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Concepcion JT, Kaundun SS, Morris JA, Brandenburg AN, Riechers DE. Metabolism of the 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitor, Mesotrione, in Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5595-5608. [PMID: 38446412 PMCID: PMC10959109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to the maize-selective, HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, mesotrione, occurs via Phase I ring hydroxylation in resistant waterhemp and Palmer amaranth; however, mesotrione detoxification pathways post-Phase I are unknown. This research aims to (1) evaluate Palmer amaranth populations for mesotrione resistance via survivorship, foliar injury, and aboveground biomass, (2) determine mesotrione metabolism rates in Palmer amaranth populations during a time course, and (3) identify mesotrione metabolites including and beyond Phase I oxidation. The Palmer amaranth populations, SYNR1 and SYNR2, exhibited higher survival rates (100%), aboveground biomass (c.a. 50%), and lower injury (25-30%) following mesotrione treatment than other populations studied. These two populations also metabolized mesotrione 2-fold faster than sensitive populations, PPI1 and PPI2, and rapidly formed 4-OH-mesotrione. Additionally, SYNR1 and SYNR2 formed 5-OH-mesotrione, which is not produced in high abundance in waterhemp or naturally tolerant maize. Metabolite features derived from 4/5-OH-mesotrione and potential Phase II mesotrione-conjugates were detected and characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv S. Kaundun
- Herbicide
Bioscience, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill
International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - James A. Morris
- Herbicide
Bioscience, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill
International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - Autumn N. Brandenburg
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Xiao H, Mei LC, Lin HY, Chen Z, Yu XH, Yang J, Tong Q, Yang GF. Expression, purification, and characterization of transmembrane protein homogentisate solanesyltransferase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:256. [PMID: 38451307 PMCID: PMC10920428 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Homogentisate solanesyltransferase (HST) is a crucial enzyme in the plastoquinone biosynthetic pathway and has recently emerged as a promising target for herbicides. In this study, we successfully expressed and purified a stable and highly pure form of seven times transmembrane protein Chlamydomonas reinhardtii HST (CrHST). The final yield of CrHST protein obtained was 12.2 mg per liter of M9 medium. We evaluated the inhibitory effect on CrHST using Des-Morpholinocarbony Cyclopyrimorate (DMC) and found its IC50 value to be 3.63 ± 0.53 μM, indicating significant inhibitory potential. Additionally, we investigated the substrate affinity of CrHST with two substrates, determining the Km values as 22.76 ± 1.70 μM for FPP and 48.54 ± 3.89 μM for HGA. Through sequence alignment analyses and three-dimensional structure predictions, we identified conserved amino acid residues forming the active cavity in the enzyme. The results from molecular docking and binding energy calculations indicate that DMC has a greater binding affinity with HST compared to HGA. These findings represent substantial progress in understanding CrHST's properties and potential for herbicide development. KEY POINTS: • First high-yield transmembrane CrHST protein via E. coli system • Preliminarily identified active cavity composition via activity testing • Determined substrate and inhibitor modes via molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Can Mei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-He Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Tong
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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An T, Feng X, Li C. Prenylation: A Critical Step for Biomanufacturing of Prenylated Aromatic Natural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2211-2233. [PMID: 36716399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated aromatic natural products (PANPs) have received much attention due to their biomedical benefits for human health. The prenylation of aromatic natural products (ANPs), which is mainly catalyzed by aromatic prenyltransferases (aPTs), contributes significantly to their structural and functional diversity by providing higher lipophilicity and enhanced bioactivity. aPTs are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants and play a key role in the regiospecific prenylation of ANPs. Recent studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the characteristics and application of aPTs. In this review, we comment on research progress regarding sources, evolutionary relationships, structural features, reaction mechanism, engineering modification, and application of aPTs. Particular emphasis is also placed on recent advances, challenges, and prospects about applications of aPTs in microbial cell factories for producing PANPs. Generally, this review could provide guidance for using aPTs as robust biocatalytic tools to produce various PANPs with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting An
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sun M, Cai M, Zeng Q, Han Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xie Q, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Chen T. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of UBiA Family Genes Associated with Abiotic Stress in Sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031883. [PMID: 36768207 PMCID: PMC9916351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The UBiA genes encode a large class of isopentenyltransferases, which are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as chlorophyll and vitamin E. They performed important functions in the whole plant's growth and development. Current studies on UBiA genes were not comprehensive enough, especially for sunflower UBiA genes. In this study, 10 HaUBiAs were identified by domain analysis these HaUBiAs had five major conserved domains and were unevenly distributed on six chromosomes. By constructing phylogenetic trees, 119 UBiA genes were found in 12 species with different evolutionary levels and divided into five major groups, which contained seven conserved motifs and eight UBiA subsuper family domains. Tissue expression analysis showed that HaUBiAs were highly expressed in the roots, leaves, and seeds. By using promoter analysis, the cis-elements of UBiA genes were mainly in hormone signaling and stress responses. The qRT-PCR results showed that HaUBiA1 and HaUBiA5 responded strongly to abiotic stresses. Under ABA and MeJA treatments, HaUBiA1 significantly upregulated, while HaUBiA5 significantly decreased. Under cold stress, the expression of UBiA1 was significantly upregulated in the roots and stems, while UBiA5 expression was increased only in the leaves. Under anaerobic induction, UBiA1 and UBiA5 were both upregulated in the roots, stems and leaves. In summary, this study systematically classified the UBiA family and identified two abiotic stress candidate genes in the sunflower. It expands the understanding of the UBiA family and provides a theoretical basis for future abiotic stress studies in sunflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Maohong Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qinzong Zeng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuliang Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qinyu Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Youheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Youling Zeng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.C.)
