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Ye M, Song T, Xia H, Hou Y, Chen A. Effects of aerobic exercise on executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2024; 160:104912. [PMID: 39326271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deterioration of executive function is a hallmark of cognitive aging. Reports indicate that signs of decline in executive function begin to emerge as early as middle age. Aerobic exercise improves executive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults, but the optimal exercise prescription variables are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults and explore the dose-response relationship and moderators. METHODS We conducted comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus for English literature, and CNKI, WanFang, and VIP for Chinese literature, covering the period from inception until April 25, 2024. Randomized controlled trials examining the effect of aerobic exercise on executive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged 45 or older were included. The Cochrane Collaboration's RoB2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. And subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to elucidate the impact of aerobic exercise on executive function. RESULTS Forty-two eligible randomized controlled trials, involving a total of 2881 participants, met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that aerobic exercise had positive effects on improving cognitive flexibility (Hedge's g = 0.343, p < 0.001), working memory (Hedge's g = 0.392, p < 0.001), and inhibitory control (Hedge's g = 0.229, p < 0.001) in healthy middle-aged and older adults. However, it did not demonstrate an improvement in planning (Hedge's g = 0.094, p = 0.440). The dose-response relationships between different exercise parameters and subdomains of executive functions revealed that the largest effects on cognitive flexibility were observed after 13-24 weeks of progression-intensity mind-body exercise, 46-60 min per session, and 5-7 days per week. Regarding working memory, the largest effects were observed after 13-24 weeks of progression-intensity general aerobic exercise, 20-45 min per session, and 5-7 days per week. For inhibitory control, the greatest effects were noted after 13-24 weeks of low-intensity general aerobic exercise, 20-45 min per session, and 3-4 days per week. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise can significantly improve cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibitory control in healthy middle-aged and older adults. The effect of aerobic exercise on different aspects of executive function is influenced by specific exercise parameters, suggesting that personalized aerobic exercise programs may be more effective for enhancing executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ye
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200082, China; Rehabilitation Treatment Center, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Tao Song
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Haishuo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200082, China.
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Thiel U, Stiebler M, Labott BK, Bappert J, Langhans C, Halfpaap N, Grässler B, Herold F, Schreiber S, Braun-Dullaeus R, Müller P, Müller N, Hökelmann A. DiADEM-Dance against Dementia-Effect of a Six-Month Dance Intervention on Physical Fitness in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Pers Med 2024; 14:888. [PMID: 39202080 PMCID: PMC11355115 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14080888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Preserving health and physical fitness is critical to ensure independent living across the lifespan. Lower levels of physical fitness are associated with age-related cognitive decline and a higher prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thus, this study investigates the influence of a six-month dance intervention on selected measures of physical fitness in older adults with MCI. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 55 patients with MCI were randomized into a sportive dance training (IG; n = 26; age: 70.7 ± 5.6 years; 62% female) or an inactive control group (CG; n = 24; age: 69.1 ± 6.8 years; 46% female). The dance group received two 90 min dance training sessions per week over a duration of six-months, which focused on learning dance movement patterns. During the training sessions, heart rate was measured to control exercise intensity. Physical fitness was assessed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), lower limb functional fitness via sit-to-stand test, handgrip strength, and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: We observed that the dance intervention preserved the cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during CPET, which decreased in the CG. Furthermore, participants in the IG demonstrated increases in leg and handgrip strength, although these were not statistically significant. HRV displayed a non-significant decrease following the intervention. Conclusions: The results of this randomized controlled trial suggest that sportive dance training can preserve elements of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness) in older adults with MCI. Although improvements in the other parameters (i.e., leg and handgrip strength) were statistically non-significant, likely due to the small sample size, stabilizing muscular fitness and preventing age-related decline in older adults with MCI is important for maintaining functional independence. For future studies, we recommend a longer training duration paired with precise control of regular physical activity levels, an important confounding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Thiel
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Stiebler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berit K. Labott
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Bappert
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Langhans
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Halfpaap
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grässler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Degenerative and Chronic Diseases and Movement, Joint Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Centre for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Braun-Dullaeus
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Centre for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger Müller
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Degenerative and Chronic Diseases and Movement, Joint Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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Kao SC, Brush CJ, Wang CH. A multimodal approach integrating cognitive and motor demands into physical activity for optimal mental health: Methodological issues and future directions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:235-258. [PMID: 38876577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity is known for its positive effects on cognition and affect, with existing literature suggesting that these mental health benefits may be optimally experienced by incorporating cognitive and motor demands during physical activity (PA). However, the existing body of literature lacks a comprehensive guideline for designing the qualitative characteristics of a PA program. Accordingly, this narrative review aimed to (1) provide a working two-dimension model that operationally defines the cognitive and motor demands involved in PA and the rationale for systematically studying these qualitative aspects of PA, (2) identify methods to assess the cognitive and motor demands of PA and address associated methodological issues, and (3) offer potential future directions for research on the cognitive and motor aspects of PA in support of the development of PA programs designed to maximize PA-induced cognitive and affective benefits. We anticipate this article to inform the need for future research and development on this topic, aiming to create clear, evidence-based guidelines for designing innovative and effective PA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Christopher J Brush
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health, & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Rodriguez-Rodríguez S, Canet-Vintró M, Wee SO, Rodríguez-Sanz J, López-de-Celis C, Oviedo GR, Labata-Lezaun N, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1301. [PMID: 38592139 PMCID: PMC10931602 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Rodriguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Max Canet-Vintró
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sang Ouk Wee
- Department of Kinesiology. California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Guillermo R. Oviedo
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Vitoria-Gateiz (EUNEIZ), 01013 Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
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Liu XX, Huang PH, Wang YJ, Gao Y. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Combined With Attentional Bias Modification in the Care of Male Patients With a Methamphetamine Use Disorder. J Addict Nurs 2024; 35:E2-E14. [PMID: 38574107 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It remains unclear which individual or combined strategies are most beneficial for methamphetamine use disorders (MUDs). We compared the effects of aerobic exercise, attentional bias modification, and combined intervention on male patients with MUD. METHOD One hundred male patients with MUD were randomly assigned to combined intervention, aerobic exercise, attentional bias modification, or control groups (25 patients per group). The 8-week intervention protocol included three 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercises per week. Primary outcomes included high- and low-frequency heart rate variability, executive function, and cardiorespiratory fitness measured by customized software, computerized tests, and the Harvard step test, respectively. Secondary outcomes included psychiatric symptoms, drug craving, training acceptability, and persistence. RESULTS Participant characteristics were matched between groups at baseline. Executive function, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory fitness, drug craving, and most psychiatric symptoms had significant time-group interactions at posttest (p < .05, η2 = .08-.28). Compared with the attentional bias modification and control groups, the combined intervention and aerobic exercise groups improved significantly in executive function, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory fitness, and most secondary outcomes. In addition, high-frequency heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in the aerobic exercise group were significantly higher than those in the combined intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Combination strategies showed comparable efficacy to aerobic exercise alone in improving executive function, psychiatric symptoms, and drug craving and significantly exceeded other conditions. For heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness, aerobic exercise alone was the most effective. For acceptability and persistence, combination strategies were preferred over single-domain training and health education intervention.
