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Guo B, Zhang F, Yin Y, Ning X, Zhang Z, Meng Q, Yang Z, Jiang W, Liu M, Wang Y, Sun L, Yu L, Mu N. Post-translational modifications of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in cardiovascular disease. iScience 2024; 27:110633. [PMID: 39224515 PMCID: PMC11367490 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a crucial enzyme that connects glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway. It plays an essential role in regulating glucose metabolism for energy production by catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. Importantly, the activity of PDC is regulated through post-translational modifications (PTMs), phosphorylation, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation. These PTMs have significant effects on PDC activity under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, making them potential targets for metabolism-related diseases. This review specifically focuses on the PTMs of PDC in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, obesity-related cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), and vascular diseases. The findings from this review offer theoretical references for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Northwest Woman’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Fujiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingmin Ning
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Manling Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yishi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Eye Institute of Chinese PLA and Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Nan Mu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Perveen S, Padula MP, Safdar N, Abbas S. Functional annotation of proteins in Catharanthus roseus shoot cultures under biogenic zinc nanotreatment. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:26. [PMID: 38459275 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Nano-interactions are well known for their positive as well as negative impacts on the morphological and physiological systems of plants. Keeping in mind, the conformational changes in plant proteins as one of the key mechanisms for stress adaptation responses, the current project was designed to explore the effect of glutathione-capped and uncapped zinc nano-entities on Catharanthus roseus shoot cultures. Zinc nanotreatment (0.05 μg/mL) significantly induced ester production in C. roseus shoots as detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry. These nanotreated shoots were further subjected to peptide-centric nano-LC-MS/MS analysis. Mass spectrometry followed by a Heat map revealed a significant effect of zinc nanoparticles on 59 distinct classes of proteins as compared to control. Proteins involved in regulating stress scavenging, transport, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis were robustly altered under capped zinc nanotreatment. UniProt database identified majority of the localization of the abundantly altered protein in cell membranes and chloroplasts. STRING and Cytoscape analysis assessed inter and intra coordination of triosephosphate isomerase with other identified proteins and highlighted its role in the regulation of protein abundance under applied stress. This study highlights the understanding of complex underlying mechanisms and regulatory networks involved in proteomic alterations and interactions within the plant system to cope with the nano-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghufta Perveen
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naila Safdar
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Sidra Abbas
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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3
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Ilyas MZ, Sa KJ, Ali MW, Lee JK. Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops. PLANTA 2023; 259:18. [PMID: 38085368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it's feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress. Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic-enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
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Chakraborty P, Aggarwal AK, Nair MKK, Massé S, Riazi S, Nanthakumar K. Restoration of calcium release synchrony: A novel target for heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:1773-1781. [PMID: 37678492 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a crucial role in contractile function and membrane electrophysiology. An abnormal myocardial Ca2+ transient is linked to heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. At the subcellular level, the synchronous release of Ca2+ sparks from sarcoplasmic Ca2+ release units determines the configuration and amplitude of the global Ca2+ transient. This narrative review evaluates the role of aberrant Ca2+ release synchrony in the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies and ventricular arrhythmias. The potential therapeutic benefits of restoration of Ca2+ release synchrony in heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praloy Chakraborty
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Arjun K Aggarwal
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhav Krishna Kumar Nair
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Si D, Chakraborty P, Azam MA, Nair MKK, Massé S, Lai PF, Labos C, Riazi S, Nanthakumar K. Synchronizing systolic calcium release with azumolene in an experimental model. Heart Rhythm O2 2022; 3:568-576. [PMID: 36340488 PMCID: PMC9626747 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-defibrillation myocardial contractile dysfunction adversely affects the survival of patients after cardiac arrest. Attenuation of diastolic calcium (Ca2+) overload by stabilization of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is found to reduce refibrillation after long-duration ventricular fibrillation (LDVF). Objective In the present study, we explored the effects of RyR2 stabilization by azumolene on systolic Ca2+ release synchrony and myocardial contractility. Methods After completion of baseline optical mapping, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to global ischemia followed by reperfusion with azumolene or deionized distilled water (vehicle). Following reperfusion, LDVF was induced with burst pacing. In the first series of experiments (n = 16), epicardial Ca2+ transient was analyzed for Ca2+ transient amplitude alternans and dispersion of Ca2+ transient amplitude alternans index (CAAI). In the second series of experiments following the same protocol (n = 12), ventricular contractility was assessed by measuring the left ventricular pressure. Results Ischemic LDVF led to greater CAAI (0.06 ± 0.02 at baseline vs 0.12 ± 0.02 post-LDVF, P < .01) and magnitude of dispersion of CAAI (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.09 ± 0.01, P < .01) in control hearts. In azumolene-treated hearts, no significant changes in CAAI (0.05 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.01, P = .84) and dispersion of CAAI (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.04 ± 0.01, P = .99) were noted following ischemic LDVF. Ischemic LDVF was associated with reduction in left ventricular developed pressure (100% vs 36.8% ± 6.1%, P = .002) and dP/dtmax (100% vs 45.3% ± 6.5%, P = .003) in control hearts, but these reductions were mitigated (left ventricular developed pressure: 100% vs 74.0% ± 8.1%, P = .052, dP/dtmax: 100% vs 80.8% ± 7.9%, P = .09) in azumolene-treated hearts. Conclusion Treatment with azumolene is associated with improvement of systolic Ca2+ release synchrony and myocardial contractility following ischemic LDVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Si
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Praloy Chakraborty
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammed Ali Azam
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Madhav Krishna Kumar Nair
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick F.H. Lai
