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Yuan R, Peng Y, Ji R, Zheng Y. Comparison of the activation level in the sensorimotor cortex between motor point and proximal nerve bundle electrical stimulation. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:026029. [PMID: 38537271 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is widely used for motor function rehabilitation in stroke survivors. Compared with the conventional motor point (MP) stimulation, the stimulation at the proximal segment of the peripheral nerve (PN) bundles has been demonstrated to have multiple advantages. However, it is not known yet whether the PN stimulation can increase the cortical activation level, which is crucial for motor function rehabilitation.Approach.The current stimuli were delivered transcutaneously at the muscle belly of the finger flexors and the proximal segment of the median and ulnar nerves, respectively for the MP and PN stimulation. The stimulation intensity was determined to elicit the same contraction levels between the two stimulation methods in 18 healthy individuals and a stroke patient. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy and the electromyogram were recorded to compare the activation pattern of the sensorimotor regions and the target muscles.Main Results.For the healthy subjects, the PN stimulation induced significantly increased concentration of the oxygenated hemoglobin in the contralateral sensorimotor areas, and enhanced the functional connectivity between brain regions compared with the MP stimulation. Meanwhile, the compound action potentials had a smaller amplitude and the H-reflex became stronger under the PN stimulation, indicating that more sensory axons were activated in the PN stimulation. For the stroke patient, the PN stimulation can elicit finger forces and induce activation of both the contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex.Conclusions. Compared with the MP stimulation, the PN stimulation can induce more cortical activation in the contralateral sensorimotor areas possibly via involving more activities in the central pathway.Significance.This study demonstrated the potential of the PN stimulation to facilitate functional recovery via increasing the cortical activation level, which may help to improve the outcome of the NMES-based rehabilitation for motor function recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Institute of Engineering and Medicine Interdisciplinary Studies and the State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Ji
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids and the Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Engineering and Medicine Interdisciplinary Studies and the State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Salhi A, Ouerghi N, Zouhal H, Baaziz M, Salhi A, Ben Salah FZ, Ben Abderrahman A. The Effect of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Program on Physical Performance and Selected Cardiometabolic Markers in Obese Young Females. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:230. [PMID: 38399518 PMCID: PMC10890563 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Whole-body electromyostimulation is under investigation as a potential aid for obesity-related health problems, supplementing a comprehensive, evidence-based obesity management strategy that includes lifestyle, diet, and exercise. The study investigated the impact of a whole-body electromyostimulation training program on physical performance and cardiometabolic markers in young obese females. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight obese females, aged over 18 years with BMI over 30 and body fat over 28% and no underlying health conditions or medication, were divided into a whole-body electromyostimulation group (15 participants) and a control group (13 participants). The whole-body electromyostimulation program lasted 12 weeks, with two 20 min sessions weekly, using bipolar, rectangular current. Assessments pre and post intervention included body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein levels, maximal oxygen consumption, and jumping and sprint performance. Two-way ANOVA and t-tests were used for analysis. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant (group × time) interactions for body composition, systolic blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption, jumping and sprint performance, and plasma levels of lipids and C-reactive protein. Post hoc analyses for the whole-body electromyostimulation group indicated improvements in body composition indices (p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), maximal oxygen consumption (p = 0.010), and both jumping and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) after the intervention. Furthermore, plasma levels of lipids (p < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.002) showed significant improvements following the training program. In contrast, no significant changes were observed for these variables in the control group. Conclusions: A 12-week whole-body electromyostimulation program significantly improved body composition (skeletal muscle mass, body mass index, body fat, and waist circumference), physical performance (maximal oxygen consumption, jumping and sprint performance), and certain cardiometabolic (plasma level of lipids) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) in obese young women. Further research is needed to explore the broader effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on physical and cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Salhi
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation, National Institute of Orthopedics "M.T. Kassab", Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR13JS01, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, Université Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
| | - Mohamed Baaziz
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Amine Salhi
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Zohra Ben Salah
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation, National Institute of Orthopedics "M.T. Kassab", Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
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Lee JH, Lee H, Kim H, Kim RK, Lee TL, Ko DK, Lee H, Kang N. Resistance band training with functional electrical stimulation improves force control capabilities in older adults: a preliminary study. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:130-142. [PMID: 38487085 PMCID: PMC10938250 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Resistance band training (RBT) with functional electrical stimulation (FES) may be an effective exercise regimen for improving age-related motor impairments. This preliminary study investigated the potential effects of bimanual RBT with FES on upper limb motor functions in older adults. This study randomly assigned 22 elderly people to the bimanual RBT with FES (Bi-RBT+FES) group and the RBT without FES (Bi-RBT) group. All participants performed isometric hand-grip force control tasks in unimanual (dominant and non-dominant) and bimanual conditions before and after four weeks of exercise for each group. We quantified the mean force, force accuracy, force variability, and force regularity at two targeted force levels (i.e., 10 % and 40 % of maximum voluntary contraction; MVC) to estimate changes in force control capabilities. The results revealed that the Bi-RBT+FES group demonstrated a greater force accuracy in the dominant hand at 10 % of MVC after training. Non-dominant hands in the Bi-RBT+FES group increased force accuracy at 40 % of MVC and reduced force variability collapsed across two targeted force levels. Both groups showed a decrease in force regularity after training. These preliminary results indicate that Bi-RBT+FES may be a viable option to facilitate functional recovery of the upper limbs in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute, & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hanall Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - HyunJoon Kim
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Rye-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute, & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Do-Kyung Ko
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hajun Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute, & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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Ziemkiewicz N, Au J, Chauvin HM, Garg K. Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction training enhances muscle mass, function, and size following volumetric muscle loss. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2588-2598. [PMID: 37132367 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) overwhelms muscle's innate capacity for repair and can lead to permanent disability. The standard of care for VML injuries includes physical therapy, which can improve muscle function. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a rehabilitative therapy using electrically stimulated eccentric contraction training (EST) and determine the structural, biomolecular, and functional response of the VML-injured muscle. This study implemented EST using three different frequencies (50, 100, and 150 Hz) in VML-injured rats starting at 2 weeks postinjury. Four weeks of EST at 150 Hz showed a progressive increase in eccentric torque with an improvement in muscle mass (~39%), myofiber cross-sectional area, and peak isometric torque (~37.5%) relative to the untrained VML-injured sham group. EST at 150 Hz group also increased the number of large type 2B fibers (>5000 µm2 ). Elevated gene expression of markers associated with angiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and an anti-inflammatory response was also observed. These results suggest that VML-injured muscles can respond and adapt to eccentric loading. The results of this study may aid in developing physical therapy regimens for traumatized muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey Au
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hannah M Chauvin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Hwang UJ, Lee MS, Kwon OY. Effect of pelvic floor muscle electrical stimulation on lumbopelvic control in women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:2077-2086. [PMID: 35437109 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2067508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pelvic floor muscle (PFM) plays a role not only in lumbopelvic stabilization, but also in incontinence and sexual function. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of PFM training by electrical stimulation (ES) on urinary incontinence, PFM performance (i.e. strength and power), lumbopelvic control, and abdominal muscle thickness in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS Participants were randomized into ES and control groups. The ES group underwent PFM ES for 8 weeks, whereas the control group underwent only a walking program. The impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life was assessed by the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ)-7. PFM strength and power were measured using a perineometer. Lumbopelvic control was measured by one and double-leg-lowering tests. Abdominal muscle thickness was measured by sonography. RESULTS The ES group showed significantly improved IIQ-7 scores and PFM performance, and had significantly higher values in both one and double-leg lowering tests (p < .05) after 8 weeks of training, indicating significant improvement from pre-session values (p < .005). There were no significant between- or within-group differences at rest in abdominal muscle thickness. CONCLUSION PFM ES could improve lumbopelvic control and PFM performance, and reduce subjective symptoms of urinary incontinence in women with SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jae Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Kangwon-Do, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Lee
- Sophie-Marceau Women's Clinic, 2395, Dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Oh-Yun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Yonsei University, Kangwon-Do, South Korea