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Tian S, Liang Z, Qiu F, Wang X. Physical activity on executive function in sedentary individuals: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294251. [PMID: 38060501 PMCID: PMC10703253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been demonstrated to promote cognitive performance. However, the relationship between physical activity and executive function (EF) in sedentary individuals is not fully understood. This meta-analysis examined the impact of physical activity on EF in sedentary individuals and evaluated potential moderators of the relationship between physical activity and EF. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched. Included studies had to report sedentary individuals randomized to either a physical activity group or a control group. Subgroup analyses of EF sub-domains, exercise prescription and age were conducted alongside the overall meta-analysis. Thirteen RCT studies were included, with a total of 752 participants. Results showed a small to moderate beneficial effect of physical activity on EF (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40). In subgroup analysis by EF sub-domains, physical activity enhanced inhibitory control (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.63) and working memory (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.49), but not cognitive flexibility (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.41). Interventions with an intervention length > 12 weeks improved overall EF (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.46), but intervention length ≤ 12 weeks did not (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.47). Interventions with session time ≥ 45 minutes improved overall EF (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.77), but session time < 45 minutes did not (0.17, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.44). Physical activity improves EF for older adults (age ≥ 60 years) (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.42), but not for younger individuals (age < 60 years) (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.59). Overall, physical activity has a beneficial effect on EF in sedentary individuals, although the influence may be domain specific and influenced by exercise prescription and age. These findings have practical implications for those seeking to improve EF in sedentary individuals through physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Tian
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Zhide Liang
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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Maryam K, Ali H. Aerobic and resistance exercises affect the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway, and hippocampal neuron density of high-fat diet-induced obese elderly rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114140. [PMID: 36870384 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) in elderly, is a risk factor for insulin resistance and a precursor to diabetes and can lead to impaired cognitive function. Physical exercise has positive effects on decrease obesity and improvement brain function. We investigated which type of aerobic (AE) or resistance (RE) exercise can be more effective in reducing HFD-induced cognitive dysfunction in obese elderly rats. 48 male Wistar rats (19-monthold) were divided into six groups: Healthy control (CON), CON+AE, CON+RE, HFD, HFD+AE, and HFD+RE. Obesity was induced by 5 months of HFD feeding in older rats. After obesity confirmation, RT (with a range of 50% to 100%1RM/3 days/week) and AE (running at 8-m/min for 15-min to 26-m/min for 60-min /5 days/week) was performed for 12-weeks. Morris water maze Test was used to evaluate cognitive performance. All data were analyzed using two-way statistical test of variance. The results showed that obesity had a negative effect on glycemic index, increased inflammation, decreased antioxidant levels, decreased BDNF/TrkB and decreased nerve density in hippocampal tissue. The Morris water maze results clearly showed cognitive impairment in the obesity group. But 12 weeks after AE and RE, all the measured variables were on the improvement path, and in general, no difference was observed between the two exercise methods. Two mods of exercise (AE and RE) may be having same effects on nerve cell density, inflammatory, antioxidant and functional status of hippocampus of obese rats. Each of the AE and RE can create beneficial effects on the cognitive function of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshvari Maryam
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, exercise physiology department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidarianpour Ali
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, exercise physiology department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
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Fadida Y, Shaklai S, Katz-Leurer M. The association between cardiac autonomic system function at the entrance to rehabilitation and walking-endurance two months later among children following-ABI. Brain Inj 2023; 37:662-668. [PMID: 36825960 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2180664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiac autonomic control system function is frequently impaired after brain injury. An association exists between the cardiac autonomic control system and endurance performance. AIM To evaluate the association between cardiac autonomic control system indices at the beginning of the inpatient rehabilitation and walking endurance two months later among children and adolescents following acquired brain injury. METHODS A prospective study included 28 children and adolescents following acquired brain injury in the sub-acute phase. A Polar device (RS800CX) records heart rate as a proxy measure of autonomic function at sitting and lying supine on admission and two months later. The 6-minute walk test was assessed at the second assessment in 25 participants. Non-parametric tests were used with statistical significance defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in heart rate variability between lying and sitting positions, which were positively correlated with the 6-minutes walk test results two months later, mainly in the parasympathetic components (rs = 0.51 p-value <0.01). CONCLUSIONS At the beginning of the rehabilitation of children and adolescents following acquired brain injury, a simple manipulation - position change from sitting to lying, activates cardiac autonomic control system responses. These responses are positively associated with walking endurance two months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaloma Fadida
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Children Rehabilitation Departsment, Lowenstein Rehabilitation Cente, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Sharon Shaklai
- Children Rehabilitation Departsment, Lowenstein Rehabilitation Cente, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Michal Katz-Leurer
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Pellegrini-Laplagne M, Dupuy O, Sosner P, Bosquet L. Effect of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training on executive functions, baroreflex sensitivity, and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation in healthy older adults: a pilot study. GeroScience 2023; 45:119-140. [PMID: 35881301 PMCID: PMC9315336 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by cognitive decline affecting daily functioning. To manage this socio-economic challenge, several non-pharmacological methods such as physical, cognitive, and combined training are proposed. Although there is an important interest in this subject, the literature is still heterogeneous. The superiority of simultaneous training compared to passive control and physical training alone seems clear but very few studies compared simultaneous training to cognitive training alone. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training on several cognitive domains in healthy older adults, in comparison with either training alone. Thirty-five healthy older adults were randomized into one of three experimental groups: exercise training, cognitive training, and simultaneous exercise and cognitive training. The protocol involved two 30-min sessions per week for 24 weeks. Cognitive performance in several domains, pre-frontal cortex oxygenation, and baroreflex sensitivity were assessed before and after the intervention. All groups improved executive performance, including flexibility or working memory. We found a group by time interaction for inhibition cost (F(2,28) = 6.44; p < 0.01) and baroreflex sensitivity during controlled breathing (F(2,25) = 4.22; p = 0.01), the magnitude of improvement of each variable being associated (r = -0.39; p = 0.03). We also found a decrease in left and right pre-frontal cortex oxygenation in all groups during the trail making test B. A simultaneous exercise and cognitive training are more efficient than either training alone to improve executive function and baroreflex sensitivity. The results of this study may have important clinical repercussions by allowing to optimize the interventions designed to maintain the physical and cognitive health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Pellegrini-Laplagne
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet - TSA 31113 - 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet - TSA 31113 - 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Phillipe Sosner
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet - TSA 31113 - 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France
- Mon Stade, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet - TSA 31113 - 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Xu L, Gu H, Cai X, Zhang Y, Hou X, Yu J, Sun T. The Effects of Exercise for Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1088. [PMID: 36673844 PMCID: PMC9858649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise can slow down the decline of the cognitive function of the older adults, yet the review evidence is not conclusive. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on cognitive ability. METHODS A computerized literature search was carried out using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase SCOPUS, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang, and VIP database to identify relevant articles from inception through to 1 October 2022. Based on a preliminary search of the database and the references cited, 10,338 records were identified. For the measured values of the research results, the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to synthesize the effect size. RESULTS Finally, 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Since the outcome indicators of each literature are different in evaluating the old cognitive ability, a subgroup analysis was performed on the included literature. The study of results suggests that aerobic or resistance training interventions significantly improved cognitive ability in older adults compared with control interventions with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MD 2.76; 95% CI 2.52 to 3.00), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MD 2.64; 95% CI 2.33 to 2.94), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (MD 2.86; 95% CI 2.25 to 3.47), the Wechsler Memory Scale (MD 9.33; 95% CI 7.12 to 11.54), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MD 5.31; 95% CI 1.20 to 9.43), the Trail Making Tests (MD -8.94; 95% CI -9.81 to -8.07), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (MD -5.20; 95% CI -7.89 to -2.51). CONCLUSION Physical exercise improved the cognitive function of the older adults in all mental states. To improve cognitive ability, this meta-analysis recommended that patients perform at least moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on as many days as possible in the week to comply with current exercise guidelines while providing evidence for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Xu
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongyi Gu
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowan Cai
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Ju W. EFFECTS OF GYMNASTICS TRAINING ON PHYSICAL FITNESS OF FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The physical education curriculum aims to improve the level of students, benefiting the development of physical and mental health. Currently, the original physical education curriculum does not meet the specific requirements of today's students and needs to undergo a new stage of restructuring in its development. Objective: Analyze the impacts of gymnastics training on the physical fitness of female college students. Methods: We selected 86 female college students who chose the gymnastics elective course. The volunteers were divided into an experimental (n=43) and a control group (n=43). While the control performed basic training, the experimental group performed aerobics training according to an established protocol. The experiment, 60 minutes daily, was performed twice a week for 18 weeks. Data related to body composition and functional physical performance were collected before and after the intervention, and a comparative analysis was performed with statistical software. Results: The experimental group showed considerable gains; body fat ratio decreased from 27.99 to 26.25; vital capacity increased by 15.13%, and maximum strength performance in one minute increased by 15.02%. Conclusion: According to the results presented, gymnastics training significantly improved female college students’ physical fitness. Its constant exercise also has the potential to improve the muscle tone of the pelvic girdle and abdomen. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ju
- Sichuan Institute of Technology, China
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12
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Zhang S, Zhen K, Su Q, Chen Y, Lv Y, Yu L. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in People with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315700. [PMID: 36497772 PMCID: PMC9736612 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the findings of the available studies were conflicting. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in AD patients. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases from the inception of indexing until 12 November 2021. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. From 1942 search records initially identified, 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Included studies involved 503 participants in 16 exercise groups (mean age: 69.2-84 years) and 406 participants (mean age: 68.9-84 years) in 15 control groups. There was a significant effect of aerobic exercise on increasing mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in AD patients [weighted mean difference (WMD), 1.50 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.45), p = 0.002]. Subgroup analyses showed that interventions conducted 30 min per session [WMD, 2.52 (95% CI, 0.84 to 4.20), p = 0.003], less than 150 min per week [WMD, 2.10 (95% CI, 0.84 to 3.37), p = 0.001], and up to three times per week [WMD, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 2.89), p = 0.007] increased MMSE score significantly. In addition, a worse basal cognitive status was associated with greater improvement in MMSE score. Our analysis indicated that aerobic exercise, especially conducted 30 min per session, less than 150 min per week, and up to three times per week, contributed to improving cognitive function in AD patients. Additionally, a worse basal cognitive status contributed to more significant improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Su
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Yiyan Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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The effects of aerobic exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101738. [PMID: 36162707 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise (AE) may slow age-related cognitive decline. However, such cognition-sparing effects are not uniform across cognitive domains and studies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation and is also emerging as a potential alternative to pharmaceutical therapies. Like AE, the effectiveness of tDCS is also inconsistent for reducing cognitive impairment in ageing. The unexplored possibility exists that pairing AE and tDCS could produce synergistic effects and reciprocally augment cognition-improving effects in older individuals with and without cognitive impairments. Previous research found such synergistic effects on cognition when cognitive training is paired with tDCS in older individuals with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. AIM The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to explore if pairing AE with tDCS could augment singular effects of AE and tDCS on global cognition (GC), working memory (WM) and executive function (EF) in older individuals with or without MCI and dementia. METHODS Using a PRISMA-based systematic review, we compiled studies that examined the effects of AE alone, tDCS alone, and AE and tDCS combined on cognitive function in older individuals with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Using a PICOS approach, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science searches up to December 2021, we focused on 'MoCA', 'MMSE', 'Mini-Cog' (measures) and 'cognition', 'cognitive function', 'cognitive', 'cognitive performance', 'executive function', 'executive process', 'attention', 'memory', 'memory performance' (outcome terms). We included only randomized controlled trials (RTC) in humans if available in English full text over the past 20 years, with participants' age over 60. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies (RTC) by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS Overall, 68 studies were included in the meta-analyses. AE (ES = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.28-0.83], p = 0.01) and tDCS (ES = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.12-1.26], p = 0.02) improved GC in all three groups of older adults combined (healthy, MCI, demented). In healthy population, AE improved GC (ES = 0.46 [95% CI: 0.22-0.69], p = 0.01) and EF (ES = 0.27 [95% CI: 0.05-0.49], p = 0.02). AE improved GC in older adults with MCI (ES = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.21-1.32], p = 0.01). tDCS improved GC (ES = 0.69 [90% CI: 0.12-1.26], p = 0.02), all three cognitive function (GC, WM and EF) combined in older adults with dementia (ES = 1.12 [95% CI: 0.04-2.19], p = 0.04) and improved cognitive function in older adults overall (ES = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.20-1,18], p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our systematic review with meta-analysis provided evidence that beyond the cardiovascular and fitness benefits of AE, pairing AE with tDCS may have the potential to slow symptom progression of cognitive decline in MCI and dementia. Future studies will examine the hypothesis of this present review that a potentiating effect would incrementally improve cognition with increasing severity of cognitive impairment.