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Zhou FQ. Pyruvate as a Potential Beneficial Anion in Resuscitation Fluids. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:905978. [PMID: 35991638 PMCID: PMC9382911 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.905978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been ongoing debates about resuscitation fluids because each of the current fluids has its own disadvantages. The debates essentially reflect an embarrassing clinical status quo that all fluids are not quite ideal in most clinical settings. Therefore, a novel fluid that overcomes the limitations of most fluids is necessary for most patients, particularly diabetic and older patients. Pyruvate is a natural potent antioxidant/nitrosative and anti-inflammatory agent. Exogenous pyruvate as an alkalizer can increase cellular hypoxia and anoxia tolerance with the preservation of classic glycolytic pathways and the reactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity to promote oxidative metabolism and reverse the Warburg effect, robustly preventing and treating hypoxic lactic acidosis, which is one of the fatal complications in critically ill patients. In animal studies and clinical reports, pyruvate has been shown to play a protective role in multi-organ functions, especially the heart, brain, kidney, and intestine, demonstrating a great potential to improve patient survival. Pyruvate-enriched fluids including crystalloids and colloids and oral rehydration solution (ORS) may be ideal due to the unique beneficial properties of pyruvate relative to anions in contemporary existing fluids, such as acetate, bicarbonate, chloride, citrate, lactate, and even malate. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that pyruvate-enriched saline is superior to 0.9% sodium chloride. Moreover, pyruvate-enriched Ringer’s solution is advantageous over lactated Ringer’s solution. Furthermore, pyruvate as a carrier in colloids, such as hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4, is more beneficial than its commercial counterparts. Similarly, pyruvate-enriched ORS is more favorable than WHO-ORS in organ protection and shock resuscitation. It is critical that pay attention first to improving abnormal saline with pyruvate for ICU patients. Many clinical trials with a high dose of intravenous or oral pyruvate were conducted over the past half century, and results indicated its effectiveness and safety in humans. The long-term instability of pyruvate aqueous solutions and para-pyruvate cytotoxicity is not a barrier to the pharmaceutical manufacturing of pyruvate-enriched fluids for ICU patients. Clinical trials with sodium pyruvate-enriched solutions are urgently warranted.
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Li H, Lin X, Yu L, Li J, Miao Z, Wei Y, Zeng J, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Huang R. Comprehensive characterization of the bacterial community structure and metabolite composition of food waste fermentation products via microbiome and metabolome analyses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264234. [PMID: 35290990 PMCID: PMC9048815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have characterized the microbial community and metabolite profile of solid food waste fermented products from centralized treatment facilities, which could potentially be processed into safe animal feeds. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were conducted to investigate the bacterial community structure and metabolite profile of food waste samples inoculated with or without 0.18% of a commercial bacterial agent consisting of multiple unknown strains and 2% of a laboratory-made bacterial agent consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida utilis. Our findings indicated that microbial inoculation increased the crude protein content of food waste while reducing the pH value, increasing lactic acid production, and enhancing aerobic stability. Microbial inoculation affected the community richness, community diversity, and the microbiota structure (the genera with abundances above 1.5% in the fermentation products included Lactobacillus (82.28%) and Leuconostoc (1.88%) in the uninoculated group, Lactobacillus (91.85%) and Acetobacter (2.01%) in the group inoculated with commercial bacterial agents, and Lactobacillus (37.11%) and Enterococcus (53.81%) in the group inoculated with homemade laboratory agents). Microbial inoculation reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In the metabolome, a total of 929 substances were detected, 853 by LC-MS and 76 by GC-MS. Our results indicated that inoculation increased the abundance of many beneficial metabolites and aroma-conferring substances but also increased the abundance of undesirable odors and some harmful compounds such as phenol. Correlation analyses suggested that Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Weissella would be promising candidates to improve the quality of fermentation products. Taken together, these results indicated that inoculation could improve food waste quality to some extent; however, additional studies are required to optimize the selection of inoculation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University,
Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lujun Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyu Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzheng Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Teng Lang Renewable Resource Development Co., Ltd, Shenzhen,
China
| | - Yongxue Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University,
Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong
Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
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Gao X, Gao YY, Yan HY, Liu GJ, Zhou Y, Tao T, Yue TT, Pang C, Chen XX, Gao S, Wu LY, Hang CH, Li W. PDK4 Decrease Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting ROS-ASK1/P38 Pathway in Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:505-524. [PMID: 34498942 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Metabolic disorders may play key roles in oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in response to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is related to oxidative stress in EBI, and its activity obviously decreases after SAH. We discovered that only pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) expression was obviously increased among the four PDK isozymes after SAH in preliminary experiments. Therefore, we attempted to investigate the effects and corresponding mechanisms of PDK4 on oxidative stress after SAH. Results: First, we confirmed that PDK4 overexpression promoted PDH phosphorylation, inhibited PDH activity, and changed cell metabolism after SAH. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PDK4, a lentiviral PDK4 overexpression vector, and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) were used to regulate the expression and activity of PDK4. The siRNA decreased PDH phosphorylation, promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/P38 pathway, and induced neuronal apoptosis. The lentivirus further attenuated PDH activity, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis. DCA inhibited the activity of PDK4, but increased the expression of PDK4 due to a feedback mechanism. Inactivated PDK4 did not effectively suppress PDH activity, which increased ROS production, activated the ASK1/P38 pathway, and led to neuronal apoptosis. Innovation: This study provides new insights into the potential antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of the PDK4-PDH axis on EBI after SAH. Conclusions: The early overexpression of PDK4 after SAH may attenuate neuronal apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress via the ROS/ASK1/P38 pathway. PDK4 may be a new potential therapeutic target to ameliorate EBI after SAH. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 505-524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Duarte IF, Caio J, Moedas MF, Rodrigues LA, Leandro AP, Rivera IA, Silva MFB. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, pyruvate oxidation, and acetylation-dependent mechanisms intersecting drug iatrogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7451-7468. [PMID: 34718827 PMCID: PMC11072406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In human metabolism, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is one of the most intricate and large multimeric protein systems representing a central hub for cellular homeostasis. The worldwide used antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) may potentially induce teratogenicity or a mild to severe hepatic toxicity, where the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This work aims to clarify the mechanisms that intersect VPA-related iatrogenic effects to PDC-associated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD; E3) activity. DLD is also a key enzyme of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase, and the glycine decarboxylase complexes. The molecular effects of VPA will be reviewed underlining the data that sustain a potential interaction with DLD. The drug-associated effects on lipoic acid-related complexes activity may induce alterations on the flux of metabolites through tricarboxylic acid cycle, branched-chain amino acid oxidation, glycine metabolism and other cellular acetyl-CoA-connected reactions. The biotransformation of VPA involves its complete β-oxidation in mitochondria causing an imbalance on energy homeostasis. The drug consequences as histone deacetylase inhibitor and thus gene expression modulator have also been recognized. The mitochondrial localization of PDC is unequivocal, but its presence and function in the nucleus were also demonstrated, generating acetyl-CoA, crucial for histone acetylation. Bridging metabolism and epigenetics, this review gathers the evidence of VPA-induced interference with DLD or PDC functions, mainly in animal and cellular models, and highlights the uncharted in human. The consequences of this interaction may have significant impact either in mitochondrial or in nuclear acetyl-CoA-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Duarte
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Caio
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F Moedas
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L A Rodrigues
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A P Leandro
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I A Rivera
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F B Silva
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Azam MA, Chakraborty P, Bokhari MM, Dadson K, Du B, Massé S, Si D, Niri A, Aggarwal AK, Lai PF, Riazi S, Billia F, Nanthakumar K. Cardioprotective effects of dantrolene in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. Heart Rhythm O2 2021; 2:733-741. [PMID: 34988524 PMCID: PMC8710625 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent, but its usage is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Intracellular calcium dysregulation has been reported to be involved in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM). The cardioprotective role of RyR stabilizer dantrolene (Dan) on the calcium dynamics of DICM has not yet been explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of dantrolene on intracellular calcium dysregulation and cardiac contractile function in a DICM model. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 4 groups: (1) Control, (2) Dox Only, (3) Dan Only, and (4) Dan + Dox. Fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were assessed by echocardiography. In addition, mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after doxorubicin injection for optical mapping of the heart in a Langendorff setup. RESULTS Treatment with Dox was associated with a reduction in both FS and LVEF at 2 weeks (P < .0001) and 4 weeks (P < .006). Dox treatment was also associated with prolongation of calcium transient durations CaTD50 (P = .0005) and CaTD80 (P < .0001) and reduction of calcium amplitude alternans ratio (P < .0001). Concomitant treatment with Dan prevented the Dox-induced decline in FS and LVEF (P < .002 at both 2 and 4 weeks). Dan also prevented Dox-induced prolongation of CaTD50 and CaTD80 and improved the CaT alternans ratio (P < .0001). Finally, calcium transient rise time was increased in the doxorubicin-treated group, indicating RyR2 dyssynchrony, and dantrolene prevented this prolongation (P = .02). CONCLUSION Dantrolene prevents cardiac contractile dysfunction following doxorubicin treatment by mitigating dysregulation of calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Azam
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Praloy Chakraborty
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M. Bokhari
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith Dadson
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Beibei Du
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daoyuan Si
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmed Niri
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjun K. Aggarwal
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick F.H. Lai
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Cooper BL, Gloschat C, Swift LM, Prudencio T, McCullough D, Jaimes R, Posnack NG. KairoSight: Open-Source Software for the Analysis of Cardiac Optical Data Collected From Multiple Species. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752940. [PMID: 34777017 PMCID: PMC8586513 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac optical mapping, also known as optocardiography, employs parameter-sensitive fluorescence dye(s) to image cardiac tissue and resolve the electrical and calcium oscillations that underly cardiac function. This technique is increasingly being used in conjunction with, or even as a replacement for, traditional electrocardiography. Over the last several decades, optical mapping has matured into a “gold standard” for cardiac research applications, yet the analysis of optical signals can be challenging. Despite the refinement of software tools and algorithms, significant programming expertise is often required to analyze large optical data sets, and data analysis can be laborious and time-consuming. To address this challenge, we developed an accessible, open-source software script that is untethered from any subscription-based programming language. The described software, written in python, is aptly named “KairoSight” in reference to the Greek word for “opportune time” (Kairos) and the ability to “see” voltage and calcium signals acquired from cardiac tissue. To demonstrate analysis features and highlight species differences, we employed experimental datasets collected from mammalian hearts (Langendorff-perfused rat, guinea pig, and swine) dyed with RH237 (transmembrane voltage) and Rhod-2, AM (intracellular calcium), as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) dyed with FluoVolt (membrane potential), and Fluo-4, AM (calcium indicator). We also demonstrate cardiac responsiveness to ryanodine (ryanodine receptor modulator) and isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) and highlight regional differences after an ablation injury. KairoSight can be employed by both basic and clinical scientists to analyze complex cardiac optical mapping datasets without requiring dedicated computer science expertise or proprietary software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chris Gloschat
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Luther M Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tomas Prudencio
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Damon McCullough
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nikki G Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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12
