1
|
Akhila S, Varghese T, Sahu NP, Gupta S, Dasgupta S, Deo AD, Mannur VS, Paul Nathaniel T, Chandan NK. Hyperthermal stress potentiates enhanced lipid utilisation in genetically improved farmed Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024:111033. [PMID: 39278536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
The present experiment evaluated whether dietary protein (P) or lipid (L) is preferred as an energy source by genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) reared at high temperatures. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted at 28.3 °C and 33.3 °C, testing five diets with varying protein (34,36,38 %) and lipid (8,10,12 %) levels, viz., P38L8, P36L8, P34L8, P34L10, P34L12. Parameters assessed included growth, body composition, serum lipids, enzyme activities, fatty acid profiles, and PPAR-α mRNA expression. Results indicated that the fish fed optimum protein and highest lipid level (P34L12) showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain percent and thermal growth coefficient. Increasing dietary lipid content reduced whole-body lipid deposition and mobilised serum triglycerides and cholesterol at higher temperatures (HT). Hepatic malic enzyme activity decreased with rising temperature and lipid content, while lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle increased. The fatty acid composition altered substantially with the changes in rearing temperature and diets. Unsaturated fats were preferred as direct fuels for β-oxidation, wherein the P34L12 groups preserved body (area %) EPA, DHA, and linolenic acid, especially at HT. The expression of PPAR-α, a lipolytic marker, was upregulated with increasing temperature and high dietary lipid content, peaking in P34L12 groups. The study concludes that high-lipid diets (12 %) are metabolically superior to high-protein diets for GIFT tilapia at elevated temperatures, optimising growth, enhancing metabolic efficiency, and maintaining essential fatty acid profiles under hyperthermal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Akhila
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Tincy Varghese
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Subodh Gupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Subrata Dasgupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashutosh D Deo
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - T Paul Nathaniel
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Chandan
- Fish Nutrition & Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malorey P, Porter ES, Gamperl AK, Briffa M, Wilson ADM. Swimming performance, but not metabolism, is related to a boldness-activity syndrome in schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39251204 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Commercial overexploitation and climate change can alter the physiology and behavior of marine organisms, although intraspecific phenotypic responses to such changes can vary greatly depending on the environment, species, and severity of the stressor. Under the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis, behavior, physiology, and life-history traits are linked, and thus, affected by selection targeting any aspect of organismal biology. However, these links are understudied in tropical marine fishes, and further work is needed to better understand the impacts of fisheries and climate change on wild stocks. Moreover, tropical regions have a greater reliance on fisheries; thus investigations should focus on species with substantial socioeconomic value to ensure benefits at the local level. This study aimed to address this need by measuring the behavior (boldness and activity), metabolism, and swimming performance (using a critical swim speed [Ucrit] test) of schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus in Eleuthera, the Bahamas. We report a strong positive correlation between boldness and activity, high repeatability of these behavioral metrics, and two groupings that were consistent with "proactive" and "reactive" behavioral types. These behavioral types differed significantly in their swimming performance, with reactive individuals having a 13.1% higher mean Ucrit. In contrast, no significant differences were found in the measured metabolic parameters between behavioral types. This study is the first to investigate the intraspecific links between behavior and physiology in a snapper species, using the novel and ecologically relevant comparison of Ucrit with behavioral syndrome types. These data suggest that additional research is needed to better predict the success of proactive/reactive tropical fish if overexploited and as influenced by climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Malorey
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Emma S Porter
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Mark Briffa
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osorio M J, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Allison DB, Speakman JR. Not feeling the heat? Effects of dietary protein on satiation and satiety in mice are not due to its impact on body temperature. Appetite 2024; 200:107421. [PMID: 38759755 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Dietary protein modulates food intake (FI) via unclear mechanism(s). One possibility is that higher protein leads to greater post-ingestive heat production (Specific dynamic action: SDA) leading to earlier meal termination (increased satiation), and inhibition of further intake (increased satiety). The influence of dietary protein on feeding behaviour in C57BL/6J mice was tested using an automated FI monitoring system (BioDAQ), simultaneous to body temperature (Tb). Total FI, inter meal intervals (IMI, satiety) and meal size (MS, satiation) were related to changes in Tb after consuming low (5%, LP), moderate (15%, MP) and high (30%, HP) protein diets. Diets were tested over three conditions: 1) room temperature (RT, 21 ± 1 °C), 2) room temperature and running wheels (RTRW) and 3) low temperature (10 °C) and running wheels (LTRW). The differences between diets and conditions were also compared using mixed models. Mice housed at RT fed HP diet, reduced total FI compared with LP and MP due to earlier meal termination (satiation effect). FI was lowered in RTRW conditions with no differences between diets. FI significantly increased under LTRW conditions for all diets, with protein content leading to earlier meal termination (satiation) but not the intervals between feeding bouts (satiety). Tb fell immediately after feeding in all conditions. Despite a reduction in total FI in mice fed HP, mediated via increased satiation, this effect was not linked to increased Tb during meals. We conclude effects of dietary protein on intake are not mediated via SDA and Tb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Osorio M
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Liao SS, Bao MH, Huo DL, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. Lactating striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) do not decrease the thermogenic capacity to cope with extreme cold temperature. ZOOLOGY 2024; 166:126195. [PMID: 39128254 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
For small non-hibernating mammals, a high thermogenic capacity is important to increase activity levels in the cold. It has been previously reported that lactating females decrease their thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), whereas their capacity to cope with extreme cold remains uncertain. In this study we examined food intake, body temperature and locomotor behavior, resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis, and cytochrome c oxidase activity, and the rate of state 4 respiration of liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) at peak lactation and non- breeding hamsters (controls). The lactating hamsters and non- breeding controls were acutely exposed to -15°C, and several markers indicative of thermogenic capacity were examined. In comparison to non-breeding females, lactating hamsters significantly increased food intake and body temperature, but decreased locomotor behavior, and the BAT mass, indicative of decreased BAT thermogenesis at peak lactation. Unexpectedly, lactating hamsters showed similar body temperature, resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis with non-breeding females after acute exposure to -15°C. Furthermore, cytochrome c oxidase activity of liver, skeletal muscle and BAT, and serum thyroid hormone concentration, and BAT uncoupling protein 1 expression, in lactating hamsters were similar with that in non-breeding hamsters after acute extreme cold exposure. This suggests that lactating females have the same thermogenic capacity to survive cold temperatures compared to non-breeding animals. This is particularly important for females in the field to cope with cold environments during the period of reproduction. Our findings indicate that the females during lactation, one of the highest energy requirement periods, do not impair their thermogenic capacity in response to acute cold exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Sha-Sha Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meng-Huan Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Da-Liang Huo
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng LQ, Ling H, Fu SJ, Pu DY, Killen SS. Individual and group behavioral responses to nutritional state and context in a social fish. Behav Processes 2024; 220:105059. [PMID: 38878914 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how animal collectives and societies form and function is a fundamental goal in animal biology. To date, research examining fish shoaling behavior has focused mostly on the general principles and ecological relevance of the phenomeon, while the ways in which physiological state (e.g., nutrition) affects collective behavior remain overlooked. Here, we investigated the shoaling behavior of common minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) with three different nutritional states (control treatment: fasting for 24 h, fasting treatment: fasting for 7 days, and digestion treatment: 1 h after satiation feeding) across two ecological contexts (i.e., without and with food). No effects of either nutritional state or context were found on swimming speed, but the acceleration was greater in the digestion group than in the control group, with that in the fasting group being intermediate. Similar to change tendency in group length and group width of shoals, both interindividual distance and nearest neighbor distance were also greater in the fasting group than in the digestion group, suggesting that fasting and digestion may exert opposite driving forces on group cohesion. However, neither nutritional state nor context influenced the group area, group speed, group percent time moving, or group polarization. Both the foraging efficiency and the percentage of food items consumed by the fish shoals were greater in the fasting and control groups than in the digestion group. Our study suggested that one week of hunger and the energetically demanding stage of food digestion tend to have opposite influences on group shape, while the social foraging context does not influence the individual and group behavior of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Hong Ling
