1
|
Ibrahim M, Detroja A, Sheth BP, Bhadja P, Sanghvi G, Bishoyi AK. Existing status and future advancements of adulteration detection techniques in herbal products. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:151. [PMID: 38236339 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal products have been commonly used all over the world for centuries. Its products have gained remarkable acceptance as therapeutic agents for a variety of disorders. However, following recent research disclosing discrepancies between labeling and actual components of herbal products, there is growing concern about the efficacy, quality and safety of the products. The admixture and adulteration of herbal medicinal products pose a risk of serious health compromise and the well-being of the consumers. To prevent adulteration in raw ingredients and final herbal products, it is necessary to use approaches to assess both genomes as well as metabolomics of the products; this offers quality assurance in terms of product identification and purity. The combinations of molecular and analytical methods are inevitable for thorough verification and quality control of herbal medicine. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses the combination of DNA barcoding, DNA metabarcoding, mass spectroscopy as well as HPLC for the authentication of herbal medicine and determination of the level of adulteration. It also discusses the roles of PCR and real-time PCR techniques in validating and ensuring the quality, purity and identity of the herbal products. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, each technique has its own pros and cons, but the cumulative of both the chemical and molecular methods is proven to be the best strategy for adulteration detection. Moreover, CRISPR diagnosis tools equipped with multiplexing techniques may be implemented for screening adulteration from herbal drugs, this will play a crucial role in herbal product authentication in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Asmita Detroja
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Bhavisha P Sheth
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Poonam Bhadja
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Gaurav Sanghvi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bishoyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urumarudappa SKJ, Rosario S, G R, Sukrong S. A comprehensive review on Saraca asoca (Fabaceae) - Historical perspective, traditional uses, biological activities, and conservation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116861. [PMID: 37390875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saraca asoca (Roxb.)W.J.de Wilde, (Fabaceae) is a plant of significant medicinal value in traditional Indian medicine, with a long history of use in the treatment of gynaecological disorders and other ailments, and is held in high esteem. This plant has long existed in Indian tradition and is revered as sacred. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to explore the taxonomic revision of Saraca asoca from ancient times to the present and to evaluate the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological information associated with traditional use and develop a roadmap for conservative strategies of species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study draws on a comprehensive range of herbal, traditional, ethnobotanical, and ethnopharmacological information, including ancient Ayurvedic textbooks and various databases, using a single keyword or a combination of multiple keywords. RESULTS This review establishes a roadmap for understanding the traditional history of medicinal plants, particularly Saraca, and highlights the transfer of traditional knowledge from pharmacopoeias, materia medica, and classical textbooks over many centuries. The study also emphasises the importance of conservation strategies to protect Saraca as a valuable resource for healthcare and suggests that more research is needed to systematically evaluate its phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical properties, as well as to develop safety, pharmacology, and toxicology reports for traditional formulations. CONCLUSIONS In light of this study, S. asoca could be considered an important source of potential herbal drugs. The review concludes with a call for further research and conservation efforts to protect Saraca and other traditional medicinal plants for the benefit of current and future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sachin Rosario
- School of Ecology and Conservation, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Ravikanth G
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maulidya V, Hasanah AN, Rijai L, Muchtaridi M. Quality Control and Authentication of Black Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper acre Blume) from East Kalimantan as an Antimicrobial Agent Using a Combination of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemometric Fourier Transform Infrared. Molecules 2023; 28:5666. [PMID: 37570633 PMCID: PMC10420181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Black betel leaf from East Kalimantan contains various secondary metabolites such as alkaloid saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. A compound, piperenamide A, which has antimicrobial activity, is also found in black betel leaf. This study aims to identify and authenticate the compound piperenamide A found in black betel leaf extract in other types of betel plant using HPLC and FTIR-chemometrics. The extraction method used was maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Determination of piperenamide A content in black betel leaf extract was via HPLC column C18, with a maximum wavelength of 259 nm and a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute. From the results, piperenamide A was only found in black betel (Piper acre) and not in Piper betel and Piper crocatum. Piperenamide A levels obtained were 4.03, 6.84, 5.35, 13.85, and 2.15%, respectively, in the samples studied. The combination of FTIR spectra with chemometric methods such as PCA and PLS-DA was used to distinguish the three types of betel. Discriminant analysis can classify black betel (Piper acre), Piper betel, and Piper crocatum according to its type. These methods can be used for identification and authentication of black betel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vina Maulidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Aliya Nur Hasanah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