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Reilly M, Bruno CD, Prudencio TM, Ciccarelli N, Guerrelli D, Nair R, Ramadan M, Luban NLC, Posnack NG. Potential Consequences of the Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion on Cardiac Electrophysiology. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017748. [PMID: 33086931 PMCID: PMC7763412 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The red blood cell (RBC) storage lesion is a series of morphological, functional, and metabolic changes that RBCs undergo following collection, processing, and refrigerated storage for clinical use. Since the biochemical attributes of the RBC unit shifts with time, transfusion of older blood products may contribute to cardiac complications, including hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. We measured the direct effect of storage age on cardiac electrophysiology and compared it with hyperkalemia, a prominent biomarker of storage lesion severity. Methods and Results Donor RBCs were processed using standard blood-banking techniques. The supernatant was collected from RBC units, 7 to 50 days after donor collection, for evaluation using Langendorff-heart preparations (rat) or human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiac parameters remained stable following exposure to "fresh" supernatant from red blood cell units (day 7: 5.8±0.2 mM K+), but older blood products (day 40: 9.3±0.3 mM K+) caused bradycardia (baseline: 279±5 versus day 40: 216±18 beats per minute), delayed sinus node recovery (baseline: 243±8 versus day 40: 354±23 ms), and increased the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node (baseline: 77±2 versus day 40: 93±7 ms) and ventricle (baseline: 50±3 versus day 40: 98±10 ms) in perfused hearts. Beating rate was also slowed in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes after exposure to older supernatant from red blood cell units (-75±9%, day 40 versus control). Similar effects on automaticity and electrical conduction were observed with hyperkalemia (10-12 mM K+). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that "older" blood products directly impact cardiac electrophysiology, using experimental models. These effects are likely caused by biochemical alterations in the supernatant from red blood cell units that occur over time, including, but not limited to hyperkalemia. Patients receiving large volume and/or rapid transfusions may be sensitive to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Reilly
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Chantal D. Bruno
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Division of Critical Care MedicineChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Tomas M. Prudencio
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Nina Ciccarelli
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Devon Guerrelli
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Raj Nair
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
| | - Naomi L. C. Luban
- Division of Hematology and Laboratory MedicineChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Department of PediatricsGeorge Washington UniversitySchool of MedicineWashingtonDC
- Department of PathologyGeorge Washington UniversitySchool of MedicineWashingtonDC
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical InnovationChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Children’s National Heart InstituteChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDC
- Department of PediatricsGeorge Washington UniversitySchool of MedicineWashingtonDC
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorge Washington UniversitySchool of MedicineWashingtonDC
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13
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Dyavanapalli J, Rodriguez J, Rocha Dos Santos C, Escobar JB, Dwyer MK, Schloen J, Lee KM, Wolaver W, Wang X, Dergacheva O, Michelini LC, Schunke KJ, Spurney CF, Kay MW, Mendelowitz D. Activation of Oxytocin Neurons Improves Cardiac Function in a Pressure-Overload Model of Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:484-497. [PMID: 32478209 PMCID: PMC7251188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic OXT neurons were chronically activated using a chemogenetic approach in an animal model of HF. Synaptic release of OXT onto parasympathetic autonomic targets was reduced in animals with HF but restored with daily treatment consisting of activation of OXT neurons. Long-term daily OXT neuron activation increased parasympathetic activity to the heart and reduced mortality, cardiac inflammation, and fibrosis and improved critical longitudinal in vivo indices of cardiac function. The benefits in cardiac function and autonomic balance in HF closely tracked the study-designed differences in initiation of OXT neuron activation in different groups.
This work shows long-term restoration of the hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) network preserves OXT release, reduces mortality, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and improves autonomic tone and cardiac function in a model of heart failure. Intranasal administration of OXT in patients mimics the short-term changes seen in animals by increasing parasympathetic—and decreasing sympathetic—cardiac activity. This work provides the essential translational foundation to determine if approaches that mimic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) OXT neuron activation, such as safe, noninvasive, and well-tolerated intranasal administration of OXT, can be beneficial in patients with heart failure.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CNO, clozapine-N-oxide
- CVN, cardiac vagal neuron
- ChR2, channelrhodopsin
- DMNX, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
- DREADD, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- LV, left ventricle
- LVDP, left ventricle- developed pressure
- OXT, oxytocin
- PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
- SD, standard deviation
- TAC, transascending aortic constriction
- heart failure
- oxytocin
- parasympathetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Dyavanapalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jeannette Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Joan B Escobar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Mary Kate Dwyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - John Schloen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Whitney Wolaver
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Kathryn J Schunke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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14
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Zhang XM, Deng H, Tong JD, Wang YZ, Ning XC, Yang XH, Zhou FQ, Jin HM. Pyruvate-Enriched Oral Rehydration Solution Improves Glucometabolic Disorders in the Kidneys of Diabetic db/db Mice. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:2817972. [PMID: 33062708 PMCID: PMC7533008 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2817972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is prevalent worldwide, but ideally intensive therapeutic strategy in clinical diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still lack. Pyruvate is protective from glucometabolic disturbances and kidney dysfunction in various pathogenic insults. Present studies focused on oral pyruvate effects on diabetes status and DN with 0.35% pyruvate in pyruvate-enriched oral rehydration solution (Pyr-ORS) and 1% pyruvate as drinking water for 8 weeks, using the model of diabetic db/db mice. Both Pyr-ORS and 1% pyruvate showed comparable therapeutic effectiveness with controls of body weight and blood sugar, increases of blood insulin levels, and improvement of renal function and pathological changes. Aberrant key enzyme activities in glucometabolic pathways, AR, PK, and PDK/PDH, were also restored; indexes of oxidative stress and inflammation, NAD+/NADH ratio, and AGEs in the kidneys were mostly significantly preserved after pyruvate treatments. We concluded that oral pyruvate delayed DN progression in db/db mice and the modified Pyr-ORS formula might be an ideal novel therapeutic drink in clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Dong Tong
- Division of Vascular surgery, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Chao Ning
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu Hong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiang Zhou
- Shanghai Sandai Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Min Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
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15