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Osborne JO, Tallent J, Girard O, Marshall PW, Kidgell D, Buhmann R. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation during maximal voluntary contraction: a Delphi survey with expert consensus. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2203-2212. [PMID: 37247005 PMCID: PMC10492693 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of electrical stimulation to assess voluntary activation of muscle/s is a popular method employed in numerous exercise science and health research settings. This Delphi study aimed to collate expert opinion and provide recommendations for best practice when using electrical stimulation during maximal voluntary contractions. METHODS A two-round Delphi study was undertaken with 30 experts who completed a 62-item questionnaire (Round 1) comprising of open- and closed-ended questions. Consensus was assumed if ≥ 70% of experts selected the same response; such questions were removed from the subsequent Round 2 questionnaire. Responses were also removed if they failed to meet a 15% threshold. Open-ended questions were analysed and converted into closed-ended questions for Round 2. It was assumed there was no clear consensus if a question failed to achieve a ≥ 70% response in Round 2. RESULTS A total of 16 out of 62 (25.8%) items reached consensus. Experts agreed that electrical stimulation provides a valid assessment of voluntary activation in specific circumstances, such as during maximal contraction, and this stimulation can be applied at either the muscle or the nerve. Experts recommended using doublet stimuli, self-adhesive electrodes, a familiarisation session, real-time visual or verbal feedback during the contraction, a minimum current increase of + 20% to ensure supramaximal stimulation, and manually triggering stimuli. CONCLUSION The results of this Delphi consensus study can help researchers make informed decisions when considering technical parameters when designing studies involving electrical stimulation for the assessment of voluntary activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Osborne
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Medisin- Og Helsebygget, UiT, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - J Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | - O Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P W Marshall
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Kidgell
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | - R Buhmann
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Carter W, Ballance B, Gill R, Khan R, Goetz L, Lavis T, Sima AP, Adler RA. Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1254760. [PMID: 37808500 PMCID: PMC10556465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1254760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the combined effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training (NMES-RT) and functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) compared to passive movement training (PMT) and FES-LEC in adults with SCI on (1) oxygen uptake (VO2), insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal in adults with SCI; (2) Metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers; (3) skeletal muscle, intramuscular fat (IMF) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) cross-sectional areas (CSAs). Materials and methods Thirty-three participants with chronic SCI (AIS A-C) were randomized to 24 weeks of NMES-RT + FES or PMT + FES. The NMES-RT + FES group underwent 12 weeks of evoked surface NMES-RT using ankle weights followed by an additional 12 weeks of progressive FES-LEC. The control group, PMT + FES performed 12 weeks of passive leg extension movements followed by an additional 12 weeks of FES-LEC. Measurements were performed at baseline (BL; week 0), post-intervention 1 (P1; week 13) and post-intervention 2 (P2; week 25) and included FES-VO2 measurements, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness using the intravenous glucose tolerance test; anthropometrics and whole and regional body composition assessment using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging to measure muscle, IMF and VAT CSAs. Results Twenty-seven participants completed both phases of the study. NMES-RT + FES group showed a trend of a greater VO2 peak in P1 [p = 0.08; but not in P2 (p = 0.25)] compared to PMT + FES. There was a time effect of both groups in leg VO2 peak. Neither intervention elicited significant changes in insulin, glucose, or inflammatory biomarkers. There were modest changes in leg lean mass following PMT + FES group. Robust hypertrophy of whole thigh muscle CSA, absolute thigh muscle CSA and knee extensor CSA were noted in the NMES-RT + FES group compared to PMT + FES at P1. PMT + FES resulted in muscle hypertrophy at P2. NMES-RT + FES resulted in a decrease in total VAT CSA at P1. Conclusion NMES-RT yielded a greater peak leg VO2 and decrease in total VAT compared to PMT. The addition of 12 weeks of FES-LEC in both groups modestly impacted leg VO2 peak. The addition of FES-LEC to NMES-RT did not yield additional increases in muscle CSA, suggesting a ceiling effect on signaling pathways following NMES-RT. Clinical trial registration identifier NCT02660073.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Refka E. Khalil
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William Carter
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Boyd Ballance
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ranjodh Gill
- Endocrinology Service, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Endocrine Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rehan Khan
- Radiology Service, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lance Goetz
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Timothy Lavis
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Adam P. Sima
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Robert A. Adler
- Endocrinology Service, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Endocrine Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Gómez-Feria J, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Mir P. Corticospinal adaptations following resistance training and its relationship with strength: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105289. [PMID: 37353049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural adaptations to resistance training (RT) and their correlation with muscle strength remain partially understood. We conducted a systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis to examine the effects of metronome-paced (MP), self-paced (SP), and isometric (IM) training on M1 and corticospinal pathway activity. Following MP RT, a significant increase in corticospinal excitability was observed, correlating with increased strength. Conversely, no significant relationship was found after SP or IM training. RT also reduced the duration of the cortical silent period, but this change did not predict strength changes and was not specific to any training modality. No significant effects were found for short-interval intracortical inhibition. Our findings suggest that changes in corticospinal excitability may contribute to strength gains after RT. Furthermore, the relationship between these adaptations and strength appears dependent on the type of training performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez-Feria
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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Ogiso K, Horasawa T. Superimposed electromyostimulation of the thigh muscles during passive isokinetic cycling increases muscle strength without effort. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2023; 8:163-173. [PMID: 37663157 PMCID: PMC10472036 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-08-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to investigate the effects of a completely passive isokinetic cycle (PIC) exercise with electromyostimulation (EMS) on improving muscle strength and the changes in kinesthesia during daily activities. Methods Twenty-nine sedentary females were divided into three groups. The EMS anterior and whole groups performed the PIC exercise without EMS 3 times a week for 3 weeks, followed by a 1-week break, and then performed it with EMS applied to the anterior and entire thigh muscles, respectively, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The control group did not perform any training. Results The PIC exercise with EMS significantly increased the 30s chair stand test scores by 12-16% and the maximum isometric knee extension and flexion torques by 38-68% in both EMS-applied groups. The participants found its exercise easy and felt more comfortable with daily physical activities. The exercise without EMS did not show similar improvements. Muscle soreness was significantly greater in the EMS anterior group than in the EMS whole group; however, it was not severe. Conclusions The PIC exercise with EMS resulted in significant increases in muscle strength, facilitating a perceived ease of daily physical activities, while minimizing difficulties, effort, and notable muscle soreness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ogiso
- Department of Education, College of Education, Psychology and Human Studies, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Takuto Horasawa
- Department of Education, College of Education, Psychology and Human Studies, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan
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Omoto M, Tsukada Y, Hashida R, Matsuse H, Tajima H, Iwanaga S, Takano Y, Nago T, Tagawa Y, Shiba N. Effect of Cycling Exercise Resisting Electrically Stimulated Antagonist Muscle Contractions in Healthy Males. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050604. [PMID: 37233645 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A hybrid training system (HTS) combining antagonist muscle electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction has been developed using eccentric antagonist muscle contractions with electrical stimulation as resistance to voluntary muscle contractions. We devised an exercise method using HTS combined with a cycle ergometer (HCE). The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle strength, muscle volume, aerobic functions and lactate metabolism of HCE and a volitional cycle ergometer (VCE). A total of 14 male participants performed exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min per session, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. We divided 14 participants into an HCE group (7 participants) and a VCE group (7 participants). The workload was set at 40% of each participant's peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak). Electrodes were placed over each motor point on the quadriceps and hamstrings. The V.O2peak and anaerobic threshold significantly increased before and after training when using HCE rather than VCE. The HCE group had significantly increased extension and flexion muscle strength at 180 degrees/s in post-training measurements over pre-training measurements. Knee flexion muscle strength at 180 degrees/s tended to increase in the HCE group compared to the VCE group. The quadricep muscle cross-sectional area was significantly increased in the HCE group compared to the VCE group. Additionally, the HCE group had significantly decreased maximal lactate, measured every 5 min during exercise at the end of study, between pre and post-training. Thus, HCE may be a more effective training method for muscle strength, muscle mass and aerobic functions at 40% of each participant's V.O2peak than conventional cycling exercise. HCE could be applied not only as aerobic exercise but also as resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Omoto
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsukada
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuki Hashida
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuse
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tajima
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sohei Iwanaga
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takano
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa 831-8501, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nago
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tagawa
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoto Shiba
- Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