| | - Tao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.C.)
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Niu Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Li Y, Wang X, Bao Y. Vitamin E synthesis and response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994058. [PMID: 36186013 PMCID: PMC9515888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E, also known as tocochromanol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that can only be produced by photosynthetic organisms in nature. Vitamin E is not only essential in human diets, but also required for plant environment adaptions. To synthesize vitamin E, specific prenyl groups needs to be incorporated with homogentisate as the first step of reaction. After decades of studies, an almost complete roadmap has been revealed for tocochromanol biosynthesis pathway. However, chlorophyll-derived prenyl precursors for synthesizing tocochromanols are still a mystery. In recent years, by employing forward genetic screening and genome-wide-association approaches, significant achievements were acquired in studying vitamin E. In this review, by summarizing the recent progresses in vitamin E, we provide to date the most updated whole view of vitamin E biosynthesis pathway. Also, we discussed about the role of vitamin E in plants stress response and its potential as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Burgos E, Belen De Luca M, Diouf I, de Haro LA, Albert E, Sauvage C, Tao ZJ, Bermudez L, Asís R, Nesi AN, Matringe M, Bréhélin C, Guiraud T, Ferrand C, Atienza I, Jorly J, Mauxion JP, Baldet P, Fernie AR, Quadrana L, Rothan C, Causse M, Carrari F. Validated MAGIC and GWAS population mapping reveals the link between vitamin E content and natural variation in chorismate metabolism in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:907-923. [PMID: 33179365 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocochromanols constitute the different forms of vitamin E (VTE), essential components of the human diet, and display a high membrane protectant activity. By combining interval mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we unveiled the genetic determinants of tocochromanol accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. To enhance the nutritional value of this highly consumed vegetable, we dissected the natural intraspecific variability of tocochromanols in tomato fruits and genetically engineered their biosynthetic pathway. These analyses allowed the identification of a total of 25 quantitative trait loci interspersed across the genome pinpointing the chorismate-tyrosine pathway as a regulatory hub controlling the supply of the aromatic head group for tocochromanol biosynthesis. To validate the link between the chorismate-tyrosine pathway and VTE, we engineered tomato plants to bypass the pathway at the arogenate branch point. Transgenic tomatoes showed moderate increments in tocopherols (up to approximately 20%) and a massive accumulation of tocotrienols (up to approximately 3400%). Gene expression analyses of these plants reveal a trade-off between VTE and natural variation in chorismate metabolism explained by transcriptional reprogramming of specific structural genes of the pathway. By restoring the accumulation of alpha-tocotrienols (α-t3) in fruits, the plants produced here are of high pharmacological and nutritional interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Burgos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Maria Belen De Luca
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Isidore Diouf
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luis A de Haro
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Elise Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Zhao J Tao
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luisa Bermudez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, PO Box 25, Castelar, B1712WAA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramon Asís
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CC, 5000, Argentina
| | - Adriano N Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Michel Matringe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Thomas Guiraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Jean P Mauxion
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max-Planck, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kahlau S, Schröder F, Freigang J, Laber B, Lange G, Passon D, Kleeßen S, Lohse M, Schulz A, von Koskull-Döring P, Klie S, Gille S. Aclonifen targets solanesyl diphosphate synthase, representing a novel mode of action for herbicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3377-3388. [PMID: 32034864 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aclonifen is a unique diphenyl ether herbicide. Despite its structural similarities to known inhibitors of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (e.g. acifluorfen, bifenox or oxadiazon), which result in leaf necrosis, aclonifen causes a different phenotype that is described as bleaching. This also is reflected by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classification that categorizes aclonifen as an inhibitor of pigment biosynthesis with an unknown target. RESULTS A comprehensive Arabidopsis thaliana RNAseq dataset comprising 49 different inhibitor treatments and covering 40 known target pathways was used to predict the aclonifen mode of action (MoA) by a random forest classifier. The classifier predicts for aclonifen a MoA within the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway similar to the reference compound norflurazon that inhibits the phytoene desaturase. Upon aclonifen treatment, the phytoene desaturation reaction is disturbed, resulting in a characteristic phytoene accumulation in vivo. However, direct enzyme inhibition by the herbicide was excluded for known herbicidal targets such as phytoene desaturase, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and homogentisate solanesyltransferase. Eventually, the solanesyl diphosphate synthase (SPS), providing one of the two homogentisate solanesyltransferase substrate molecules, could be identified as the molecular target of aclonifen. Inhibition was confirmed using biochemical activity assays for the A. thaliana SPSs 1 and 2. Furthermore, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii homolog was used for co-crystallization of the enzyme-inhibitor complex, showing that one inhibitor molecule binds at the interface between two protein monomers. CONCLUSION Solanesyl diphosphate synthase was identified as the target of aclonifen, representing a novel mode of action for herbicides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jörg Freigang