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China; Yuechi Middle School, Sichuan 638300, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - De-Yong Pu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hardison EA, Eliason EJ. Diet effects on ectotherm thermal performance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1537-1555. [PMID: 38616524 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The environment is changing rapidly, and considerable research is aimed at understanding the capacity of organisms to respond. Changes in environmental temperature are particularly concerning as most animals are ectothermic, with temperature considered a key factor governing their ecology, biogeography, behaviour and physiology. The ability of ectotherms to persist in an increasingly warm, variable, and unpredictable future will depend on their nutritional status. Nutritional resources (e.g. food availability, quality, options) vary across space and time and in response to environmental change, but animals also have the capacity to alter how much they eat and what they eat, which may help them improve their performance under climate change. In this review, we discuss the state of knowledge in the intersection between animal nutrition and temperature. We take a mechanistic approach to describe nutrients (i.e. broad macronutrients, specific lipids, and micronutrients) that may impact thermal performance and discuss what is currently known about their role in ectotherm thermal plasticity, thermoregulatory behaviour, diet preference, and thermal tolerance. We finish by describing how this topic can inform ectotherm biogeography, behaviour, and aquaculture research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bihun CJ, Stewart EMC, Lechner ER, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD. Thermal performance curves for aerobic scope and specific dynamic action in a sexually dimorphic piscivore: implications for a warming climate. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247207. [PMID: 38881304 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Digestion can make up a substantial proportion of animal energy budgets, yet our understanding of how it varies with sex, body mass and ration size is limited. A warming climate may have consequences for animal growth and feeding dynamics that will differentially impact individuals in their ability to efficiently acquire and assimilate meals. Many species, such as walleye (Sander vitreus), exhibit sexual size dimorphism (SSD), whereby one sex is larger than the other, suggesting sex differences in energy acquisition and/or expenditure. Here, we present the first thorough estimates of specific dynamic action (SDA) in adult walleye using intermittent-flow respirometry. We fed male (n=14) and female (n=9) walleye two ration sizes, 2% and 4% of individual body mass, over a range of temperatures from 2 to 20°C. SDA was shorter in duration and reached higher peak rates of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature. Peak SDA increased with ration size and decreased with body mass. The proportion of digestible energy lost to SDA (i.e. the SDA coefficient) was consistent at 6% and was unrelated to temperature, body mass, sex or ration size. Our findings suggest that sex has a negligible role in shaping SDA, nor is SDA a contributor to SSD for this species. Standard and maximum metabolic rates were similar between sexes but maximum metabolic rate decreased drastically with body mass. Large fish, which are important for population growth because of reproductive hyperallometry, may therefore face a bioenergetic disadvantage and struggle most to perform optimally in future, warmer waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Bihun
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Erin M C Stewart
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Emily R Lechner
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada, L7S 1A1
| | - Graham D Raby
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Plasman M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Bautista A, Díaz DE LA Vega-Pérez AH. Flexibility in thermal requirements: a comparative analysis of the wide-spread lizard genus Sceloporus. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38880782 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation or acclimation of thermal requirements to environmental conditions can reduce thermoregulation costs and increase fitness, especially in ectotherms, which rely heavily on environmental temperatures for thermoregulation. Insight into how thermal niches have shaped thermal requirements across evolutionary history may help predict the survival of species during climate change. The lizard genus Sceloporus has a widespread distribution and inhabits an ample variety of habitats. We evaluated the effects of geographical gradients (i.e. elevation and latitude) and local environmental temperatures on thermal requirements (i.e. preferred body temperature, active body temperature in the field, and critical thermal limits) of Sceloporus species using published and field-collected data and performing phylogenetic comparative analyses. To contrast macro- and micro-evolutional patterns, we also performed intra-specific analyses when sufficient reports existed for a species. We found that preferred body temperature increased with elevation, whereas body temperature in the field decreased with elevation and increased with local environmental temperatures. Critical thermal limits were not related to the geographic gradient or environmental temperatures. The apparent lack of relation of thermal requirements to geographic gradient may increase vulnerability to extinction due to climate change. However, local and temporal variations in thermal landscape determine thermoregulation opportunities and may not be well represented by geographic gradient and mean environmental temperatures. Results showed that Sceloporus lizards are excellent thermoregulators, have wide thermal tolerance ranges, and the preferred temperature was labile. Our results suggest that Sceloporus lizards can adjust to different thermal landscapes, highlighting opportunities for continuous survival in changing thermal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Plasman
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Amando Bautista
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Aníbal H Díaz DE LA Vega-Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias, y Tecnologías-Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Van Wert JC, Birnie-Gauvin K, Gallagher J, Hardison EA, Landfield K, Burkepile DE, Eliason EJ. Despite plasticity, heatwaves are costly for a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13320. [PMID: 38858427 PMCID: PMC11164959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events, including marine heatwaves, which are prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperature that pose a novel threat to aquatic animals. Tropical animals may be especially vulnerable to marine heatwaves because they are adapted to a narrow temperature range. If these animals cannot acclimate to marine heatwaves, the extreme heat could impair their behavior and fitness. Here, we investigated how marine heatwave conditions affected the performance and thermal tolerance of a tropical predatory fish, arceye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), across two seasons in Moorea, French Polynesia. We found that the fish's daily activities, including recovery from burst swimming and digestion, were more energetically costly in fish exposed to marine heatwave conditions across both seasons, while their aerobic capacity remained the same. Given their constrained energy budget, these rising costs associated with warming may impact how hawkfish prioritize activities. Additionally, hawkfish that were exposed to hotter temperatures exhibited cardiac plasticity by increasing their maximum heart rate but were still operating within a few degrees of their thermal limits. With more frequent and intense heatwaves, hawkfish, and other tropical fishes must rapidly acclimate, or they may suffer physiological consequences that alter their role in the ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jordan Gallagher
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Landfield
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Deron E Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heldmaier G. 100 years Journal of Comparative Physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:221-223. [PMID: 38907810 PMCID: PMC11233384 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Heldmaier
- Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps Universitaet, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nuic B, Bowden A, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar do not prioritize digestion when energetic budgets are constrained by warming and hypoxia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1718-1731. [PMID: 38426401 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
During summer, farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can experience prolonged periods of warming and low aquatic oxygen levels due to climate change. This often results in a drop in feed intake; however, the physiological mechanism behind this behaviour is unclear. Digestion is a metabolically expensive process that can demand a high proportion of an animal's energy budget and might not be sustainable under future warming scenarios. We investigated the effects of elevated temperature and acute hypoxia on specific dynamic action (SDA; the energetic cost of digestion), and how much of the energy budget (i.e. aerobic scope, AS) was occupied by SDA in juvenile Atlantic salmon. AS was 9% lower in 21°C-acclimated fish compared to fish reared at their optimum temperature (15°C) and was reduced by ~50% by acute hypoxia (50% air saturation) at both temperatures. Furthermore, we observed an increase in peak oxygen uptake rate during digestion which occupied ~13% of the AS at 15°C and ~20% of AS at 21°C, and increased the total cost of digestion at 21°C. The minimum oxygen tolerance threshold in digesting fish was ~42% and ~53% at 15 and 21°C, respectively, and when digesting fish were exposed to acute hypoxia, gut transit was delayed. Thus, these stressors result in a greater proportion of the available energy budget being directed away from digestion. Moderate environmental hypoxia under both optimal and high temperatures severely impedes digestion and should be avoided to limit exacerbating temperature effects on fish growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nuic
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alyssa Bowden
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pacioni C, Bushuev A, Sentís M, Kerimov A, Ivankina E, Lens L, Strubbe D. Metabolic adjustments to winter severity in two geographically separated great tit (Parus major) populations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:410-420. [PMID: 38369854 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the potential limits placed on organisms by their ecophysiology is crucial for predicting their responses to varying environmental conditions. A main hypothesis for explaining avian thermoregulatory mechanisms is the aerobic capacity model, which posits a positive correlation between basal (basal metabolic rate [BMR]) and summit (Msum) metabolism. Most evidence for this hypothesis, however, comes from interspecific comparisons, and the ecophysiological underpinnings of avian thermoregulatory capacities hence remain controversial. Indeed, studies have traditionally relied on between-species comparisons, although, recently, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of intraspecific variation in ecophysiological responses. Therefore, here, we focused on great tits (Parus major), measuring BMR and Msum during winter in two populations from two different climates: maritime-temperate (Gontrode, Belgium) and continental (Zvenigorod, Russia). We tested for the presence of intraspecific geographical variation in metabolic rates and assessed the predictions following the aerobic capacity model. We found that birds from the maritime-temperate climate (Gontrode) showed higher BMR, whereas conversely, great tits from Zvenigorod showed higher levels of Msum. Within each population, our data did not fully support the aerobic capacity model's predictions. We argued that the decoupling of BMR and Msum observed may be caused by different selective forces acting on these metabolic rates, with birds from the continental-climate Zvenigorod population facing the need to conserve energy for surviving long winter nights (by keeping their BMR at low levels) while simultaneously being able to generate more heat (i.e., a high Msum) to withstand cold spells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Pacioni
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrey Bushuev
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Sentís
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anvar Kerimov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Ivankina
- S.N. Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carnes-Mason MD, Ortega J, Beaupre SJ. The Metabolic Effort and Duration of Ecdysis in Timber Rattlesnakes: Implications for Time-Energy Budgets of Reptiles. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 97:129-143. [PMID: 38875140 DOI: 10.1086/730524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
