformly throughout the ventral epithelium except for a narrow zone near its edge. We find three morphologically distinct types of gland cell. The most prevalent contains and secretes mucus, which is shown to be involved in adhesion and gliding. Half of the mucocytes are arrayed in a tight row around the edge of the ventral epithelium while the rest are scattered further inside, in the region containing lipophils. The secretory granules in mucocytes at the edge label with an antibody against a neuropeptide that was reported to arrest ciliary beating during feeding. A second type of gland cell is arrayed in a narrow row just inside the row of mucocytes while a third is located more centrally. Our maps of the positions of the structurally distinct secretory cell types provide a foundation for further characterization of the multiple peptidergic cell types in Trichoplax and the microscopic techniques we introduce provide tools for carrying out these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D Mayorova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Hammar
- Central Microscopy Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Christine A Winters
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas S Reese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- Light Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gurumallesh P, Alagu K, Ramakrishnan B, Muthusamy S. A systematic reconsideration on proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:254-267. [PMID: 30664968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a group of large complex enzyme molecules that perform highly focused proteolysis functions. A vast quantity of the protease enzymes is predominantly sourced from microbial fermentation process, although proteases tend to natively present in plant, animals and humans. Proteases possess a pervasive importance in medical and pharmaceutical sector, because of its enriched specificity towards biomolecules. They are also actively encompassed in regulating certain physiological pathways. A distinct territory of human disorders is treated by substrate specific proteases. Enormous numbers of catalytic activities in habitual metabolism process of a living organism are protease dependent. Pilot scale researches and product development in industrial biotechnology sectors are wholly based on any one of the protease enzymes. The applications of the protease enzymes and its economic benefits of being an eco-friendly material are far-reaching. This review presents a brief overview on the classification and sources of various types of proteases. We describe the essential evidences of role of protease in different sectors. The proteases could be a potential relieves to harmful synthetic chemicals in distinctive industrial processes and thus gains global perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorani Gurumallesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kamalini Alagu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Baskar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
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27
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Martínez-Alarcón D, Harms L, Hagen W, Saborowski R. Transcriptome analysis of the midgut gland of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon indicates high polymorphism in digestive enzymes. Mar Genomics 2018; 43:1-8. [PMID: 30293672 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance of organisms towards heterogeneous and variable environments is highly related to physiological flexibility. An effective strategy to enhance physiological flexibility is the expression of polymorphic enzymes. This seems to be the case in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. It shows high reproduction rates, feeds opportunistically on endo- and epibenthic organisms, and is apparently well adapted to variable environmental conditions. Previous electrophoretic studies revealed a high level of polymorphism and no consistent phenotype of digestive enzymes between individuals. In order to understand the underlying biochemical processes, we carried out a transcriptome-based study of digestive enzymes of C. crangon. Detailed sequence analyses of triacylglycerol lipase, phospholipase A2, alpha amylase, chitinase, trypsin and cathepsin L were performed to identify putative isoforms. The number of isoforms, and thus the degree of polymorphism varied among enzymes: lipases and carbohydrases showed higher numbers of isoforms in enzymes that besides their extracellular function also have diverse intracellular functions. Furthermore, cysteine proteinases showed a lower polymorphism than serine proteinases. We suggest that the expression of enzyme isoforms improves the efficiency of C. crangon in gaining energy from different food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martínez-Alarcón
- Bremen Marine Ecology (BreMarE), Marine Zoology, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), P.O. Box 120161, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Lars Harms
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), P.O. Box 120161, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hagen
- Bremen Marine Ecology (BreMarE), Marine Zoology, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), P.O. Box 120161, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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28
