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Lu HY, Ho UC, Kuo LT. Impact of Nutritional Status on Outcomes of Stroke Survivors: A Post Hoc Analysis of the NHANES. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020294. [PMID: 36678164 PMCID: PMC9864300 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, a neurological emergency, is a leading cause of death and disability in adults worldwide. In acute or rehabilitative stages, stroke survivors sustain variable neurological recovery with long-term disabilities. The influence of post-stroke nutritional status on long-term survival has not been confirmed. Using the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2001−2010), we conducted a matched-cohort analysis (929 and 1858 participants in stroke and non-stroke groups, respectively) to investigate the influence of nutritional elements on post-stroke survival. With significantly lower nutrient consumption, the mortality risk was 2.2 times higher in stroke patients compared to non-stroke patients (Kaplan−Meier method with Cox proportional hazards model: adjusted hazard ratio, 2.208; 95% confidence interval: 1.887−2.583; p < 0.001). For several nutritional elements, the lower consumption group had significantly shorter survival than the higher consumption stroke subgroup; moreover, stroke patients with the highest 25% nutritional intake for each nutritional element, except moisture and total fat, had significantly shorter survival than non-stroke patients with the lowest 25% nutrition. Malnutrition is highly prevalent in stroke patients and is associated with high mortality rates. The dynamic change in energy requirements throughout the disease course necessitates dietary adjustment to ensure adequate nutritional intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yi Lu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Ue-Cheung Ho
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456
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2
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Soares M, Zhao Y, Calton E, Pathak K, Chan She Ping-Delfos W, Cummings N, Nsatimba P. The Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Resting Energy Expenditure. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080722. [PMID: 36005594 PMCID: PMC9414919 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the increasing number of its components influenced the resting energy expenditure (REE). Data on adult men (n = 72, 40%) and women (n = 108, 60%) from European (n = 154, 86%) and Sub-Saharan African (n = 26, 14%) ancestry were used. Ninety-five (53%) participants had MetS (MetS+), while 85 (47%) were without MetS (MetS−). REE was determined through indirect calorimetry, body composition by DEXA, and clinical biochemistry by standard laboratory techniques. MetS+ had a significantly higher REE (mean ± se: MetS+: 5995 ± 87.3 vs. MetS−: 5760 ± 86.3 kJ/d, p = 0.025) when adjusted for age, gender, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), ethnicity, season, 25OHD, insulin sensitivity, and time of data collection. Within each MetS status group, an increase in the number of components (C) resulted in a stepwise increase in REE. Relative to zero components, those with 1C had adjusted REE higher by +526 ± 248.1 kJ/d (p = 0.037), while 2C were higher than 1C by +298 ± 140.8 kJ/d (p = 0.037). Similarly, relative to 3C, those with 4C had REE higher by +242 ± 120.7 kJ/d (p = 0.049). The higher REE of 5C over 4C by 132 ± 174.5 kJ/d did not achieve statistical significance. MetS was associated with a significantly higher REE. This greater energetic cost varied directly with the numbers of its components but was most evident in those not diagnosed with the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Soares
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Emily Calton
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kaveri Pathak
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Nicola Cummings
- WA Eating Disorder Specialist Service, Mental Health, Public Health and Dental Services, Perth, WA 6003, Australia
| | - Patience Nsatimba
- Nursing Directorate, Pantang Hospital, Greater Accra, Accra GA184, Ghana
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3
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Resting Energy Expenditure and Related Factors in 6- to 9-Year-Old Southern African Children of Diverse Population Groups. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061983. [PMID: 34207655 PMCID: PMC8229942 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower resting energy expenditure (REE) may partially explain the disproportionate prevalence of overweight/obesity among black African women. As no previous studies have investigated the REE of Southern African (South. Afr.) children, we aimed to determine, by sex and population group, the REE of 6- to 9-year-old urban school children. In a cross-sectional study with quota sampling, REE was measured with indirect calorimetry (IC). Confounders considered were: body composition (BC) (fat-free mass (FFM), FFM index, fat mass (FM), FM index), assessed using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, and physical activity (PA) measured with a pedometer. Multivariate regression was used to calculate REE adjusted for phenotypes (BC, z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age, body mass index-for-age) and PA. Sex and population differences in REE were determined with two-way ANOVA. Ninety-four healthy children (59.6% girls; 52.1% black) with similar socioeconomic status and PA opportunities participated. Despite BC variations, sex differences in REE were not significant (41 kcal/day; P = 0.375). The REE of black participants was lower than of white (146 kcal/day; P = 0.002). When adjusted for FFM and HFA z-score, the differences in REE declined but remained clinically meaningful at 91 kcal/day (P = 0.039) and 82 kcal/day (P = 0.108), respectively. We recommend the development of population-specific REE prediction equations for South. Afr. children.