AbstractTemperate reptiles are often considered to be low-energy systems, with their discrete use of time and energy making them model systems for the study of time-energy budgets. However, the semifrequent replacement and sloughing of the epidermis is a ubiquitous feature of squamate reptiles that is often overlooked when accounting for time and energy budgets in these animals. We used open-flow respirometry to measure both the energetic effort of ecdysis and the duration of the associated metabolic upregulation (likely related to behavioral changes often reported for animals in shed) in wild-caught timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). We hypothesized that total effort of skin biosynthesis and physical removal would be related to body mass and expected the duration of the process to remain static across individuals at a fixed temperature (25°C). We provide both the first measurements of the cost of skin biosynthesis and physical removal in a reptile and the highest-resolution estimate of process duration recorded to date. We found that skin biosynthesis, but not the cost of physical removal of the epidermis, was related to body mass. Shed cycle duration was consistent across individuals, taking nearly 4 wk from process initiation to physical removal of the outermost epidermal layer. Total energetic effort of ecdysis was of sizeable magnitude, requiring ∼3% of the total annual energy budget of a timber rattlesnake. Energetic effort for a 500-g snake was equivalent to the amount of metabolizable energy acquired from the consumption of approximately two adult mice. Ecdysis is a significant part of the time-energy budgets of snakes, necessitating further attention in studies of reptilian energetics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Brieske SD, Mullen SC, Rees BB. Method dependency of maximum oxygen uptake rate and its repeatability in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1537-1547. [PMID: 38403734 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The maximum rate at which fish can take up oxygen from their environment to fuel aerobic metabolism is an important feature of their physiology and ecology. Methods to quantify maximum oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2), therefore, should reliably and reproducibly estimate the highest possible ṀO2 by an individual or species under a given set of conditions (peak ṀO2). This study determined peak ṀO2 and its repeatability in Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, subjected to three methods to elevate metabolism: swimming at increasing water speeds, during recovery after an exhaustive chase, and after ingestion of a large meal. Estimates of peak ṀO2 during swimming and after an exhaustive chase were repeatable across two trials, whereas peak ṀO2 after feeding was not. Peak ṀO2 determined by the three methods was significantly different from one another, being highest during swimming, lowest after an exhaustive chase, and intermediate after feeding. In addition, peak ṀO2 during recovery from an exhaustive chase depended on the length of time of recovery: in nearly 60% of the trials, values within the first hour of the chase were lower than those measured later. A novel and important finding was that an individual's peak ṀO2 was not repeatable when compared across methods. Therefore, the peak ṀO2 estimated for a group of fish, as well as the ranking of individual ṀO2 within that group, depends on the method used to elevate aerobic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Brieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sylvia C Mullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bow H, Dang C, Hillsbery K, Markowski C, Black M, Strand C. Food for Thought: The Effects of Feeding on Neurogenesis in the Ball Python, Python regius. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:144-157. [PMID: 38657588 DOI: 10.1159/000539052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pythons are a well-studied model of postprandial physiological plasticity. Consuming a meal evokes a suite of physiological changes in pythons including one of the largest documented increases in post-feeding metabolic rates relative to resting values. However, little is known about how this plasticity manifests in the brain. Previous work has shown that cell proliferation in the python brain increases 6 days following meal consumption. This study aimed to confirm these findings and build on them in the long term by tracking the survival and maturation of these newly created cells across a 2-month period. METHODS We investigated differences in neural cell proliferation in ball pythons 6 days after a meal with immunofluorescence using the cell-birth marker 5-bromo-12'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). We investigated differences in neural cell maturation in ball pythons 2 months after a meal using double immunofluorescence for BrdU and a reptilian ortholog of the neuronal marker Fox3. RESULTS We did not find significantly greater rates of cell proliferation in snakes 6 days after feeding, but we did observe more new cells in neurogenic regions in fed snakes 2 months after the meal. Feeding was not associated with higher rates of neurogenesis, but snakes that received a meal had higher numbers of newly created nonneuronal cells than fasted controls. We documented particularly high cell survival rates in the olfactory bulbs and lateral cortex. CONCLUSION Consuming a meal stimulates cell proliferation in the brains of ball pythons after digestion is complete, although this effect emerged at a later time point in this study than expected. Higher rates of proliferation partially account for greater numbers of newly created non-neuronal cells in the brains of fed snakes 2 months after the meal, but our results also suggest that feeding may have a mild neuroprotective effect. We captured a slight trend toward higher cell survival rates in fed snakes, and survival rates were particularly high in brain regions associated with olfactory perception and processing. These findings shed light on the relationship between energy balance and the creation of new neural cells in the brains of ball pythons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bow
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Christina Dang
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Katherine Hillsbery
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Carly Markowski
- Biomedical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Michael Black
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Christine Strand
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Goodrich HR, Wood CM, Wilson RW, Clark TD, Last KB, Wang T. Specific dynamic action: the energy cost of digestion or growth? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246722. [PMID: 38533751 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The physiological processes underlying the post-prandial rise in metabolic rate, most commonly known as the 'specific dynamic action' (SDA), remain debated and controversial. This Commentary examines the SDA response from two opposing hypotheses: (i) the classic interpretation, where the SDA represents the energy cost of digestion, versus (ii) the alternative view that much of the SDA represents the energy cost of growth. The traditional viewpoint implies that individuals with a reduced SDA should grow faster given the same caloric intake, but experimental evidence for this effect remains scarce and inconclusive. Alternatively, we suggest that the SDA reflects an organism's efficacy in allocating the ingested food to growth, emphasising the role of post-absorptive processes, particularly protein synthesis. Although both viewpoints recognise the trade-offs in energy allocation and the dynamic nature of energy distribution among physiological processes, we argue that equating the SDA with 'the energy cost of digestion' oversimplifies the complexities of energy use in relation to the SDA and growth. In many instances, a reduced SDA may reflect diminished nutrient absorption (e.g. due to lower digestive efficiency) rather than increased 'free' energy available for somatic growth. Considering these perspectives, we summarise evidence both for and against the opposing hypotheses with a focus on ectothermic vertebrates. We conclude by presenting a number of future directions for experiments that may clarify what the SDA is, and what it is not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Goodrich
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Katja B Last
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prokkola JM, Chew KK, Anttila K, Maamela KS, Yildiz A, Åsheim ER, Primmer CR, Aykanat T. Tissue-specific metabolic enzyme levels covary with whole-animal metabolic rates and life-history loci via epistatic effects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220482. [PMID: 38186275 PMCID: PMC10772610 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rates, including standard (SMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rate have often been linked with life-history strategies. Variation in context- and tissue-level metabolism underlying SMR and MMR may thus provide a physiological basis for life-history variation. This raises a hypothesis that tissue-specific metabolism covaries with whole-animal metabolic rates and is genetically linked to life history. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), variation in two loci, vgll3 and six6, affects life history via age-at-maturity as well as MMR. Here, using individuals with known SMR and MMR with different vgll3 and six6 genotype combinations, we measured proxies of mitochondrial density and anaerobic metabolism, i.e. maximal activities of the mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes, in four tissues (heart, intestine, liver, white muscle) across low- and high-food regimes. We found enzymatic activities were related to metabolic rates, mainly SMR, in the intestine and heart. Individual loci were not associated with the enzymatic activities, but we found epistatic effects and genotype-by-environment interactions in CS activity in the heart and epistasis in LDH activity in the intestine. These effects suggest that mitochondrial density and anaerobic capacity in the heart and intestine may partly mediate variation in metabolic rates and life history via age-at-maturity. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, 16900 Lammi, Finland
| | - Kuan Kiat Chew
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Anttila
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Katja S. Maamela
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, 16900 Lammi, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atakan Yildiz
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Eirik R. Åsheim
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, 16900 Lammi, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tutku Aykanat
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Glazier DS, Gjoni V. Interactive effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on metabolic rate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220489. [PMID: 38186280 PMCID: PMC10772614 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism energizes all biological processes, and its tempo may importantly influence the ecological success and evolutionary fitness of organisms. Therefore, understanding the broad variation in metabolic rate that exists across the living world is a fundamental challenge in biology. To further the development of a more reliable and holistic picture of the causes of this variation, we review several examples of how various intrinsic (biological) and extrinsic (environmental) factors (including body size, cell size, activity level, temperature, predation and other diverse genetic, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioural and ecological influences) can interactively affect metabolic rate in synergistic or antagonistic ways. Most of the interactive effects that have been documented involve body size, temperature or both, but future research may reveal additional 'hub factors'. Our review highlights the complex, intimate inter-relationships between physiology and ecology, knowledge of which can shed light on various problems in both disciplines, including variation in physiological adaptations, life histories, ecological niches and various organism-environment interactions in ecosystems. We also discuss theoretical and practical implications of interactive effects on metabolic rate and provide suggestions for future research, including holistic system analyses at various hierarchical levels of organization that focus on interactive proximate (functional) and ultimate (evolutionary) causal networks. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vojsava Gjoni
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57609, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dubiner S, Meiri S, Levin E. Seasonal remodeling of visceral organs in the invasive desert gecko Tarentola annularis. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38348500 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In winter, many reptiles have a period of inactivity ("brumation"). During brumation there is no energetic intake, therefore there would be an advantage to reducing energetic expenditure. The size of energetically costly organs, a major determinant of metabolic rate, is known to be flexible in many tetrapods. Seasonal plasticity of organ size could serve as both an energy-saving mechanism and a source of nutrients for brumating reptiles. We studied a population of an invasive gecko, Tarentola annularis, to test for seasonal changes in activity, metabolic rate, and mass of various organs. The observed period of inactivity was December-February. Standard metabolic rates during the activity season were 1.85 times higher than in brumating individuals. This may be attributed to decreased organ mass during winter: heart mass decreased by 37%, stomach mass by 25%, and liver mass by 69%. Interestingly, testes mass increased by 100% during winter, likely in preparation for the breeding season, suggesting that males prioritize breeding over other functions upon return to activity. The size of the kidneys and lungs remained constant. Organ atrophy occurred only after geckos reduced their activity, so we hypothesize that organ mass changes in response to (rather than in anticipation of) cold winter temperatures and the associated fasting. Degradation of visceral organs can maintain energy demands in times of low supply, and catabolism of the protein from these organs can serve as a source of both energy and water during brumation. These findings bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of reptiles' physiological adaptations to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dubiner