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Asaro A, Martos-Sitcha JA, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM, López Mañanes AA. In silico analysis and effects of environmental salinity in the expression and activity of digestive α-amylase and trypsins from the euryhaline crab Neohelice granulata. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on molecular characteristics and modulation of expression of α-amylase and trypsin in the hepatopancreas of intertidal euryhaline crabs are lacking. In this work, we cloned and studied by in silico approaches the characteristics of cDNA sequences for α-amylase and two trypsins isoforms, as well as the effect of environmental salinity, on gene expression and protein activities in the hepatopancreas of Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851), which is a good invertebrate model species. The cDNA sequence of α-amylase is 1637 bp long, encoding 459 amino acid residues. Trypsin 1 and 2 are 689 and 1174 bp long, encoding 204 and 151 amino acid residues, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of deduced protein sequences revealed the presence of conserved motifs found in other invertebrates. In crabs acclimated at 37 psu (hyporegulation), α-amylase mRNA level and total pancreatic amylase activity were higher than at 10 psu (hyperregulation) and 35 psu (osmoconformation). Trypsin 1 mRNA levels increased at 37 psu, while trypsin 2 levels decreased at 10 and 37 psu. Total trypsin activity was similar in all salinities. Our results showed a differential modulation of α-amylase and trypsin expression and total amylase activity by salinity acclimation, suggesting the occurrence of distinct mechanisms of regulation at different levels that could lead to digestive adjustments in relation to hyperregulation and (or) hyporegulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Asaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-11519 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI–MAR), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-11519 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI–MAR), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Alejandra Antonia López Mañanes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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29
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Martínez-Alarcón D, Saborowski R, Rojo-Arreola L, García-Carreño F. Is digestive cathepsin D the rule in decapod crustaceans? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 215:31-38. [PMID: 29032300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D is an aspartic endopetidase with typical characteristics of lysosomal enzymes. Cathepsin D activity has been reported in the gastric fluid of clawed lobsters where it acts as an extracellular digestive enzyme. Here we investigate whether cathepsin D is unique in clawed lobsters or, instead, common in decapod crustaceans. Eleven species of decapods belonging to six infraorders were tested for cathepsin D activity in the midgut gland, the muscle tissue, the gills, and when technically possible, in the gastric fluid. Cathepsin D activity was present in the midgut gland of all 11 species and in the gastric fluid from the seven species from which samples could be taken. All sampled species showed higher activities in the midgut glands than in non-digestive organs and the activity was highest in the clawed lobster. Cathepsin D mRNA was obtained from tissue samples of midgut gland, muscle, and gills. Analyses of deduced amino acid sequence confirmed molecular features of lysosomal cathepsin D and revealed high similarity between the enzymes from Astacidea and Caridea on one side, and the enzymes from Penaeoidea, Anomura, and Brachyura on the other side. Our results support the presence of cathepsin D activity in the midgut glands and in the gastric fluids of several decapod species suggesting an extracellular function of this lysosomal enzyme. We discuss whether cathepsin D may derive from the lysosomal-like vacuoles of the midgut gland B-cells and is released into the gastric lumen upon secretion by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martínez-Alarcón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Liliana Rojo-Arreola
- CONACYT- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico.
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30
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Liu HW, Wang LL, Meng Z, Tang X, Li YS, Xia QY, Zhao P. A clip domain serine protease involved in moulting in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: cloning, characterization, expression patterns and functional analysis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:507-521. [PMID: 28597953 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs), characterized by one or more conserved clip domains, are essential components of extracellular signalling cascades in various biological processes, especially in innate immunity and the embryonic development of insects. Additionally, CLIPs may have additional non-immune functions in insect development. In the present study, the clip domain serine protease gene Bombyx mori serine protease 95 (BmSP95), which encodes a 527-residue protein, was cloned from the integument of B. mori. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that BmSP95 is a typical CLIP of the subfamily D and possesses a clip domain at the N terminus, a trypsin-like serine protease (tryp_spc) domain at the C terminus and a conserved proline-rich motif between these two domains. At the transcriptional level, BmSP95 is expressed in the integument during moulting and metamorphosis, and the expression pattern is consistent with the fluctuating 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titre in B. mori. At the translational level, BmSP95 protein is synthesized in the epidermal cells, secreted as a zymogen and activated in the moulting fluid. Immunofluorescence revealed that BmSP95 is distributed into the old endocuticle in the moulting stage. The expression of BmSP95 was upregulated by 20E. Moreover, expression of BmSP95 was downregulated by pathogen infection. RNA interference-mediated silencing of BmSP95 led to delayed moulting from pupa to moth. These results suggest that BmSP95 is involved in integument remodelling during moulting and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - L-L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Meng