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Tjahyo AS, Gandy J, Porter J, Henry CJ. Is Weight Loss More Severe in Older People with Dementia? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:57-73. [PMID: 33720896 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss, a hallmark feature of dementia, is associated with higher mortality in older people. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature as to whether the weight loss commonly observed in older people with dementia results from reduced energy intake and/or increased energy expenditure. Understanding the cause of energy imbalance in older people with dementia would allow more targeted interventions to avoid detrimental health effects in this vulnerable group. In this paper, we review studies that have considered weight change, energy intake, and energy expenditure in older people with and without dementia. We critically assess the studies' methodology and outline the various factors which may decrease and increase energy intake and expenditure respectively in older people with and without dementia. Current available literature does not support the view that there is a lower energy intake and/or a higher energy expenditure in older people with dementia when compared to those without dementia. The need for more high-quality studies is also highlighted in order to shed more light towards this issue which continues to elude researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Surya Tjahyo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Judi Porter
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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Sato Y, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Andres-Hernando A, Jensen T, Tolan DR, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Newman LS, Butler-Dawson J, Sorensen C, Glaser J, Miyazaki M, Diaz HF, Ishimoto T, Kosugi T, Maruyama S, Garcia GE, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. Increase of core temperature affected the progression of kidney injury by repeated heat stress exposure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1111-F1121. [PMID: 31390229 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (Mesoamerican nephropathy) has emerged in hot regions of Central America. We have demonstrated that dehydration associated with recurrent heat exposure causes chronic kidney disease in animal models. However, the independent influence of core body temperature on kidney injury has not been explored. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that kidney injury could be accelerated by increasing body temperature independent of external temperature. Wild-type mice were exposed to heat (39.5°C, 30 min, 2 times daily) with or without the mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) for 10 days. Core temperature, renal function, proteinuria, and renal histological and biochemical analyses were performed. Isolated mitochondria markers of oxidative stress were evaluated from kidney tissue. DNP increased body core temperature in response to heat by 1°C (42 vs. 41°C), which was transient. The mild increase in temperature correlated with worsening albuminuria (R = 0.715, P < 001), renal tubular injury, and interstitial infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. Tubular injury was marked in the outer medulla. This was associated with a reduction in kidney tissue ATP levels (nonheated control: 16.71 ± 1.33 nmol/mg and DNP + heat: 13.08 ± 1.12 nmol/mg, P < 0.01), reduced mitochondria, and evidence for mitochondrial oxidative stress. The results of the present study suggest that kidney injury in heat stress is markedly worsened by increasing core temperature. This is consistent with the hypothesis that clinical and subclinical heat stroke may play a role in Mesoamerican nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellow, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jensen
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dean R Tolan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lee S Newman
- Center for Work, Health and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jaime Butler-Dawson
- Center for Work, Health and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cecilia Sorensen
- Center for Work, Health and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason Glaser
- La Isla Network, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Henry F Diaz
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gabriela E Garcia
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Soares MJ, Pathak K. The Utility of Forearm to Fingertip Skin Temperature Gradients During Measurements of Resting Energy Expenditure. Nutr Metab Insights 2019; 12:1178638819829724. [PMID: 30799934 PMCID: PMC6378458 DOI: 10.1177/1178638819829724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) is important to both human physiology and nutrition. There are several pre-conditions for the proper measurement of REE, but a key criterion is that it takes place in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). Deciding whether a person is in his or her TNZ is not an easy task, and a suggested way forward is the monitoring of forearm to fingertip skin temperature gradients (FFG). In this commentary, we highlight our recent findings that FFG varies between individuals even when measured at a temperature within TNZ. Interestingly, FFG showed a consistent direct relationship with adjusted REE, in both cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. In addition, we provide new findings that FFG is sensitive to small ambient temperature variations within the TNZ, in comparison to visual analogue scale (VAS)-derived subjective measures of thermal comfort. While further research is needed in this area, our view is measurements of FFG should be included in REE protocols. This would inform investigators on how their participants are responding to the ambient room temperature and also allow appropriate statistical adjustments in REE for between-group comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaveri Pathak