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Levin
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guagnoni IN, Armelin VA, da Silva Braga VH, Monteiro DA, Florindo LH. Cardiovascular responses and the role of the neurohumoral cardiac regulation during digestion in the herbivorous lizard Iguana iguana. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247105. [PMID: 38186316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Carnivorous reptiles exhibit an intense metabolic increment during digestion, which is accompanied by several cardiovascular adjustments responsible for meeting the physiological demands of the gastrointestinal system. Postprandial tachycardia, a well-documented phenomenon in these animals, is mediated by the withdrawal of vagal tone associated with the chronotropic effects of non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic (NANC) factors. However, herbivorous reptiles exhibit a modest metabolic increment during digestion and there is no information about postprandial cardiovascular adjustments. Considering the significant impact of feeding characteristics on physiological responses, we investigated cardiovascular and metabolic responses, as well as the neurohumoral mechanisms of cardiac control, in the herbivorous lizard Iguana iguana during digestion. We measured oxygen consumption rate (O2), heart rate (fH), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), myocardial activity, cardiac autonomic tone, fH/MAP variability and baroreflex efficiency in both fasting and digesting animals before and after parasympathetic blockade with atropine followed by double autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. Our results revealed that the peak of O2 in iguanas was reached 24 h after feeding, accompanied by an increase in myocardial activity and a subtle tachycardia mediated exclusively by a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic activity. This represents the first reported case of postprandial tachycardia in digesting reptiles without the involvement of NANC factors. Furthermore, this withdrawal of vagal stimulation during digestion may reduce the regulatory range for short-term fH adjustments, subsequently intensifying the blood pressure variability as a consequence of limiting baroreflex efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences (IB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diana Amaral Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barrett NJ, Harper EM, Last KS, Reinardy HC, Peck LS. Behavioural and physiological impacts of low salinity on the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246707. [PMID: 38099430 PMCID: PMC10906488 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Reduced seawater salinity as a result of freshwater input can exert a major influence on the ecophysiology of benthic marine invertebrates, such as echinoderms. While numerous experimental studies have explored the physiological and behavioural effects of short-term, acute exposure to low salinity in echinoids, surprisingly few have investigated the consequences of chronic exposure, or compared the two. In this study, the European sea urchin, Echinus esculentus, was exposed to low salinity over the short term (11‰, 16‰, 21‰, 26‰ and 31‰ for 24 h) and longer term (21, 26 and 31‰ for 25 days). Over the short term, oxygen consumption, activity coefficient and coelomic fluid osmolality were directly correlated with reduced salinity, with 100% survival at ≥21‰ and 0% at ≤16‰. Over the longer term at 21‰ (25 days), oxygen consumption was significantly higher, feeding was significantly reduced and activity coefficient values were significantly lower than at control salinity (31‰). At 26‰, all metrics were comparable to the control by the end of the experiment, suggesting acclimation. Furthermore, beneficial functional resistance (righting ability and metabolic capacity) to acute low salinity was observed at 26‰. Osmolality values were slightly hyperosmotic to the external seawater at all acclimation salinities, while coelomocyte composition and concentration were unaffected by chronic low salinity. Overall, E. esculentus demonstrate phenotypic plasticity that enables acclimation to reduced salinity around 26‰; however, 21‰ represents a lower acclimation threshold, potentially limiting its distribution in coastal areas prone to high freshwater input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Barrett
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Harper
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Kim S. Last
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Helena C. Reinardy
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Queiros Q, McKenzie DJ, Dutto G, Killen S, Saraux C, Schull Q. Fish shrinking, energy balance and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167310. [PMID: 37742954 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A decline in size is increasingly recognised as a major response by ectothermic species to global warming. Mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood but could include changes in energy balance of consumers, driven by declines in prey size coupled with increased energy demands due to warming. The sardine Sardina pilchardus is a prime example of animal shrinking, European populations of this planktivorous fish are undergoing profound decreases in body condition and adult size. This is apparently a bottom-up effect coincident with a shift towards increased reliance on smaller planktonic prey. We investigated the hypothesis that foraging on smaller prey would lead to increased rates of energy expenditure by sardines, and that such expenditures would be exacerbated by warming temperature. Using group respirometry we measured rates of energy expenditure indirectly, as oxygen uptake, by captive adult sardines offered food of two different sizes (0.2 or 1.2 mm items) when acclimated to two temperatures (16 °C or 21 °C). Energy expenditure during feeding on small items was tripled at 16 °C and doubled at 21 °C compared to large items, linked to a change in foraging mode between filter feeding on small or direct capture of large. This caused daily energy expenditure to increase by ~10 % at 16 °C and ~40 % at 21 °C on small items, compared to large items at 16 °C. These results support that declines in prey size coupled with warming could influence energy allocation towards life-history traits in wild populations. This bottom-up effect could partially explain the shrinking and declining condition of many small pelagic fish populations and may be contributing to the shrinking of other fish species throughout the marine food web. Understanding how declines in prey size can couple with warming to affect consumers is a crucial element of projecting the consequences for marine fauna of ongoing anthropogenic global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Queiros
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, Sète, Palavas-les-Flots, France; DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, Rennes, France.
| | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, Sète, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Gilbert Dutto
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, Sète, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Shaun Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Claire Saraux
- IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Schull
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, Sète, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pan Z, Ye A, Fraser K, Li S, Dave A, Singh H. Comparative lipidomics analysis of different-sized fat globules in sheep and cow milks. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100655. [PMID: 38204877 PMCID: PMC10776417 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of milk fat globule (MFG) size and species (sheep versus cow) on the lipid and protein compositions of sheep and cow milks was studied. The MFGs in raw cow and sheep milks were separated into six significantly different-sized (1.5-5.5 μm) groups by a gravity-based separation method, and their fatty acids, their lipidomes and the protein compositions of their MFG membranes were determined. The proportions of polar lipids increased but glycoproteins decreased with decreasing MFG size in both sheep milk and cow milk; the fatty acid composition showed few differences among the MFG groups. The average size of each MFG group was comparable between sheep milk and cow milk. Sheep milk contained higher proportions of short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids and sphingomyelin than cow milk in all MFG groups. The proportion of glycoproteins was higher in cow MFG membrane than in sheep MFG membrane. The results suggested that the lipid and protein compositions were markedly species and size dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Siqi Li
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anant Dave
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Beale PK, Foley WJ, Moore BD, Marsh KJ. Warmer ambient temperatures reduce protein intake by a mammalian folivore. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220543. [PMID: 37839444 PMCID: PMC10577027 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between ambient temperature and nutrition in wild herbivores is frequently overlooked, despite the fundamental importance of food. We tested whether different ambient temperatures (10°C, 18°C and 26°C) influenced the intake of protein by a marsupial herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). At each temperature, possums were offered a choice of two foods containing different amounts of protein (57% versus 8%) for one week. Animals mixed a diet with a lower proportion of protein to non-protein (P : NP, 0.20) when held at 26°C compared to that at both 10°C and 18°C (0.22). Since detoxification of plant secondary metabolites imposes a protein cost on animals, we then studied whether addition of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole to the food changed the effect of ambient temperature (10°C and 26°C) on food choice. Cineole reduced food intake but also removed the effect of temperature on P : NP ratio and instead animals opted for a diet with higher P : NP (0.19 with cineole versus 0.15 without cineole). These experiments show the proportion of P : NP chosen by animals is influenced by ambient temperature and by plant secondary metabolites. Protein is critical for reproductive success in this species and reduced protein intake caused by high ambient temperatures may limit the viability of some populations in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillipa K. Beale
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Karen J. Marsh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mendoza P, Furuta C, Garcia B, Zena LA, Carciofi AC, Bícego KC. Temperature effects on metabolism and energy requirement during the fast growth phase in the red-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis carbonaria. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:661-676. [PMID: 37752253 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Early life is a challenging phase because of the high rates of morphophysiological development and growth. Changes in ambient temperature, which directly affect energy metabolism and digestive functions in ectotherms, may be of great impact during this phase. We addressed this issue in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) hatchlings kept in captivity. To this end, we investigated the effect of temperature (28 °C and 18 °C) on mass-specific gross energy intake (GEIm), daily body mass gain (MG), daily intake of gross energy (GEI), digestible energy (DEI), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and specific dynamic action (SDA) components during different seasons in the first 13 months after hatching. Greater GEIm and MG were observed in spring (381.7 ± 84.9 J.g-0.86.day-1 and 0.9 ± 0.4 g.day-1) and summer (356.9 ± 58.9 J.g-0.86.day-1 and 1.0 ± 0.4 g.day-1). The highest and lowest RMRs at 28 °C were observed in spring (36.4 ± 5.1 kJ.kg-1.day-1) and winter (22.4 ± 6.2 kJ.kg-1.day-1), respectively. Regardless season, hatchlings showed greater GEI and DEI, O2 consumption, CO2 production, RMR, maximum metabolic rate after feeding (FMRMAX), and heat increment (FMRMAX- RMR) at 28 °C compared to 18 °C. In addition, the significant body mass influence showed allometric exponents of 0.62 at 28 °C and 0.92 at 18 °C for RMR. Our results indicate an important effect of environmental temperature on energy requirements and utilization in C. carbonaria hatchlings, which is seasonally influenced even in this early phase of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierina Mendoza
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
- Wildhunger-Wildlife Nutrition Advisory, Lima, Peru.