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y-S Li
- Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Q-Y Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Venomics of Remipede Crustaceans Reveals Novel Peptide Diversity and Illuminates the Venom's Biological Role. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9080234. [PMID: 28933727 PMCID: PMC5577568 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first integrated proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of a crustacean venom. Remipede crustaceans are the venomous sister group of hexapods, and the venom glands of the remipede Xibalbanus tulumensis express a considerably more complex cocktail of proteins and peptides than previously thought. We identified 32 venom protein families, including 13 novel peptide families that we name xibalbins, four of which lack similarities to any known structural class. Our proteomic data confirm the presence in the venom of 19 of the 32 families. The most highly expressed venom components are serine peptidases, chitinase and six of the xibalbins. The xibalbins represent Inhibitory Cystine Knot peptides (ICK), a double ICK peptide, peptides with a putative Cystine-stabilized α-helix/β-sheet motif, a peptide similar to hairpin-like β-sheet forming antimicrobial peptides, two peptides related to different hormone families, and four peptides with unique structural motifs. Remipede venom components represent the full range of evolutionary recruitment frequencies, from families that have been recruited into many animal venoms (serine peptidases, ICKs), to those having a very narrow taxonomic range (double ICKs), to those unique for remipedes. We discuss the most highly expressed venom components to shed light on their possible functional significance in the predatory and defensive use of remipede venom, and to provide testable ideas for any future bioactivity studies.
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32
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Albaum D, Broehan G, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. Functional analysis of TcCTLP-5C 2, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease needed for molting in Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 86:20-28. [PMID: 28522347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we have characterized a gene family encoding chymotrypsin-like proteases from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (TcCTLPs). We identified 14 TcCTLP genes that were predominantly expressed in the midgut, where they presumably function in digestion. Two genes (TcCTLP-6C and TcCTLP-5C2), however, additionally showed considerable expression in the carcass, and RNAi studies demonstrated that they are required for molting (Broehan et al., 2010; Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol 40, 274-83). Thus, the enzyme has distinct functions in different physiological environments. To study molecular adaptations that facilitate enzyme function in different environments, we performed an in-depth analysis of the molecular and enzymatic properties of TcCTLP-5C2. We expressed different mutated versions of TcCTLP-5C2 in form of factor Xa activatable pro-enzymes in insect cells using a baculoviral expression system, and purified the recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography. By measuring and comparing the enzyme activities, we obtained information about the significance of single amino acid residues in motifs that determine substrate specificity and pH tolerance. Further, we showed that TcCTLP-5C2 is modified by N-glycosylation at amino acid position N137, which lies opposite to the catalytic cleft. Comparison of the enzymatic properties of non-glycosylated and glycosylated TcCTLP-5C2 versions showed that N-glycosylation decreases Vmax (maximum velocity) and kcat (turnover) while leaving the Km (specificity) unchanged. Thus, we provide evidence that N-glycosylation alters catalytic behavior by allosteric effects presumably due to altered structural dynamics as observed for chemically glycosylated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Albaum
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Broehan