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Sellayah D. The Impact of Early Human Migration on Brown Adipose Tissue Evolution and Its Relevance to the Modern Obesity Pandemic. J Endocr Soc 2018; 3:372-386. [PMID: 30723844 PMCID: PMC6354082 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are believed to be primarily responsible for obesity; however, an understanding of how genes for obesity have become so prevalent in modern society has proved elusive. Several theories have attempted to explain the genetic basis for obesity, but none of these appear to factor in the interethnic variation in obesity. Emerging evidence is increasingly pointing to a link between reduced basal metabolism and ineffective brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. In fact, BAT presence and function are strongly correlated with metabolic rates and directly influence obesity susceptibility. My colleagues and I recently theorized that ancestral exposure to cold necessitated the evolution of enhanced BAT thermogenesis, which, with today’s hypercaloric and sedentary lifestyle, becomes advantageous, because thermogenesis is energetically wasteful, raising basal metabolism and burning excess calories. The opposite may be true for the descendants of heat-adapted populations. This review further reconciles global evolutionary climatic exposures with obesity demographics to understand the genetic basis for the obesity pandemic, and new insights from the most recent studies are provided, including those assessing archaic human admixture. Key genetic variants influencing BAT thermogenesis are outlined that have also been linked with climatic exposure to cold and appear to support the theory that evolutionary factors relevant to climate may have shaped the modern obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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8
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Postprandial changes in glucose oxidation and insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome: Influence of fibroblast growth factor 21 and vitamin D status. Nutrition 2017; 37:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Forearm to fingertip skin temperature gradients in the thermoneutral zone were significantly related to resting metabolic rate: potential implications for nutrition research. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1074-1079. [PMID: 28378846 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting metabolic rate (RMR) should be measured in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). Forearm to fingertip skin temperature gradients (FFG) could serve as an objective measure of this pre-condition. SUBJECTS/METHODS Eighty-six adult Australians were studied at 25 °C in a temperature-controlled chamber. Measurements of overnight fasted RMR, respiratory quotient (RQ) and FFG were complemented by clinical biochemistry. McAuley's Index of insulin sensitivity (McA_ISI) and presence of metabolic syndrome was determined. Physical activity was estimated from the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were obtained from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Twenty-nine participants were assessed for changes in RMR (ΔRMR), RQ (ΔRQ) and FFG (ΔFFG) following a 6-month free-living period. Multiple linear regression analyses of RMR and RQ on FFG, and of ΔRMR and ΔRQ on ΔFFG were conducted after controlling for 12 known determinants of energy metabolism. RESULTS There were wide between-subject variations in unadjusted FFG ranging from -4.25 to +7.8 °C. The final parsimonious model for cross-sectional observations of RMR included age, FM, FFM, McA_ISI and FFG (β=63 kJ/d (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.2, 112.1, P=0.012)). However, FFG was unrelated to RQ.In the longitudinal cohort, adjusted ΔRMR significantly associated only with ΔFFG (β=100 kJ/d (95% CI: 10.3, 189.1; P=0.030)), and adjusted ΔRQ associated with ΔFFG (-0.003 (95% CI: -0.005, 0.0002, P=0.038)), age and McA_ISI. CONCLUSIONS Sizeable between-subject variations in FFG at 25 °C were associated with RMR and RQ. Monitoring FFG may serve as an objective assessment of the TNZ during RMR measurements.
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Inagaki TK, Irwin MR, Moieni M, Jevtic I, Eisenberger NI. A Pilot Study Examining Physical and Social Warmth: Higher (Non-Febrile) Oral Temperature Is Associated with Greater Feelings of Social Connection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156873. [PMID: 27257914 PMCID: PMC4892629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging literature suggests that experiences of physical warmth contribute to social warmth-the experience of feeling connected to others. Thus, thermoregulatory systems, which help maintain our relatively warm internal body temperatures, may also support feelings of social connection. However, the association between internal body temperature and feelings of connection has not been examined. Furthermore, the origins of the link between physical and social warmth, via learning during early experiences with a caregiver or via innate, co-evolved mechanisms, remain unclear. The current study examined the relationship between oral temperature and feelings of social connection as well as whether early caregiver experiences moderated this relationship. Extending the existing literature, higher oral temperature readings were associated with greater feelings of social connection. Moreover, early caregiver experiences did not moderate this association, suggesting that the physical-social warmth overlap may not be altered by early social experience. Results provide additional support for the link between experiences of physical warmth and social warmth and add to existing theories that highlight social connection as a basic need on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen K. Inagaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TKI); (NIE)
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mona Moieni
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ivana Jevtic
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Naomi I. Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TKI); (NIE)
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