| | - Camila Furuta
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Garcia
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zena
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Aulus C Carciofi
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dubiner S, Jamison S, Meiri S, Levin E. Squamate metabolic rates decrease in winter beyond the effect of temperature. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2163-2174. [PMID: 37632258 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The reptilian form of hibernation (brumation) is much less studied than its mammalian and insect equivalents. Hibernation and brumation share some basic features but may differ in others. Evidence for hypometabolism in brumating reptiles beyond the effect of temperature is sporadic and often ignored. We calculated the standard metabolic rates (SMR, oxygen uptake during inactivity), in winter and/or summer, of 156 individuals representing 59 species of Israeli squamates across all 17 local families. For 32 species, we measured the same individuals during both seasons. We measured gas exchange continuously in a dark metabolic chamber, under the average January high and low temperatures (20°C and 12°C), during daytime and nighttime. We examined how SMR changes with season, biome, body size, temperature and time of day, using phylogenetic mixed models. Metabolic rates increased at sunrise in the diurnal species, despite no light or other external cues, while in nocturnal species the metabolic rates did not increase. Cathemeral species shifted from a diurnal-like diel pattern in winter to a nocturnal-like pattern in summer. Regardless of season, Mediterranean species SMRs were 30% higher than similar-sized desert species. Summer SMR of all species together scaled with body size with an exponent of 0.84 but dropped to 0.71 during brumation. Individuals measured during both seasons decreased their SMR between summer and winter by a 47%, on average, at 20°C and by 70% at 12°C. Q10 was 1.75 times higher in winter than in summer, possibly indicating an active suppression of metabolic processes under cold temperatures. Our results challenge the commonly held perception that squamate physiology is mainly shaped by temperature, with little role for intrinsic metabolic regulation. The patterns we describe indicate that seasonal, diel and geographic factors can trigger remarkable shifts in metabolism across squamate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dubiner
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon Jamison
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Levin
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wood CM, Wang J, Jung EH, Pelster B. The physiological consequences of a very large natural meal in a voracious marine fish, the staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246034. [PMID: 37675481 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Little information exists on physiological consequences when wild fish eat natural food. Staghorn sculpins at 10-13°C voluntarily consumed 15.8% of their body mass in anchovies. Gastric clearance was slow with >60% of the meal retained in the stomach at 48 h, and was not complete until 84 h. At 14-24 h post-feeding, pH was depressed by 3 units and Cl- concentration was elevated 2-fold in gastric chyme, reflecting HCl secretion, while in all sections of the intestine, pH declined by 1 pH unit but Cl- concentration remained unchanged. PCO2 and total ammonia concentration were greatly elevated throughout the tract, whereas PNH3 and HCO3- concentration were depressed. Intestinal HCO3- secretion rates, measured in gut sacs in vitro, were also lower in fed fish. Whole-animal O2 consumption rate was elevated approximately 2-fold for 72 h post-feeding, reflecting 'specific dynamic action', whereas ammonia and urea-N excretion rates were elevated about 5-fold. Arterial blood exhibited a modest 'alkaline tide' for about 48 h, but there was negligible excretion of metabolic base to the external seawater. PaCO2 and PaO2 remained unchanged. Plasma total amino acid concentration and total lipid concentration were elevated about 1.5-fold for at least 48 h, whereas small increases in plasma total ammonia concentration, PNH3 and urea-N concentration were quickly attenuated. Plasma glucose concentration remained unchanged. We conclude that despite the very large meal, slow processing with high efficiency minimizes internal physiological disturbances. This differs greatly from the picture provided by previous studies on aquacultured species using synthetic diets and/or force-feeding. Questions remain about the role of the gastro-intestinal microbiome in nitrogen and acid-base metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada, V0R 1B0
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada, V0R 1B0
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ellen H Jung
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada, V0R 1B0
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada, V0R 1B0
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dubiner S, Kashi A, Drabkin A, Blinder P, Levin E. Patterns of fatty acid usage in two nocturnal insectivores: the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) and the Etruscan pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245963. [PMID: 37675545 PMCID: PMC10656425 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids (FAs) have been demonstrated to be differentially stored or used as a metabolic fuel, depending on carbon chain length or saturation level. However, intestinal absorption also differs among FAs, potentially biasing conclusions on functional differences and their subsequent implications. We tested dietary FA usage in a nocturnal insectivorous reptile and a nocturnal insectivorous mammal of similar size: the gecko Hemidactylus turcicus and the shrew Suncus etruscus. We compared the relative presence of 13C isotopes in breath and feces following ingestion of three isotopically enriched fatty acids: linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated FA), oleic acid (monounsaturated) and palmitic acid (saturated). Both species oxidized linoleic and oleic acids at much higher levels than palmitic acid. Egestion of palmitic acid in feces was much higher than that of linoleic and oleic acids. The major difference between geckos and shrews was that the latter digested fatty acids much faster, which was best explained by the difference in the metabolic rates of the species. Circadian differences were evident for gecko metabolic and FA oxidation rates, peaking at night; for shrews, peak oxidation was achieved faster at night but rates did not differ. Our study is among the first to integrate oxidation and absorption patterns, as well as metabolic rates and their rhythms, providing important insights into the utilization of different dietary FAs in different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dubiner
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Amit Kashi
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ariel Drabkin
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Levin
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prvulović N, Djordjević M, Pantelić S. Gender differences and climate zones in overweight and obesity prevalence in European elementary school children from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1198877. [PMID: 37808999 PMCID: PMC10558048 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction After 2000, there are more obese than underweight people in the world. We face a rapid increase in average global warming of 1.5°C, reported as a syndemic problem of three interconnected epidemics: obesity, global warming, and undernutrition. We aimed to analyze the impact and association between global warming and obesity in children and differences by gender across Europe after 2000. Methods We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases. The considered population were children aged 6-14. Only cross-sectional studies that defined obesity by the IOTF cutoffs and the subjects' place of residence, used to determine precise climate zones, were included. We assessed the prevalence of obesity and overweight using a random-effects and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method when heterogeneity was greater/lower than 50%. We did a subgroup analysis for prevalence across gender, obesity, and overweight, two decades, regions, countries, and the Köppen-Geiger climate zones. Random effects of the meta-regression were used to study the global warming impact and differences in trends across European countries by gender for both conditions separately. Results We identified 114 studies that included 985,971 children from 39 European countries. A significant difference between genders was in favor of obese girls 4.78 (95% CI: 3.85-5.93) versus boys 5.76% (95% CI: 5.11-6.48, p = 0.03), respectively, but not for overweight children. Most of the obese girls were in South Europe 7.51% (95% CI: 6.61-8.51) versus East Europe 2.86% (95% CI: 23-3.12), versus boys in South Europe 8.66% (95% CI: 7.68-9.74) and North Europe 3.49% (95% CI: 2.90-4.19), respectively. The "cold" Köppen-Geiger climate zone, with lowest temperatures, has the largest trend rise between two decades of 2.8% and 1.53% for obese girls and boys, and 5.31% and 1.81% for overweight girls and boys, respectively, followed by the smallest number of obese girls 3.28% (95% CI: 2.17-4.92) and boys 3.58% (95% CI: 2.39-5.33), versus the zone with the highest temperatures "hot" for girls 7.02% (95% CI: 6.30-7.82) and for boys 8.23% (95% CI: 7.55-8.96), respectively. The meta-regression proved global warming has a significant impact on the distribution of obesity and overweight across climate zones, R2 = 0.52 and R2 = 0.22. No significant gender differences, or significant interaction, was noted. Conclusion Our meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the association between and impact of global warming on obesity. This impact increases obesity among children in Europe throughout all climate zones, and emphasizes an urgent call for further preventive methods in schools, since obesity differences continue their trend of disappearing into the future.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021282127, identifier: CRD42021282127.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Prvulović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Saša Pantelić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Williamson A, Carter CG, Basseer Codabaccus M, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GG. Application of a stoichiometric bioenergetic approach and whole-body protein synthesis to the nutritional assessment of juvenile Thenus australiensis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14378. [PMID: 37658120 PMCID: PMC10474296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study successfully combined a stoichiometric bioenergetic approach with an endpoint stochastic model to simultaneously determine specific dynamic action, metabolic substrate use and whole-body protein synthesis in juvenile slipper lobster Thenus australiensis. Juvenile lobsters were fasted for 48 h to investigate routine metabolism before receiving a single meal of formulated feed containing 1% 15N-labeled Spirulina. Postprandial oxygen consumption rate, dissolved inorganic carbon, and total nitrogen excretion returned to the pre-feeding level within 24 h. The rate of whole-body protein synthesis was 0.76 ± 0.15 mg CP g-1 day-1, with a significant reduction from 24 to 48 h post-feeding. The postprandial increase in whole-body protein synthesis accounted for 13-19% of total oxygen uptake. Protein was the primary energy substrate for 48 h fasted (45% oxygen consumption) and post-feeding lobster (44%), suggesting that dietary protein was not efficiently used for growth. The secondary energy substrate differed between carbohydrates in 48 h fasted and lipids in post-feeding lobsters. The present study recommends integrating protein synthesis into protein requirement experiments of marine ectotherms to acquire a more comprehensive picture of protein and energy metabolism and nutritional physiology crucial for formulating cost-effective aquafeeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Williamson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Chris G Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - M Basseer Codabaccus
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bermingham KM, Mazidi M, Franks PW, Maher T, Valdes AM, Linenberg I, Wolf J, Hadjigeorgiou G, Spector TD, Menni C, Ordovas JM, Berry SE, Hall WL. Characterisation of Fasting and Postprandial NMR Metabolites: Insights from the ZOE PREDICT 1 Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112638. [PMID: 37299601 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial metabolomic profiles and their inter-individual variability are not well characterised. Here, we describe postprandial metabolite changes, their correlations with fasting values and their inter- and intra-individual variability, following a standardised meal in the ZOE PREDICT 1 cohort. METHODS In the ZOE PREDICT 1 study (n = 1002 (NCT03479866)), 250 metabolites, mainly lipids, were measured by a Nightingale NMR panel in fasting and postprandial (4 and 6 h after a 3.7 MJ mixed nutrient meal, with a second 2.2 MJ mixed nutrient meal at 4 h) serum samples. For each metabolite, inter- and intra-individual variability over time was evaluated using linear mixed modelling and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. RESULTS Postprandially, 85% (of 250 metabolites) significantly changed from fasting at 6 h (47% increased, 53% decreased; Kruskal-Wallis), with 37 measures increasing by >25% and 14 increasing by >50%. The largest changes were observed in very large lipoprotein particles and ketone bodies. Seventy-one percent of circulating metabolites were strongly correlated (Spearman's rho >0.80) between fasting and postprandial timepoints, and 5% were weakly correlated (rho <0.50). The median ICC of the 250 metabolites was 0.91 (range 0.08-0.99). The lowest ICCs (ICC <0.40, 4% of measures) were found for glucose, pyruvate, ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetate) and lactate. CONCLUSIONS In this large-scale postprandial metabolomic study, circulating metabolites were highly variable between individuals following sequential mixed meals. Findings suggest that a meal challenge may yield postprandial responses divergent from fasting measures, specifically for glycolysis, essential amino acid, ketone body and lipoprotein size metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Bermingham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tyler Maher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Inbar Linenberg