- Rehabilitation Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maffiuletti NA, Dirks ML, Stevens-Lapsley J, McNeil CJ. Electrical stimulation for investigating and improving neuromuscular function in vivo: Historical perspective and major advances. J Biomech 2023; 152:111582. [PMID: 37088030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This historical review summarizes the major advances - particularly from the last 50 years - in transcutaneous motor-level electrical stimulation, which can be used either as a tool to investigate neuromuscular function and its determinants (electrical stimulation for testing; EST) or as a therapeutic/training modality to improve neuromuscular and physical function (neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NMES). We focus on some of the most important applications of electrical stimulation in research and clinical settings, such as the investigation of acute changes, chronic adaptations and pathological alterations of neuromuscular function with EST, as well as the enhancement, preservation and restoration of muscle strength and mass with NMES treatment programs in various populations. For both EST and NMES, several major advances converge around understanding and optimizing motor unit recruitment during electrically-evoked contractions, also taking into account the influence of stimulation site (e.g., muscle belly vs nerve trunk) and type (e.g., pulse duration, frequency, and intensity). This information is equally important both in the context of mechanistic research of neuromuscular function as well as for clinicians who believe that improvements in neuromuscular function are required to provide health-related benefits to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Mukherjee S, Fok JR, van Mechelen W. Electrical Stimulation and Muscle Strength Gains in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:938-950. [PMID: 36731008 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mukherjee, S, Fok, JR, and van Mechelen, W. Electrical stimulation and muscle strength gains in healthy adults: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 938-950, 2023-Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is a popular method for strength gains among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. This review investigated the literature from 2008 to 2020 on EMS application protocols, strength adaptations, neural adaptations, and its use as an independent and combined training tool for strength gain in healthy adults. The investigation was modeled after the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria included studies that assessed the effect of EMS, either alone or in combination with voluntary resistance training (VRT) in healthy adult populations, involving a control group performing either usual or sham training, with at least 1 performance outcome measure assessed during experimental randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCT, randomized crossover trials, or nonrandomized studies. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria with a total of 174 subjects. Eight studies investigated the effect of EMS on lower limb muscles and 2 on elbow flexors. Five studies used concurrent VRT. Studies were heterogenous in methods, subject characteristics, intervention, and EMS protocols. All 10 studies reported significant strength gains as an outcome of EMS treatment, but there were no improvements in strength-related functional outcome measures. The optimal threshold for treatment duration, EMS intensity, pulse, and frequency could not be determined due to methodological differences and EMS application protocol inconsistency between studies. Protocol variations also existed between the studies that combined EMS with VRT. Standardized protocols are needed for electrode placement location, motor point identification, positioning of the body part being investigated, impulse type, intensity, and duration of stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mukherjee
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeryn Ruiwen Fok
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; and
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Additional Active Movements Are Not Required for Strength Gains in the Untrained during Short-Term Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Training. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050741. [PMID: 36900747 PMCID: PMC10000632 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for conventional strength training are well described, and the volume of research on whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB-EMS) is growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether active exercise movements during stimulation have a positive effect on strength gains. A total of 30 inactive subjects (28 completed the study) were randomly allocated into two training groups, the upper body group (UBG) and the lower body group (LBG). In the UBG (n = 15; age: 32 (25-36); body mass: 78.3 kg (53.1-114.3 kg)), WB-EMS was accompanied by exercise movements of the upper body and in the LBG (n = 13; age: 26 (20-35); body mass: 67.2 kg (47.4-100.3 kg)) by exercise movements of the lower body. Therefore, UBG served as a control when lower body strength was considered, and LBG served as a control when upper body strength was considered. Trunk exercises were performed under the same conditions in both groups. During the 20-min sessions, 12 repetitions were performed per exercise. In both groups, stimulation was performed with 350 μs wide square pulses at 85 Hz in biphasic mode, and stimulation intensity was 6-8 (scale 1-10). Isometric maximum strength was measured before and after the training (6 weeks set; one session/week) on 6 exercises for the upper body and 4 for the lower body. Isometric maximum strength was significantly higher after the EMS training in both groups in most test positions (UBG p < 0.001-0.031, r = 0.88-0.56; LBG p = 0.001-0.039, r = 0.88-0.57). Only for the left leg extension in the UBG (p = 0.100, r = 0.43) and for the biceps curl in the LBG (p = 0.221, r = 0.34) no changes were observed. Both groups showed similar absolute strength changes after EMS training. Body mass adjusted strength for the left arm pull increased more in the LBG group (p = 0.040, r = 0.39). Based on our results we conclude that concurring exercise movements during a short-term WB-EMS training period have no substantial influence on strength gains. People with health restrictions, beginners with no experience in strength training and people returning to training might be particularly suitable target groups, due to the low training effort. Supposedly, exercise movements become more relevant when initial adaptations to training are exhausted.
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Hwang UJ, Kwon OY. Effect of electrical stimulation training and detraining on abdominal muscle function. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023:BMR210335. [PMID: 36872765 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-210335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been applied in many rehabilitation settings for muscle strengthening, facilitation of muscle contraction, re-education of muscle action, and maintenance of muscle strength and size during prolonged immobilization. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of 8 weeks of EMS training on abdominal muscle function and to determine whether the training effect could be maintained after 4 weeks of EMS detraining. METHODS Twenty-five subjects performed EMS training for 8 weeks. Before and after 8 weeks of EMS training, and after 4 weeks of EMS detraining, muscle size (cross-sectional area [CSA] of the rectus abdominals [RA] and lateral abdominal wall [LAW]), strength, endurance, and lumbopelvic control (LC) were measured. RESULTS There were significant increases in CSA [RA (p< 0.001); LAW (p< 0.001)], strength [trunk flexor (p= 0.005); side-bridge (p< 0.05)], endurance [trunk flexor (p= 0.010); side-bridge (p< 0.05)], and LC (p< 0.05) after 8 weeks of EMS training. The CSA of the RA (p< 0.05) and the LAW (p< 0.001) were measured after 4 weeks of detraining and they were greater than that of the baseline. There were no significant differences in abdominal strength, endurance, and LC between baseline measurements and post-detraining. CONCLUSION The study indicates that there is less of a detraining effect on muscle size than on muscle strength, endurance, and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jae Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Oh-Yun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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Happ KA, Behringer M. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training vs. Conventional Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect on Strength Development. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3527-3540. [PMID: 34417404 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Happ, KA, and Behringer, M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Training vs. conventional strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on strength development. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3527-3540, 2022-A systematic review of the current state of literature and a meta-analysis were conducted to compare the strength development between neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and conventional strength training when training volume is matched. Searches of PubMed and several other databases were conducted for studies that met the following primary inclusion criteria: randomized studies of >20 days duration with a sample size of >4 subjects in each group ("voluntary contraction" [VC] and "electrically stimulated" [ES]) conducted with percutaneous stimulation only in healthy individuals at equal training volume. Finally, a total of 19 studies were included in the analysis. When comparing strength gains between groups (ES-VC), no favorable effect toward a training method could be observed (0.023 hg [95% CI: -0.198 to 0.246, p = 0.836]). Subgroup analyses were performed based on the application type (NMES evoked and NMES onto voluntary contractions) and stimulation frequency. Both analyses revealed no favorable effect and significant difference of groups (significance level set at 0.05). A meta-regression evaluated the relationship between stimulation frequency and effect size difference. The regression showed a tendency of higher stimulation frequencies being associated with higher study effect size differences (predicted effect size = -0.599 + 0.008 (Hz) ( p = 0.176)). The findings indicate that training with NMES results in virtually identical strength gains compared with conventional strength training when training volume is matched. If training with NMES is preferred, the stimulation frequency type (regular or Burst Mode Alternating Current) can be chosen according to preference without loss of effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Happ
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Qin Y, Chen H, Liu X, Wu J, Zhang Y. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation training on upper limb muscles strength and body composition in moderately trained males: A randomized controlled study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:982062. [PMID: 36159315 PMCID: PMC9501974 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.982062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training has been known to have a positive effect on muscle performance in exercisers. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is advertised as a smooth, time-efficient, and highly individualized resistance training technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of WB-EMS training on maximum isometric elbow muscle strength and body composition in moderately trained males in comparison to traditional resistance training. The study was a randomized controlled single-blind trial. Twenty, moderately trained, male participants (25.15 ± 3.84, years) were randomly assigned to the following groups: a WB-EMS training group (n = 11) and a traditional resistance training group (the control group [CG]: n = 9). Both training intervention programs consisted of 18 training sessions for six consecutive weeks. All subjects performed dynamic movements with the WB-EMS or external weights (CG). The primary outcome variables included maximum isometric elbow flexor strength (MIEFS), maximum isometric elbow extensor strength (MIEES) and surface electromyography amplitude (sEMGRMS). Secondary outcomes involved lean body mass, body fat content, arm fat mass, and arm lean mass. ANOVAs, Friedman test and post hoc t-tests were used (P = 0.05) to analyze the variables development after the 6-week intervention between the groups. Significant time × group interactions for MIEFS (η2 = 0.296, P Bonferroni = 0.013) were observed, the increase in the WB-EMS group were significantly superior to the CG [23.49 ± 6.48% vs. 17.01 ± 4.36%; MD (95% CI) = 6.48 (1.16, 11.80); d = 1.173, P = 0.020]. There were no significant differences were observed between interventions regarding MIEES, sEMGRMS and body composition. These findings indicate that in moderately trained males the effects of WB-EMS were similar to a traditional resistance training, with the only exception of a significantly greater increase in elbow flexor strength. WB-EMS can be considered as an effective exercise addition for moderately trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yin Qin