| | - Laode Rijai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Potential Use of Herbal Fingerprints by Means of HPLC and TLC for Characterization and Identification of Herbal Extracts and the Distinction of Latvian Native Medicinal Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082555. [PMID: 35458753 PMCID: PMC9026908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing market of herbal medicines, the increase in international trade in Latvia, and the lack of adequate analytical methods have raised the question of the potential use of herbal fingerprinting methods. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were developed for obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of four taxonomically and evolutionary different medicinal plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L.). Retention time shifting, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis were used to improve and analyze the obtained fingerprints. HPLC data detection at 270 nm was determined superior to 360 nm for the distinction of medicinal plants and used data alignment method significantly increased similarity between samples. Analyzed medicinal plant extracts formed separate, compact clusters in PCA, and the results of HCA correlated with the evolutionary relationships of the analyzed medicinal plants. Herbal fingerprinting using chromatographic analysis coupled with multivariate analysis has a great potential for the identification of medicinal plants as well as for the distinction of Latvian native medicinal plants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quantification of adulteration in traded ayurvedic raw drugs employing machine learning approaches with DNA barcode database. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:463. [PMID: 34745814 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a routine practice, conceding the quality and safety of derived herbal products. In this regard, the study addresses the development of an integrated approach encompassing DNA barcode and HPTLC fingerprinting to authenticate chiefly traded ayurvedic raw drugs in south India [viz. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn., Sida alnifolia L. and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.] from its adulterants. Consortium of Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended DNA barcode gene regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA-ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) and psbA-trnH spacer regions along with HPTLC profiling were experimented and a reference database was created. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing genetic distance-based Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Artificial Intelligence (AI)based Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA)-Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) and Barcoding with Logic (BLOG) were employed to prove efficacy of DNA barcode tool. Even though, among the four barcodes, psbA-trnH (S. alnifolia and its adulterants, T. arjuna and its adulterants) or ITS region (S. asoca and its adulterants, D. gangeticum and its adulterants) showed highest inter specific divergences in the selected Biological Reference Materials (BRMs), rbcL or matK barcode regions alone were successful for authentication of traded samples. The automated species identification techniques, WEKA and BLOG, experimented for the first time in India for raw drug validation, could achieve rapid and precise identification. A national certification agency for raw drug authentication employing an integrated approach involving a DNA barcoding tool along with standard organoleptic and analytical methods can strengthen and ensure safety and quality of herbal medicines in India. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666850. [PMID: 33935790 PMCID: PMC8082499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical methods are the most important and widely used traditional plant identification techniques recommended by national and international pharmacopoeias. We have reviewed the successful use of different chemical methods for the botanical authentication of 2,386 commercial herbal products, sold in 37 countries spread over six continents. The majority of the analyzed products were reported to be authentic (73%) but more than a quarter proved to be adulterated (27%). At a national level, the number of products and the adulteration proportions varied very widely. Yet, the adulteration reported for the four countries, from which more than 100 commercial products were purchased and their botanical ingredients chemically authenticated, was 37% (United Kingdom), 31% (Italy), 27% (United States), and 21% (China). Simple or hyphenated chemical analytical techniques have identified the total absence of labeled botanical ingredients, substitution with closely related or unrelated species, the use of biological filler material, and the hidden presence of regulated, forbidden or allergenic species. Additionally, affecting the safety and efficacy of the commercial herbal products, other low quality aspects were reported: considerable variability of the labeled metabolic profile and/or phytochemical content, significant product-to-product variation of botanical ingredients or even between batches by the same manufacturer, and misleading quality and quantity label claims. Choosing an appropriate chemical technique can be the only possibility for assessing the botanical authenticity of samples which have lost their diagnostic microscopic characteristics or were processed so that DNA cannot be adequately recovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Unnikrishnan R, Sumod M, Jayaraj R, Sujanapal P, Dev SA. The efficacy of machine learning algorithm for raw drug authentication in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. employing a DNA barcode database. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:605-617. [PMID: 33854287 PMCID: PMC7981360 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for traditional as well as modern medicine. Consequently huge demand has exerted a heavy strain on the existing natural resources. Due to over exploitation and unscientific collection most of the commercially traded ayurvedic plants are in the phase of depletion. Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a common practice to meet the annual demand of the ayurvedic industry. Although there are several recommended methods for proper identification varying from the traditional taxonomic to organoleptic and physiochemical, it is difficult to authenticate ayurvedic raw drugs available in extremely dried, powdered or shredded forms. In this regard, the study addresses proper authentication and illicit trade in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. using CBOL recommended standard barcode regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internally Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA- ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), and psbA-trnH spacer regions. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Machine Learning Approach, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis was employed to prove efficacy of the method. The automated species identification technique, Artificial Intelligence uses the ability of computers to build models that can receive the input data and then conduct statistical analyses which significantly reduces the human labour. Concurrently, scientific management, restoration, cultivation and conservation measures should be given utmost priority to reduce the depletion of wild resources as well as to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the herbal industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - M. Sumod
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - R. Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - P. Sujanapal
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ali MA, Pan TK, Gurung AB, Farah MA, Al-Hemaid F, Alanazi KM, Elangbam M, Lee J, Pandey SK, Oliur Rahman M, Kim SY. Plastome of Saraca asoca (Detarioideae, Fabaceae): Annotation, comparison among subfamily and molecular typing. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1487-1493. [PMID: 33613076 PMCID: PMC7878682 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. (subfamily Detarioideae, family Fabaceae) is a perennial evergreen sacred medicinal tree classified under 'vulnerable' by the IUCN. The chloroplast (cp) genome/plastome which follows uniparental inheritance contains many useful genetic information because of its conservative rate of evolution. The assembled cp genome of S. asoca which maps as a conserved circular structure revealed extensive rearrangement in gene organization, comprising total length 160,003 bp including LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb, and GC content was 35.26%. Herein a set of rbcL and matK gene were established using molecular phylogenetic analyses for molecular typing of S. asoca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tapan Kumar Pan
- University Department of Botany, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur 812007, Bihar, India
| | - Arun Bahadur Gurung
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Mohammad Abul Farah
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Mashay Alanazi
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meena Elangbam
- Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur 795 003, India
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shankar Kumar Pandey
- Department of Botany, TNB College, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur 812007, Bihar, India
| | - M. Oliur Rahman
- Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Soo-Yong Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu J, Wu X, Liu C, Newmaster S, Ragupathy S, Kress WJ. Progress in the use of DNA barcodes in the identification and classification of medicinal plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111691. [PMID: 33396023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA barcoding is an emerging molecular identification and classification technology that has been applied to medicinal plants since 2008. The application of this technique has greatly ensured the safety and effectiveness of medicinal materials. In this paper, we review the application of DNA barcoding and some related technologies over the past 10 years with respect to improving our knowledge of medicinal plant identification and authentication. From single locus-based DNA barcodes to combined markers to genome-scale levels, DNA barcodes contribute more and more genetic information. At the same time, other technologies, such as high-resolution melting (HRM), have been combined with DNA barcoding. With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), metabarcoding technology has also been shown to identify species in mixed samples successfully. As a widely used and effective tool, DNA barcoding will become more useful over time in the field of medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xi Wu
- Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources from Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources from Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Steve Newmaster
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Subramanyam Ragupathy
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unnikrishnan R, Dev SA, Jayaraj R. Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:497. [PMID: 33150123 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
India, with a rich heritage of floral diversity, is well-known for its medicinal plant wealth and is the largest producer of medicinal herbs in the world. Ethnobiological Survey of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) could identify 8000 plant species utilized in various systems of medicine with approximately 25,000 effective herbal formulations. The extensive consumption to meet demand-supply ratio exerts a heavy strain on the existing resources. This subsequently led to the adulteration and substitution of medicinal plants with look-alike species. The consumer's faith on herbal medicine is in the phase of decline due to the extremities in adulteration/substitution and ensuing consequences. It is imperative to bring forth universally acceptable standard tools to authenticate raw drugs before being processed further into formulations. A vast array of techniques such as physical, chemical (analytical), biochemical, anatomical, organoleptic, and recently emerged DNA based molecular methods are widely used for plant species authentication. In recent years, DNA barcoding has made remarkable progress in the field of medicinal plants research. DNA metabarcoding is the latest development for qualitative evaluation of the herbal formulations, whereas for quantitative analysis, combination of pharmacognostic, pharmacovigilance and analytical methods are inevitable for authentication. This review addresses the overall strengths and shortcomings of the existing as well as recently emerged techniques in authenticating ayurvedic raw drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - R Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santhosh Kumar J, Ramakrishan M, Seethapathy G, Krishna V, Uma Shaanker R, Ravikanth G. DNA barcoding of Momordica species and assessment of adulteration in Momordica herbal products, an anti-diabetic drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2020.