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- ZOE Ltd., London SE1 7RW, UK
| | | | | | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Centre on Aging (JM-USDA-HNRCA), Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Wendy L Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Smith B, Crossley JL, Conner J, Elsey RM, Wang T, Crossley DA. Exposure to hypoxia during embryonic development affects blood flow patterns and heart rate in juvenile American alligators during digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 282:111440. [PMID: 37169243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The developmental environment can alter an organism's phenotype through epigenetic mechanisms. We incubated eggs from American alligators in 10% O2 (hypoxia) to investigate the functional plasticity of blood flow patterns in response to feeding later in life. Digestion is associated with marked elevations of metabolism, and we therefore used the feeding-induced stimulation of tissue O2 demand to determine whether there are lasting effects of developmental hypoxia on the cardiovascular response to digestion later in life. In all animals studied, digestion elicited tachycardia and an elevation of blood flow in the right aorta, left aorta, and the pulmonary artery, whereas flows in the carotid and subclavian artery did not change. We found that heart rate and systemic blood flow remained elevated for a longer time period in juvenile alligators that had been incubated in hypoxia; we also found that the pulmonary blood flow was elevated at 24, 36, and 48 h. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that exposure to hypoxia during incubation has lasting effects on the hemodynamics of juvenile alligators 4 years after hatching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Smith
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Janna L Crossley
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern, TX 75390, USA
| | - Justin Conner
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, LA 70643, USA
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology- Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dane A Crossley
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Segler P, Vanselow KH, Schlachter M, Hasler M, Schulz C. SDA coefficient is temperature dependent in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) in a practical approach using group respirometry. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110832. [PMID: 36706829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rising global temperatures have raised the need for detailed knowledge of the effects of rising temperatures on the physiology of animals used in aquaculture. Here we used a multifactorial bioenergetic approach using groups of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with an average single fish weight of 183.75 g ± 0.65 g to investigate the interactions of feeding and temperature with key metabolic variables. We used a recirculating aquaculture respirometry system (RARS) to test three ration sizes (0.65; 0.975; 1.3% of live body weight (BW)) over a range of three consecutive temperatures (14; 17; 20 °C). The fish were fed once per day for 6 days at each temperature and subsequently starved for 5 days to return to standard metabolic rate (SMR). This study aimed to answer the highly discussed topic of the temperature dependency of key metabolic specific dynamic action (SDA)-variables SDAcoef and SDAdur. We were able to provide evidence, that in rainbow trout the SDAcoef is highly dependent on the environmental temperature in the first ever approach to assess these variables in a group respirometer with this species. We compared the results of this study with a sophisticated bioenergetic model by Elliot and Hurley (2002) and thereby provide evidence for the practicability of group respirometry as a method to assess bioenergetic data under culture like conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Segler
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Aquaculture und Aquatic Resources, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
| | - Klaus Heinrich Vanselow
- Forschungs- und Technologiezentrum Westküste, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Michael Schlachter
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Aquaculture und Aquatic Resources, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Marine Aquaculture, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Aquaculture und Aquatic Resources, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany; Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Marine Aquaculture, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
French SS, Lewis EL, Ki KC, Cullen ZE, Webb AC, Knapp CR, Iverson JB, Butler MW. Blood chemistry and biliverdin differ according to reproduction and tourism in a free-living lizard. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:315-328. [PMID: 36995413 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the physiological health of species are an essential indicator of changing conditions and environmental challenges. Reponses to environmental challenges can often induce stress, influence physiology, and change metabolism in organisms. Here we tested blood chemistry parameters indicative of stress and metabolic activity using an i-STAT point-of-care blood analyzer in seven populations of free-ranging rock iguanas exposed to varying levels of tourism and supplemental feeding. We found significant differences in blood chemistry (glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hematocrit, hemoglobin, calcium, potassium, and biliverdin levels) among populations exposed to varying levels of tourism, and some variation between sexes and reproductive states. However, different variables are not directly related to one another, suggesting that the causal physiological pathways driving tourism-induced differences are influenced by mechanisms that are not detected by common analyses of blood chemistry. Future work should investigate upstream regulators of these factors affected by tourism. Regardless, these blood metrics are known to be both stress sensitive and related to metabolic activity, suggesting that exposure to tourism and associated supplemental feeding by tourists are generally driven by stress-related changes in blood chemistry, biliverdin, and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah S French
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Erin L Lewis
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Kwanho C Ki
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Zachary E Cullen
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 18042, USA
| | - Alison C Webb
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Charles R Knapp
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John B Iverson
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
| | - Michael W Butler
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 18042, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Firth BL, Craig PM, Drake DAR, Power M. Seasonal, environmental and individual effects on hypoxia tolerance of eastern sand darter ( Ammocrypta pellucida). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad008. [PMID: 36926473 PMCID: PMC10012177 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance are highly variable among individual fish in a stable environment. Understanding the variability of these measures in wild fish populations is critical for assessing adaptive potential and determining local extinction risks as a result of climate-induced fluctuations in temperature and hypoxic conditions. We assessed the field metabolic rate (FMR) and two hypoxia tolerance metrics, oxygen pressure at loss of equilibrium (PO2 at LOE) and critical oxygen tolerance (Pcrit) of wild-captured eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a threatened species in Canada, using field trials (June to October) that encompassed ambient water temperatures and oxygen conditions typically experienced by the species. Temperature was significantly and positively related to hypoxia tolerance but not FMR. Temperature alone explained 1%, 31% and 7% of the variability observed in FMR, LOE, and Pcrit, respectively. Environmental and fish-specific factors such as reproductive season and condition explained much of the residual variation. Reproductive season significantly affected FMR by increasing it by 159-176% over the tested temperature range. Further understanding the impact of reproductive season on metabolic rate over a temperature range is crucial for understanding how climate change could impact species fitness. Among-individual variation in FMR significantly increased with temperature while among-individual variation in both hypoxia tolerance metrics did not. A large degree of variation in FMR in the summer might allow for evolutionary rescue with increasing mean and variance of global temperatures. Findings suggest that temperature may be a weak predictor in a field setting where biotic and abiotic factors can act concurrently on variables that affect physiological tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britney L Firth
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D Andrew R Drake
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rastmanesh R, Flack KD. Dietary Temperature's Influence on Energy Balance in Humans: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial and Crossover Design. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e42846. [PMID: 36867437 PMCID: PMC10024216 DOI: 10.2196/42846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. Water has a characteristically high heat capacity, indicating that the temperature of ingested fluids and meals could contribute to energy homeostasis. Citing the underlying molecular mechanisms, we present a novel hypothesis that states that the temperature of one's food and drink contributes to energy balance and plays a role in the development of obesity. We provide strong associations with certain molecular mechanisms that are activated by heat and correlate them with obesity and a hypothetical trial that could test this hypothesis. We conclude that if meal or drink temperature proves to contribute to energy homeostasis, then depending on its contribution and scale, future clinical trials should attempt to adjust this effect when analyzing data. In addition, previous research and established relationships of disease states with dietary patterns, energy intake, and food component intakes should be revisited. We understand the common assumption that thermal energy in food is absorbed by the body during digestion and dissipated as heat into the environment, not contributing to the energy balance. We challenge this assumption herein, including a proposed study design that would test our hypothesis. OBJECTIVE This paper hypothesizes that the temperature of ingested foods or fluids influences energy homeostasis through the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially HSP-70 and HSP-90, which are expressed to a greater extent in obesity and are known to cause deficits in glucose metabolism. METHODS We provide preliminary evidence supporting our hypothesis that greater dietary temperatures disproportionally induce activation of both intracellular and extracellular HSPs and that these HSPs influence energy balance and contribute to obesity. RESULTS This trial protocol has not been initiated and funding has not been sought at the time of this publication. CONCLUSIONS To date, no clinical trials are available regarding the potential effects of meal and fluid temperature on weight status or its confounding effects in data analysis. A potential mechanism is proposed as a basis by which higher temperatures of foods and beverages might influence energy balance via HSP expression. On the basis of the evidence supporting our hypothesis, we propose a clinical trial that will further elucidate these mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/42846.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle D Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elvy JE, Symonds JE, Hilton Z, Walker SP, Tremblay LA, Herbert NA. The relationships between specific dynamic action, nutrient retention and feed conversion ratio in farmed freshwater Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:605-618. [PMID: 36562750 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR; the amount of feed consumed relative to the amount of weight gain) can reduce both production costs and environmental impacts of farmed fish. The aim of this study was to investigate what drives FCR to understand how nutrients are retained, as well as the amount of oxygen consumed for digestion, absorption and assimilation (a metabolic process known as specific dynamic action, SDA). Feed-efficient and inefficient Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water were identified using ballotini beads and X-radiography that tracked individual feed intake across three assessment periods under satiated feeding. This allowed a comparison of physiological traits and body composition between the two FCR phenotypes over two time points as Chinook salmon grew from 305 to 620 g. Fish with higher daily feed intake (DFI) had higher daily weight gain (DWG) as expected. Nonetheless, the relationship between FCR and DFI as well as FCR and DWG was variable between time points. FCR and DWG were not correlated at the first time point and were negatively correlated at the second time point. In contrast, FCR and DFI were positively correlated at the first time point but not the second. Despite this, efficient fish ate smaller meals and retained more protein, lipid and energy in their body tissues. There was no detectable difference in metabolism between the two FCR phenotypes with respect to minimal resting metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope, or SDA parameters. In conclusion, FCR is not consistently associated with growth and metabolic differences in freshwater Chinook salmon, but FCR-efficient fish retain more nutrients and consume smaller meals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Elvy