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14
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Arantes FS, Rosa Oliveira V, Leão AKM, Afonso JPR, Fonseca AL, Fonseca DRP, Mello DACPG, Costa IP, Oliveira LVF, da Palma RK. Heart rate variability: A biomarker of frailty in older adults? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1008970. [PMID: 36314012 PMCID: PMC9614264 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1008970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a state of critical loss of physiological complexity resulting in greater vulnerability to stressors and has been characterized as a debility syndrome in the older adult. Changes in functional capacity and the cardiovascular system during aging are the most significant and relevant for this population, including the clinically healthy. In this sense, this review aims to investigate methods to monitor the performance of older adults, such as heart rate variability and verify how it can be related to frailty. It contributes to understanding that the changes in heart variability can be a marker for frailty in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Sousa Arantes
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Rosa Oliveira
- Research Group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare, Center for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Aime Karla Moraes Leão
- Department of Research, Innovation and Postgraduate, University of Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Ribeiro Afonso
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Adriano Luis Fonseca
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rosana Pedro Fonseca
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Diego Antonio C. Pina Gomes Mello
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Ivan Peres Costa
- Rehabilitation Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil,FacPhysio, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Vicente Franco Oliveira
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly da Palma
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post-Graduate Program Medical School, Evangelic University of Goiás-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil,Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Manresa, Spain,*Correspondence: Renata Kelly da Palma
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15
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Szabo-Reed A, Clutton J, White S, Van Sciver A, White D, Morris J, Martin L, Lepping R, Shaw A, Puchalt JP, Montgomery R, Mahnken J, Washburn R, Burns J, Vidoni ED. COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) to improve cognition in older adults: Rationale and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 118:106805. [PMID: 35636733 PMCID: PMC9354507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests physical exercise may sustain cognitive function and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's Disease (1, 2). Current public health recommendations call for older adults to do at least 150 min a week of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) and twice a week resistance exercise (e.g. weight lifting) for physical health. Yet, much remains unknown about how these exercise modalities support brain health independently or in combination. The COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) is designed to test the combined and independent effects of aerobic and resistance training specifically focusing on exercise-related changes in 1) cognitive performance, 2) regional brain volume, 3) physical function, and 4) blood-based factors. To explore these questions, we will enroll 280 cognitively normal older adults, age 65-80 years, into a 52-week community-based exercise program. Participants will be randomized into one of four arms: 1) flexibility/toning- control 2) 150 min of aerobic exercise only, 3) progressive resistance training only, or 4) combined aerobic and progressive resistance training. Outcomes assessed include a comprehensive cognitive battery, blood biomarkers, brain magnetic resonance imaging, physiological biomarkers, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and battery of psychosocial questionnaires is assessed at baseline, 6 and 12-months. COMET will provide rigorous randomized controlled trial data to understand the effects of the most common exercise modalities, and their combination (i.e., the standard public health recommendation), on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | - Sydney White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - Dreu White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Jill Morris
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Laura Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Lepping
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Ashley Shaw
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jaime Perales Puchalt
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert Montgomery
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Burns
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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16
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Inhibitory Control and Brain–Heart Interaction: An HRV-EEG Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060740. [PMID: 35741625 PMCID: PMC9221218 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Motor inhibition is a complex cognitive function regulated by specific brain regions and influenced by the activity of the Central Autonomic Network. We investigate the two-way Brain–Heart interaction during a Go/NoGo task. Spectral EEG ϑ, α powerbands, and HRV parameters (Complexity Index (CI), Low Frequency (LF) and High Frequency (HF) powers) were recorded. Methods: Fourteen healthy volunteers were enrolled. We used a modified version of the classical Go/NoGo task, based on Rule Shift Cards, characterized by a baseline and two different tasks of different complexity. The participants were divided into subjects with Good (GP) and Poor (PP) performances. Results: In the baseline, CI was negatively correlated with α/ϑ. In task 1, the CI was negatively correlated with the errors and α/ϑ, while the errors were positively correlated with α/ϑ. In task 2, CI was negatively correlated with the Reaction Time and positively with α, and the errors were negatively correlated with the Reaction Time and positively correlated with α/ϑ. The GP group showed, at baseline, a negative correlation between CI and α/ϑ. Conclusions: We provide a new combined Brain–Heart model underlying inhibitory control abilities. The results are consistent with the complementary role of α and ϑ oscillations in cognitive control.
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17
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Navarro-Lomas G, Dote-Montero M, Alcantara JMA, Plaza-Florido A, Castillo MJ, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Different exercise training modalities similarly improve heart rate variability in sedentary middle-aged adults: the FIT-AGEING randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1863-1874. [PMID: 35538242 PMCID: PMC9287234 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the influence of different exercise training modalities on heart rate variability (HRV) in sedentary middle-aged adults; and to study whether changes in health-related outcomes (i.e., body composition and cardiometabolic risk) are associated with those hypothetical HRV changes in sedentary middle-aged adults. METHODS A total of 66 middle-aged adults (53.6 ± 4.4 years old; 50% women) were enrolled in the FIT-AGEING study. We conducted a 12-week randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups: (a) a control group (no exercise); (b) a physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group (PAR); (c) a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT); and (d) a high-intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS). RESULTS All exercise training modalities induced changes in HRV parameters (all P ≤ 0.001) without statistical differences between them (all P > 0.05). We found associations between changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk and exercise-related changes in HRV. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that different exercise interventions (i.e., PAR, HIIT and HIIT + EMS) induced an enhancement of HRV in sedentary middle-aged adults. Our findings support the notion that exercise-related changes in HRV are associated with changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk after the intervention program CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: NCT03334357 (ClinicalTrials.gov). November 7, 2017 retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Navarro-Lomas
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuel Dote-Montero
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,1 PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Camino de Alfacar s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- 1 PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Camino de Alfacar s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- 1 PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Camino de Alfacar s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain. .,1 PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Camino de Alfacar s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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18
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Maroco JL, Pinto M, Laranjo S, Santa-Clara H, Fernhall B, Melo X. Cardiovagal modulation in young and older male adults following acute aerobic exercise. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:931-940. [PMID: 35508200 DOI: 10.1055/a-1843-7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We compared response patterns of cardiovagal modulation through indices of heart-rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at 10 and 60 min following an acute bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in active young and older adults. Twelve young (aged 20-40 years) and older (aged 57-76 years) healthy and active male adults performed an isocaloric acute bout of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise condition in a randomized order. HRV and BRS indices were analysed offline with R-R intervals obtained from a supine position. HIIE decreased natural logarithm (Ln) standard deviation of NN intervals (d= -0.53; 95% CI: -0.77 to -0.30 ms, p<0.001), Ln-root mean square of successive differences (d= -0.85; 95% CI: -1.09 to -0.61 ms, p<0.001), Ln-high-frequency power (d= -1.60; 95% CI: -2.11 to -1.10 ms2; p<0.001), and BRS (d= -6.28; 95% CI: -8.91 to -3.64 ms/mmHg, p <0.001) following exercise in young and older adults, whereas MICE did not. Indices returned to baseline following 60 min. We found no evidence of age-associated response patterns in HRV or BRS to a single bout of HIIE or MICE in active participants. HIIE reduced cardiovagal modulation in active young and older adults, returning to baseline values 60 min into recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Melo
- , Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,, Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Moutoussamy I, Taconnat L, Pothier K, Toussaint L, Fay S. Episodic memory and aging: Benefits of physical activity depend on the executive resources required for the task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263919. [PMID: 35180252 PMCID: PMC8856534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has beneficial effects on executive functions and episodic memory, two processes affected by aging. These benefits seem to depend on the type of memory task, but only a few studies have evaluated them despite their importance in understanding aging. This study aimed to confirm that the benefits of physical activity on episodic memory in older adults vary according to the executive resources required by the memory task, comparing free recall and cued recall. Thirty-seven young adults and 37 older adults performed two memory tasks and an updating task. The two groups had a similar level of physical activity over the preceding 12 months, assessed by a questionnaire. Both the memory and the updating tasks were performed better by the younger than the older adults. A similar cueing effect was observed in the two groups. Physical activity was positively correlated with updating and free recall, but not with cued-recall, and only in older adults. Regression analyses indicated that physical activity accounted for 24% of the variance in free recall in older adults. Updating did not predict free recall (ns) when physical activity was entered in the analysis. The present results show that the benefits of physical activity vary with age and episodic memory task. Only free-recall performance, which relies on updating, seems to depend on physical activity, suggesting that the executive resources required for the task play an important role in the effect of physical activity on memory performance. This should be investigated in greater depth in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Moutoussamy
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (EA 2114), Tours, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
| | - Kristell Pothier
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (EA 2114), Tours, France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- Département des Sciences du sport, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Poitiers, France
| | - Séverine Fay
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
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Zarei H, Norasteh AA. Effects of exercise training programs on balance of blind children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 30:187-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Sato M, Betriana F, Tanioka R, Osaka K, Tanioka T, Schoenhofer S. Balance of Autonomic Nervous Activity, Exercise, and Sleep Status in Older Adults: A Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412896. [PMID: 34948506 PMCID: PMC8701130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While older people are frequently known to experience sleep disturbances, there are also many older people who have a good quality of sleep. However, little is known about the balance of autonomic nervous activity, exercise habits, and sleep status in healthy older adults. This study reviews the literature regarding balance of the autonomic nervous activity, exercise, and sleep in healthy older adults. Relevant articles were searched from electronic databases using the combination of the following keywords: "Autonomic nervous activity", "sleep status", "sleep", "healthy older adults", "aging", "heart rate variability (HRV)" and "exercise". Articles were included if they met inclusion criteria: (1) Published in English, (2) Article types: research and review articles, (3) Main outcome was related to the autonomic nervous activity, lifestyle, sleep, and/or healthy aging, and (4) Fully accessed. From 877 articles that were identified, 16 articles were included for review. Results showed that the autonomic nervous activity changes with increasing age, particularly a constant decline in cardiac vagal modulation due to the significant decrease in the nocturnal parasympathetic activity. In addition, the autonomic nervous activity was also related to sleep status and lifestyle, particularly the capability to exercise. In preparing older people toward a healthy aging, maintaining good sleep quality and exercise is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Sato