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Ali MA, Kim SY, Pan TK, Al-Hemaid F, Elshikh MS, Elangbam M, Lee J, Farah MA, Al-Anazi KM. Complete chloroplast genome of vulnerable medicinal plant Saraca asoca (Fabaceae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:754-755. [PMID: 33366735 PMCID: PMC7748654 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1715300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The complete chloroplast genome sequences of vulnerable medicinal plant Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. (Fabaceae) was sequenced. A total of 5,206,216,851 paired-end filtered reads of 151 bp were obtained. The plastome length (including LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb) was 137,743 bp (GC content: 35.26%). A total of 126 coding genes which includes 97 CDS, 24 tRNA, and five rRNA genes were annotated. The phylogenetic analysis attempts to establish molecular signature in order to differentiate genuine sample of S. asoca from its adulterants easily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soo-Yong Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tapan Kumar Pan
- University Department of Botany, Tilka Manji Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - F Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meena Elangbam
- Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, India
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Abul Farah
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Al-Anazi
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Urumarudappa SKJ, Tungphatthong C, Sukrong S. Mitigating the Impact of Admixtures in Thai Herbal Products. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1205. [PMID: 31749698 PMCID: PMC6843083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants and their products are extensively used within indigenous healthcare systems in Thailand and several other nations. The international trade of herbal products has a noteworthy impact on the worldwide economy, and the interest in herbal products is expanding in both developing and developed countries. There has been rapid growth in the medicinal plant product market and a broadening consumer base interested in herbal products from Thailand. However, in herbal industries, ingredient substitution and admixture are typical issues wherein species of lower market value are admixed with those of a higher value. The adverse consequences of consuming adulterated drugs are invariably due to the presence of an unintended herb rather than the presence of an intended herb. It has also been argued that admixtures are intentional because of the lack of regulatory policies or centralized tests for product authentication. The consequences of species admixtures can extend from the reduced efficacy of a drug to decreased trade value. This study aims to clarify the nature and extent of species admixtures reported in the Thai herbal trade market and discuss the potential reasons for such adulteration. In the broader context of species admixtures, we strongly propose the establishment of multiple herbal crude drug repositories that can be developed to facilitate the use of comparative identity tests by industry, traders, and researchers to maintain authentic natural health product (NHP) standards and to certify the authenticity of NHPs. The proposition of the establishment of centralized testing (CT) could be a promising initiative in Thailand for the development of science and technology, and the herbal medicines produced as a result of CT could be dispensed as prescription drugs based on disease consideration instead of as health foods or nutraceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayapol Tungphatthong
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang F, Shi P, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yu X, Li J, Pu G. A Simple, Rapid, and Practical Method for Distinguishing Lonicerae Japonicae Flos from Lonicerae Flos. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193455. [PMID: 31547636 PMCID: PMC6804211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), the dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb., are often adulterated with Lonicerae. flos (LF), which is derived from the other four Lonicera species. Scholars at home and abroad have established several analytical methods to distinguish LJF from the four Lonicera species of LF; however, to date, no effective and practical method has been established for distinguishing LF from LJF. In our present study, the HPLC fingerprints of LJF and LF were compared, and differences in the content of one of the iridoids were found. Column chromatography combined with pre-HPLC was used for isolating and preparing the iridoid, and its structure was identified as secologanic acid. Then, a method for determining the content of secologanic acid was established using HPLC. The amounts of secologanic acid in 34 batches of LJF and 38 batches of LF were determined. The average amount of secologanic acid in 34 batches of LJF was 18.24 mg/g, with values ranging from 12.9 mg/g to 23.3 mg/g, whereas the average amount in 38 batches of LF was 1.76 mg/g, with values ranging from 0.2 mg/g to 7.2 mg/g. Therefore, secologanic acid can be considered as one of the characteristic components for distinguishing LJF and LF. Our study not only provides a rapid, simple, sensitive, and practical method for identifying LJF and LF but also establishes a method for discovering the characteristic components of other herb-medicines that are susceptible to adulteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Pengliang Shi
- Shandong Medicine Technician College, Taian 271016, China.
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Shandong Medicine Technician College, Taian 271016, China.