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neill A Herbert
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Christensen AB, Taylor G, Lamare M, Byrne M. The added costs of winter ocean warming for metabolism, arm regeneration and survival in the brittle star Ophionereis schayeri. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:287003. [PMID: 36651231 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the climate continues to change, it is not just the magnitude of these changes that is important - equally critical is the timing of these events. Conditions that may be well tolerated at one time can become detrimental if experienced at another, as a result of seasonal acclimation. Temperature is the most critical variable as it affects most aspects of an organism's physiology. To address this, we quantified arm regeneration and respiration in the Australian brittle star Ophionereis schayeri for 10 weeks in response to a +3°C warming (18.5°C, simulating a winter heatwave) compared with ambient winter temperature (15.5°C). The metabolic scaling rate (b=0.635 at 15.5°C and 0.746 at 18.5°C) with respect to size was similar to that of other echinoderms and was not affected by temperature. Elevated temperature resulted in up to a 3-fold increase in respiration and a doubling of regeneration growth; however, mortality was greater (up to 44.2% at 18.5°C), especially in the regenerating brittle stars. Metabolic rate of the brittle stars held at 18.5°C was much higher than expected (Q10≈23) and similar to that of O. schayeri tested in summer, which was near their estimated thermotolerance limits. The additional costs associated with the elevated metabolism and regeneration rates incurred by the unseasonably warm winter temperatures may lead to increased mortality and predation risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgie Taylor
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Miles Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Interactive effects of food deprivation state and hypoxia on the respiratory responses of postprandial rock crabs, Cancer irroratus. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:37-55. [PMID: 36166090 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Under the background of climate change, increasing attention has focused on the effects of ocean deoxygenation on marine organisms. However, few studies address the effects of different food deprivation states on hypoxia tolerance. We therefore investigated the metabolic responses of the Atlantic rock crab, Cancer irroratus (starved 28-35 days, fasted 3-5 days and recently fed). Starved-crab exhibited the lowest critical oxygen saturation (Scrit), while fed-crab had the highest Scrit. The fed-crab maintained an elevated postprandial oxygen consumption (MO2) even below the Scrit of fasted-crab indicating reserved aerobic scopes for critical activities in severe hypoxia. Following feeding, hypoxia (50% and 20% oxygen saturation, SO2) retarded the specific dynamic action resulting in lower peak MO2 and longer duration. The starved-crab exhibited a lower peak MO2, prolonged duration and higher energy expenditure than fasted-crab after feeding. The decline in arterial PO2 was most pronounced below the Scrit for both fasted- and starved-crab. The higher hemocyanin concentration ([Hc]) of fasted-crab (than starved-crab) suggested they had improved oxygen transport capacity, but hypoxia did not increase [Hc] during the 72-h experiment. Following feeding, the fasted-crab significantly increased L-lactate concentration ([L-lactate]) in 20% SO2, which was not observed in starved-crab. These results suggest starvation may trigger a cross-tolerance to hypoxia. Because crabs can undergo long periods of food deprivation in their natural environment, future studies should consider how this may affect their ability to deal with environmental perturbations.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pham LP, Nguyen MV, Jordal AEO, Rønnestad I. Metabolic rates, feed intake, appetite control, and gut transit of clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris exposed to increased temperature and limited feed availability. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111318. [PMID: 36115553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Episodes of elevated temperature, combined with lower feed availability, are among the predicted scenarios of climate change representing a challenge for coral reef fish. We investigated the response of clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) to a scenario in which it received a single meal to satiety after 48 h fasting at 32 °C (climate change scenario) and 28 °C (control). We analysed the metabolic rate (MR), feed intake, gut transit, and expression of selected brain neuropeptides and one receptor believed to be involved in appetite control. Fish at 32 °C ingested 17.9% less feed and had a faster gut transit than did fish at 28 °C. MR in the unfed fish was 31% higher at 32 °C compared to 28 °C. In the fed fish, postprandial MR at 28 °C was 30% higher compared to that of unfed fish, while at 32 °C it was only 15% higher. The expression of agrp1 did not differ between unfed and refed fish. The levels of both pomca and mc4r increased immediately after the meal and subsequently declined, suggesting a possible anorexic role for these genes. Notably, this pattern was accelerated in fish kept at 32 °C compared with that in fish kept at 28 °C. The dynamics of these changes in expression correspond to a faster gut transition of ingested feed at elevated temperatures. For both agrp2 and pomcb there was an increase in expression following feeding in fish maintained at 32 °C, which was not observed in fish kept at 28 °C. These results suggest that low feed availability and elevated temperature stimulate anorexigenic pathways in clownfish, resulting in significantly lower feed intake despite the temperature-induced increase in metabolic rate. This may be a mechanism to ameliorate the decrease in aerobic scope that results from higher temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linh P Pham
- Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet Nam; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Minh V Nguyen
- Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fish feeds supplemented with calcium-based buffering minerals decrease stomach acidity, increase the blood alkaline tide and cost more to digest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18468. [PMID: 36323724 PMCID: PMC9630376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Predatory fish in the wild consume whole prey including hard skeletal parts like shell and bone. Shell and bone are made up of the buffering minerals calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). These minerals resist changes in pH, meaning they could have physiological consequences for gastric acidity, digestion and metabolism in fish. Using isocaloric diets supplemented with either CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2 or CaCl2 as non-buffering control, we investigated the impacts of dietary buffering on the energetic cost of digestion (i.e. specific dynamic action or SDA), gastric pH, the postprandial blood alkalosis (the "alkaline tide") and growth in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Increases in dietary buffering were significantly associated with increased stomach chyme pH, postprandial blood HCO3-, net base excretion, the total SDA and peak SDA but did not influence growth efficiency in a 21 day trial. This result shows that aspects of a meal that have no nutritional value can influence the physiological and energetic costs associated with digestion in fish, but that a reduction in the SDA will not always lead to improvements in growth efficiency. We discuss the broader implications of these findings for the gastrointestinal physiology of fishes, trade-offs in prey choice in the wild, anthropogenic warming and feed formulation in aquaculture.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lo VK, Martin BT, Danner EM, Cocherell DE, Cech, Jr JJ, Fangue NA. The effect of temperature on specific dynamic action of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac067. [PMID: 36325131 PMCID: PMC9616469 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin experience temporally and spatially heterogenous temperature regimes, between cool upper tributaries and the warm channelized Delta, during freshwater rearing and outmigration. Limited water resources necessitate human management of dam releases, allowing temperature modifications. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on specific dynamic action (SDA), or the metabolic cost associated with feeding and digestion, which is thought to represent a substantial portion of fish energy budgets. Measuring SDA with respect to absolute aerobic scope (AAS), estimated by the difference between maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR), provides a snapshot of its respective energy allocation. Fish were acclimated to 16°C, raised or lowered to each acute temperature (13°C, 16°C, 19°C, 22°C or 24°C), then fed a meal of commercial pellets weighing 2% of their wet mass. We detected a significant positive effect of temperature on SMR and MMR, but not on AAS. As expected, there was no significant effect of temperature on the total O2 cost of digestion, but unlike other studies, we did not see a significant difference in duration, peak metabolic rate standardized to SMR, time to peak, percent of meal energy utilized, nor the ratio of peak O2 consumption to SMR. Peak O2 consumption represented 10.4-14.5% of AAS leaving a large amount of aerobic capacity available for other activities, and meal energy utilized for digestion ranged from 5.7% to 7.2%, leaving substantial remaining energy to potentially assimilate for growth. Our juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon exhibited thermal stability in their SDA response, which may play a role in maintaining homeostasis of digestive capability in a highly heterogeneous thermal environment where rapid growth is important for successful competition with conspecifics and for avoiding predation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K Lo
- Corresponding author: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Benjamin T Martin
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric M Danner
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, 95060 CA, USA
| | - Dennis E Cocherell
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Cech, Jr
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moffatt K, Rossi M, Park E, Svendsen JC, Wilson JM. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion with omeprazole affects fish specific dynamic action and growth rate: Implications for the development of phenotypic stomach loss. Front Physiol 2022; 13:966447. [PMID: 36237533 PMCID: PMC9552000 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.966447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An acid-secreting stomach provides many selective advantages to fish and other vertebrates; however, phenotypic stomach loss has occurred independently multiple times and is linked to loss of expression of both the gastric proton pump and the protease pepsin. Reasons underpinning stomach loss remain uncertain. Understanding the importance of gastric acid-secretion to the metabolic costs of digestion and growth will provide information about the metabolic expense of acid-production and performance. In this study, omeprazole, a well characterized gastric proton pump inhibitor, was used to simulate the agastric phenotype by significantly inhibiting gastric acidification in Nile tilapia. The effects on post-prandial metabolic rate and growth were assessed using intermittent flow respirometry and growth trials, respectively. Omeprazole reduced the duration (34.4%) and magnitude (34.5%) of the specific dynamic action and specific growth rate (21.3%) suggesting a decrease in digestion and assimilation of the meal. Gastric pH was measured in control and omeprazole treated fish to confirm that gastric acid secretion was inhibited for up to 12 h post-treatment (p < 0.05). Gastric evacuation measurements confirm a more rapid emptying of the stomach in omeprazole treated fish. These findings reinforce the importance of stomach acidification in digestion and growth and present a novel way of determining costs of gastric digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Rossi
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Edward Park
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Jon Christian Svendsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