- Crop Science Division, Structural Biology, Bayer AG, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bernd Laber
- Crop Science Division, Weed Control, Bayer AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Crop Science Division, Computational Life Science, Bayer AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Arno Schulz
- Crop Science Division, Weed Control, Bayer AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Sascha Gille
- Crop Science Division, Weed Control, Bayer AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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de Bruijn WJC, Levisson M, Beekwilder J, van Berkel WJH, Vincken JP. Plant Aromatic Prenyltransferases: Tools for Microbial Cell Factories. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:917-934. [PMID: 32299631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, prenylation of aromatic compounds, such as (iso)flavonoids and stilbenoids, by membrane-bound prenyltransferases (PTs), is an essential step in the biosynthesis of many bioactive compounds. Prenylated aromatic compounds have various health-beneficial properties that are interesting for industrial applications, but their exploitation is limited due to their low abundance in nature. Harnessing plant aromatic PTs for prenylation in microbial cell factories may be a sustainable and economically viable alternative. Limitations in prenylated aromatic compound production have been identified, including availability of prenyl donor substrate. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about plant aromatic PTs and discuss promising strategies towards the optimized production of prenylated aromatic compounds by microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Levisson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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9
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Vranová E, Kopcsayová D, Košuth J, Colinas M. Mutant-Based Model of Two Independent Pathways for Carotenoid-Mediated Chloroplast Biogenesis in Arabidopsis Embryos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1034. [PMID: 31507624 PMCID: PMC6718698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are essential for autonomous plant growth, and their biogenesis is a complex process requiring both plastid and nuclear genome. One of the essential factors required for chloroplast biogenesis are carotenoids. Carotenoids are synthesized in plastids, and it was shown that plastid localized methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway provides substrates for their biosynthesis. Here, we propose a model, using results of our own mutant analysis combined with the results of others, that a MEP-independent pathway, likely a mevalonate (MVA)-dependent pathway, provides intermediates for chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis embryos. The pattern of this chloroplast biogenesis differs from the MEP-dependent chloroplast biogenesis. In MEP-dependent chloroplast biogenesis, chloroplasts are formed rather uniformly in the whole embryo, with stronger chlorophyll accumulation in cotyledons. In a MEP-independent pathway, chloroplasts are formed predominantly in the hypocotyl and in the embryonic root. We also show that this pattern of chlorophyll accumulation is common to MEP pathway mutants as well as to the mutant lacking geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 11 (GGPPS11) activity in plastids but expressing it in the cytosol (GGPPS11cyt). It was recently described that shorter GGPPS11 transcripts are present in Arabidopsis, and they can be translated into active cytosolic proteins. We therefore propose that the MEP-independent pathway for chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis embryos is an MVA pathway that provides substrates for the synthesis of GGPP via GGPPS11cyt and this is then transported to plastids, where it is used for carotenoid biosynthesis and subsequently for chloroplast biogenesis mainly in the hypocotyl and in the embryonic root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Diana Kopcsayová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Maite Colinas
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Rea KA, Casaretto JA, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Sukumaran A, Geddes-McAlister J, Rothstein SJ, Akhtar TA. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:162-171. [PMID: 31151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the psychoactive constituents that are typically associated with Cannabis sativa L., there exist numerous other specialized metabolites in this plant that are believed to contribute to its medicinal versatility. This study focused on two such compounds, known as cannflavin A and cannflavin B. These prenylated flavonoids specifically accumulate in C. sativa and are known to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in various animal cell models. However, almost nothing is known about their biosynthesis. Using a combination of phylogenomic and biochemical approaches, an aromatic prenyltransferase from C. sativa (CsPT3) was identified that catalyzes the regiospecific addition of either geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to the methylated flavone, chrysoeriol, to produce cannflavins A and B, respectively. Further evidence is presented for an O-methyltransferase (CsOMT21) encoded within the C. sativa genome that specifically converts the widespread plant flavone