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Gaobin Pu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ragupathy S, Faller AC, Shanmughanandhan D, Kesanakurti P, Shaanker RU, Ravikanth G, Sathishkumar R, Mathivanan N, Song J, Han J, Newmaster S. Exploring DNA quantity and quality from raw materials to botanical extracts. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01935. [PMID: 31245647 PMCID: PMC6582161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the variability in DNA quality and quantity along a gradient of industrial processing of botanical ingredients from raw materials to extracts. METHODS A data matrix was assembled for 1242 botanical ingredient samples along a gradient of industrial processing commonly used in the Natural Health Product (NHP) industry. Multivariate statistics was used to explore dependant variables for quality and quantity. The success of attaining a positive DNA test result along a gradient of industrial processing was compared among four biotechnologies: DNA barcoding, NGS, Sanger sequencing and qPCR. RESULTS There was considerable variance in DNA quality and quantity among the samples, which could be interpreted along a gradient from raw materials with greater quantities (50-120 ng/μL) of DNA and longer DNA (400-500bp) sequences to extracts, which were characterized by lower quantities (0.1-10.0 ng/μL) and short fragments (50-150bp). CONCLUSIONS Targeted molecular diagnostic tests for species identity can be used in the NHP industry for raw and processed samples. Non-targeted tests or the use of NGS for any identity test needs considerable research and development and must be validated before it can be used in commercial operations as these methods are subject to considerable risk of false negative and positive results. Proper use of these tools can be used to ensure ingredient authenticity, and to avert adulteration, and contamination with plants that are a health concern. Lastly these tools can be used to prevent the exploitation of rare herbal species and the harvesting of native biodiversity for commercial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Ragupathy
- NHP Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adam C. Faller
- NHP Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dhivya Shanmughanandhan
- NHP Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Prasad Kesanakurti
- NHP Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R. Uma Shaanker
- Department of Crop Physiology and School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Gudasalamani Ravikanth
- Conservation Genetics Lab, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur PO, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Narayanasamy Mathivanan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven Newmaster
- NHP Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Malik S, Priya A, Babbar SB. Employing barcoding markers to authenticate selected endangered medicinal plants traded in Indian markets. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:327-337. [PMID: 30956417 PMCID: PMC6419693 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The high demand of medicinal plants and their unrestricted collection have rendered many of these as rare or endangered. The restrictions imposed on their collection and trade are difficult to implement because of the inability to identify them in fragmented form. The rarity of these plants in nature and lack of their cultivation raise doubt about the authenticity of the herbals sold in markets. Therefore, in the present investigation, ITS/ITS2, matK, rbcL and rpoC1 sequences of fourteen species of important medicinal plants, some of which are endangered, were generated and checked for their species-specificity (sequences having maximum similarity only with their own) by BLAST1 and/or BOLD identifications. ITS sequences of 12 species were species-specific. However, ITS2 of only 10 of these 12 species were species-specific. As for the chloroplast loci, rbcL and rpoC1 sequences of all 14 species could be obtained, while matK sequences of only 10 of these could be generated. Of the retrieved sequences, rbcL, rpoC1 and matK sequences of 7, 11 and 7 species, respectively, were species-specific. The sequences of the targeted loci from the herbal samples of these species were difficult to retrieve because of failure in the amplification or sequencing. Nevertheless, based on ITS2 and/or one or more of the chloroplast loci targeted, the botanical identities of 22 herbal market samples were checked by phylogenetic tree, BLAST1 and BOLD identification methods. Of these 22 samples, only one of each of Rauvolfia serpentina and Picrorhiza kurroa were found to be authentic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Malik
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Akanksha Priya
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seethapathy GS, Raclariu-Manolica AC, Anmarkrud JA, Wangensteen H, de Boer HJ. DNA Metabarcoding Authentication of Ayurvedic Herbal Products on the European Market Raises Concerns of Quality and Fidelity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:68. [PMID: 30804961 PMCID: PMC6370972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ayurveda is one of the oldest systems of medicine in the world, but the growing commercial interest in Ayurveda based products has increased the incentive for adulteration and substitution within this herbal market. Fraudulent practices such as the use of undeclared fillers and use of other species of inferior quality is driven both by the increased as well as insufficient supply capacity of especially wild plant species. Developing novel strategies to exhaustively assess and monitor both the quality of raw materials and final marketed herbal products is a challenge in herbal pharmacovigilance. Seventy-nine Ayurvedic herbal products sold as tablets, capsules, powders, and extracts were randomly purchased via e-commerce and pharmacies across Europe, and DNA metabarcoding was used to assess the ability of this method to authenticate these products. Our analysis reveals that only two out of 12 single ingredient products contained only one species as labeled, eight out of 27 multiple ingredient products contained none of the species listed on the label, and the remaining 19 products contained 1 to 5 of the species listed on the label along with many other species not specified on the label. The fidelity for single ingredient products was 67%, the overall ingredient fidelity for multi ingredient products was 21%, and for all products 24%. The low level of fidelity raises concerns about the reliability of the products, and detection of threatened species raises further concerns about illegal plant trade. The study highlights the necessity for quality control of the marketed herbal products and shows that DNA metabarcoding is an effective analytical approach to authenticate complex multi ingredient herbal products. However, effort needs to be done to standardize the protocols for DNA metabarcoding before this approach can be implemented as routine analytical approaches for plant identification, and approved for use in regulated procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Saroja Seethapathy