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Acute Effect of Electromyostimulation Superimposed on Running on Maximal Velocity, Metabolism, and Perceived Exertion. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040593. [PMID: 35453792 PMCID: PMC9028827 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electromyostimulation has been shown to intensify exercise when superimposed on cycling. However, little is known about the application during running, which might help to prevent injuries linked to high running volumes, as intensification of running allows for a reduction in training volume. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of electromyostimulation superimposed on running. Men who were no younger than 18 and no older than 35 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria were previous experience with electromyostimulation training, the presence of a contraindication according to the manufacturer, or a contraindication to physical activity. A sample of 22 healthy males with an ordinary performance capability accomplished three similar cardiopulmonary treadmill tests until exhaustion in a crossover study design that included lactate measurements and interrogations of perceived exertion. The first test was conducted without electromyostimulation and was followed in a randomized order by the second and the third test condition with 30 or 85 Hz stimulation, respectively, of the lower body. Superimposed electromyostimulation significantly reduced the maximal achieved velocity (control 15.6 ± 1.1 vs. 30 Hz 15.1 ± 1.2, p = 0.002; vs. 85 Hz 14.9 ± 1.1 km/h, p < 0.001), increased the perceived exertion at 10, 12 and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.036; +0.9, p = 0.007; +1.3, p < 0.001; 30 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.025; +1.0, p = 0.002; +1.2, p < 0.001), and induced a significantly higher oxygen uptake at 8 km/h (85 Hz + 1.1, p = 0.006; 30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.042), 10 km/h (30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.032), and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 1.0 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.011). Both electromyostimulation conditions significantly limited the maximal lactate level (30 Hz p = 0.046; 85 Hz p < 0.001) and 85 Hz also the recovery lactate level (p < 0.001). Superimposed electromyostimulation is feasible and intensifies running. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the increased training stimulus by reducing running velocity or volume, by combining endurance and strength training, and also by inducing better adaptations while maintaining the same velocity or volume. Therefore, electromyostimulation superimposed on running could be an interesting training tool for runners.
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Labanca L, Rocchi JE, Giannini S, Faloni ER, Montanari G, Mariani PP, Macaluso A. Early Superimposed NMES Training is Effective to Improve Strength and Function Following ACL Reconstruction with Hamstring Graft regardless of Tendon Regeneration. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:91-103. [PMID: 35250338 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation superimposed on functional exercises (NMES+) early after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) with hamstring graft, on muscle strength, knee function, and morphology of thigh muscles and harvested tendons. Thirty-four participants were randomly allocated to either NMES+ group, who received standard rehabilitation with additional NMES of knee flexor and extensor muscles, superimposed on functional movements, or to a control group, who received no additional training (NAT) to traditional rehabilitation. Participants were assessed 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 60 (T3), 90 (T4) and at a mean of 380 days (T5) after ACLr. Knee strength of flexors and extensors was measured at T3, T4 and T5. Lower limb loading asymmetry was measured during a sit-to-stand-to-sit movement at T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, and a countermovement-jump at T4 and T5. An MRI was performed at T5 to assess morphology of thigh muscles and regeneration of the harvested tendons. NMES+ showed higher muscle strength for the hamstrings (T4, T5) and the quadriceps (T3, T4, T5), higher loading symmetry during stand-to-sit (T2, T3, T4, T5), sit-to-stand (T3, T4) and countermovement-jump (T5) than NAT. No differences were found between-groups for morphology of muscles and tendons, nor in regeneration of harvested tendons. NMES+ early after ACLr with hamstring graft improves muscle strength and knee function in the short- and long-term after surgery, regardless of tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Labanca
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo E Rocchi
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Giannini
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele R Faloni
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Montanari
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mariani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.,Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.,Villa Stuart Sport Clinic-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
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de Oliveira TM, Felício DC, Filho JE, Fonseca DS, Durigan JLQ, Malaguti C. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on health indicators of older people: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 31:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ebrahimzadeh M, Nakhostin Ansari N, Hasson S, Shariat A, Afzali SA. Effect of functional electrical stimulation combined with stationary cycling and sit to stand training on mobility and balance performance in a patient with traumatic brain injury: A case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 72:103122. [PMID: 34925819 PMCID: PMC8649209 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE This case study investigates the effects of functional electrical stimulation, stationary cycling, and sit-to-stand training in a patient with severe chronic traumatic brain injury. CASE PRESENTATION The participant was a 24-year-old man with a traumatic brain injury two years prior to the intervention described in this case report. The accident caused right hemiplegia, right foot drop, aphasia, and poor coordination of movement in both upper and lower limbs. He was using a wheeled walker for functional mobility and was receiving routine rehabilitation before the initiation of treatment. A four week intervention in this study included functional electrical stimulation of the quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles combined with stationary cycling and sit-to-stand training. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Active and passive range of motion of right ankle dorsiflexion, strength of ankle dorsiflexor, balance performance, and mobility were measured before and after the intervention. Active range of motion of right ankle dorsiflexion increased by 8°. In addition, manual muscle test and Brief-BESTest scores increased from 3+ to 5 and from 7 to 9, respectively. Walking speed over the 10-m distance and timed up and go test score improved. CONCLUSION Functional electrical stimulation combined with stationary cycling and sit-to-stand training resulted in increased muscle strength and range of motion, improved balance performance, and improved mobility in an individual with a traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Scott Hasson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ardalan Shariat
- Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Afzali
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tsubahara A, Kamiue M, Ito T, Kishimoto T, Kurozumi C. Measurement of maximal muscle contraction force induced by high-frequency magnetic stimulation: a preliminary study on the identification of the optimal stimulation site. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION SCIENCE 2021; 12:27-31. [PMID: 37860217 PMCID: PMC10545052 DOI: 10.11336/jjcrs.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tsubahara A, Kamiue M, Ito T, Kishimoto T, Kurozumi C. Measurement of maximal muscle contraction force induced by high-frequency magnetic stimulation: a preliminary study on the identification of the optimal stimulation site. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2021; 12: 27-31. Purpose To identify the optimal stimulation site and technique for inducing strong muscle contraction using a high-frequency magnetic stimulator. Methods High-frequency magnetic stimulation was administered to the right vastus lateralis (VL) of eight healthy adults at maximal intensity within the range of tolerable pain. The stimulation sites were as follows: section A, the area between the lateral edge of the base of the patella (LEBP) and the distal one-third of the thigh (point D); section B, the area between point D and the proximal one-third of the thigh (point P). Isometric maximal muscle contraction forces induced by magnetic stimulation (Stim-MCF) were compared between the two sections. Results The Stim-MCF was significantly higher in section B than in section A. Additionally, the sites susceptible to stimulation were confined to a narrow area near point D in section A and the central part between points D and P in section B. The degree of pain was very low in both sections. Conclusion The optimal site for magnetic stimulation of the VL was limited to the central part of the thigh. In addition to the superficial proximal sub-branch, the deep proximal sub-branch and/or deeply clustered motor nerve endings may have been stimulated. Our results suggested that moving the probe was a useful way to identify the site that elicited the strongest muscle contraction force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tsubahara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Kamiue
- Doctoral Program in Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare (Student), Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kishimoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kurozumi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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22
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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Zhao Y, Yao J, Wu X, Chen L, Wang X, Zhang X, Hou W. Event-Related Beta EEG Changes Induced by Various Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: A Pilot Study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1206-1212. [PMID: 34129499 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3089478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous results demonstrated that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with various configurations could induce different activity at both the central and peripheral levels. Although NMES generating different peripheral movements have been studied, it is still unclear whether the difference in NMES-induced cortical activity is due to movement- or stimulation- related differences. Because NMES-induced cortical activity impacts motor function recovery, it is essential to know when NMES with various configurations evoke the same movement, whether the induced cortical activity is still different. Four NMES configurations: 1) Eight-let Frequency Trains, 2) Doublet frequency trains (DFT), 3) Constant-frequency trains with narrow-pulse, and 4) wide-pulse, were delivered to the right biceps brachii muscle in nine healthy young adults. We adjusted the intensities of these NMES to evoke the same elbow flexion and compared the cortical activities over sensorimotor regions. Our results showed that the four NMES patterns induced different beta-band Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD), with the DFT providing the strongest ERD value given the same NMES-induced elbow flexion (p < 0.05). This difference is possibly due to NMES with different configuration activated in the amount of afferent proprioceptive fibers. Our pilot study suggests that the NMES-induced beta-band ERD may be an additional factor to consider when selecting the NMES configuration for a better motor function recovery.