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-880-2555
| | - Feni Betriana
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan; (F.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Ryuichi Tanioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan; (F.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Kyoko Osaka
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Tanioka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan;
- Anne Boykin Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
| | - Savina Schoenhofer
- Anne Boykin Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
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22
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Liu XX, Wang S. Effect of aerobic exercise on executive function in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: Modulation by the autonomic nervous system. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114241. [PMID: 34688059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic nervous system function (based on heart rate variability [HRV]) and executive function among individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). We further examine the role of autonomic nervous system control in aerobic exercise (assessed via cardiopulmonary fitness) and executive function. A total of 330 individuals with MUD were randomly divided into exercise (n = 165) and control (n = 165) groups, who underwent eight-week aerobic exercise/health education program consisting of five 60 min sessions a week. The outcome measures included cardiopulmonary fitness, HRV time-domain and frequency-domain parameters, and executive function. Our statistical analyses comprised repeated-measures analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and mediation and moderation effect tests. The results indicated that aerobic exercise could simultaneously improve autonomic nervous system function and executive function among individuals with MUD. Moreover, the changes in cardiopulmonary fitness, high frequency HRV, and executive function were positively correlated. HRV did not significantly mediate the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function; however, it did have a moderating effect, which was eliminated after adjusting for demographic and drug-use covariates. Among the covariates, age was the greatest confounder and was inversely proportional to cardiopulmonary function, HRV, and executive function. Cardiac autonomic nervous system function exerted a moderating, rather than a mediating, effect on the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function. However, this potential effect was largely influenced by covariates, particularly age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Shen Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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23
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Souza HCD, Philbois SV, Veiga AC, Aguilar BA. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:701-711. [PMID: 34803382 PMCID: PMC8598208 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s279322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuation analysis in intervals between heartbeats provides important indices related to autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). These indices are considered predictors of morbidity and mortality as they are frequently altered in patients with chronic degenerative diseases, especially in those with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Similarly, a reduction in HRV is common with aging. In all cases, cardiovascular fitness is often reduced to below the predicted values. In turn, increases in cardiovascular fitness through regular physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, represent an important therapeutic tool capable of promoting positive adjustments in cardiac autonomic modulation. These adjustments are characterized by reduced sympathetic modulatory influence and/or increased vagal modulatory influence on the heart, increasing the HRV. Therefore, several methodological tools have been used to assess the degree of impairment of autonomic modulation and the therapeutic effects of physical exercise. In contrast, establishment of strict protocols in experimental design is a main challenge in establishing HRV analysis as a robust parameter for evaluating cardiovascular homeostasis. Thus, this review aimed to contribute to the understanding of autonomic modulation of HRV and its relationship with cardiovascular fitness, highlighting the advances made thus far, the applicability of analysis tools, and the confounding factors observed frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Celso Dutra Souza
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Vieira Philbois
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarine Veiga
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Aguilar
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Hökelmann A. Effects of different exercise interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health factors in older adults: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34789148 PMCID: PMC8597177 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging impairs physiological processes in the autonomic nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variations of successive heartbeats, is an indicator of cardiac autonomic control and cardiovascular health. Physical activity has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. However, no review has been conducted to summarize the effects of different exercise modalities on HRV in older adults. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of endurance, resistance, coordinative, and multimodal exercise interventions on resting HRV and secondary health factors in healthy older adults aged 60 years in average and over. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library) were searched for eligible studies published between 2005 and September 8th, 2020. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for potential inclusion. Outcome measures were changes in resting HRV indices, baroreflex sensitivity, blood pressure, body fat, body mass, body mass index, cardiac output, distance in the six-minute walking test, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and VO2 max or VO2 peak from pre to post intervention. The methodological quality of the final data set was assessed using two scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). This review was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020206606. Results The literature search retrieved 3991 articles, of which 13 were included in the review. Five studies used multimodal, three studies endurance, two studies resistance, two studies coordinative, and one study used an endurance and a resistance training intervention. The majority of the studies revealed significant positive effects on cardiac autonomic control, except for the resistance training interventions. All exercise modalities improved secondary health factors. The methodological quality assessment revealed a few criteria to improve the quality of and comparability between studies. Conclusion This systematic review revealed beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic control in healthy older adults through endurance, coordinative, and multimodal training but not through resistance training. Secondary health factors improved after all types of physical interventions. Future investigations should more thoroughly adhere to methodological standards of exercise interventions and ECG recording for the assessment of autonomic regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Grässler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Hoffmann CM, Petrov ME, Lee RE. Aerobic physical activity to improve memory and executive function in sedentary adults without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101496. [PMID: 34377632 PMCID: PMC8327129 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide population of adults ages 50 and older continues to increase and is projected to reach over 2.3 billion by 2030. Aging is the biggest risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. Aerobic physical activity may improve cognitive functioning, thus delaying aging-related cognitive decline. The purpose of this review was to examine the effect of aerobic physical activity on memory and executive function in sedentary adults with no known cognitive impairment. PubMed, CINAHL, Psycinfo, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles up to July 2019. Randomized controlled trials of sedentary adults, aged 50 and older, that compared an aerobic physical activity intervention to either no treatment or alternative active comparator and reported outcome measures of memory and/or executive function were included. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to examine the separate effect sizes for memory and executive function. Nine studies met inclusion criteria and contributed either memory and/or executive function effect sizes (n = 547). Results from the random effects meta-analysis suggested, by post-intervention, a large effect size for the aerobic physical activity interventions on memory (g = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.14-1.47; n = 7; p = 0.02) and a small effect on executive function (g = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.04-0.69; n = 6; p = 0.03). Aerobic physical activity may improve memory and executive function in sedentary adults without cognitive impairment. Policymakers and providers should promote aerobic physical activity in this population, and further research should investigate the most effective ways to promote aerobic physical activity in mid-life to older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coles M. Hoffmann
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, United States
- Barrow Neurological Institute, United States
| | - Megan E. Petrov
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Lee
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, United States
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26
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Schwarck S, Busse N, Ziegler G, Glanz W, Becke A, Düzel E. Heart Rate Variability During Physical Exercise Is Associated With Improved Cognitive Performance in Alzheimer's Dementia Patients-A Longitudinal Feasibility Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:684089. [PMID: 34337405 PMCID: PMC8319237 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.684089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) rapidly gains attention as an important marker of cardiovascular autonomic modulation. Moreover, there is evidence for a link between the autonomic deficit measurable by reduced HRV and the hypoactivity of the cholinergic system, which is prominently affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the positive influence of physical exercise on cognition and its promising association with HRV, previous studies did not explore the effect of long-term physical exercise in older adults with AD. Taking advantage of a longitudinal study we analyzed the effect of a 20-week dual task training regime (3 × 15-min per week) on the vagal mediated HRV index RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR interval differences) during physical exercise and the short-term memory performance in a AD cohort (N = 14). Each training contained physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer while memorizing 30 successively presented pictures as well as the associated post-exercise picture recognition memory test. Linear-mixed modeling revealed that HRV-RMSSD significantly increased over the intervention time. Moreover, the reaction time in the picture recognition task decreased while the accuracy remained stable. Furthermore, a significantly negative relationship between increased fitness measured by HRV-RMSSD and decreased reaction time was observed. This feasibility study points to the positive effects of a dual task regime on physical and cognitive fitness in a sample with impaired cognitive performance. Beyond this, the results show that the responsiveness of parasympathetic system as measured with HRV can be improved in patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Schwarck
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Busse
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wenzel Glanz
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Becke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
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Guerrero-Sastoque L, Bouazzaoui B, Burger L, Taconnat L. Effet du niveau d’études sur les performances en mémoire épisodique chez des adultes âgés : rôle médiateur de la métamémoire. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Low ventilatory responsiveness to transient hypoxia or breath-holding predicts fast marathon performance in healthy middle-aged and older men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10255. [PMID: 33986451 PMCID: PMC8119959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the utility of haemodynamic and autonomic variables (e.g. peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity [PCheS], blood pressure variability [BPV]) for the prediction of individual performance (marathon time and VO2max) in older men. The post-competition vasodilation and sympathetic vasomotor tone predict the marathon performance in younger men, but their prognostic relevance in older men remains unknown. The peripheral chemoreflex restrains exercise-induced vasodilation via sympathetically-mediated mechanism, what makes it a plausible candidate for the individual performance marker. 23 men aged ≥ 50 year competing in the Wroclaw Marathon underwent an evaluation of: resting haemodynamic parameters, PCheS with two methods: transient hypoxia and breath-holding test (BHT), cardiac barosensitivity, heart rate variability (HRV) and BPV, plasma renin and aldosterone, VO2max in a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). All tests were conducted twice: before and after the race, except for transient hypoxia and CPET which were performed once, before the race. Fast marathon performance and high VO2max were correlated with: low ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia (r = - 0.53, r = 0.67, respectively) and pre-race BHT (r = - 0.47, r = 0.51, respectively), (1) greater SD of beat-to-beat SBP (all p < 0.05). Fast performance was related with an enhanced pre-race vascular response to BHT (r = - 0.59, p = 0.005). The variables found by other studies to predict the marathon performance in younger men: post-competition vasodilation, sympathetic vasomotor tone (LF-BPV) and HRV were not associated with the individual performance in our population. The results suggest that PCheS (ventilatory response) predicts individual performance (marathon time and VO2max) in men aged ≥ 50 yeat. Although cause-effect relationship including the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in restraining the post-competition vasodilation via the sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow may be hypothesized to underline these findings, the lack of correlation between individual performance and both, the post-competition vasodilation and the sympathetic vasomotor tone argues against such explanation. Vascular responsiveness to breath-holding appears to be of certain value for predicting individual performance in this population, however.