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ancuta-Cristina Raclariu-Manolica
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | | | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hegde S, Pai SR, Bhagwat RM, Saini A, Rathore PK, Jalalpure SS, Hegde HV, Sugunan AP, Gupta VS, Kholkute SD, Roy S. Genetic and phytochemical investigations for understanding population variability of the medicinally important tree Saraca asoca to help develop conservation strategies. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:43-54. [PMID: 30189346 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (Caesalpiniaceae) is a highly traded IUCN red listed tree species used in Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of various disorders, especially gynaecological problems. However, information about the genetic variations between populations and corresponding variation in specialized metabolites of S. asoca remains unclear. To address this issue, we analysed 11 populations of S. asoca with 106 accessions collected from Western Ghats of India using ISSR markers along with selected phytocompounds using RP-HPLC. Twenty primers were screened, out of which seven were selected for further analysis based on generation of clear polymorphic banding patterns. These seven ISSR primers produced 74 polymorphic loci. AMOVA showed 43% genetic variation within populations and 57% among the populations of S. asoca. To estimate the genetic relationships among S. asoca populations, UPGMA and Bayesian Models were constructed, which revealed two clusters of similar grouping patterns. However, excluding minor deviations, UPGMA and dissimilarity analysis showed close association of genotypes according to their geographical locations. Catechin (CAT), epicatechin (EPI) and gallic acid (GA) were quantified from bark and leaf samples of corresponding genotypes collected from 106 accessions. ROC plots depicted the sensitivity and specificity of the concentrations of tested phytocompounds at various cut-off points. Although, multiple logistic regression analysis predicted some association between few loci with GA, EPI and CAT, but PCA for phytochemical data failed to distinguish the populations. Overall, there were no significant trends observed to distinguish the populations based on these phytocompounds. Furthermore, the study advocates the delineate provenance regions of S. asoca genotypes/chemotype snapshots for in-situ conservation and ex-situ cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satisha Hegde
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India; KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Sandeep Ramchandra Pai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai - Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post - Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Rasika M Bhagwat
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Archana Saini
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar Rathore
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Sunil Satyappa Jalalpure
- KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India; Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Harsha Vasudev Hegde
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Attayoor Purushottaman Sugunan
- Division of Epidemiology, RMRC-NIE-LRU, National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Sanjiva D Kholkute
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR - National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abubakar BM, Salleh FM, Shamsir Omar MS, Wagiran A. Assessing product adulteration of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) herbal medicinal product using DNA barcoding and HPLC analysis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:368-377. [PMID: 30058427 PMCID: PMC6130542 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1479869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) commonly known as Tongkat Ali is one of the most important plants in Malaysia. The plant extracts (particularly roots) are widely used for the treatment of cough and fever besides having antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer and aphrodisiac activities. OBJECTIVES This study assesses the extent of adulteration of E. longifolia herbal medicinal products (HMPs) using DNA barcoding validated by HPLC analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chloroplastic rbcL and nuclear ITS2 barcode regions were used in the present study. The sequences generated from E. longifolia HMPs were compared to sequences in the GenBank using MEGABLAST to verify their taxonomic identity. These results were verified by neighbor-joining tree analysis in which branches of unknown specimen are compared to the reference sequences established from this study and other retrieved from the GenBank. The HMPs were also analysed using HPLC analysis for the presence of eurycomanone bioactive marker. RESULTS Identification using DNA barcoding revealed that 37% of the tested HMPs were authentic while 27% were adulterated with the ITS2 barcode region proven to be the ideal marker. The validation of the authenticity using HPLC analysis showed a situation in which a species which was identified as authentic was found not to contain the expected chemical compound. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS DNA barcoding should be used as the first screening step for testing of HMPs raw materials. However, integration of DNA barcoding with HPLC analysis will help to provide detailed knowledge about the safety and efficacy of the HMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Mohammed Abubakar
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Faezah Mohd Salleh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir Omar
- Department of Biosciences & Health Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alina Wagiran
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Seethapathy GS, Tadesse M, Urumarudappa SKJ, V Gunaga S, Vasudeva R, Malterud KE, Shaanker RU, de Boer HJ, Ravikanth G, Wangensteen H. Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 30002410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Saroja Seethapathy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margey Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa
- Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Srikanth V Gunaga
- Department of Forest Biology, College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi, 581401, India
| | - Ramesh Vasudeva
- Department of Forest Biology, College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi, 581401, India
| | - Karl Egil Malterud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ramanan Uma Shaanker
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudasalamani Ravikanth
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India.