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Jaimes R, McCullough D, Siegel B, Swift L, Hiebert J, Mclnerney D, Posnack NG. Lights, camera, path splitter: a new approach for truly simultaneous dual optical mapping of the heart with a single camera. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1. [PMID: 31768502 PMCID: PMC6876868 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Optical mapping of transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium is a powerful tool for investigating cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. However, simultaneous dual mapping of two fluorescent probes remains technically challenging. We introduce a novel, easy-to-use approach that requires a path splitter, single camera and excitation light to simultaneously acquire voltage and calcium signals from whole heart preparations, which can be applied to other physiological models – including neurons and isolated cardiomyocytes. Results Complementary probes were selected that could be excited with a single wavelength light source. Langendorff-perfused hearts (rat, swine) were stained and imaged using a sCMOS camera outfitted with an optical path splitter to simultaneously acquire two emission fields at high spatial and temporal resolution. Voltage (RH237) and calcium (Rhod2) signals were acquired concurrently on a single sensor, resulting in two 384 × 256 images at 814 frames per second. At this frame rate, the signal-to-noise ratio was 47 (RH237) and 85 (Rhod2). Imaging experiments were performed on small rodent hearts, as well as larger pig hearts with sufficient optical signals. In separate experiments, each dye was used independently to assess crosstalk and demonstrate signal specificity. Additionally, the effect of ryanodine on myocardial calcium transients was validated – with no measurable effect on the amplitude of optical action potentials. To demonstrate spatial resolution, ventricular tachycardia was induced –resulting in the novel finding that spatially discordant calcium alternans can be present in different regions of the heart, even when electrical alternans remain concordant. The described system excels in providing a wide field of view and high spatiotemporal resolution for a variety of cardiac preparations. Conclusions We report the first multiparametric mapping system that simultaneously acquires calcium and voltage signals from cardiac preparations, using a path splitter, single camera and excitation light. This approach eliminates the need for multiple cameras, excitation light patterning or frame interleaving. These features can aid in the adoption of dual mapping technology by the broader cardiovascular research community, and decrease the barrier of entry into panoramic heart imaging, as it reduces the number of required cameras. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s42490-019-0024-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute: Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Damon McCullough
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Bryan Siegel
- Children's National Heart Institute: Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Luther Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute: Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - James Hiebert
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Daniel Mclnerney
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation: Children's National Health System, 6th floor, M7708, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute: Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences: George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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16
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Jaimes R, McCullough D, Siegel B, Swift L, McInerney D, Hiebert J, Perez-Alday EA, Trenor B, Sheng J, Saiz J, Tereshchenko LG, Posnack NG. Plasticizer Interaction With the Heart: Chemicals Used in Plastic Medical Devices Can Interfere With Cardiac Electrophysiology. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007294. [PMID: 31248280 PMCID: PMC6693678 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are used as plasticizers in the manufacturing of flexible, plastic medical products. Patients can be subjected to high phthalate exposure through contact with plastic medical devices. We aimed to investigate the cardiac safety and biocompatibility of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), a phthalate with documented exposure in intensive care patients. METHODS Optical mapping of transmembrane voltage and pacing studies were performed on isolated, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts to assess cardiac electrophysiology after MEHP exposure compared with controls. MEHP dose was chosen based on reported blood concentrations after an exchange transfusion procedure. RESULTS Thirty-minute exposure to MEHP increased the atrioventricular node (147 versus 107 ms) and ventricular (117 versus 77.5 ms) effective refractory periods, compared with controls. Optical mapping revealed prolonged action potential duration at slower pacing cycle lengths, akin to reverse use dependence. The plateau phase of the action potential duration restitution curve steepened and became monophasic in MEHP-exposed hearts (0.18 versus 0.06 slope). Action potential duration lengthening occurred during late-phase repolarization resulting in triangulation (70.3 versus 56.6 ms). MEHP exposure also slowed epicardial conduction velocity (35 versus 60 cm/s), which may be partly explained by inhibition of Nav1.5 (874 and 231 µmol/L half-maximal inhibitory concentration, fast and late sodium current). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the impact of acute MEHP exposure, using a clinically relevant dose, on cardiac electrophysiology in the intact heart. Heightened clinical exposure to plasticized medical products may have cardiac safety implications-given that action potential triangulation and electrical restitution modifications are a risk factor for early after depolarizations and cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC.,Children's National Heart Institute (R.J., B.S., L.S., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Damon McCullough
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Bryan Siegel
- Children's National Heart Institute (R.J., B.S., L.S., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Luther Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC.,Children's National Heart Institute (R.J., B.S., L.S., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Daniel McInerney
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - James Hiebert
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Erick A Perez-Alday
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (E.A.P.-A., L.G.T.)
| | - Beatriz Trenor
- Ci2B-Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain (B.T., F.J.S.R.)
| | | | - Javier Saiz
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC
| | - Larisa G Tereshchenko
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (E.A.P.-A., L.G.T.)
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (R.J., D. McCullough, L.S., D. McInerney, J.H., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC.,Children's National Heart Institute (R.J., B.S., L.S., N.G.P.), Children's National Health System, Washington DC.,Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences: George Washington University, Washington DC (N.G.P.)
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17
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Protein Changes in Response to Lead Stress of Lead-Tolerant and Lead-Sensitive Industrial Hemp Using SWATH Technology. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050396. [PMID: 31121980 PMCID: PMC6562531 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp is a Pb-tolerant and Pb-accumulating plant and the study of its tolerance mechanisms could facilitate the breeding of hemp with enhanced Pb tolerance and accumulation. In the present study, we took advantage of sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) technology to study the difference in proteomics between the leaves of Pb-tolerant seed-type hemp variety Bamahuoma (BM) and the Pb-sensitive fiber-type hemp variety Yunma 1 (Y1) under Pb stress (3 g/kg soil). A total of 63 and 372 proteins differentially expressed under Pb stress relative to control conditions were identified with liquid chromatography electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in BM and Y1, respectively; with each of these proteins being classified into 14 categories. Hemp adapted to Pb stress by: accelerating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism; enhancing respiration, light absorption and light energy transfer; promoting assimilation of intercellular nitrogen (N) and carbon (C); eliminating reactive oxygen species; regulating stomatal development and closure; improving exchange of water and CO2 in leaves; promoting intercellular transport; preventing aggregation of unfolded proteins; degrading misfolded proteins; and increasing the transmembrane transport of ATP in chloroplasts. Our results provide an important reference protein and gene information for future molecular studies into the resistance and accumulation of Pb in hemp.