known as luteolin to chrysoeriol, both of which accumulate in C. sativa. These results therefore imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: luteolin ► chrysoeriol ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. Taken together, the identification of these two unique enzymes represent a branch point from the general flavonoid pathway in C. sativa and offer a tractable route towards metabolic engineering strategies that are designed to produce these two medicinally relevant Cannabis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - José A Casaretto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Arjun Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Liu M, Ma Y, Du Q, Hou X, Wang M, Lu S. Functional Analysis of Polyprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes Involved in Plastoquinone and Ubiquinone Biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31354766 PMCID: PMC6629958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyprenyl diphosphate synthase (PPS) plays important roles in the biosynthesis of functionally important plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ). However, only few plant PPS genes have been functionally characterized. Through genome-wide analysis, two PPS genes, termed SmPPS1 and SmPPS2, were identified from Salvia miltiorrhiza, an economically significant Traditional Chinese Medicine material and an emerging model medicinal plant. SmPPS1 and SmPPS2 belonged to different phylogenetic subgroups of plant trans-long-chain prenyltransferases and exhibited differential tissue expression and light-induced expression patterns. Computational prediction and transient expression assays showed that SmPPS1 was localized in the chloroplasts, whereas SmPPS2 was mainly localized in the mitochondria. SmPPS2, but not SmPPS1, could functionally complement the coq1 mutation in yeast cells and catalyzed the production of UQ-9 and UQ-10. Consistently, both UQ-9 and UQ-10 were detected in S. miltiorrhiza plants. Overexpression of SmPPS2 caused significant UQ accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza transgenics, whereas down-regulation resulted in decreased UQ content. Differently, SmPPS1 overexpression significantly elevated PQ-9 content in S. miltiorrhiza. Transgenic lines showing a down-regulation of SmPPS1 expression exhibited decreased PQ-9 level, abnormal chloroplast and trichome development, and varied leaf bleaching phenotypes. These results suggest that SmPPS1 is involved in PQ-9 biosynthesis, whereas SmPPS2 is involved in UQ-9 and UQ-10 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yimian Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, China
| | - Xuemin Hou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Lin HY, Chen X, Chen JN, Wang DW, Wu FX, Lin SY, Zhan CG, Wu JW, Yang WC, Yang GF. Crystal Structure of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase in Complex with Substrate Reveals a New Starting Point for Herbicide Discovery. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:2602414. [PMID: 31549053 PMCID: PMC6750108 DOI: 10.34133/2019/2602414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a promising target for drug and pesticide discovery. The unknown binding mode of substrate is still a big challenge for the understanding of enzymatic reaction mechanism and novel HPPD inhibitor design. Herein, we determined the first crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana HPPD (AtHPPD) in complex with its natural substrate (HPPA) at a resolution of 2.80 Å. Then, combination of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations confirmed that HPPA takes keto rather than enol form inside the HPPD active pocket. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis further showed that residues (Phe424, Asn423, Glu394, Gln307, Asn282, and Ser267) played important roles in substrate binding and catalytic cycle. Structural comparison between HPPA-AtHPPD and holo-AtHPPD revealed that Gln293 underwent a remarkable rotation upon the HPPA binding and formed H-bond network of Ser267-Asn282-Gln307-Gln293, resulting in the transformation of HPPD from an inactive state to active state. Finally, taking the conformation change of Gln293 as a target, we proposed a new strategy of blocking the transformation of HPPD from inactive state to active state to design a novel inhibitor with Ki value of 24.10 nM towards AtHPPD. The inhibitor has entered into industry development as the first selective herbicide used for the weed control in sorghum field. The crystal structure of AtHPPD in complex with the inhibitor (2.40 Å) confirmed the rationality of the design strategy. We believe that the present work provides a new starting point for the understanding of enzymatic reaction mechanism and the design of next generation HPPD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Feng-Xu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Song-Yun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 30071, China
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13
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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14
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Hunter CT, Saunders JW, Magallanes-Lundback M, Christensen SA, Willett D, Stinard PS, Li QB, Lee K, DellaPenna D, Koch KE. Maize w3 disrupts homogentisate solanesyl transferase (ZmHst) and reveals a plastoquinone-9 independent path for phytoene desaturation and tocopherol accumulation in kernels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:799-813. [PMID: 29315977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maize white seedling 3 (w3) has been used to study carotenoid deficiency for almost 100 years, although the molecular basis of the mutation has remained unknown. Here we show that the w3 phenotype is caused by disruption of the maize gene for homogentisate solanesyl transferase (HST), which catalyzes the first and committed step in plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis in the plastid. The resulting PQ-9 deficiency prohibits photosynthetic electron