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10561. [PMID: 30002410 PMCID: PMC6043575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hegde S, Saini A, Hegde HV, Kholkute SD, Roy S. Molecular identification of Saraca asoca from its substituents and adulterants. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:161. [PMID: 29527448 PMCID: PMC5835484 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde is an important medicinal plant from the Western Ghats of India, traditionally used in treatment of various gynecological disorders. Increasing commercial demand and decreasing numbers has resulted in this plant becoming endangered with crude drug materials being extensively substituted/adulterated with other plant species. The present study was undertaken with the objective of development and evaluation of multivariate cluster analysis of ISSR fingerprints against rbcL-based DNA barcodes as tool to understand the relationships and to differentiate common adulterants and substituents from S. asoca. ISSR-based Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was carried out on 41 samples of S. asoca and 5 each of the 5 common substituent/adulterant plants and the clustering patterns were evaluated against DNA-sequence-based barcoding of rbcL region of their plastids. Factorial analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed distinct groups of genetic pools of respective taxa thereby confirming the utility of ISSR fingerprinting as a useful tool for differentiation between the genuine and the adulterants/substituents. NCBI-BLAST search on DNA barcode rbcL region confirmed the results of ISSR assays. Therefore, our study demonstrated the utility of simple, cost-effective method of ISSR fingerprinting coupled with rbcL barcoding in differentiating this important medicinal plant from its common adulterants/substituents. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satisha Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
- KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
| | - Archana Saini
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
| | - Harsha Vasudev Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
| | - Sanjiva D. Kholkute
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Government of India, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010 India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Santhosh Kumar JU, Krishna V, Seethapathy GS, Ganesan R, Ravikanth G, Shaanker RU. Assessment of adulteration in raw herbal trade of important medicinal plants of India using DNA barcoding. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:135. [PMID: 29479511 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that there could be widespread substitution and/or adulteration (hereafter referred to as substitution) in raw herbal trade of medicinal plants. Substitution could potentially endanger the health and safety of the consumers. In this study, the extent of adulteration in raw herbal trade of 30 important medicinal plants in South India was analyzed. Biological reference material (BRM) consisting of taxonomically authenticated samples of each of the 30 species along with 14 other co-occurring and congeneric allied species that are likely to be used in adulteration was established. DNA barcode signatures of 124 BRM using two candidate regions, nr-ITS and psbA-trnH were identified. A total of 203 herbal trade samples representing the 30 medicinal plant species were collected from 34 locations in South India. Using the DNA barcode sequences of the BRM as reference, the analysis indicated that the substitution ranged from 20 to 100%. Overall, approximately 12% of the market samples were adulterated. Considering the potential health hazard that such adulteration can cause, the need for a national regulatory framework that can authenticate and regulate raw herbal trade in the country is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J U Santhosh Kumar
- 1Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451 India
- 2School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065 India
- 3Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - V Krishna
- 1Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451 India
| | - G S Seethapathy
- 4Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - R Ganesan
- 4Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - G Ravikanth
- 4Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - R Uma Shaanker
- 2School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065 India
- 3Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065 India
- 4Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064 India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Srirama R, Santhosh Kumar JU, Seethapathy GS, Newmaster SG, Ragupathy S, Ganeshaiah KN, Uma Shaanker R, Ravikanth G. Species Adulteration in the Herbal Trade: Causes, Consequences and Mitigation. Drug Saf 2018; 40:651-661. [PMID: 28389979 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-017-0527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The global economy of the international trade of herbal products has been increasing by 15% annually, with the raw material for most herbal products being sourced from South and Southeast Asian countries. In India, of the 8000 species of medicinal plants harvested from the wild, approximately 960 are in the active trade. With increasing international trade in herbal medicinal products, there is also increasing concern about the widespread adulteration and species admixtures in the raw herbal trade. The adverse consequences of such species adulteration on the health and safety of consumers have only recently begun to be recognised and documented. We provide a comprehensive review of the nature and magnitude of species adulteration in the raw herbal trade, and identify the underlying drivers that might lead to such adulteration. We also discuss the possible biological and chemical equivalence of species that are used as adulterants and substitutes, and the consequences thereof to consumer health and safety, and propose a framework for the development of a herbal trade authentication service that can help regulate the herbal trade market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srirama
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - J U Santhosh Kumar
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - G S Seethapathy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Steven G Newmaster
- Department of Integrative Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Toronto, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Ragupathy