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhou JL, Zeng J, Wang XH, Jiang YR, Li DH, Qin L. Upregulation of a Trypsin-Like Serine Protease Gene in Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Strains Exposed to Different Pathogens. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:941-948. [PMID: 28369437 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville is used for silk production and as a food resource. Its infection by exogenous pathogens, including microsporidia, fungi, bacteria, and virus, can lead to silkworm diseases, causing major economic losses. A trypsin-like serine protease gene (TLS) was found in A. pernyi transcriptome data resulting from two different infection experiments. The cDNA sequence of ApTLS was 1,020 bp in length and contained an open reading frame of 774 bp encoding a 257-amino acid protein (GenBank KF779933). The present study investigated the expression patterns of ApTLS after exposure to different pathogens, and in four different A. pernyi strains. Semiquantitative RT-PCR indicated that ApTLS was expressed in all developmental stages and was most expressed in the midgut. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated ApTLS was upregulated in the midgut of A. pernyi exposed to nucleopolyhedrovirus (ApNPV), Nosema pernyi, Enterococcus pernyi, and Beauveria bassiana infections, and the highest gene expression level was found under ApNPV infection. The strain Shenhuang No. 2 presented the lowest infection rate and the highest ApTLS gene expression level when exposed to ApNPV. Thus, ApTLS seems to be involved in innate defense reactions in A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing-Lin Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xiao-Hui Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yi-Ren Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Dong-Hua Li
- Yanbian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yanbian 133400, China
| | - Li Qin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Engineering and Technology Resource Center for Insect Resource, Shenyang 110866, China ( ; ; ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Huynh TG, Shiu YL, Nguyen TP, Truong QP, Chen JC, Liu CH. Current applications, selection, and possible mechanisms of actions of synbiotics in improving the growth and health status in aquaculture: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:367-382. [PMID: 28336489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotics, a conjunction between prebiotics and probiotics, have been used in aquaculture for over 10 years. However, the mechanisms of how synbiotics work as growth and immunity promoters are far from being unraveled. Here, we show that a prebiotic as part of a synbiotic is hydrolyzed to mono- or disaccharides as the sole carbon source with diverse mechanisms, thereby increasing biomass and colonization that is established by specific crosstalk between probiotic bacteria and the surface of intestinal epithelial cells of the host. Synbiotics may indirectly and directly promote the growth of aquatic animals through releasing extracellular bacterial enzymes and bioactive products from synbiotic metabolic processes. These compounds may activate precursors of digestive enzymes of the host and augment the nutritional absorptive ability that contributes to the efficacy of food utilization. In fish immune systems, synbiotics cause intestinal epithelial cells to secrete cytokines which modulate immune functional cells as of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and induce the ability of lipopolysaccharides to trigger tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor 2 gene transcription leading to increased respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production. In shellfish, synbiotics stimulate the proliferation and degranulation of hemocytes of shrimp due to the presence of bacterial cell walls. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are subsequently recognized and bound by specific pattern-recognition proteins, triggering melanization and phagocytosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Ya-Li Shiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Quoc-Phu Truong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC.
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Trypsin and N-aminopeptidase (APN) activities in the hepatopancreas of an intertidal euryhaline crab: Biochemical characteristics and differential modulation by histamine and salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The digestive system of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:311-323. [PMID: 28138798 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Because hermatypic species use symbiotic algal photosynthesis, most of the literature in this field focuses on this autotrophic mode and very little research has studied the morphology of the coral's digestive system or the digestion process of particulate food. Using histology and histochemestry, our research reveals that Stylophora pistillata's digestive system is concentrated at the corals' peristome, actinopharynx and mesenterial filaments (MF). We used in-situ hybridization (ISH) of the RNA transcript of the gene that codes for the S. pistillata digestive enzyme, chymotrypsinogen, to shed light on the functionality of the digestive system. Both the histochemistry and the ISH pointed to the MF being specialized digestive organs, equipped with large numbers of acidophilic and basophilic granular gland cells, as well as acidophilic non-granular gland cells, some of which produce chymotrypsinogen. We identified two types of MF: short, trilobed MF and unilobed, long and convoluted MF. Each S. pistillata polyp harbors two long convoluted MF and 10 short MF. While the short MF have neither secreting nor stinging cells, each of the convoluted MF display gradual cytological changes along their longitudinal axis, alternating between stinging and secreting cells and three distinctive types of secretory cells. These observations indicate the important digestive role of the long convoluted MF. They also indicate the existence of novel feeding compartments in the gastric cavity of the polyp, primarily in the nutritionally active peristome, in the actinopharynx and in three regions of the MF that differ from each other in their cellular components, general morphology and chymotrypsinogen excretion.