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O'Shea C, Holmes AP, Yu TY, Winter J, Wells SP, Correia J, Boukens BJ, De Groot JR, Chu GS, Li X, Ng GA, Kirchhof P, Fabritz L, Rajpoot K, Pavlovic D. ElectroMap: High-throughput open-source software for analysis and mapping of cardiac electrophysiology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1389. [PMID: 30718782 PMCID: PMC6362081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to record and analyse electrical behaviour across the heart using optical and electrode mapping has revolutionised cardiac research. However, wider uptake of these technologies is constrained by the lack of multi-functional and robustly characterised analysis and mapping software. We present ElectroMap, an adaptable, high-throughput, open-source software for processing, analysis and mapping of complex electrophysiology datasets from diverse experimental models and acquisition modalities. Key innovation is development of standalone module for quantification of conduction velocity, employing multiple methodologies, currently not widely available to researchers. ElectroMap has also been designed to support multiple methodologies for accurate calculation of activation, repolarisation, arrhythmia detection, calcium handling and beat-to-beat heterogeneity. ElectroMap implements automated signal segmentation, ensemble averaging and integrates optogenetic approaches. Here we employ ElectroMap for analysis, mapping and detection of pro-arrhythmic phenomena in silico, in cellulo, animal model and in vivo patient datasets. We anticipate that ElectroMap will accelerate innovative cardiac research and enhance the uptake, application and interpretation of mapping technologies leading to novel approaches for arrhythmia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O'Shea
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Physical Sciences for Health, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ting Y Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Winter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon P Wells
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joao Correia
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris R De Groot
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin S Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G Andre Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cardiology, UHB NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cardiology, UHB NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kashif Rajpoot
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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19
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Wang Y, Christopher BA, Wilson KA, Muoio D, McGarrah RW, Brunengraber H, Zhang GF. Propionate-induced changes in cardiac metabolism, notably CoA trapping, are not altered by l-carnitine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E622-E633. [PMID: 30016154 PMCID: PMC6230704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of propionate and its metabolites are found in several diseases that are often associated with the development of cardiac dysfunction, such as obesity, diabetes, propionic acidemia, and methylmalonic acidemia. In the present work, we employed a stable isotope-based metabolic flux approach to understand propionate-mediated perturbation of cardiac energy metabolism. Propionate led to accumulation of propionyl-CoA (increased by ~101-fold) and methylmalonyl-CoA (increased by 36-fold). This accumulation caused significant mitochondrial CoA trapping and inhibited fatty acid oxidation. The reduced energy contribution from fatty acid oxidation was associated with increased glucose oxidation. The enhanced anaplerosis of propionate and CoA trapping altered the pool sizes of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites. In addition to being an anaplerotic substrate, the accumulation of proprionate-derived malate increased the recycling of malate to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA, which can enter the TCA for energy production. Supplementation of 3 mM l-carnitine did not relieve CoA trapping and did not reverse the propionate-mediated fuel switch. This is due to new findings that the heart appears to lack the specific enzyme catalyzing the conversion of short-chain (C3 and C4) dicarboxylyl-CoAs to dicarboxylylcarnitines. The discovery of this work warrants further investigation on the relevance of dicarboxylylcarnitines, especially C3 and C4 dicarboxylylcarnitines, in cardiac conditions such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bridgette A Christopher
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kirkland A Wilson
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deborah Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Garrott K, Dyavanapalli J, Cauley E, Dwyer MK, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Wang X, Mendelowitz D, Kay MW. Chronic activation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons improves cardiac function during left ventricular hypertrophy-induced heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1318-1328. [PMID: 28472396 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims A distinctive hallmark of heart failure (HF) is autonomic imbalance, consisting of increased sympathetic activity, and decreased parasympathetic tone. Recent work suggests that activation of hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) neurons could improve autonomic balance during HF. We hypothesized that a novel method of chronic selective activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons will improve cardiac function and reduce inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of HF. Methods and results Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trans-ascending aortic constriction (TAC) to induce left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy that progresses to HF. In one TAC group, OXT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were chronically activated by selective expression and activation of excitatory DREADDs receptors with daily injections of clozapine N-oxide (CNO) (TAC + OXT). Two additional age-matched groups received either saline injections (Control) or CNO injections for excitatory DREADDs activation (OXT NORM). Heart rate (HR), LV developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary flow rate were measured in isolated heart experiments. Isoproterenol (0.01 nM-1.0 µM) was administered to evaluate β-adrenergic sensitivity. We found that increases in cellular hypertrophy and myocardial collagen density in TAC were blunted in TAC + OXT animals. Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β expression was more than twice higher in TAC than all other hearts. LVDP, rate pressure product (RPP), contractility, and relaxation were depressed in TAC compared with all other groups. The response of TAC and TAC + OXT hearts to isoproterenol was blunted, with no significant increase in RPP, contractility, or relaxation. However, HR in TAC + OXT animals increased to match Control at higher doses of isoproterenol. Conclusions Activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons to elevate parasympathetic tone reduced cellular hypertrophy, levels of IL-1β, and fibrosis during TAC-induced HF in rats. Cardiac contractility parameters were significantly higher in TAC + OXT compared with TAC animals. HR sensitivity, but not contractile sensitivity, to β-adrenergic stimulation was improved in TAC + OXT hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Garrott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jhansi Dyavanapalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Edmund Cauley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mary Kate Dwyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Kuzmiak-Glancy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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21
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Ramadan M, Sherman M, Jaimes R, Chaluvadi A, Swift L, Posnack NG. Disruption of neonatal cardiomyocyte physiology following exposure to bisphenol-a. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7356. [PMID: 29743542 PMCID: PMC5943481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol chemicals are commonly used in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, polyvinyl chloride plastics, resins, and thermal printing applications. Humans are inadvertently exposed to bisphenols through contact with consumer products and/or medical devices. Recent reports have shown a link between bisphenol-a (BPA) exposure and adverse cardiovascular outcomes; although these studies have been limited to adult subjects and models. Since cardiac physiology differs significantly between the developing and adult heart, we aimed to assess the impact of BPA exposure on cardiac function, using a neonatal cardiomyocyte model. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were monitored to assess cell viability, spontaneous beating rate, beat rate variability, and calcium-handling parameters in the presence of control or bisphenol-supplemented media. A range of doses were tested to mimic environmental exposure (10-9-10-8M), maximum clinical exposure (10-5M), and supraphysiological exposure levels (10-4M). Acute BPA exposure altered cardiomyocyte functionality, resulting in a slowed spontaneous beating rate and increased beat rate variability. BPA exposure also impaired intracellular calcium handling, resulting in diminished calcium transient amplitudes, prolonged calcium transient upstroke and duration time. Alterations in calcium handling also increased the propensity for alternans and skipped beats. Notably, the effect of BPA-treatment on calcium handling was partially reversible. Our data suggest that acute BPA exposure could precipitate secondary adverse effects on contractile performance and/or electrical alternans, both of which are dependent on intracellular calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Meredith Sherman
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Ashika Chaluvadi
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Luther Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA.