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29
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Duggan MR, Parikh V. Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113207. [PMID: 33640394 PMCID: PMC8005490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, it is relevant to consider the factors and mechanisms that might facilitate an individual's resiliency to such deficits. Growing evidence suggests a preeminent role of microglia, the prime mediator of innate immunity within the central nervous system. Human and animal investigations suggest aberrant microglial functioning and neuroinflammation are not only characteristic of the aged brain, but also might contribute to age-related dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for microglia in maintaining brain homeostasis and cognitive functioning in aging. Moreover, we propose an integrated, mechanistic model that postulates an individual's resiliency to cognitive decline afforded by MLFs might be mediated by the mitigation of aberrant microglia activation in aging, and subsequent suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
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30
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Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Hökelmann A. Effects of Different Training Interventions on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors in Young and Middle-Aged Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:657274. [PMID: 33981251 PMCID: PMC8107721 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variation of adjacent heartbeats, is an indicator of the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Increased HRV reflects well-functioning of autonomic control mechanism and cardiovascular health. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a systematic overview of the effects of different physical training modalities on resting HRV and cardiovascular health and risk factors (i.e., baroreflex sensitivity, body fat, body mass, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate recovery, VO2 max, and VO2 peak) in young and middle-aged (mean age of the studies samples up to 44 years), healthy adults. Methods: A systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Studies investigating the effects of different physical interventions (endurance, resistance, high-intensity, coordinative, or multimodal training) on HRV were included. Trials were considered eligible if the intervention lasted for at least 4 weeks and participants were regarded as general healthy. Five electronic databases were searched from 2005 to September 8th, 2020. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed by two study quality and reporting assessment scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020206606. Results: Of 3,991 retrieved records, 26 were considered eligible and analyzed. Twelve studies used an endurance training (of which three included high-intensity sessions), six studies resistance training, four studies coordinative training, two studies high-intensity training, and two studies used a multimodal intervention. Overall, the results showed for all types of intervention an improvement in linear and non-linear HRV parameters and cardiovascular health and risk factors. However, quality assessment revealed some methodological and reporting deficits. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the benefits of different types of physical training interventions on autonomic function and health parameters in young and middle-aged, healthy adults. In conclusion, higher training intensities and frequencies are more likely to improve HRV. For future studies, we recommend adhering to the criteria of methodological standards of exercise interventions and HRV measurements and encourage the use of non-linear HRV parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Grässler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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31
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Laborde S, Allen MS, Borges U, Hosang TJ, Furley P, Mosley E, Dosseville F. The Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Executive Function. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this experiment was to test the immediate effects of slow-paced breathing on executive function. Slow-paced breathing is suggested to increase cardiac vagal activity, and the neurovisceral integration model predicts that higher cardiac vagal activity leads to better executive functioning. In total, 78 participants (41 men, 37 women; Mage = 23.22 years) took part in two counterbalanced experimental conditions: a 3 × 5 min slow-paced breathing condition and a television viewing control condition. After each condition, heart rate variability was measured and participants performed three executive function tasks: the color-word match Stroop (inhibition), the automated operation span task (working memory), and the modified card sorting task (cognitive flexibility). Results showed that performance on executive function tasks was better after slow-paced breathing compared to control, with higher scores observed for Stroop interference accuracy, automated operation span score, and perseverative errors, but not Stroop interference reaction times. This difference in executive function between experimental conditions was not mediated by cardiac vagal activity. Therefore, findings only partially align with predictions of the neurovisceral integration model. Slow-paced breathing appears a promising technique to improve immediate executive function performance. Further studies are recommended that address possible alternative underlying mechanisms and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
- UFR STAPS, EA 4260 CESAMS, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - M. S. Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - U. Borges
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
- Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - T. J. Hosang
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Furley
- Institute for Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - E. Mosley
- Department of Sport Science and Performance, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - F. Dosseville
- UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Caen, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
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32
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Volders E, de Groot RHM, Coumans JMJ, Bolman CAW, Lechner L. A randomized controlled trial into the cognitive effects of a computer-tailored physical activity intervention in older adults with chronic disease(s). Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:3. [PMID: 33632130 PMCID: PMC7908734 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive functioning (CF) is important for wellbeing and an independent life. However, older adults with chronic diseases are at a higher risk of poorer CF levels. Although, research suggests that physical activity (PA) could play an essential role in maintaining good CF, older adults with chronic diseases have low levels of PA. PA interventions to prevent cognitive decline for this specific group exist. Yet, until now these interventions focused on a single specific chronic disease. Active Plus is a proven effective computer-tailored PA stimulating intervention focused on increasing PA in daily life for the older adult population suffering from a broad range of chronic diseases. This study tests the cognitive effects of Active Plus in older adults with chronic diseases. Methods In this RCT older adults with at least one chronic disease (≥65 years) were allocated to the intervention group (N = 260, mean age = 74.2) or waiting list control group (N = 325, mean age = 74.5). In total, intervention group participants received three times computer-tailored PA stimulating advice within four months (i.e., at baseline, after two months, and after three to four months). The online and print delivered advice were tailored to the specific needs and wishes of the participant and focused on incorporating PA in daily life. Baseline and follow-up measurements of the CF verbal memory (Verbal Learning Test), shifting (Trailmaking Test), inhibition (Stop-signal Task) and processing speed (Letter Digit Substitution Test) were assessed after six and 12 months. Intervention effects were analyzed with multilevel linear mixed-effects models adjusted for the clustered design and confounding variables. Results The dropout rate was 19.1% after 6 months and 25.1% after 12 months. Although both conditions improved on all verbal memory outcomes after 6 months, and all CF outcomes except inhibition after 12 months, no intervention effects were found, not even in subgroups (p > .05). Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to test the cognitive effects of a computer-tailored PA stimulating intervention in older adults suffering from a broad range of chronic diseases. The effects of the Active Plus intervention were not strong enough to improve CF or prevent cognitive decline. A blended approach, in which this computer-tailored intervention is combined with a face-to-face PA intervention and / or cognitive training, might be a good suggestion to increase the effects of Active Plus on PA and CF in older adults with chronic diseases. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register NL6005; Date of Registration 03-21-2017; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6005
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Volders
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419, AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419, AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands.,Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Juul M J Coumans
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419, AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine A W Bolman
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419, AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Lilian Lechner
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419, AT, Heerlen, the Netherlands
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Liu Y, Lachman ME. Education and Cognition in Middle Age and Later Life: The Mediating Role of Physical and Cognitive Activity. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e93-e104. [PMID: 30955036 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although educational attainment is related to cognitive function in later life, little is known about the mechanisms involved. This study assessed the independent mediating effects of two behavioral variables, physical and cognitive activity, on the association between educational attainment and cognitive function and change. METHODS Data were derived from the three waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Predictors (educational attainment) were from the 1995 baseline, mediators (physical and cognitive activities) were from the 2004 wave, and outcomes (cognitive function) were from the 2004 and 2013 waves. Conditional process modeling was applied using PROCESS in SPSS. RESULTS There were both direct and indirect effects of educational attainment on level and change of executive function (EF) and episodic memory (EM). Physical activity and cognitive activity were both significant mediators for cognitive level. For mediators of change, however, cognitive activity was significant for EF and physical activity was significant for EM. DISCUSSION Physical and cognitive activity are discussed as possible factors for protecting against cognitive decline in later life. The findings have implications for advancing supportive policies and practices related to maximizing the benefits of education and physical and cognitive activities for cognition in middle age and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Margie E Lachman
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proença M, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS, Ramos EMC, Ramos D. Sleep Quality Associated with Habitual Physical Activity Level and Autonomic Nervous System of Smokers. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:26-35. [PMID: 33331460 PMCID: PMC8159490 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20190522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the relationship of one's habitual physical activity level and autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation on sleep quality in smokers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify changes in the sleep quality of smokers and its relation with their habitual physical activity level and ANS modulation. METHODS Forty-two smokers were divided into two groups according to the 50th percentile of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Sleep quality was assessed using the Mini-sleep Questionnaire, and ANS modulation was assessed by indices of heart rate variability (HRV). To examine the possible mean differences, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used, adjusted for age, sex, body composition, pack-years, beta-blockers, anxiety, and depression in log base 10, not including qualitative data, such as sex and beta-blockers. Correlations were made by using the Spearman rank correlation. The statistical significance was set at 5. RESULTS The smokers who were less active showed poor sleep quality (p=0.048) and insomnia (p=0.045). Furthermore, the less active group presented decreased parasympathetic modulation [HF (un; p=0.049); RMSSD (ms; p=0.047) and SD1 (ms; p=0.047)] and an increased LF (un) index (p=0.033) and LF/HF ratio (p=0.040). A positive correlation between the total Mini-sleep score with LF (un) index (r=0.317, p=0.041) and LF/HF ratio (r=0.318, p=0.040) and negative correlation with HF (un) index (r= -0.322, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS Smokers with lower levels of habitual physical activity showed poor sleep quality and alterations in autonomic nervous system modulation; (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Buriola Trevisan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Mahara Proença