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Woodring J, Weidlich S. THE SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND CAECAL SIZE ARE DETERMINED BY DIETARY PROTEIN IN THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93:121-128. [PMID: 27447828 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Gryllus bimaculatus, the size of the caecum decreases in the latter half of each instar to a stable minimal size with a steady minimal rate of digestive enzyme secretion until feeding resumes after ecdysis. The higher the percent protein in the newly ingested food, the faster and larger the caecum grows, and as a consequent the higher the secretion rate of trypsin and amylase. When hard boiled eggs (40% protein) are eaten the caecum is 2× larger, the trypsin secretion is almost 3× greater, and amylase 2.5× greater then when fed the same amount of apples (1.5% protein). Only dietary protein increases amylase secretion, whereas dietary carbohydrates have no effect on amylase secretion. The minimal caecal size and secretion rate must be supported by utilization of hemolymph amino acids, but the growth of the caecum and increasing enzymes secretions after the molt depend upon an amino acid source in the lumen. This simple regulation of digestive enzyme secretion is ideal for animals that must stop feeding in order to molt. This basic control system does not preclude additional regulation mechanisms, such as prandal, which is also indicated for G. bimaculatus, or even paramonal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Woodring
- Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Sandy Weidlich
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Use of protease inhibitory gold nanoparticles as a compatibility enhancer for Bt and deltamethrin: A novel approach for pest control. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Homaei A, Lavajoo F, Sariri R. Development of marine biotechnology as a resource for novel proteases and their role in modern biotechnology. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:542-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of serine proteases and homologs in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1054. [PMID: 26653876 PMCID: PMC4676143 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serine proteases (SPs) are crucial proteolytic enzymes responsible for digestion and other processes including signal transduction and immune responses in insects. Serine protease homologs (SPHs) lack catalytic activity but are involved in innate immunity. This study presents a genome-wide investigation of SPs and SPHs in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), a globally-distributed destructive pest of cruciferous crops. Results A total of 120 putative SPs and 101 putative SPHs were identified in the P. xylostella genome by bioinformatics analysis. Based on the features of trypsin, 38 SPs were putatively designated as trypsin genes. The distribution, transcription orientation, exon-intron structure and sequence alignments suggested that the majority of trypsin genes evolved from tandem duplications. Among the 221 SP/SPH genes, ten SP and three SPH genes with one or more clip domains were predicted and designated as PxCLIPs. Phylogenetic analysis of CLIPs in P. xylostella, two other Lepidoptera species (Bombyx mori and Manduca sexta), and two more distantly related insects (Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera) showed that seven of the 13 PxCLIPs were clustered with homologs of the Lepidoptera rather than other species. Expression profiling of the P. xylostella SP and SPH genes in different developmental stages and tissues showed diverse expression patterns, suggesting high functional diversity with roles in digestion and development. Conclusions This is the first genome-wide investigation on the SP and SPH genes in P. xylostella. The characterized features and profiled expression patterns of the P. xylostella SPs and SPHs suggest their involvement in digestion, development and immunity of this species. Our findings provide a foundation for further research on the functions of this gene family in P. xylostella, and a better understanding of its capacity to rapidly adapt to a wide range of environmental variables including host plants and insecticides. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2243-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bibo-Verdugo B, Rojo-Arreola L, Navarrete-del-Toro MA, García-Carreño F. A chymotrypsin from the Digestive Tract of California Spiny Lobster, Panulirus interruptus: Purification and Biochemical Characterization. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:416-427. [PMID: 25877639 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chymotrypsin was purified from the gastric juice of California spiny lobster (Panulirus interrutpus), using preparative electrophoresis and affinity chromatography on agarose-p-aminobenzamidine. The molecular mass was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under denaturing conditions to be 28 kDa. Chymotrypsin activity was totally inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and chymostatin. Lobster chymotrypsin had optimal pH 7.0-8.0 and temperature of 55 °C. The enzyme is highly stable under a wide range of pH (retaining up to 80 % of activity after 1 h of incubation at pH 3.0, 5.0, and 12.0), showing higher stability at pH 8.0, and was inactivated after 20 min at 55 °C. Lobster chymotrypsin was able to hydrolyze protein substrates at as low as pH 3.0. These results are consistent with the findings of enzyme stability. Activity was assessed after incubation of enzyme with different organic solvents (in the range of 10-50 %); when tested in the presence of acetone, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, lobster chymotrypsin residual activity was >80 %; whereas in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and toluene, lobster chymotrypsin residual activity was <80 %. Deduced amino acid sequence, corroborated by mass spectrometry, was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