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, USA.
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22
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Yang J, Zhou FQ, Zhao L, Zhou H. Pyruvate is a prospective alkalizer to correct hypoxic lactic acidosis. Mil Med Res 2018; 5:13. [PMID: 29695298 PMCID: PMC5918562 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-018-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type A lactic acidosis resulted from hypoxic mitochondrial dysfunction is an independent predictor of mortality for critically ill patients. However, current therapeutic agents are still in shortage and can even be harmful. This paper reviewed data regarding lactic acidosis treatment and recommended that pyruvate might be a potential alkalizer to correct type A lactic acidosis in future clinical practice. Pyruvate is a key energy metabolic substrate and a pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activator with several unique beneficial biological properties, including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to activate the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) - erythropoietin (EPO) signal pathway. Pyruvate preserves glucose metabolism and cellular energetics better than bicarbonate, lactate, acetate and malate in the efficient correction of hypoxic lactic acidosis and shows few side effects. Therefore, application of pyruvate may be promising and safe as a novel therapeutic strategy in hypoxic lactic acidosis correction accompanied with multi-organ protection in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.,Department of Transfusion, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572013, Hainan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Fang-Qiang Zhou
- Fresenius Dialysis Centers at Chicago, Rolling Meadows Facility, Chicago, IL, 60008, USA.,Shanghai Sandai Pharmaceutical R&D Co, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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23
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Wang ZY, Liu YY, Liu GH, Lu HB, Mao CY. l-Carnitine and heart disease. Life Sci 2017; 194:88-97. [PMID: 29241711 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a key cause of deaths worldwide, comprising 15-17% of healthcare expenditure in developed countries. Current records estimate an annual global average of 30 million cardiac dysfunction cases, with a predicted escalation by two-three folds for the next 20-30years. Although β-blockers and angiotensin-converting-enzymes are commonly prescribed to control CVD risk, hepatotoxicity and hematological changes are frequent adverse events associated with these drugs. Search for alternatives identified endogenous cofactor l-carnitine, which is capable of promoting mitochondrial β-oxidation towards a balanced cardiac energy metabolism. l-Carnitine facilitates transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, triggering cardioprotective effects through reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and necrosis of cardiac myocytes. Additionally, l-carnitine regulates calcium influx, endothelial integrity, intracellular enzyme release and membrane phospholipid content for sustained cellular homeostasis. Carnitine depletion, characterized by reduced expression of "organic cation transporter-2" gene, is a metabolic and autosomal recessive disorder that also frequently associates with CVD. Hence, exogenous carnitine administration through dietary and intravenous routes serves as a suitable protective strategy against ventricular dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac arrhythmia and toxic myocardial injury that prominently mark CVD. Additionally, carnitine reduces hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity, etc. that enhance cardiovascular pathology. These favorable effects of l-carnitine have been evident in infants, juvenile, young, adult and aged patients of sudden and chronic heart failure as well. This review describes the mechanism of action, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine. It specifically emphasizes upon the beneficial role of l-carnitine in cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ying-Yi Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Guo-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hai-Bin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Cui-Ying Mao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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24
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Oren T, Nimri L, Yehuda-Shnaidman E, Staikin K, Hadar Y, Friedler A, Amartely H, Slutzki M, Pizio AD, Niv MY, Peri I, Graeve L, Schwartz B. Recombinant ostreolysin induces brown fat-like phenotype in HIB-1B cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28464422 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main regulator of thermogenesis by increasing energy expenditure through the uncoupling of oxidative metabolism from ATP synthesis. There is a growing body of evidence for BAT being the key responsible organ in combating obesity and its related disorders. Herein we propose the fungal protein ostreolysin (Oly), which has been previously shown to bind to cholesterol-enriched raft-like membrane domains (lipid rafts) of mammalian cells, as a suitable candidate for interaction with brown preadipocytes. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize the mechanism by which a recombinant version of ostreolysin (rOly) induces brown adipocyte differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary isolated brown preadipocytes or HIB-1B brown preadipocyte cells were treated with rOly and the effects on morphology, lipid accumulation, respiration rate, and associated gene and protein expression were measured. rOly upregulated mRNA and protein levels of factors related to brown adipocyte differentiation, induced lipid droplet formation, and increased cellular respiration rate due to expression of uncoupling protein 1. rOly also upregulated β-tubulin expression, and therefore microtubules might be involved in its mechanism of action. CONCLUSION rOly promotes brown adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a new mechanism for rOly's contribution to the battle against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Oren
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lili Nimri
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katy Staikin
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Amartely
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Slutzki
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irena Peri
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lutz Graeve
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Betty Schwartz