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brasil
| | | | - Caroline Pereira Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Tamara Santos Gouveia
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Dionei Ramos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
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35
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Quinci MA, Astell AJ. Assessing the feasibility of heart rate variability as an objective indicator of anxiety in older adults with dementia living in care homes. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33546710 PMCID: PMC7866751 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anxiety is reportedly prevalent in older adults with dementia living in care homes and, within this population, is most often assessed through caregiver reports. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological indicator of autonomic function, whereby reduced vagally-mediated HRV is associated with a variety of anxiety symptoms and disorders. This study evaluates the feasibility of collecting HRV data within this population, presents HRV data for older adults with dementia living in a care home, and examines HRV in the context of self-reported anxiety. These data were collected during a larger study examining an exercise intervention. Results HRV data, in the form of log-transformed root mean square of the successive differences (lnRMSSD), were in line with transformed data from previous research. These data provide a promising direction for the use of wrist-worn devices in future HRV research with people living with dementia in care homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena A Quinci
- School of Psychology & Clinical Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 7BE, UK.,Centre for Cognitive & Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arlene J Astell
- School of Psychology & Clinical Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 7BE, UK. .,Department of Occupational Sciences & Occupational Therapy and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,KITE, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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36
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Frost NJ, Weinborn M, Gignac GE, Rainey-Smith SR, Markovic S, Gordon N, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ, Brown BM. A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Intensity Exercise and Executive Functioning in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:129-140. [PMID: 32732104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of interventional research that systematically assesses the role of exercise intensity and cardiorespiratory fitness, and their relationship with executive function in older adults. To address this limitation, we have examined the effect of a systematically manipulated exercise intervention on executive function. METHODS Ninety-nine cognitively normal participants (age = 69.10 ± 5.2 years; n = 54 female) were randomized into either a high-intensity cycle-based exercise, moderate-intensity cycle-based exercise, or no-intervention control group. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and fitness assessment at baseline (preintervention), 6-month follow-up (postintervention), and 12-month postintervention. Executive function was measured comprehensively, including measures of each subdomain: Shifting, Updating/ Working Memory, Inhibition, Verbal Generativity, and Nonverbal Reasoning. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by analysis of peak aerobic capacity; VO2peak. RESULTS First, the exercise intervention was found to increase cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) in the intervention groups, in comparison to the control group (F =10.40, p≤0.01). However, the authors failed to find mean differences in executive function scores between the high-intensity, moderate intensity, or inactive control group. On the basis of change scores, cardiorespiratory fitness was found to associate positively with the executive function (EF) subdomains of Updating/Working Memory (β = 0.37, p = 0.01, r = 0.34) and Verbal Generativity (β = 0.30, p = 0.03, r = 0.28) for intervention, but not control participants. CONCLUSION At the aggregate level, the authors failed to find evidence that 6-months of high-intensity aerobic exercise improves EF in older adults. However, it remains possible that individual differences in experimentally induced changes in cardiorespiratory fitness may be associated with changes in Updating/ Working Memory and Verbal Generativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Frost
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gilles E Gignac
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Gordon
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (HRS, RNM), Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science (HRS), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences (SML), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SML), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (HRS, RNM), Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Bitar D, Walton LM, Schbley B, Mohamed ME, Adel M. Differences in dual task paradigms and executive function ability for recreational athletes in United Arab Emirates. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:698-705. [PMID: 33281283 PMCID: PMC7708006 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study to measure four components of executive function:
(1) cognitive flexibility, (2) inhibition, (3) working memory and (4) processing speed,
along with the ability to dual task in recreational athletes. [Participants and Methods]
This was a cross-sectional study of (n=102) male and female participants, between the ages
of 18–40 years of age across different levels and types of sport related physical
activity. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version, Dual
Task Abilities (DTA) were measured utilizing a quantitative, dual task, gait test and
Executive Function (EF) was measured through Stroop Color Word Test and Trail Making Test.
[Results] Differences in EF and Dual Task-Interference (DTI) in recreational athletes did
not show a significant difference between varying types of sport and level of sport
related activity, with reported values high across all groups. Males reported better dual
task interference abilities than females, though there were no significant differences in
executive function between males and females. Executive function performance was the
highest among the age group (18–24 years) population, but there were no significant
differences between those in the higher age groups (25–34 years) and (35–40 years).
[Conclusion] Overall, those participating in the study exhibited high prevalence of strong
EF ability, regardless of sport activity type or level. This may suggest that type and
level of sport activity may not be important when considering executive function
performance maintenance for recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Bitar
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah: Sharjah, Non-US 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lori Maria Walton
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah: Sharjah, Non-US 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Maha Ehab Mohamed
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah: Sharjah, Non-US 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mennatallah Adel
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah: Sharjah, Non-US 00000, United Arab Emirates
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38
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Xiong J, Ye M, Wang L, Zheng G. Effects of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Physical exercise for executive function. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 114:103810. [PMID: 33248291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of physical exercise interventions on executive function in cognitively healthy adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS Four electronic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, were comprehensively searched from their inception to November 25, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults were included. RESULTS Twenty-five eligible trials with fair methodological quality were identified. Compared to a no-exercise intervention, physical exercise had positive effect on working memory (Hedge's g=0.127, p<0.01, I2= 0%), cognitive flexibility (Hedge's g=0.511; p=0.007, I2=89.08%), and inhibitory control (Hedge's g=0.136; p=0.001, I2=0%) in cognitively healthy older adults. The moderator analysis indicated that more than 13 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improved working memory and cognitive flexibility, and intervention lasting more than 26 weeks significantly improved inhibition; mind-body exercise significantly improved working memory. No significant effect on planning or semantic verbal fluency (SVF) was found. CONCLUSION Regular physical exercise training, especially aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise, had positive benefit for improving working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control of executive function in cognively healthy older adults. Further well-designed RCTs should focus on the impact of specific exercise forms with a standardized exercise scheme on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; No.1 People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, JiangSu, China
| | - Mingzhu Ye
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lecong Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Takahashi N, Takahashi Y, Tabara Y, Kawaguchi T, Kuriyama A, Ueshima K, Kosugi S, Sekine A, Yamada R, Matsuda F, Nakayama T. Descriptive epidemiology of high frequency component based on heart rate variability from 10-second ECG data and daily physical activity among community adult residents: the Nagahama Study. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:241-247. [PMID: 32624526 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of high frequency (HF) component based on heart rate variability (HRV) in a large general population remain unclear, particularly on the relationship with daily physical activity. We aimed to characterize the distribution of HF component and examine the association with daily physical activity among community residents. We performed spectral analysis of HRV from 10-second ECG recordings among 9135 residents aged 30 to 74 years in Nagahama City, Japan. HF components were log-transformed to consider the distribution. Simple correlations between HF and age were determined. Age-adjusted mean values of HF component were calculated for each questionnaire item related to daily physical activity. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of daily physical activity on HF component value. Mean values of logarithmically-transformed HF component (lnHF) were higher in women than in men (p < 0.001). lnHF was inversely associated with age (r = -0.40, -0.49 for men, women, respectively). Adjusted mean lnHF for physically active people was significantly higher than that in inactive people (p < 0.001). HF components from 10-second ECG recordings were moderately and negatively correlated with age in both sexes, and positively correlated with daily physical activity in the general adult population. Maintaining the level of daily physical activity, especially to exercise regularly could keep the parasympathetic function high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Takahashi
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Takahashi
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kuriyama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Ueshima
- Department of EBM Research, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Kosugi
- Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sekine
- Department of Omics-based Medicine, Clinical Preventive Medical Sciences, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