transfer and eliminates PQ-9 as an oxidant in the enzymatic desaturation of phytoene during carotenoid synthesis. As a result, light-grown w3 seedlings are albino, deficient in colored carotenoids and accumulate high levels of phytoene. However, despite the absence of PQ-9 for phytoene desaturation, dark-grown w3 seedlings can produce abscisic acid (ABA) and homozygous w3 kernels accumulate sufficient carotenoids to generate ABA needed for seed maturation. The presence of ABA and low levels of carotenoids in w3 nulls indicates that phytoene desaturase is able to use an alternate oxidant cofactor, albeit less efficiently than PQ-9. The observation that tocopherols and tocotrienols are modestly affected in w3 embryos and unaffected in w3 endosperm indicates that, unlike leaves, grain tissues deficient in PQ-9 are not subject to severe photo-oxidative stress. In addition to identifying the molecular basis for the maize w3 mutant, we: (1) show that low levels of phytoene desaturation can occur in w3 seedlings in the absence of PQ-9; and (2) demonstrate that PQ-9 and carotenoids are not required for vitamin E accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Hunter
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan W Saunders
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maria Magallanes-Lundback
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Denis Willett
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Philip S Stinard
- USDA-ARS, Maize Genetics Stock Center, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- University of Connecticut, Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen E Koch
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Mène-Saffrané L. Vitamin E Biosynthesis and Its Regulation in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E2. [PMID: 29295607 PMCID: PMC5789312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the 13 vitamins that are essential to animals that do not produce them. To date, six natural organic compounds belonging to the chemical family of tocochromanols-four tocopherols and two tocotrienols-have been demonstrated as exhibiting vitamin E activity in animals. Edible plant-derived products, notably seed oils, are the main sources of vitamin E in the human diet. Although this vitamin is readily available, independent nutritional surveys have shown that human populations do not consume enough vitamin E, and suffer from mild to severe deficiency. Tocochromanols are mostly produced by plants, algae, and some cyanobacteria. Tocochromanol metabolism has been mainly studied in higher plants that produce tocopherols, tocotrienols, plastochromanol-8, and tocomonoenols. In contrast to the tocochromanol biosynthetic pathways that are well characterized, our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating tocochromanol biosynthesis is in its infancy. Although it is known that tocochromanol biosynthesis is strongly conditioned by the availability in homogentisate and polyprenyl pyrophosphate, its polar and lipophilic biosynthetic precursors, respectively, the mechanisms regulating their biosyntheses are barely known. This review summarizes our current knowledge of tocochromanol biosynthesis in plants, and highlights future challenges regarding the understanding of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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16
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Liu M, Lu S. Plastoquinone and Ubiquinone in Plants: Biosynthesis, Physiological Function and Metabolic Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1898. [PMID: 28018418 PMCID: PMC5159609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ) are two important prenylquinones, functioning as electron transporters in the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis and the aerobic respiratory chain, respectively, and play indispensable roles in plant growth and development through participating in the biosynthesis and metabolism of important chemical compounds, acting as antioxidants, being involved in plant response to stress, and regulating gene expression and cell signal transduction. UQ, particularly UQ10, has also been widely used in people's life. It is effective in treating cardiovascular diseases, chronic gingivitis and periodontitis, and shows favorable impact on cancer treatment and human reproductive health. PQ and UQ are made up of an active benzoquinone ring attached to a polyisoprenoid side chain. Biosynthesis of PQ and UQ is very complicated with more than thirty five enzymes involved. Their synthetic pathways can be generally divided into two stages. The first stage leads to the biosynthesis of precursors of benzene quinone ring and prenyl side chain. The benzene quinone ring for UQ is synthesized from tyrosine or phenylalanine, whereas the ring for PQ is derived from tyrosine. The prenyl side chains of PQ and UQ are derived from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate through the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway and/or acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA through the mevalonate pathway. The second stage includes the condensation of ring and side chain and subsequent modification. Homogentisate solanesyltransferase, 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyl diphosphate transferase and a series of benzene quinone ring modification enzymes are involved in this stage. PQ exists in plants, while UQ widely presents in plants, animals and microbes. Many enzymes and their encoding genes involved in PQ and UQ biosynthesis have been intensively studied recently. Metabolic engineering of UQ10 in plants, such as rice and tobacco, has also been tested. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent research progresses in the biosynthetic pathways of PQ and UQ and enzymes and their encoding genes involved in side chain elongation and in the second stage of PQ and UQ biosynthesis. Physiological functions of PQ and UQ played in plants as well as the practical application and metabolic engineering of PQ and UQ are also included.