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. Aims. To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. Conclusions. This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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The Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Muscle Mass and Balance in Older Adults with Dementia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030339. [PMID: 33800054 PMCID: PMC8001595 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is effective for increasing physical function. However, there is no evidence regarding the effects of EMS on muscle mass and physical function in older adults with dementia. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of EMS on muscle mass and balance in older adults with dementia. Methods: A total of 32 participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 16, age = 89.4 ± 4.8 years) and a control group (n = 16, age = 88.1 ± 5.2 years). Participants in the intervention group underwent a general rehabilitation program (20 min for three days/week) and an EMS intervention (23 min for three days/week) for 23 weeks. Participants in the control group underwent general rehabilitation only. The efficacy of EMS was evaluated by lower limb muscle mass, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the functional independence measure (FIM). Results: Muscle mass was significantly increased in the intervention group after 12 weeks (p = 0.008), but average muscle mass in the control group did not change (p = 0.18). Participants in the control group showed a significant decrease in BBS after 12 weeks (p = 0.007), unlike those in the intervention group. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) results and the change in muscle mass, the BBS, and the FIM in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that EMS is a useful intervention for increasing muscle mass and maintaining balance function in older adults with dementia.
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Kim K, Eun D, Jee YS. Higher Impulse Electromyostimulation Contributes to Psychological Satisfaction and Physical Development in Healthy Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030191. [PMID: 33668740 PMCID: PMC7996253 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study investigated the various impulse effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on psychophysiological responses and adaptations. Materials and Methods: The participants included fifty-four men between 20 and 27 years of age who practiced isometric exercises for 20 min, three days a week, for 12 weeks while wearing WB-EMS suits, which enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with three types of impulse intensities. Participants were allocated to one of four groups: control group (CON), low-impulse-intensity group (LIG), mid-impulse-intensity group (MIG), and high-impulse-intensity group (HIG). Psychophysiological conditions were measured at week 0, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Results: Compared with the CON, (1) three psychological conditions in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed positive tendencies every four weeks, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test revealed that body image (p = 0.004), body shape (p = 0.007), and self-esteem (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. (2) Body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and percent fat in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed a noticeable decrease, which revealed that there were significant differences among the groups. Specifically, a higher impulse intensity resulted in a greater increase in muscle mass. (3) Although there was no interaction effect in the abdominal visceral fat area, there were significant interactions in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) and total fat (ATF) areas. Both the ASF and ATF in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in other groups showed a noticeable decrease. The ANCOVA revealed that the ASF (p = 0.002) and ATF (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. In particular, the higher the impulse intensity, the greater the decrease in abdominal fat. Conclusions: This study confirmed that high-impulse-intensity EMS can improve psychophysiological conditions. In other words, healthy young adults felt that the extent to which their body image, body shape, and self-esteem improved depended on how intense their EMS impulse intensities were. The results also showed that higher levels of impulse intensity led to improved physical conditions.
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Petraş A, Drăgoi RG, Pupazan V, Drăgoi M, Popa D, Neagu A. Using Portable Ultrasound to Monitor the Neuromuscular Reactivity to Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010065. [PMID: 33401607 PMCID: PMC7824493 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is useful for muscle strengthening and for motor restoration of stroke patients. Using a portable ultrasound instrument, we developed an M-mode imaging protocol to visualize contractions elicited by NMES in the quadriceps muscle group. To quantify muscle activation, we performed digital image processing based on the Teager–Kaiser energy operator. The proposed method was applied for 35 voluntary patients (18 women and 17 men), of 63.8 ± 14.1 years and body mass index (BMI) 30.2 ± 6.70 kg/m2 (mean ± standard deviation). Biphasic, rectangular electric pulses of 350 µs duration were applied at two frequencies (60 Hz and 120 Hz), and ultrasound was used to assess the sensory threshold (ST) and motor threshold (MT) amplitude of the NMES signal. The MT was 23.4 ± 4.94 mA, whereas the MT to ST ratio was 2.69 ± 0.57. Linear regression analysis revealed that MT correlates poorly with body mass index (R2 = 0.004) or with the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer that covers the treated muscle (R2 = 0.013). Our work suggests that ultrasound is suitable to visualize neuromuscular reactivity during electrotherapy. The proposed method can be used in the clinic, enabling the physiotherapist to establish personalized treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Petraş
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Balneology and Rheumatology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.P.); (M.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Răzvan Gabriel Drăgoi
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Balneology and Rheumatology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.P.); (M.D.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vasile Pupazan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041Timişoara, Romania; (V.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Mihai Drăgoi
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Balneology and Rheumatology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.P.); (M.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Popa
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Balneology and Rheumatology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.P.); (M.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Adrian Neagu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 300041Timişoara, Romania; (V.P.); (A.N.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Hortobágyi T, Granacher U, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Howatson G, Manca A, Deriu F, Taube W, Gruber M, Márquez G, Lundbye-Jensen J, Colomer-Poveda D. Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:79-91. [PMID: 33383071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive, monotonic, and effortful voluntary muscle contractions performed for just a few weeks, i.e., resistance training, can substantially increase maximal voluntary force in the practiced task and can also increase gross motor performance. The increase in motor performance is often accompanied by neuroplastic adaptations in the central nervous system. While historical data assigned functional relevance to such adaptations induced by resistance training, this claim has not yet been systematically and critically examined in the context of motor performance across the lifespan in health and disease. A review of muscle activation, brain and peripheral nerve stimulation, and imaging data revealed that increases in motor performance and neuroplasticity tend to be uncoupled, making a mechanistic link between neuroplasticity and motor performance inconclusive. We recommend new approaches, including causal mediation analytical and hypothesis-driven models to substantiate the functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in the improvements of gross motor function across the lifespan in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical CenterGroningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo
- Area of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Andrea Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagenk, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Létocart A, Grosset JF. Achilles Tendon Adaptation to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: Morphological and Mechanical Changes. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:651-661. [PMID: 33285575 DOI: 10.1055/a-1270-7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation can induce sufficient tendon stress to lead to tendon adaptations. Thus, we investigated the effect of such a training program on the triceps surae muscle following the morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. Eight men participated in a 12-week high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation training program of the triceps surae muscle under isometric conditions. Ultrasonography was used pre- and post-intervention to quantify cross-sectional area, free length, and total length of the Achilles tendon, as well as the myotendinous junction elongation during a maximal isometric ramp contraction under plantar flexion. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training does not lead to changes in Achilles tendon free and total length, cross-sectional area, or maximal elongation capacity. However, a significant increase was evidenced in maximal tendon force post-training (+25.2%). Hence, Young's Modulus and maximal stress were significantly greater after training (+12.4% and +23.4%, respectively). High-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces repeated stress sufficient to lead to adaptations of mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. Thus, this training technique may be of particular interest as a new rehabilitation method in tendinopathy management or to counteract the effect of hypo-activity.