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Chen FT, Etnier JL, Chan KH, Chiu PK, Hung TM, Chang YK. Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:1451-1467. [PMID: 32447717 PMCID: PMC7376513 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exercise training has been shown be to positively associated with executive function (EF) in older adults. However, whether the exercise training effect on EF is affected by moderators including the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This systematic and meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effects of exercise training on EF in older adults and explored potential moderators underlying the effects of exercise training on EF. METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (Scopus) were searched from January 2003 to November 2019. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English. To be included, studies had to report findings from older (> 55 years old), cognitively normal adults or adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) randomized to an exercise training or a control group. The risk of bias in each study was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Fixed-effects models were used to compare the effects of exercise training and control conditions on EF assessed at baseline and post-intervention. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for three moderators (i.e., the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics). RESULTS Thirty-three RCTs were included. Overall, exercise training was associated with a significant small improvement in EF [Q(106) = 260.09, Hedges' g = 0.21; p < 0.01]. The EF sub-domain moderator was not significant [Q(2) = 4.33, p > 0.05], showing that the EF improvement in response to exercise is evident for measures of inhibition, updating, and shifting. Regarding exercise prescription variables, results were significantly moderated by frequency of exercise training [Q(1) = 10.86, p < 0.05], revealing that effect sizes (ESs) were larger for moderate frequency (g = 0.31) as compared to low frequency exercise (g = 0.15). The results also showed type of exercise training moderated the ESs [Q(4) = 26.18, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for other forms of exercise (g = 0.44), followed by Tai Chi and yoga (g = 0.38), resistance exercise (g = 0.22), aerobic exercise (g = 0.14), and combined exercise (g = 0.10). In addition, The results showed moderated length of training the ESs [Q(2) = 16.64, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for short length (g = 0.32), followed by mid length (g = 0.26) and long length (g = 0.09). No significant difference in effects was observed as a function of exercise intensity [Q(1) = 2.87 p > 0.05] and session time [Q(2) = 0.21, p > 0.05]. Regarding sample characteristics, the results were significantly moderated by age [Q(2) = 20.64, p < 0.05], with significant benefits for young-old (55-65 years old) (g = 0.30) and mid-old (66-75 years old) (g = 0.25), but no effect on EF for old-old (more than 75 years old). The results were also significantly moderated by physical fitness levels [Q(1) = 10.80, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for sedentary participants (g = 0.33) as compared to physically fit participants (g = 0.16). In addition, results were also significantly moderated by cognitive status [Q(1) = 11.44, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for participants with cognitively normal (g = 0.26) as compared to those with mild cognitive impairment (g = 0.08). No significant differences in effects were observed as a function of sex [Q(2) = 5.38, p > 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training showed a small beneficial effect on EF in older adults and the magnitude of the effect was different across some moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jennifer L Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Kun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Ming Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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41
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Phansikar M, Mullen SP. Exploring Active Travel and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Relationships With Cognition Among Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:580-587. [PMID: 31785586 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is known to benefit cognition among older adults, but the impact of active travel is unclear. To explore this relationship, data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (N = 2,702; mean age = 70) were retrieved on the self-reported frequency and duration of active travel (walking/cycling for transport, >20 min), LTPA engagement (e.g., sport), and three cognitive outcomes. Four groups were created according to physical activity guidelines (600 metabolic equivalent of task/week): inactive (n = 1,790), active travelers (n = 210), engaging in LTPA (n = 579), and engaging in both (n = 123). Analysis of covariance (and follow-up comparisons) revealed a significant main effect for each cognition variable, after adjusting for the covariates, indicating that those engaging in LTPA performed the best. Although correlational, these findings suggest that LTPA engagement may be important for cognition among older adults, but active travel did not provide added benefit.
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42
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Eggenberger P, Annaheim S, Kündig KA, Rossi RM, Münzer T, de Bruin ED. Heart Rate Variability Mainly Relates to Cognitive Executive Functions and Improves Through Exergame Training in Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:197. [PMID: 32760267 PMCID: PMC7373948 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) mirrors autonomic nervous system activities and might serve as a parameter to monitor health status in older adults. However, it is currently unknown which functional health measures, including cognitive, physical, and gait performance parameters, are most strongly related to HRV indices. This knowledge would enable implementing HRV assessments into health monitoring routines and training planning for older adults. Simultaneous cognitive-motor and exergame training may be effective to improve HRV indices but has not been investigated yet. Eighty-nine healthy older adults (≥70 years of age) were randomized into three groups: (1) virtual reality video game dancing, i.e., exergaming (DANCE); (2) treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training (MEMORY); or (3) treadmill walking only (PHYS). Strength and balance exercises complemented each program. Over 6 months, two weekly 1-h training sessions were performed. HRV indices (standard deviation of N-N intervals, SDNN; root mean square of successive R-R interval differences, RMSSD; and absolute power of high-frequency band (0.15-0.4 Hz), HF power) and various measures of cognitive, physical, and gait performance were assessed at baseline and after 3 months and 6 months. Multiple linear regression analyses with planned comparisons were calculated. At baseline, 8-12% of HRV variance was significantly explained by cognitive executive functions and leg strength (inversely related). Verbal long-term memory, aerobic and functional fitness, and gait performance did not contribute to the model (SDNN: R2 = 0.082, p = 0.016; RMSSD: R2 = 0.121, p = 0.013; HF power: R2 = 0.119, p = 0.015). After 6 months, DANCE improved HRV indices, while MEMORY and PHYS did not (time × intervention interactions: first-contrast DANCE/MEMORY vs. PHYS: SDNN p = 0.014 one-tailed, ΔR 2 = 0.020 and RMSSD p = 0.052 one-tailed (trend), ΔR 2 = 0.007; second-contrast DANCE vs. MEMORY: SDNN p = 0.002 one-tailed, ΔR 2 = 0.035, RMSSD p = 0.017 one-tailed, ΔR 2 = 0.012, and HF power p = 0.011 one-tailed, ΔR 2 = 0.013). We conclude that mainly cognitive executive functions are associated with HRV indices and that exergame training improves global and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activities in older adults. Periodic assessments of HRV in older citizens could be particularly beneficial to monitor cognitive health and provide indications for preventative exercise measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eggenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin A Kündig
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Münzer
- Geriatrische Klinik St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Janczarek I, Kędzierski W, Wilk I, Wnuk–Pawlak E, Rakowska A. Comparison of daily heart rate variability in old and young horses: A preliminary study. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Restan AZ, Camacho AA, Cerqueira JA, Zacché E, Kirnew MD, Loureiro BA, Silva SB, Moranza HG, Ferraz GC. Effect of a lactate-guided conditioning program on heart rate variability obtained using 24-Holter electrocardiography in Beagle dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233264. [PMID: 32479554 PMCID: PMC7263627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogs’ responses to training exercise are seldom monitored using physiological variables, and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) is a relevant determinant of endurance-training adaptation. There are studies in the literature establishing that regular exercise could interfere with CAR in dogs, measured by heart rate and vagal-derived indexes of heart-rate-variability (HRV). However, few studies were found using a prescribed training program based on the lactate threshold (LT) to determine HRV by a 24-h Holter analysis. The purpose of this study was to test whether an endurance-training program (ETP) guided individually by LT raises time-domain measures of HRV in healthy Beagle dogs. Twenty dogs were assigned to two groups: control (C) and trained (T). The dogs from group T underwent an incremental exercise test (IET) to determine their LT. Both LT and velocity corresponding to the LT (VLT) was determined by visual inspection. T group performed an eight-week endurance-training program consisting of treadmill runs set to 70–80% of the VLT. Next, dogs from the group T have submitted to IET again. The maximal velocities (Vmax) at which achieved by the trained dogs in both IETs were determined. The group S did not undergo IETs or ETP. HRV was determined by the 24-hour-Holter at rest, before and on the 2°, 4°, 6° and 8° training weeks. To examine the HR impact on HRV, standard HRV variables were normalized to prevailing HR. VLT and Vmax rose in group T, indicating an improvement of dogs’ aerobic and anaerobic capacity. The normalized standard HRV indexes were relatively attenuated since these variables had a reduction in the degree of correlation concerning an average HR. The ETP resulted in decreased resting heart rate and increased time-domain indices, highlighting the log-transformed square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R–R intervals (Ln rMSSD). The lactate-guided endurance-training program could lead to better parasympathetic cardiac modulation in Beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Z. Restan
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecido A. Camacho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Cerqueira
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Evandro Zacché
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Murillo D. Kirnew
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A. Loureiro
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Areia, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Samara B. Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Henriette G. Moranza
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Ferraz
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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45
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Robin N, Toussaint L, Sinnapah S, Hue O, Coudevylle GR. Beneficial Influence of Mindfulness Training Promoted by Text Messages on Self-Reported Aerobic Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:406-414. [PMID: 31756716 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivity is known to have harmful effects on the physical and mental health of older adults. This study used a randomized, parallel trial design to evaluate whether daily text prompts to practice mindfulness would have a positive impact on the time that adults aged 50 years or older spend in aerobic physical activity. The participants were recruited from a certified fitness center and divided into mindfulness and control groups. For 4 weeks, they were exposed to the experimental conditions, with or without the morning text message. In the morning message condition, the mindfulness groups received a text message with the instruction to practice audio-guided mindfulness for 10 min, and the control group received a placebo message. The participants practicing mindfulness reported significantly more weekly minutes of aerobic physical activity and higher intrinsic motivation than the control participants. Mindfulness training was effective at increasing aerobic physical activity duration and might complement physical activity programs.