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17
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Wang J, Chu S, Zhu Y, Cheng H, Yu D. Positive selection drives neofunctionalization of the UbiA prenyltransferase gene family. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:383-94. [PMID: 25605655 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication provides the key materials for new genes and novel functions. However, the mechanism underlying functional innovation remains unknown. In this study, we revealed the evolutionary pattern of the prenyltransferases of the UbiA gene family in 15 higher plants. Prenyltransferases of the UbiA gene family are involved in many important biological processes of both primary and secondary metabolism. Based on the phylogenetic relationships of the UbiA genes, seven subfamilies are classified. Confirming this classification, genes within each subfamily are characterized by similar exon numbers, exon lengths and patterns of motif combinations. Similar numbers of UbiA genes are found in different species within each subfamily except for Subfamily I, in which a Phaseoleae-specific expansion is detected in clade I-A. Homologous genes in clade I-A evolve rapidly, exchange sequences frequently and experience positive selection. Genes in clade I-A function as flavonoid prenyltransferase synthesis secondary compounds, while other genes from Subfamily I encode homogentisate phytyltransferase, which plays a role in primary metabolism. Thus, our results suggest that the secondary metabolism genes acquire new functions from those of primary metabolism through gene duplication and neofunctionalization driven by positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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18
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de Luna-Valdez L, Martínez-Batallar A, Hernández-Ortiz M, Encarnación-Guevara S, Ramos-Vega M, López-Bucio J, León P, Guevara-García A. Proteomic analysis of chloroplast biogenesis (clb) mutants uncovers novel proteins potentially involved in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. J Proteomics 2014; 111:148-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chao Y, Kang J, Zhang T, Yang Q, Gruber MY, Sun Y. Disruption of the homogentisate solanesyltransferase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes and root, trichome and stomata defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94031. [PMID: 24743244 PMCID: PMC3990575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogentisate solanesyltransferase (HST) plays an important role in plastoquinone (PQ) biosynthesis and acts as the electron acceptor in the carotenoids and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathways. We isolated and identified a T-DNA insertion mutant of the HST gene that displayed the albino and dwarf phenotypes. PCR analyses and functional complementation also confirmed that the mutant phenotypes were caused by disruption of the HST gene. The mutants also had some developmental defects, including trichome development and stomata closure defects. Chloroplast development was also arrested and chlorophyll (Chl) was almost absent. Developmental defects in the chloroplasts were consistent with the SDS-PAGE result and the RNAi transgenic phenotype. Exogenous gibberellin (GA) could partially rescue the dwarf phenotype and the root development defects and exogenous ABA could rescue the stomata closure defects. Further analysis showed that ABA and GA levels were both very low in the pds2-1 mutants, which suggested that biosynthesis inhibition by GAs and ABA contributed to the pds2-1 mutants' phenotypes. An early flowering phenotype was found in pds2-1 mutants, which showed that disruption of the HST gene promoted flowering by partially regulating plant hormones. RNA-sequencing showed that disruption of the HST gene resulted in expression changes to many of the genes involved in flowering time regulation and in the biosynthesis of PQ, Chl, GAs, ABA and carotenoids. These results suggest that HST is essential for chloroplast development, hormone biosynthesis, pigment accumulation and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Chao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Margaret Yvonne Gruber
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Pfaff C, Glindemann N, Gruber J, Frentzen M, Sadre R. Chorismate pyruvate-lyase and 4-hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate decarboxylase are required for plastoquinone biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2675-86. [PMID: 24337576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastoquinone is a redox active lipid that serves as electron transporter in the bifunctional photosynthetic-respiratory transport chain of cyanobacteria. To examine the role of genes potentially involved in cyanobacterial plastoquinone biosynthesis, we have focused on three Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genes likely encoding a chorismate pyruvate-lyase (sll1797) and two 4-hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate decarboxylases (slr1099 and sll0936). The functions of the encoded proteins were investigated by complementation experiments with Escherichia coli mutants, by the in vitro enzyme assays with the recombinant proteins, and by the development of Synechocystis sp. single-gene knock-out mutants. Our results demonstrate that sll1797 encodes a chorismate pyruvate-lyase. In the respective knock-out mutant, plastoquinone was hardly detectable, and the mutant required 4-hydroxybenzoate for growth underlining the importance of chorismate pyruvate-lyase to initiate plastoquinone biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. The recombinant Slr1099 protein displayed decarboxylase activity and catalyzed in vitro the decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoate with different prenyl side chain lengths. In contrast to Slr1099, the recombinant Sll0936 protein did not show decarboxylase activity regardless of the conditions used. Inactivation of the sll0936 gene in Synechocystis sp., however, caused a drastic reduction in the plastoquinone content to levels very similar to those determined in the slr1099 knock-out mutant. This proves that not only slr1099 but also sll0936 is required for plastoquinone synthesis in the cyanobacterium. In summary, our data demonstrate that cyanobacteria produce plastoquinone exclusively via a pathway that is in the first reaction steps almost identical to ubiquinone biosynthesis in E. coli with conversion of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then prenylated and decarboxylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pfaff