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Benito-Martínez E, Senovilla-Herguedas D, de la Torre-Montero JC, Martínez-Beltrán MJ, Reguera-García MM, Alonso-Cortés B. Local and Contralateral Effects after the Application of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation in Lower Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239028. [PMID: 33287409 PMCID: PMC7730668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) has been used mainly as a method to promote muscle strength, but its effects on improving blood flow are less well known. The aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge about the local and contralateral effects of the application of symmetric biphasic square currents on skin temperature (Tsk). An experimental pilot study was developed with a single study group consisting of 45 healthy subjects. Thermographic evaluations were recorded following the application of NMES to the anterior region of the thigh. The results showed an increase in the maximal Tsk of 0.67% in the anterior region of the thigh where the NMES was applied (p < 0.001) and an increase of 0.54% (p < 0.01) due to cross-education effects, which was higher when the NMES was applied on the dominant side (0.79%; p < 0.01). The duration of the effect was 20 min in the dominant leg and 10 min in the nondominant one. The application of a symmetrical biphasic current (8 Hz and 400 μs) creates an increase in the maximal Tsk at the local level. A temperature cross-education effect is produced, which is greater when the NMES is applied on the dominant side. This could be a useful noninvasive measurement tool in NMES treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Benito-Martínez
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - Diego Senovilla-Herguedas
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - Julio César de la Torre-Montero
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - María Jesús Martínez-Beltrán
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - María Mercedes Reguera-García
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Alonso-Cortés
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Tomita A, Kawade S, Moritani T, Watanabe K. Novel perspective on contractile properties and intensity-dependent verification of force-frequency relationship during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14598. [PMID: 33230975 PMCID: PMC7683877 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of the present study were: (a) to examine the effect of the stimulus intensity on force-frequency and torque fluctuation-frequency relationships during Neuromuscular electrical stimulation; and (b) to identify a novel parameter that can be used to evaluate muscle contractile properties. METHODS Electrically elicited joint torque involving the quadriceps femoris muscle was recorded during neuromuscular electrical stimulation at two different stimulus intensities in 19 healthy men. Stimulation frequencies were set at 5-40 Hz with a duration of 10 s. Evoked joint torque was compared among all stimulation frequencies between the two stimulus intensities (68 and 113 V). The torque fluctuation at each stimulation frequency as the change in the contraction pattern was also compared between the intensities. Torque and torque fluctuation were normalized at each frequency by the largest torque or torque fluctuation, respectively. We extracted a novel parameter: the arrival point of tetanic contraction based on force-frequency and torque fluctuation-frequency curves. RESULTS There were significant differences in normalized torque at 5-25 and 40 Hz and in normalized torque fluctuation at 15-30 and 40 Hz between the two stimulus intensities. Extracted parameters showed no significant difference between the intensities. CONCLUSION The results suggest that force-frequency relationships during neuromuscular electrical stimulation are influenced by the intensity of stimulation applied to the quadriceps femoris muscle. However, we consider that it is possible to simultaneously evaluate contractile properties using the novel parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular BiomechanicsFaculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences and School of International Liberal StudiesChukyo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular BiomechanicsFaculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences and School of International Liberal StudiesChukyo UniversityNagoyaJapan
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Characterization of the stimulation output of four devices for focal muscle vibration. Med Eng Phys 2020; 85:97-103. [PMID: 33081969 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different devices for mechano-acoustic muscle vibration became available on the market in the last ten years. Although the use of these vibrators is increasing in research and clinical settings, the features of their stimulation output were never described in literature. In this study we aimed to quantify and compare the stimulation output of the four most widespread pneumatic devices for focal muscle vibration available on the market. A piezoelectric pressure sensor was used to measure the pressure profile generated by the four selected devices in the following experimental conditions: i) measurement of the output changes associated with variations of the stimulation amplitude for three stimulation frequencies (100 Hz, 200 Hz, and 300 Hz); ii) measurement of the output changes during a 20-min long stimulation at constant frequency (300 Hz) and amplitude; iii) measurement of the output changes associated with the progressive activation of all stimulation channels at constant frequency (200 Hz) for different amplitudes. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes of the pressure waves were in the range 102 mbar - 369 mbar (below the maximum values declared by the different manufacturers). The shape of the pressure waves generated by the four devices was quasi-sinusoidal and asymmetric with respect to the atmospheric pressure. All output features had a remarkable intra- and inter-device variability. Further studies are required to support the technological improvement of the currently available devices and to focus the issues of vibration effectiveness, limitations, proper protocols, modalities of its application and assessment in neuromuscular training and rehabilitation.
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Monjo F, Zory R, Forestier N. Fatiguing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Decreases the Sense of Effort During Subsequent Voluntary Contractions in Men. Neuroscience 2020; 446:113-123. [PMID: 32891703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As voluntary muscle fatigue increases, the perception of the effort required to produce a particular level of force also increases. This occurs because we produce greater neural outputs from the brain to compensate for the fatigue-induced loss of force. Muscle fatigue can also be generated following bouts of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a technique widely used for rehabilitation and training purposes. Yet the effects of NMES-induced fatigue on the perception of effort have never been tested. In this study, we thus evaluated how electrically evoked fatigue would affect the sense of effort. For this purpose, we used two psychophysical tasks intended to assess effort perception: (i) a bilateral matching task in which subjects were asked to contract the elbow flexors of their reference and indicator arms with similar amounts of effort and (ii) a unilateral matching task in which they produced controlled levels of isometric force with their indicator arm and rated their perceived effort using the Borg CR10 scale. These tasks were performed before and after the biceps brachii of the indicator arm was submitted to a fatiguing NMES program that generated maximal force losses of 10-15%. Contrary to voluntary muscle fatigue, the sense of effort decreased post-NMES in both tasks despite increased neural outputs to the elbow flexors of the fatigued indicator arm. This shows that the relationship between motor command magnitude and effort perception was completely modified by NMES. It is proposed that NMES alters the sensory structures responsible for effort signal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Forestier
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France
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Monjo F, Shemmell J. Probing the neuromodulatory gain control system in sports and exercise sciences. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 53:102442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Hwang UJ, Kwon OY, Jung SH, Kim HA, Gwak GT. Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training for abdominal muscles on change of muscle size, strength, endurance and lumbopelvic stability. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:206-213. [PMID: 32125124 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) devices for abdominal muscles are being marketed to the general public to improve physical appearance. Abdominal muscles play an important role in lumbopelvic stability for optimizing performance. We investigated the effects of NMES training of abdominal muscles on muscle size, muscle strength, endurance, and lumbopelvic stability. METHODS Twenty-three subjects (12 females, 11 males) performed abdominal muscle NMES training for 8 weeks. Before and after NMES training, we measured muscle size (cross-sectional area [CSA] of the rectus abdominals [RA] and lateral abdominal wall [LAW]) by magnetic resonance imaging, muscle strength (trunk flexor and side bridge strength), endurance (trunk flexor and side bridge endurance time), and lumbopelvic stability (one-leg loading test). RESULTS There were significant increases between pre- and post-NMES training differences in the size (CSA of RA 21.7-25.4%, P<0.001; CSA of LAW 9.00-9.71%, P<0.001), strength (trunk flexor 14.9%, P<0.05; side bridge 33.7-53.6%, P<0.05), and endurance (trunk flexor 29.1%, P<0.05; side bridge 24.6-28.9%, P<0.05) of abdominal muscles and lumbopelvic stability (37.2-37.4%, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS NMES training could be applied to increase muscle size and muscle performances of abdominal muscles in sports and fitness fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jae Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Oh-Yun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea -
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Tae Gwak
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
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Barss TS, Klarner T, Sun Y, Inouye K, Zehr EP. Effects of enhanced cutaneous sensory input on interlimb strength transfer of the wrist extensors. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14406. [PMID: 32222042 PMCID: PMC7101283 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of cutaneous sensory feedback to interlimb strength transfer remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relative contribution of cutaneous afferent pathways as a substrate for cross-education by directly assessing how "enhanced" cutaneous stimulation alters ipsilateral and contralateral strength gains in the forearm. Twenty-seven right-handed participants were randomly assigned to 1-of-3 training groups and completed 6 sets of 8 repetitions 3x/week for 5 weeks. Voluntary training (TRAIN) included unilateral maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the wrist extensors. Cutaneous stimulation (STIM), a sham training condition, included cutaneous stimulation (2x radiating threshold; 3sec; 50Hz) of the superficial radial (SR) nerve at the wrist. TRAIN + STIM training included MVCs of the wrist extensors with simultaneous SR stimulation. Two pre- and one posttraining session assessed the relative increase in force output during MVCs of isometric wrist extension, wrist flexion, and handgrip. Maximal voluntary muscle activation was simultaneously recorded from the flexor and extensor carpi radialis. Cutaneous reflex pathways were evaluated through stimulation of the SR nerve during graded ipsilateral contractions. Results indicate TRAIN increased force output compared with STIM in both trained (85.0 ± 6.2 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm) and untrained wrist extensors (73.9 ± 3.5 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). Providing 'enhanced' sensory input during training (TRAIN + STIM) also led to increases in strength in the trained limb compared with STIM (79.3 ± 6.3 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm). However, in the untrained limb no difference occurred between TRAIN + STIM and STIM (63.0 ± 3.7 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). This suggests when 'enhanced' input was provided independent of timing with active muscle contraction, interlimb strength transfer to the untrained wrist extensors was blocked. This indicates that the sensory volley may have interfered with the integration of appropriate sensorimotor cues required to facilitate an interlimb transfer, highlighting the importance of appropriately timed cutaneous feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S. Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- School of KinesiologyLakehead UniversityThunder BayONUSA