- Department of Integrative Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Toronto, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K N Ganeshaiah
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - R Uma Shaanker
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Gudasalamani Ravikanth
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Derivative Technology of DNA Barcoding (Nucleotide Signature and SNP Double Peak Methods) Detects Adulterants and Substitution in Chinese Patent Medicines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5858. [PMID: 28724933 PMCID: PMC5517575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae japonicae Flos has been used to produce hundred kinds of Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) in China. Economically motivated adulterants have been documented, leading to market instability and a decline in consumer confidence. ITS2 has been used to identify raw medicinal materials, but it’s not suitable for the identification of botanical extracts and complex CPMs. Therefore, a short barcode for the identification of processed CPMs would be profitable. A 34 bp nucleotide signature (5′ CTAGCGGTGGTCGTACGATAGCCAATGCATGAGT 3′) was developed derived from ITS2 region of Eucommiae Folium based on unique motifs. Mixtures of powdered Lonicerae japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos resulted in double peaks at the expected SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) positions, of which the height of the peaks were roughly indicative of the species’ ratio in the mixed powder. Subsequently we tested 20 extracts and 47 CPMs labelled as containing some species of Lonicera. The results revealed only 17% of the extracts and 22% of the CPMs were authentic, others exist substitution or adulterant; 7% were shown to contain both of two adulterants Eucommiae Folium and Lonicerae Flos. The methods developed in this study will widely broaden the application of DNA barcode in quality assurance of natural health products.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hegde S, Hegde HV, Jalalpure SS, Peram MR, Pai SR, Roy S. Resolving Identification Issues of Saraca asoca from Its Adulterant and Commercial Samples Using Phytochemical Markers. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S266-S272. [PMID: 28808391 PMCID: PMC5538165 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_417_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (Ashoka) is a highly valued endangered medicinal tree species from Western Ghats of India. Besides treating cardiac and circulatory problems, S. asoca provides immense relief in gynecological disorders. Higher price and demand, in contrast to the smaller population size of the plant, have motivated adulteration with other plants such as Polyalthia longifolia (Sonnerat) Thwaites. The fundamental concerns in quality control of S. asoca arise due to its part of medicinal value (Bark) and the chemical composition. Phytochemical fingerprinting with proper selection of analytical markers is a promising method in addressing quality control issues. In the present study, high-performance liquid chromatography of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin) coupled to multivariate analysis was used. Five samples each of S. asoca, P. longifolia from two localities alongside five commercial market samples showed evidence of adulteration. Subsequently, multivariate hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis was established to discriminate the adulterants of S. asoca. The proposed method ascertains identification of S. asoca from its putative adulterant P. longifolia and commercial market samples. The data generated may also serve as baseline data to form a quality standard for pharmacopoeias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satisha Hegde
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.,KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsha Vasudev Hegde
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Satyappa Jalalpure
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacognosy, KLE University's College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Peram
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Ramachandra Pai
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hegde S, Pai SR, Roy S. Combination of DNA isolation and RP-HPLC analysis method for bark samples of Saraca asoca and its adulterant. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:208. [PMID: 28667648 PMCID: PMC5493565 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting singly or in combination with phytochemical analysis is ideal for quality control of crude plant-based drugs. However, when the source material is tannin rich stem bark, extraction of DNA by conventional methods becomes challenging. In such cases, phytochemical profiling serves as very useful tool for its identification. The work herein described a method for simultaneous DNA isolation and phytochemical extraction for downstream analysis and applications from dried bark powder of Saraca asoca and commercial samples of this crude drug as well as from those of Polyalthia longifolia, its most common adulterant. It is a modified CTAB-based method which involves a pre-extraction step by soaking samples overnight in de-ionized water followed by filtration. The residues in the filter paper were used for DNA isolation and dried filtrate was used for Reverse Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis. Results revealed that genomic DNA isolated was PCR amplifiable with Inter Simple Sequence Repeat and Start Codon Targeted markers. Phenolic compounds of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid were detected from the above dried filtrate. The method is simple, reliable and it requires small amount of sample with an option of integrating both phytochemical and DNA-based profiling, from the same starting material. Therefore, the present method could be useful for further potential applications such as quality control assessment of S. asoca products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satisha Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (Formerly Regional Medical Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590 010, India
- KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, 590 010, India
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Sandeep Ramchandra Pai
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (Formerly Regional Medical Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590 010, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (Formerly Regional Medical Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590 010, India.
| |
Collapse
|