- From the Institute for Biology I, Botany, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany and
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Block A, Fristedt R, Rogers S, Kumar J, Barnes B, Barnes J, Elowsky CG, Wamboldt Y, Mackenzie SA, Redding K, Merchant SS, Basset GJ. Functional modeling identifies paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases that assemble the side chain of plastoquinone-9 in plastids. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27594-27606. [PMID: 23913686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a little known fact that plastoquinone-9, a vital redox cofactor of photosynthesis, doubles as a precursor for the biosynthesis of a vitamin E analog called plastochromanol-8, the physiological significance of which has remained elusive. Gene network reconstruction, GFP fusion experiments, and targeted metabolite profiling of insertion mutants indicated that Arabidopsis possesses two paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases, AtSPS1 (At1g78510) and AtSPS2 (At1g17050), that assemble the side chain of plastoquinone-9 in plastids. Similar paralogous pairs were detected throughout terrestrial plant lineages but were not distinguished in the literature and genomic databases from mitochondrial homologs involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone. The leaves of the atsps2 knock-out were devoid of plastochromanol-8 and displayed severe losses of both non-photoactive and photoactive plastoquinone-9, resulting in near complete photoinhibition at high light intensity. Such a photoinhibition was paralleled by significant damage to photosystem II but not to photosystem I. In contrast, in the atsps1 knock-out, a small loss of plastoquinone-9, restricted to the non-photoactive pool, was sufficient to eliminate half of the plastochromanol-8 content of the leaves. Taken together, these results demonstrate that plastochromanol-8 originates from a subfraction of the non-photoactive pool of plastoquinone-9. In contrast to other plastochromanol-8 biosynthetic mutants, neither the single atsps knock-outs nor the atsps1 atsps2 double knock-out displayed any defects in tocopherols accumulation or germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Block
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sara Rogers
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Jyothi Kumar
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Brian Barnes
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joshua Barnes
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Christian G Elowsky
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Yashitola Wamboldt
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Sally A Mackenzie
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Kevin Redding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
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Quadrana L, Almeida J, Otaiza SN, Duffy T, Corrêa da Silva JV, de Godoy F, Asís R, Bermúdez L, Fernie AR, Carrari F, Rossi M. Transcriptional regulation of tocopherol biosynthesis in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:309-25. [PMID: 23247837 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols, compounds with vitamin E (VTE) activity, are potent lipid-soluble antioxidants synthesized only by photosynthetic organisms. Their biosynthesis requires the condensation of phytyl-diphosphate and homogentisate, derived from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and shikimate pathways (SK), respectively. These metabolic pathways are central in plant chloroplast metabolism and are involved in the biosynthesis of important molecules such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, aromatic amino-acids and prenylquinones. In the last decade, few studies have provided insights into the regulation of VTE biosynthesis and its accumulation. However, the pathway regulatory mechanism/s at mRNA level remains unclear. We have recently identified a collection of tomato genes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis. In this work, by a dedicated qPCR array platform, the transcript levels of 47 genes, including paralogs, were determined in leaves and across fruit development. Expression data were analyzed for correlation with tocopherol profiles by coregulation network and neural clustering approaches. The results showed that tocopherol biosynthesis is controlled both temporally and spatially however total tocopherol content remains constant. These analyses exposed 18 key genes from MEP, SK, phytol recycling and VTE-core pathways highly associated with VTE content in leaves and fruits. Moreover, genomic analyses of promoter regions suggested that the expression of the tocopherol-core pathway genes is trancriptionally coregulated with specific genes of the upstream pathways. Whilst the transcriptional profiles of the precursor pathway genes would suggest an increase in VTE content across fruit development, the data indicate that in the M82 cultivar phytyl diphosphate supply limits tocopherol biosynthesis in later fruit stages. This is in part due to the decreasing transcript levels of geranylgeranyl reductase (GGDR) which restricts the isoprenoid precursor availability. As a proof of concept, by analyzing a collection of Andean landrace tomato genotypes, the role of the pinpointed genes in determining fruit tocopherol content was confirmed. The results uncovered a finely tuned regulation able to shift the precursor pathways controlling substrate influx for VTE biosynthesis and overcoming endogenous competition for intermediates. The whole set of data allowed to propose that 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase and GGDR encoding genes, which determine phytyl-diphosphate availability, together with enzyme encoding genes involved in chlorophyll-derived phytol metabolism appear as the most plausible targets to be engineered aiming to improve tomato fruit nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Quadrana
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina.