- CIIMAR University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Jonathan M. Wilson,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Monnet G, Rosenfeld JS, Richards JG. Divergence in digestive and metabolic strategies matches habitat differentiation in juvenile salmonids. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9280. [PMID: 36110883 PMCID: PMC9465201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent energy acquisition and processing strategies associated with using different microhabitats may allow phenotypes to specialize and coexist at small spatial scales. To understand how ecological specialization affects differentiation in energy acquisition and processing strategies, we examined relationships among digestive physiology, growth, and energetics by performing captive experiments on juveniles of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) that exploit adjacent habitats along natural low-to-high energy flux gradients (i.e., pools versus riffles) in coastal streams. We predicted that: (i) the specialization of steelhead trout to high-velocity, high-energy habitats would result in elevated food intake and growth at the cost of lower growth efficiency relative to coho salmon; (ii) the two species would differentiate along a rate-maximizing (steelhead trout) versus efficiency-maximizing (coho salmon) axis of digestive strategies matching their ecological lifestyle; and (iii) the higher postprandial metabolic demand (i.e., specific dynamic action, SDA) associated with elevated food intake would occupy a greater fraction of the steelhead trout aerobic budget. Relative to coho salmon, steelhead trout presented a pattern of faster growth and higher food intake but lower growth efficiency, supporting the existence of a major growth versus growth efficiency trade-off between species. After accounting for differences in ration size between species, steelhead trout also presented higher SDA than coho salmon, but similar intestinal transit time and lower assimilation efficiency. Both species presented similar aerobic budgets since the elevated SDA of steelhead trout was largely compensated by their higher aerobic scope relative to coho salmon. Our results illustrate the key contribution of digestive physiology to the adaptive differentiation of juvenile growth, energetics, and overall performance of taxa with divergent habitat specializations along a natural productivity gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Monnet
- Department of ZoologyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jordan S. Rosenfeld
- British Columbia Ministry of the EnvironmentVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of ZoologyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Göpel T, Burggren WW. Insufficient reporting of experimental variables as a cause for nonreproducibility in animal physiology? A case study. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R363-R374. [PMID: 35816721 PMCID: PMC9467468 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00026.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonreproducibility in scientific investigations has been explained by inadequately reporting methodology, honest error, and even misconduct. We hypothesized that, within the field of animal physiology, the most parsimonious explanation for nonreproducibility is inadequate reporting of key methodological details. We further hypothesized that implementation of relatively recently released reporting guidelines has positively impacted journal article quality, as measured by completeness of the methodology descriptions. We analyzed 84 research articles published in five primarily organismal animal physiology journals in 2008-2010 (generally before current guidelines) and 2018-2020. Compliance for reporting 34 variables referring to biology, experiments, and data collection was assessed. Reporting compliance was just ∼61% in 2008-2010, rising only slightly to 67.5% for 2018-2020. Only 21% of the reported variables showed significant differences across the period from 2008-2020. We conclude that, despite attempts by societies and journals to promote greater reporting compliance, such efforts have so far been relatively unsuccessful in the field of animal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
van Casteren A, Codd JR, Kupczik K, Plasqui G, Sellers WI, Henry AG. The cost of chewing: The energetics and evolutionary significance of mastication in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8351. [PMID: 35977013 PMCID: PMC9385136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Any change in the energetic cost of mammalian mastication will affect the net energy gain from foods. Although the energetic efficiency of masticatory effort is fundamental in understanding the evolution of the human masticatory system, nothing is known currently about the associated metabolic costs of chewing different items. Here, using respirometry and electromyography of the masseter muscle, we demonstrate that chewing by human subjects represents a measurable energy sink. Chewing a tasteless odorless gum elevates metabolic rate by 10 to 15% above basal levels. Energy expenditure increases with gum stiffness and is paid for by greater muscle recruitment. For modern humans, it is likely that mastication represents a small part of the daily energy budget. However, for our ancestors, before the onset of cooking and sophisticated food processing methods, the costs must have been relatively high, adding a previously unexplored energetic dimension to the interpretation of hominin dentofacial fossils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jonathan R. Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda G. Henry
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frederick AR, Lee AM, Wehrle BA, Catabay CC, Rankins DR, Clements KD, German DP. Abalone under moderate heat stress have elevated metabolic rates and changes to digestive enzyme activities. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111230. [PMID: 35537602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abalone around the world are subject to increasing frequency of marine heatwaves, yet we have a limited understanding of how acute high temperature events impact the physiology of these commercially and ecologically important species. This study examines the impact of a 5 °C temperature increase over ambient conditions for six weeks on the metabolic rates, digestive enzyme activities in the digestive gland, and digestive efficiency of Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and Pāua (H. iris) on their natural diets. We test the hypothesis that abalone digestive function can keep pace with this increased metabolic demand in two separate experiments, one for each species. H. iris had higher food intake in the heat treatment. Both species had higher metabolic rates in the heat treatment with Q10 = 1.73 and Q10 = 2.46 for H. rufescens and H. iris, respectively. Apparent organic matter digestibility, protein digestibility, and carbohydrate digestibility did not differ between the heat treatment and the ambient (control) treatment in either experiment. H. rufescens exhibited higher maltase, alanine-aminopeptidase, and leucine-aminopeptidase activities in the heat treatment. Amylase, β-glucosidase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase activities in the digestive gland tissue did not differ between temperature treatments. H. iris exhibited lower amylase and β-glucosidase activities in the heat treatment, while maltase, trypsin, leucine-aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities did not differ between treatments. We conclude that over six weeks of moderate heat stress both abalone species were able to maintain digestive function, but achieved this maintenance in species-specific ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Frederick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Ariana M Lee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Beck A Wehrle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Caitlyn C Catabay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daniel R Rankins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kendall D Clements
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fu SJ, Dong YW, Killen SS. Aerobic scope in fishes with different lifestyles and across habitats: Trade-offs among hypoxia tolerance, swimming performance and digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111277. [PMID: 35870773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and aerobic scope in fishes have attracted scientists' attention for several decades. While it has been suggested that aerobic scope may limit behavioral expression and tolerance to environmental stressors in fishes, the exact importance of aerobic scope in an ecological context remains poorly understood. In this review, we examine the ecological relevance of aerobic scope by reconsidering and reanalyzing the existing literature on Chinese freshwater fishes across a wide-range of habitats and lifestyles. The available evidence suggests that natural selection in fast-flowing aquatic habitats may favor species with a high aerobic scope and anaerobic capacity for locomotion, whereas in relatively slow-flowing habitats, hypoxia tolerance may be favored at the cost of reduced locomotor capacity. In addition, while physical activity can usually cause fishes from fast-flowing habitats to reach their aerobic metabolic ceiling (i.e., maximum metabolic rate), possibly due to selection pressure on locomotion, most species from slow-flowing habitats can only reach their metabolic ceiling during digestion, either alone or in combination with physical activity. Overall, we suggest that fish exhibit a continuum of metabolic types, from a 'visceral metabolic type' with a higher digestive performance to a 'locomotion metabolic type' which appears to have reduced capacity for digestion but enhanced locomotor performance. Generally, locomotor-type species can either satisfy the demands of their high swimming capacity with a high oxygen uptake capacity or sacrifice digestion while swimming. In contrast, most visceral-type species show a pronounced decrease in swimming performance while digesting, probably owing to conflicts within their aerobic scope. In conclusion, the ecological relevance of aerobic scope and the consequent effects on other physiological functions are closely related to habitat and the lifestyle of a given species. These results suggest that swimming performance, digestion and hypoxia tolerance might coevolve due to dependence on metabolic traits such as aerobic scope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Murchie KJ, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. An energetics-performance framework for wild fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:4-12. [PMID: 35439327 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bioenergetics can explain relationships between environmental conditions and fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Fish energetic needs increase predictably with water temperature, but metabolic performance (i.e., aerobic scope) exhibits varied relationships, and there is debate about its role in shaping fish ecology. Here we present an energetics-performance framework, which posits that ecological context determines whether energy expenditure or metabolic performance influence fish behaviour and fitness. From this framework, we present testable predictions about how temperature-driven variability in energetic demands and metabolic performance interact with ecological conditions to influence fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Specifically, factors such as prey availability and the spatial distributions of prey and predators may alter fish temperature selection relative to metabolic and energetic optima. Furthermore, metabolic flexibility is a key determinant of how fish will respond to changing conditions, such as those predicted with climate change. With few exceptions, these predictions have rarely been tested in the wild due partly to difficulties in remotely measuring aspects of fish energetics. However, with recent advances in technology and measurement techniques, we now have a better capacity to measure bioenergetics parameters in the wild. Testing these predictions will provide a more mechanistic understanding of how ecological factors affect fish fitness and population dynamics, advancing our knowledge of how species and ecosystems will respond to rapidly changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen J Murchie
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stahlschmidt ZR. Flight capacity drives circadian patterns of metabolic rate and alters resource dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A: ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:666-674. [PMID: 35438260 PMCID: PMC9324922 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals must acquire, use, and allocate resources, and this balancing act may be influenced by the circadian clock and life‐history strategy. Field (Gryllus) crickets exhibit two distinct life‐history strategies during early adulthood—flight‐capable females invest in flight muscle at a cost to ovary mass, whereas flight‐incapable females instead invest solely into ovaries. In female Gryllus lineaticeps, I investigated the role of life‐history strategy in resource (food) acquisition and allocation, and in circadian patterns of energy use. Flight capacity increased the standard metabolic rate (SMR) due to greater late‐day SMR and flight‐capable crickets exhibited greater circadian rhythmicity in SMR. Flight‐capable crickets also ate less food and were less efficient at converting ingested food into body or ovary mass. Thus, investment into flight capacity reduced fecundity and the amount of resources available for allocation to other life‐history traits. Given the increasing uncertainty of food availability in many global regions, work in Gryllus may clarify the important roles of food and circadian patterns in life‐history evolution in a changing world. In a field cricket, investment into flight capacity (1) increased the circadian rhythmicity of resource use (standard metabolic rate), (2) reduced resource acquisition (food intake), and (3) reduced the efficiency by which ingested food was converted to reproductive tissue.
Collapse
|