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46
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Frye WS, Shapiro SK. The role of executive functioning on the intention-behaviour relationship of health behaviours: a temporal self-regulatory perspective. Psychol Health 2020; 36:612-627. [PMID: 32419498 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1767778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study employed the Temporal Self-Regulation theory (TST) to determine if self-regulatory capacity and prepotent behaviour moderate the relationship between intention and health behaviours (i.e., physical activity, and healthy eating) in college students. DESIGN 220 students were surveyed across two time points to assess past/intended behaviour (Time 1) and follow-up behaviour (Time 2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To address limitations in previous research, self-regulatory capacity was assessed using an ecologically valid rating scale (Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale). Multi-item assessment measures were utilised for physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and healthy eating (All-Day Screener) behaviours. RESULTS A link between intention and follow-up behaviour was established and executive functioning (EF) and past behaviours were positively associated with follow-up behaviour. EF had no unique moderation effects on health behaviours, but combinations of Low, Moderate, and High levels of past behaviour and EF demonstrated moderation for physical activity and healthy eating. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the utility of the TST in predicting health behaviour and emphasised the mutual necessity of EF and past behaviour in understanding the intention-behaviour relationship. Findings can be used to formulate studies and interventions that reduce barriers to health behaviours, therefore, lessening the need for high self-regulatory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Frye
- Institute for Brain Protection Sciences, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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47
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Chen FT, Hopman RJ, Huang CJ, Chu CH, Hillman CH, Hung TM, Chang YK. The Effect of Exercise Training on Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Based on Evidence from Randomized Control Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E914. [PMID: 32230708 PMCID: PMC7230405 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise training is associated with improvements in brain health in older adults, yet the extant literature is insufficient in detailing why exercise training facilitates brain structure and function. Specifically, few studies have employed the FITT-VP principle (i.e., Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume, and Progression) to characterize the exercise exposure, thus research is yet to specify which characteristics of exercise training benefit brain outcomes. To determine whether exercise training is consequential to cognitive and brain outcomes, we conducted a systematic review investigating the effects of exercise training on brain structure and function in older adults. PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to February 2020, and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A total of 24 randomized controlled trials were included. This systematic review indicates that older adults involved in exercise training may derive general benefits to brain health, as reflected by intervention-induced changes in brain structure and function. However, such benefits are dependent upon the dose of the exercise intervention. Importantly, current evidence remains limited for applied exercise prescriptions (e.g., volume, progression) and future research is needed to clarify the effects of exercise training on cognitive and brain outcomes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan;
| | - Rachel J. Hopman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.J.H.); (C.H.H.)
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan;
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.J.H.); (C.H.H.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
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48
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Oliveira-Dantas FF, Brasileiro-Santos MDS, Thomas SG, Silva AS, Silva DC, Browne RAV, Farias-Junior LF, Costa EC, Santos ADC. Short-Term Resistance Training Improves Cardiac Autonomic Modulation and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:37-45. [PMID: 31877119 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oliveira-Dantas, FF, Brasileiro-Santos, MdS, Thomas, SG, Silva, AS, Silva, DC, Browne, RAV, Farias-Junior, LF, Costa, EC, and Santos, AdC. Short-term resistance training improves cardiac autonomic modulation and blood pressure in hypertensive older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 37-45, 2020-This randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of short-term resistance training (RT) on cardiac autonomic modulation and peripheral hemodynamic parameters in hypertensive older women. Twenty-five hypertensive older women who were insufficiently active (64.7 ± 4.7 years) participated in this study. Subjects were randomly allocated to a 10-week RT program (2 d·wk in the first 5 weeks; 3 d·wk in the last 5 weeks) or a nonexercise control group. Linear reverse periodization was used for the RT program. Cardiac autonomic modulation, mean blood pressure (MBP), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), and resting heart rate (RHR) were measured before and after 10 weeks. The RT group reduced cardiac sympathetic modulation (0V%; B = -6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -12.9 to -0.2; p = 0.045; Cohen's d = 0.88) and showed a trend for increased parasympathetic modulation (2V%; B = 12.5; 95% CI: 0-25; p = 0.050; Cohen's d = 0.87) compared with the control group. The RT group reduced MBP (B = -8.5 mm Hg; 95% CI: -13.6 to -3.4; p = 0.001; Cohen's d = 1.27), PVR (B = -14.1 units; 95% CI: -19.9 to -8.4; p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 1.86), and RHR (B = -8.8 b·min; 95% CI: -14.3 to -3.3; p = 0.002; Cohen's d = 1.20) compared with the control group. In the RT group, the changes in 2V% patterns and low-frequency components showed a correlation with changes in MBP (r = -0.60; p = 0.032) and RHR (r = 0.75; p = 0.0003). In conclusion, 10 weeks of RT improved cardiac autonomic modulation and reduced MBP and PVR in hypertensive older women. These results reinforce the importance of RT for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe F Oliveira-Dantas
- Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Health, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Brasileiro-Santos
- Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Health, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Douglas C Silva
- Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A V Browne
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Farias-Junior
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Costa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Amilton da Cruz Santos
- Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Health, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
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49
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de Oliveira Matos F, Vido A, Garcia WF, Lopes WA, Pereira A. A Neurovisceral Integrative Study on Cognition, Heart Rate Variability, and Fitness in the Elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:51. [PMID: 32210785 PMCID: PMC7068733 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between physical fitness and cognitive performance has been widely investigated in the literature. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are not yet clear. Here, we aim to evaluate the interactions between executive function measures, heart rate variability (HRV), and physical fitness in the context of the neurovisceral integration (NVI) theory. Twenty-eight healthy elderly subjects (>60 years) were submitted to evaluation of executive performance with three computerized tests: the N-back test measured working memory capacity, the Stroop Color test evaluated inhibitory control and selective attention, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) evaluated abstract reasoning and cognitive flexibility. We also used the Physical Testing Battery for the Elderly to measure aerobic capacity, dynamic balance, upper body flexibility, and handgrip strength. Our results confirm the relationship between executive function and physical fitness, particularly between working memory, cardiorespiratory fitness, and dynamic balance. We also demonstrate an association between executive performance and HRV in older people, corroborating previous results from other groups obtained in young adults. However, our regression models did not indicate that HRV mediates the relationship between cognition and physical fitness in the elderly, suggesting that age-related degeneration of autonomic control can affect aspects of NVI in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Oliveira Matos
- Departament of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Amanda Vido
- Departament of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - William Fernando Garcia
- Departament of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Wendell Arthur Lopes
- Departament of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
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50
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Daimiel L, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Schröder H, Vioque J, Romaguera D, Martínez JA, Wärnberg J, Lopez-Miranda J, Estruch R, Cano-Ibáñez N, Alonso-Gómez A, Tur JA, Tinahones FJ, Serra-Majem L, Micó-Pérez RM, Lapetra J, Galdón A, Pintó X, Vidal J, Micó V, Colmenarejo G, Gaforio JJ, Matía P, Ros E, Buil-Cosiales P, Vázquez-Ruiz Z, Sorlí JV, Graniel IP, Cuenca-Royo A, Gisbert-Sellés C, Galmes-Panades AM, Zulet MA, García-Ríos A, Díaz-López A, de la Torre R, Galilea-Zabalza I, Ordovás JM. Physical fitness and physical activity association with cognitive function and quality of life: baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3472. [PMID: 32103064 PMCID: PMC7044289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been hypothesized to be effective to maintaining cognitive function and delay cognitive decline in the elderly, but physical fitness (PF) could be a better predictor of cognitive function. We aimed to study the association between PA and PF with cognitive function and quality of life using cross-sectional data from 6874 participants of the PREDIMED-Plus trial (64.9 ± 4.9 years, 48.5% female). PF and PA were measured with a Chair Stand Test, the REGICOR and Rapid Assessment Physical Activity questionnaires. Cognitive function was measured with Mini-mental State Examination, Control Oral Word Association Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span tests; whereas health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF36-HRQL test. Cognitive and quality of life scores were compared among PF quartiles and PA levels (low, moderate and high) with ANCOVA and with Chair Stand repetitions and energy expenditure from total PA with multivariable linear regression adjusted for confounding factors. PF associated with higher scores in phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tests and with lower TMT A time. However, PA was not associated with the neurocognitive parameters evaluated. Both PF and PA levels were strongly associated with a better quality of life. We concluded that PF, but not PA, is associated with a better cognitive function. This trial was retrospectively registered at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCTN89898870, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870?q=ISRCTN89898870&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search) on 07/24/2014.
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Grants
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Institute of Health Carlos III)
- EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Daimiel
- Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició. Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naomi Cano-Ibáñez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Alonso-Gómez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service., Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alba Galdón
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- CIBER Diabetes y enfermedades metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Micó
- Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Gaforio
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Buil-Cosiales
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Primary Health Care. Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José V Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Indira Paz Graniel
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició. Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gisbert-Sellés
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Health Care Center San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Aina M Galmes-Panades
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M Angeles Zulet
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Ríos
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Andrés Díaz-López
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició. Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José M Ordovás
- Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM_USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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