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Borges-Veloso A, Saboia-Vahia L, Dias-Lopes G, Domont GB, Britto C, Cuervo P, De Jesus JB. In-depth characterization of trypsin-like serine peptidases in the midgut of the sugar fed Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:373. [PMID: 26174750 PMCID: PMC4502911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus is a hematophagous insect from the Culicidae family that feeds on the blood of humans, dogs, birds and livestock. This species transmits a wide variety of pathogens between humans and animals. The midgut environment is the first location of pathogen-vector interactions for blood-feeding mosquitoes and the expression of specific peptidases in the early stages of feeding could influence the outcome of the infection. Trypsin-like serine peptidases belong to a multi-gene family that can be expressed in different isoforms under distinct physiological conditions. However, the confident assignment of the trypsin genes that are expressed under each condition is still a challenge due to the large number of trypsin-coding genes in the Culicidae family and most likely because they are low abundance proteins. METHODS We used zymography for the biochemical characterization of the peptidase profile of the midgut from C. quinquefasciatus females fed on sugar. Protein samples were also submitted to SDS-PAGE followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis for peptidase identification. The peptidases sequences were analyzed with bioinformatics tools to assess their distinct features. RESULTS Zymography revealed that trypsin-like serine peptidases were responsible for the proteolytic activity in the midgut of females fed on sugar diet. After denaturation in SDS-PAGE, eight trypsin-like serine peptidases were identified by LC-MS/MS. These peptidases have structural features typical of invertebrate digestive trypsin peptidases but exhibited singularities at the protein sequence level such as: the presence of different amino acids at the autocatalytic motif and substrate binding regions as well as different number of disulfide bounds. Data mining revealed a group of trypsin-like serine peptidases that are specific to C. quinquefasciatus when compared to the culicids genomes sequenced so far. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that proteomics approaches combined with bioinformatics tools and zymographic analysis can lead to the functional annotation of trypsin-like serine peptidases coding genes and aid in the understanding of the complexity of peptidase expression in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Borges-Veloso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav. Leônidas Deane, Sala 509, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Unidade de Proteômica, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav. Leônidas Deane, Sala 509, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jose B De Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brasil.
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Kuwar SS, Pauchet Y, Vogel H, Heckel DG. Adaptive regulation of digestive serine proteases in the larval midgut of Helicoverpa armigera in response to a plant protease inhibitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 59:18-29. [PMID: 25662099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are direct defenses induced by plants in response to herbivory. PIs reduce herbivore digestive efficiency by inhibiting insects' digestive proteases; in turn insects can adapt to PIs by generally increasing protease levels and/or by inducing the expression of PI-insensitive proteases. Helicoverpa armigera, a highly polyphagous lepidopteran insect pest, is known for its ability to adapt to PIs. To advance our molecular and functional understanding of the regulation of digestive proteases, we performed a comprehensive gene expression experiment of H. armigera exposed to soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) using a custom-designed microarray. We observed poor larval growth on the SKTI diet until 24 h, however after 48 h larvae attained comparable weight to that of control diet. Although initially the expression of several trypsins and chymotrypsins increased, eventually the expression of some trypsins decreased, while the number of chymotrypsins and their expression increased in response to SKTI. Some of the diverged serine proteases were also differentially expressed. The expression of serine proteases observed using microarrays were further validated by qRT-PCR at different time points (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) after the start of SKTI ingestion. There were also large changes in transcriptional patterns over time in the control diet. Carbohydrate metabolism and immune defense genes were affected in response to SKTI ingestion. Enzyme assays revealed reduced trypsin-specific activity and increased chymotrypsin-specific activity in response to SKTI. The differential regulation of trypsins and chymotrypsins at the transcript and protein levels accompanying a rebound in growth rate indicates that induction of SKTI-insensitive proteases is an effective strategy of H. armigera in coping with this protease inhibitor in its diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyog S Kuwar
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Fang C, Ma M, Ji H, Ren T, Mims SD. Alterations of digestive enzyme activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota in juvenile paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, fed dietary probiotics. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:91-105. [PMID: 25403154 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics on digestive enzymes activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota in juvenile paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) were studied. A total of 400 fish were reared in two cages and fed with a basal diet (control group, CG) or diet supplemented with commercial probiotics (treatment group, TG) for 80 days. Enzymes activities analysis indicated that protease and α-amylase activities increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in TG. Light microscopy observation demonstrated the decrease of wall thickness and muscularis thickness in foregut (P < 0.01), the increase of those in hindgut (P < 0.05), the increase of folds height in foregut (P < 0.01) and midgut in TG (P < 0.05). DGGE results of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA confirmed that the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial species increased in TG. The similarity between the commercial bacteria product and intestinal microbiota of TG were higher than the microbiota from CG. The quantities of bacterium, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, present an increasing trend from foregut to hindgut both in two groups. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to reveal the effect of dietary probiotics on intestinal digestive enzymes activities, morphology and microbiota in paddlefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Plant protease inhibitors (PIs) are natural plant defense proteins that inhibit proteases of invading insect herbivores. However, their anti-insect efficacy is determined not only by their potency toward a vulnerable insect system but also by the response of the insect to such a challenge. Through the long history of coevolution with their host plants, insects have developed sophisticated mechanisms to circumvent antinutritional effects of dietary challenges. Their response takes the form of changes in gene expression and the protein repertoire in cells lining the alimentary tract, the first line of defense. Research in insect digestive proteases has revealed the crucial roles they play in insect adaptation to plant PIs and has brought about a new appreciation of how phytophagous insects employ this group of molecules in both protein digestion and counterdefense. This review provides researchers in related fields an up-to-date summary of recent advances.
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Trypsin isozymes in the lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804): from molecules to physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:17-35. [PMID: 25192870 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin enzymes have been studied in a wide variety of animal taxa due to their central role in protein digestion as well as in other important physiological and biotechnological processes. Crustacean trypsins exhibit a high number of isoforms. However, while differences in properties of isoenzymes are known to play important roles in regulating different physiological processes, there is little information on this aspect for decapod trypsins. The aim of this review is to integrate recent findings at the molecular level on trypsin enzymes of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus, into higher levels of organization (biochemical, organism) and to interpret those findings in relation to the feeding ecology of these crustaceans. Trypsin in lobster is a polymorphic enzyme, showing isoforms that differ in their biochemical features and catalytic efficiencies. Molecular studies suggest that polymorphism in lobster trypsins may be non-neutral. Trypsin isoenzymes are differentially regulated by dietary proteins, and it seems that some isoenzymes have undergone adaptive evolution coupled with a divergence in expression rate to increase fitness. This review highlights important but poorly studied issues in crustaceans in general, such as the relation among trypsin polymorphism, phenotypic (digestive) flexibility, digestion efficiency, and feeding ecology.
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Yang L, Yang G, Zhang X. The miR-100-mediated pathway regulates apoptosis against virus infection in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:146-153. [PMID: 24972342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The process of programmed cell death process or apoptosis can be regulated by microRNAs, 21-25 nt short non-coding RNAs. However, a comprehensive view of apoptosis-associated miRNAs has not been intensively characterized. In this study, the shrimp miRNA microarray data showed that 199 miRNAs were involved in the regulation of apoptosis, among which 8 miRNAs were evolutionarily conserved in animals. The loss-of-function experiments in vivo in shrimp revealed that miR-100 was served as an anti-apoptosis miRNA through targeting the mRNA of trypsin gene. The results indicated that the silencing of miR-100 expression resulted in the increase of apoptotic activity of shrimp hemocytes and further led to the decreases of virus genome copies in shrimp and virus-infected shrimp mortality compared with the controls. The findings showed that miR-100-trypsin signaling pathway played an important role in the antiviral immunity by regulating apoptosis. Therefore, our study presented a novel miR-100-mediated pathway in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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RNA-Seq reveals the dynamic and diverse features of digestive enzymes during early development of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 11:37-44. [PMID: 25090194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high commercial value, has a typical metamorphosis pattern by going through embryo, nauplius, zoea, mysis and postlarvae during early development. Its diets change continually in this period, and a high mortality of larvae also occurs in this period. Since there is a close relationship between diets and digestive enzymes, a comprehensive investigation about the types and expression patterns of all digestive enzyme genes during early development of L. vannamei is of considerable significance for shrimp diets and larvae culture. Using RNA-Seq data, the types and expression characteristics of the digestive enzyme genes were analyzed during five different development stages (embryo, nauplius, zoea, mysis and postlarvae) in L. vannamei. Among the obtained 66,815 unigenes, 296 were annotated as 16 different digestive enzymes including five types of carbohydrase, seven types of peptidase and four types of lipase. Such a diverse suite of enzymes illustrated the capacity of L. vannamei to exploit varied diets to fit their nutritional requirements. The analysis of their dynamic expression patterns during development also indicated the importance of transcriptional regulation to adapt to the diet transition. Our study revealed the diverse and dynamic features of digestive enzymes during early development of L. vannamei. These results would provide support to better understand the physiological changes during diet transition.