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Moreno A, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Jaimes R, Kay MW. Enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery of NADH after photobleaching to assess dehydrogenase activity of isolated perfused hearts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45744. [PMID: 28361886 PMCID: PMC5374639 DOI: 10.1038/srep45744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction of NAD+ by dehydrogenase enzymes to form NADH is a key component of cellular metabolism. In cellular preparations and isolated mitochondria suspensions, enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (ED-FRAP) of NADH has been shown to be an effective approach for measuring the rate of NADH production to assess dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Our objective was to demonstrate how dehydrogenase activity could be assessed within the myocardium of perfused hearts using NADH ED-FRAP. This was accomplished using a combination of high intensity UV pulses to photobleach epicardial NADH. Replenishment of epicardial NADH fluorescence was then imaged using low intensity UV illumination. NADH ED-FRAP parameters were optimized to deliver 23.8 mJ of photobleaching light energy at a pulse width of 6 msec and a duty cycle of 50%. These parameters provided repeatable measurements of NADH production rate during multiple metabolic perturbations, including changes in perfusate temperature, electromechanical uncoupling, and acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. NADH production rate was significantly higher in every perturbation where the energy demand was either higher or uncompromised. We also found that NADH production rate remained significantly impaired after 10 min of reperfusion after global ischemia. Overall, our results indicate that myocardial NADH ED-FRAP is a useful optical non-destructive approach for assessing dehydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Kuzmiak-Glancy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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26
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Umar ZD, Aziz NAA, Zulkifli SZ, Mustafa M. Rapid biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using effective Cronobacter sakazakii MM045 (KT933253). MethodsX 2017; 4:104-117. [PMID: 28280689 PMCID: PMC5333512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complex and widely distributed environmental pollutants that can affect living ecosystems. This study was conducted to rapidly degrade phenanthrene and pyrene representing low and high molecular weight of PAHs, respectively. Cronobacter sakazakii MM045 (KT933253) was identified from used engine oil of contaminated soil. PAHs biodegradation was carried out using 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) assay. Biodegradation influencing factors including agitation, temperature, pH, inoculums volume and salinity were enhanced using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by Central Composite Design (CCD). Phenanthrene and pyrene biodegrading metabolites were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer (GCMS). Initial biodegradation indicated 75.2% and 54.3% phenanthrene and pyrene degraded by C. sakazakii MM045 within 24 h. After CCD optimisation, 100% degradation was achieved for each of the phenanthrene and pyrene, resulting in the formation of intermediate metabolites. The identified phenanthrene metabolites were 3,4-dihydroxyphenathrene, phthalic acid, pyruvic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid. Pyrene intermediates comprised pyrene cis-4,5-dihydrodiol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene, phthalic acid, pyruvic acid, acetic acid and lactic acid. Cronbacter sakazakii MM045 was proven to be rapid and effective in degrading PAHs within 24 h despite the unavailability of existing literatures on PAHs biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubairu Darma Umar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina State, Nigeria
| | - Nor Azwady Abd Aziz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muskhazli Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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Kang J, Ge C, Yu L, Li L, Ma H. Long-Term Administration of Dehydroepiandrosterone Accelerates Glucose Catabolism via Activation of PI3K/Akt-PFK-2 Signaling Pathway in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159077. [PMID: 27410429 PMCID: PMC4943648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has a fat-reducing effect, while little information is available on whether DHEA regulates glucose metabolism, which would in turn affect fat deposition. To investigate the effects of DHEA on glucose metabolism, rats were administered a high-fat diet containing either 0 (HCG), 25 (HLG), 50 (HMG), or 100 (HHG) mg·kg-1 DHEA per day via gavage for 8 weeks. Results showed that long-term administration of DHEA inhibited body weight gain in rats on a high-fat diet. No statistical differences in serum glucose levels were observed, whereas hepatic glycogen content in HMG and HHG groups and muscle glycogen content in HLG and HMG groups were higher than those in HCG group. Glucokinase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase-2 activities in HMG and HHG groups, pyruvate kinase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in HMG group, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in all DHEA treatment groups were increased compared with those in HCG group. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glycogen phosphorylase mRNA levels were decreased in HMG and HHG groups, whereas glycogen synthase-2 mRNA level was increased in HMG group compared with those in HCG. The abundance of Glut2 mRNA in HMG and HHG groups and Glut4 mRNA in HMG group was higher than that in HCG group. DHEA treatment increased serum leptin content in HMG and HHG groups compared with that in HCG group. Serum insulin content and insulin receptor mRNA level in HMG group and insulin receptor substrate-2 mRNA level in HMG and HHG group were increased compared with those in HCG group. Furthermore, Pi3k mRNA level in HMG and Akt mRNA level in HMG and HHG groups were significantly increased than those in HCG group. These data showed that DHEA treatment could enhance glycogen storage and accelerate glucose catabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet, and this effect may be associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt-PFK-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chongyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Jaimes R, Walton RD, Pasdois P, Bernus O, Efimov IR, Kay MW. A technical review of optical mapping of intracellular calcium within myocardial tissue. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1388-401. [PMID: 27016580 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00665.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Optical mapping of Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescence probes has become an extremely useful approach and adopted by many cardiovascular research laboratories to study a spectrum of myocardial physiology and disease conditions. Optical mapping data are often displayed as detailed pseudocolor images, providing unique insight for interpreting mechanisms of ectopic activity, action potential and Ca(2+) transient alternans, tachycardia, and fibrillation. Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent probes and optical mapping systems continue to evolve in the ongoing effort to improve therapies that ease the growing worldwide burden of cardiovascular disease. In this technical review we provide an updated overview of conventional approaches for optical mapping of Cai (2+) within intact myocardium. In doing so, a brief history of Cai (2+) probes is provided, and nonratiometric and ratiometric Ca(2+) probes are discussed, including probes for imaging sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) and probes compatible with potentiometric dyes for dual optical mapping. Typical measurements derived from optical Cai (2+) signals are explained, and the analytics used to compute them are presented. Last, recent studies using Cai (2+) optical mapping to study arrhythmias, heart failure, and metabolic perturbations are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jaimes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Richard D Walton
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Pasdois
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Bernus
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia; L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia;
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