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Kristy Inouye
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - E. Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBCCanada
- Zanshin Consulting Inc.VictoriaBCCanada
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Alexandre F, Héraud N, Tremey E, Oliver N, Bourgouin D, Varray A. Specific motor cortex hypoexcitability and hypoactivation in COPD patients with peripheral muscle weakness. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:1. [PMID: 31900129 PMCID: PMC6942311 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-1042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral muscle weakness can be caused by both peripheral muscle and neural alterations. Although peripheral alterations cannot totally explain peripheral muscle weakness in COPD, the existence of an activation deficit remains controversial. The heterogeneity of muscle weakness (between 32 and 57% of COPD patients) is generally not controlled in studies and could explain this discrepancy. This study aimed to specifically compare voluntary and stimulated activation levels in COPD patients with and without muscle weakness. Methods Twenty-two patients with quadriceps weakness (COPDMW), 18 patients with preserved quadriceps strength (COPDNoMW) and 20 controls were recruited. Voluntary activation was measured through peripheral nerve (VAperipheral) and transcranial magnetic (VAcortical) stimulation. Corticospinal and spinal excitability (MEP/Mmax and Hmax/Mmax) and corticospinal inhibition (silent period duration) were assessed during maximal voluntary quadriceps contractions. Results COPDMW exhibited lower VAcortical and lower MEP/Mmax compared with COPDNoMW (p < 0.05). Hmax/Mmax was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.25). Silent period duration was longer in the two groups of COPD patients compared with controls (p < 0.01). Interestingly, there were no significant differences between all COPD patients taken together and controls regarding VAcortical and MEP/Mmax. Conclusions COPD patients with muscle weakness have reduced voluntary activation without altered spinal excitability. Corticospinal inhibition is higher in COPD regardless of muscle weakness. Therefore, reduced cortical excitability and a voluntary activation deficit from the motor cortex are the most likely cortical mechanisms implicated in COPD muscle weakness. The mechanisms responsible for cortical impairment and possible therapeutic interventions need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Alexandre
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Research Department, Groupe 5 Santé, 800 avenue Joseph Vallot, 34700, Lodève, France. .,Euromov Laboratory, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nelly Héraud
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Research Department, Groupe 5 Santé, 800 avenue Joseph Vallot, 34700, Lodève, France
| | - Emilie Tremey
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Research Department, Groupe 5 Santé, 800 avenue Joseph Vallot, 34700, Lodève, France
| | - Nicolas Oliver
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Research Department, Groupe 5 Santé, 800 avenue Joseph Vallot, 34700, Lodève, France
| | - Dominique Bourgouin
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Research Department, Groupe 5 Santé, 800 avenue Joseph Vallot, 34700, Lodève, France
| | - Alain Varray
- Euromov Laboratory, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Wakahara T, Shiraogawa A. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on muscle size in collegiate track and field athletes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224881. [PMID: 31721812 PMCID: PMC6853328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training for 12 weeks on the abdominal muscle size in trained athletes. Male collegiate track and field athletes participated in the present study and were randomly allocated to either training or control groups. Eleven participants of the training group completed a 60-session training program over a 12-week period (23 min/session, 5 days/week) involving neuromuscular electrical stimulation (mostly 20 Hz) for the abdominal muscles in addition to their usual training for the own events. The participants of the control group (n = 13) continued their usual training. Before and after the intervention period, cross-sectional areas of the rectus abdominis and abdominal oblique muscles (the internal and external obliques and transversus abdominis) and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured with magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging. There were no significant changes in cross-sectional area of the rectus abdominis or abdominal oblique muscles or in subcutaneous fat thickness in the training or control groups after the intervention period. The change in cross-sectional area of the rectus abdominis in each participant was not significantly correlated with pre-training cross-sectional area and neither was the mean value of fat thickness at pre- and post-training. These results suggest that low-frequency (20 Hz) neuromuscular electrical stimulation training for 12 weeks is ineffective in inducing hypertrophy of the abdominal muscles in trained athletes, even when they have a thin layer of subcutaneous fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayumu Shiraogawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Vitry F, Martin A, Papaiordanidou M. Impact of stimulation frequency on neuromuscular fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2609-2616. [PMID: 31605203 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to examine the frequency effects (20 Hz and 100 Hz) on neuromuscular fatigue using stimulation parameters favoring an indirect motor unit recruitment through the afferent pathway. METHODS Nineteen subjects were divided into two groups: 20 Hz (n = 10) and 100 Hz (n = 9). The electrical stimulation session consisted of 25 stimulation trains (20 s ON/20 s OFF, pulse width: 1 ms) applied over the tibial nerve and delivered at an intensity evoking 10% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Before and after these protocols, MVIC was assessed, while neural changes were evaluated by the level of activation (VAL) and muscle changes were evaluated by the twitch associated with the maximal M-wave (Pt). For all stimulation trains, the real and the theoretical values of the torque-time integral (TTIr and TTIth, respectively) were calculated. The TTIr/TTIth ratio of the first train was calculated to evaluate the presence of extra torque. RESULTS The main results showed a similar decrease in MVIC torque after both protocols accompanied by neural and muscle changes, as evidenced by the decrease in VAL and Pt. TTIr values across the 20-Hz trains remained constant, whereas they significantly decreased during the 100-Hz stimulation trains. The relative MVIC decrease was negatively correlated with TTIr/TTIth. CONCLUSION Results give evidence of an identical neuromuscular fatigue development between protocols, while lower stimulation frequency permitted preservation of a given torque level during the stimulation trains. The negative correlation between this fatigue development and TTIr/TTIth suggests that extra torque production induces greater voluntary torque losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Vitry
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Papaiordanidou
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
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Carson RG, Buick AR. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation-promoted plasticity of the human brain. J Physiol 2019; 599:2375-2399. [PMID: 31495924 DOI: 10.1113/jp278298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to paretic limbs has demonstrated utility for motor rehabilitation following brain injury. When NMES is delivered to a mixed peripheral nerve, typically both efferent and afferent fibres are recruited. Muscle contractions brought about by the excitation of motor neurons are often used to compensate for disability by assisting actions such as the formation of hand aperture, or by preventing others including foot drop. In this context, exogenous stimulation provides a direct substitute for endogenous neural drive. The goal of the present narrative review is to describe the means through which NMES may also promote sustained adaptations within central motor pathways, leading ultimately to increases in (intrinsic) functional capacity. There is an obvious practical motivation, in that detailed knowledge concerning the mechanisms of adaptation has the potential to inform neurorehabilitation practice. In addition, responses to NMES provide a means of studying CNS plasticity at a systems level in humans. We summarize the fundamental aspects of NMES, focusing on the forms that are employed most commonly in clinical and experimental practice. Specific attention is devoted to adjuvant techniques that further promote adaptive responses to NMES thereby offering the prospect of increased therapeutic potential. The emergent theme is that an association with centrally initiated neural activity, whether this is generated in the context of NMES triggered by efferent drive or via indirect methods such as mental imagery, may in some circumstances promote the physiological changes that can be induced through peripheral electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alison R Buick
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
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Filipovic A, DeMarees M, Grau M, Hollinger A, Seeger B, Schiffer T, Bloch W, Gehlert S. Superimposed Whole-Body Electrostimulation Augments Strength Adaptations and Type II Myofiber Growth in Soccer Players During a Competitive Season. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1187. [PMID: 31607944 PMCID: PMC6768094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The improvement of strength and athletic performance during a competitive season in elite soccer players is a demanding task for the coach. Aims As whole-body electrostimulation (WB-EMS) training provides a time efficient stimulation potentially capable in exerting skeletal muscle adaptations we aimed to test this approach over 7 weeks in trained male soccer players during a competitive season. Hypothesis We hypothesized that a superimposed WB-EMS will increase maximal strength and type I and type II myofiber hypertrophy. Methods Twenty-eight male field soccer players were assigned in either a WB-EMS group (EG, n = 10), a training group (TG, n = 10), or a control group (CG, n = 8). The regular soccer training consists of two to four sessions and one match per week. In concurrent, the EG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps superimposed with WB-EMS twice per week, TG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps without EMS twice per week, and the CG only performed the regular soccer training. Muscle biopsies were collected and strength tests were performed under resting conditions before (Baseline) and after the intervention period (Posttest). Muscle biopsies were analyzed via western blotting and immunohistochemistry for skeletal muscle adaptive responses. To determine the effect of the training interventions a 2 × 3 (time ∗ group) mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted. Results Maximal strength in leg press (p = 0.009) and leg curl (p = 0.026) was significantly increased in EG along with a small but significant increase in type II myofiber diameter (p = 0.023). All of these adaptations were not observed in TG and CG. Conclusion WB-EMS can serve as a time efficient training method to augment strength capacities and type II fiber myofiber growth in soccer players when combined with specific resistance training. This combination may therefore be a promising training modification compared to traditional strength training for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Filipovic