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The midgut of Aedes albopictus females expresses active trypsin-like serine peptidases. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:253. [PMID: 24886160 PMCID: PMC4097087 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus is widely distributed across tropical and sub-tropical regions and is associated with the transmission of several arboviruses. Although this species is increasingly relevant to public health due its ability to successfully colonize both urban and rural habitats, favoring the dispersion of viral infections, little is known about its biochemical traits, with all assumptions made based on studies of A. aegypti. In previous studies we characterized the peptidase profile of pre-imaginal stages of A. albopictus and we reported the first proteomic analysis of the midgut from sugar-fed females of this insect species. Methods In the present work, we further analyzed the peptidase expression in the midgut of sugar-fed females using 1DE-substrate gel zymography, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and protein identification based on similarity. Results The combination of zymography, in solution assays using fluorescent substrates and 2DE-MS/MS allowed us to identify the active serine peptidase “fingerprint” in the midgut of A. albopictus females. Zymographic analysis revealed a proteolytic profile composed of at least 13 bands ranging from ~25 to 250 kDa, which were identified as trypsin-like serine peptidases by using specific inhibitors of this class of enzymes. Concomitant use of the fluorogenic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and trypsin-like serine protease inhibitors corroborated the zymographic findings. Our proteomic approach allowed the identification of two different trypsin-like serine peptidases and one chymotrypsin in protein spots of the alkaline region in 2DE map of the A. albopictus female midgut. Identification of these protein coding genes was achieved by similarity to the A. aegypti genome sequences using Mascot and OMSSA search engines. Conclusion These results allowed us to detect, identify and characterize the expression of active trypsin-like serine peptidases in the midgut of sugar-fed A. albopictus females. In addition, proteomic analysis allowed us to confidently assign the expression of two trypsin genes and one chymotrypsin gene to the midgut of this mosquito. These results contribute to the gene annotation in this species of unknown genome and represent a small but important step toward the protein-level functional and localization assignment of trypsin-like serine peptidase genes in the Aedes genus.
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Xiong C, Fang F, Chen L, Yang Q, He J, Zhou D, Shen B, Ma L, Sun Y, Zhang D, Zhu C. Trypsin-catalyzed deltamethrin degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89517. [PMID: 24594869 PMCID: PMC3940599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore if trypsin could catalyze the degradation of non-protein molecule deltamethrin, we compared in vitro hydrolytic reactions of deltamethrin in the presence and absence of trypsin with ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, acute oral toxicity of the degradation products was determined in Wistar rats. The results show that the absorption peak of deltamethrin is around 264 nm, while the absorption peaks of deltamethrin degradation products are around 250 nm and 296 nm. In our GC setting, the retention time of undegraded deltamethrin was 37.968 min, while those of deltamethrin degradation products were 15.289 min and 18.730 min. The LD50 of deltamethrin in Wistar rats is 55 mg/kg, while that of deltamethrin degradation products is 3358 mg/kg in female rats and 1045 mg/kg in male rates (61-fold and 19-fold reductions in toxicity), suggesting that trypsin could directly degrade deltamethrin, which significantly reduces the toxicity of deltamethrin. These results expand people's understanding of the functions of proteases and point to potential applications of trypsin as an attractive agent to control residual pesticides in the environment and on agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Xiong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinggui Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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