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus DeMarees
- Section of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marijke Grau
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Hollinger
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt Seeger
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Sport Science, Biosciences of Sports, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Jee YS. The effect of high-impulse- electromyostimulation on adipokine profiles, body composition and strength: A pilot study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-183201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Jee
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #46 Hanseo 1-Ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Korea
- Department of Physical Activity Design, Hanseo University, #46 Hanseo 1-Ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Seosan, Korea
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Photobiomodulation therapy and NMES improve muscle strength and jumping performance in young volleyball athletes: a randomized controlled trial study in Brazil. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:621-631. [PMID: 31402432 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of adding photobiomodulation therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to volleyball athletes' training, focusing on muscle strength and jumping skills. Thirty-six athletes were randomly placed into three groups: control, photobiomodulation therapy, and NMES. The athletes trained to improve their muscle strength and jumping skills. The athletes in the photobiomodulation therapy group were submitted to photobiomodulation therapy (850 nm, continuous, energy density 0.8 J/cm2, radiant energy per point 6 J, total radiant energy 36 J) before undergoing strength and plyometric training. The NMES group additionally underwent NMES-based quadriceps femoris muscle strength training (base frequency 1 kHz, frequency modulation 70 Hz, intensity maximum tolerable). The variables analyzed were muscle strength, jumping ability, global impression, and jump frequency; they were measured at baseline and during follow-ups at 6 and 8 weeks. The statistical analysis was conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. The between-group differences and their respective 95% CIs were calculated using linear mixed models by using group, time, and group-versus-time interaction terms. Dominant lower limb strength improved the most in the NMES group compared to the control group (mean difference = 1.4, 95% CI = .5 to 2.4). Non-dominant lower limb strength increased in both the photobiomodulation therapy group (mean difference = 1.1, 95% CI = .3 to 2) and the NMES group (mean difference = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.8) compared to the control group, but the NMES group improved more than the photobiomodulation therapy group (mean difference = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.1 to 1.7). The NMES group had the greatest improvement in global perceived effect scale compared to the control group (mean difference = 1.1, 95% CI = 1 to 2.2). Dominant lower limb strength improved in the NMES group compared to the control group. Non-dominant lower limb strength increased in both the photobiomodulation therapy group and the NMES group compared to the control group, but the NMES group improved significantly more than the photobiomodulation therapy group; the NMES group also improved in the global perceived effect scale compared to the control group. This study found that, for volleyball athletes, photobiomodulation therapy and NMES both promoted benefits in terms of muscle-strength gain. In addition, these benefits were maintained for 2 weeks even after training was interrupted. Dominant lower limb strength improved in the NMES group compared to the control group. Non-dominant lower limb strength increased in both the photobiomodulation therapy group and the NMES group compared to the control group, but the NMES group improved significantly more than the photobiomodulation therapy group; the NMES group also improved in global impression of jumps compared to the control group.
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Melo MDO, Pompeo KD, Baroni BM, Sonda FC, Vaz MA. Randomised study of the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and low-level laser therapy on muscle activation and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2018.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The combined effects of low-level laser therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on knee osteoarthritis have yet to be analysed. This study aimed to determine the individual and combined effects of laser therapy and electrical stimulation on muscle activation and pain in older people with knee osteoarthritis. Methods A total of 45 women aged 60–75 years with knee osteoarthritis were randomised into three groups to receive stimulation, laser or stimulation plus laser therapy. All three groups underwent a 4-week control period (without intervention) followed by an 8-week intervention period. The effects of the interventions on muscle inhibition, electrical activity and pain were analysed. Findings There was a decrease in muscle inhibition (effect size ≥0.6) and a reduction in pain (effect size >1.2) in all three groups. All therapies generated an increase in electrical activity (effect size 0.1–0.5). Conclusions Laser alone or in combination with electrical stimulation promoted similar increases in muscle activation and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica de Oliveira Melo
- Professor, Centre of Research into the Science and Art of Human Movement, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Klauber Dalcero Pompeo
- PhD Student, Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Francesca Chaida Sonda
- PhD Student, Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- PhD Student, Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Watanabe K, Yoshida T, Ishikawa T, Kawade S, Moritani T. Effect of the Combination of Whole-Body Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Voluntary Exercise on Metabolic Responses in Human. Front Physiol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30949069 PMCID: PMC6436608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Since neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can recruit high-threshold motor units and enhance glucose metabolism, the combination of NMES and voluntary low-intensity exercise would induce both anerobic and aerobic energy consumptions and this type of exercise could be more efficient and effective than conventional exercise regimens. We aimed to investigate metabolic responses and muscle fatigue during whole body NMES (WB-NMES), voluntary exercise, and their combination. Methods The blood lactate concentration and maximal voluntary contraction were measured before and after specified exercises: WB-NMES (E), voluntary exercise (V), and their combination (VE), and expired gas was sampled during the exercises in thirteen healthy young men. Each exercise was conducted for 15 min and interval between exercise was > 48h. Results Energy expenditure and V˙O2 relative to the body mass during VE were significantly higher than during V and E (p < 0.05). The Respiratory gas exchange ratio (RER) during both E and VE was higher than during V (p < 0.05), and the blood lactate concentration after VE was significantly higher than after V and E (p < 0.05). Although V˙O2 relative to the body mass was 18.6 ± 3.1 ml/min/kg and the metabolic equivalent was 5.31 ± 0.89 Mets, the blood lactate concentration reached 7.5 ± 2.7 mmol/L after VE. Conclusion These results suggest that the combination of WB-NMES and voluntary exercise can enhance the metabolic response to a level equivalent to high intensity exercise under the net physiological burden of low-middle intensity exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Moritani
- School of Social Science Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan.,Faculty of Sociology, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Minetto MA, Botter A, Gamerro G, Varvello I, Massazza G, Bellomo RG, Maffiuletti NA, Saggini R. Contralateral effect of short-duration unilateral neuromuscular electrical stimulation and focal vibration in healthy subjects. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Neurophysiological Evidence of Motor Network Reorganization in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. J Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 36:74-81. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Labanca L, Rocchi JE, Laudani L, Guitaldi R, Virgulti A, Mariani PP, Macaluso A. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Superimposed on Movement Early after ACL Surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:407-416. [PMID: 29059108 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quadriceps weakness and asymmetrical loading of lower limbs are two major issues after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-wk training protocol involving neuromuscular electrical stimulations (NMES) of the quadriceps muscle superimposed on repeated sit-to-stand-to-sit exercises (STSTS), as an additional treatment to standard rehabilitation, from the 15th to the 60th day after ACLR. METHODS Sixty-three ACLR patients were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups: NMES superimposed on STSTS (NMES + STSTS), STSTS only, or no additional treatment (NAT) to standard rehabilitation. Maximal isometric strength of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was measured 60 and 180 d after surgery. Asymmetry in lower extremity loading was measured during a sit-to-stand movement at 15, 30, 60, and 180 d after surgery and during a countermovement jump 180 d after surgery by means of two adjacent force platforms placed under each foot. RESULTS The NMES + STSTS participants showed higher muscle strength of the knee extensors, which was accompanied by lower perception of pain and higher symmetry in lower extremity loading compared with STSTS-only and NAT participants after both 60 and 180 d from surgery. Participants in the STSTS-only treatment group showed higher symmetry in lower extremity loading compared with those in the NAT group 60 d after surgery. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an early intervention based on NMES superimposed to repeated STSTS exercises is effective for recovering quadriceps strength and symmetry in lower extremity loading by the time of return to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Labanca
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Jacopo Emanuele Rocchi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Luca Laudani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Rita Guitaldi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Alessandro Virgulti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Pier Paolo Mariani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY
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Green LA, Gabriel DA. The effect of unilateral training on contralateral limb strength in young, older, and patient populations: a meta-analysis of cross education. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2018.1499272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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50
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Zinglersen AH, Halsteen MB, Kjaer M, Karlsen A. Can electrical stimulation enhance effects of a functional training program in hospitalized geriatric patients? Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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