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Zhang C, Cahoon RE, Hunter SC, Chen M, Han J, Cahoon EB. Genetic and biochemical basis for alternative routes of tocotrienol biosynthesis for enhanced vitamin E antioxidant production. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:628-39. [PMID: 23137278 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E tocotrienol synthesis in monocots requires homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT), which catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and the unsaturated C20 isoprenoid geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP). By contrast, vitamin E tocopherol synthesis is mediated by homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT), which condenses homogentisate and the saturated C20 isoprenoid phytyl diphosphate (PDP). An HGGT-independent pathway for tocotrienol synthesis has also been shown to occur by de-regulation of homogentisate synthesis. In this paper, the basis for this pathway and its impact on vitamin E production when combined with HGGT are explored. An Arabidopsis line was initially developed that accumulates tocotrienols and homogentisate by co-expression of Arabidopsis hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and Escherichia coli bi-functional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase (TyrA). When crossed into the vte2-1 HPT null mutant, tocotrienol production was lost, indicating that HPT catalyzes tocotrienol synthesis in HPPD/TyrA-expressing plants by atypical use of GGDP as a substrate. Consistent with this, recombinant Arabidopsis HPT preferentially catalyzed in vitro production of the tocotrienol precursor geranylgeranyl benzoquinol only when presented with high molar ratios of GGDP:PDP. In addition, tocotrienol levels were highest in early growth stages in HPPD/TyrA lines, but decreased strongly relative to tocopherols during later growth stages when PDP is known to accumulate. Collectively, these results indicate that HPPD/TyrA-induced tocotrienol production requires HPT and occurs upon enrichment of GGDP relative to PDP in prenyl diphosphate pools. Finally, combined expression of HPPD/TyrA and HGGT in Arabidopsis leaves and seeds resulted in large additive increases in vitamin E production, indicating that homogentisate concentrations limit HGGT-catalyzed tocotrienol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Functional characterization of long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases from tomato. Biochem J 2013; 449:729-40. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electron transfer molecules plastoquinone and ubiquinone are formed by the condensation of aromatic head groups with long-chain prenyl diphosphates. In the present paper we report the cloning and characterization of two genes from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) responsible for the production of solanesyl and decaprenyl diphosphates. SlSPS (S. lycopersicum solanesyl diphosphate synthase) is targeted to the plastid and both solanesol and plastoquinone are associated with thylakoid membranes. A second gene [SlDPS (S. lycopersicum solanesyl decaprenyl diphosphate synthase)], encodes a long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthase with a different subcellular localization from SlSPS and can utilize geranyl, farnesyl or geranylgeranyl diphosphates in the synthesis of C45 and C50 prenyl diphosphates. When expressed in Escherichia coli, SlSPS and SlDPS extend the prenyl chain length of the endogenous ubiquinone to nine and ten isoprene units respectively. In planta, constitutive overexpression of SlSPS elevated the plastoquinone content of immature tobacco leaves. Virus-induced gene silencing showed that SlSPS is necessary for normal chloroplast structure and function. Plants silenced for SlSPS were photobleached and accumulated phytoene, whereas silencing SlDPS did not affect leaf appearance, but impacted on primary metabolism. The two genes were not able to complement silencing of each other. These findings indicate a requirement for two long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases in the tomato.
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Li Z, Keasling JD, Niyogi KK. Overlapping photoprotective function of vitamin E and carotenoids in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:313-23. [PMID: 22080601 PMCID: PMC3252108 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols (vitamin E) and carotenoids are the two most abundant groups of lipid-soluble antioxidants in the chloroplast. Carotenoids are well known for their roles in protecting against photooxidative stress, whereas the photoprotective functions of tocopherols have only recently been examined experimentally. In addition, little is known about the functional overlap of carotenoids and tocopherols in vivo. To investigate this possible overlap, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains were engineered to overproduce tocopherols by chloroplast transformation with non-codon-optimized and codon-optimized versions of the homogentisate phytyltransferase vitamin E2 (VTE2) from Synechocystis and by nuclear transformation with VTE2 from C. reinhardtii, which resulted in 1.6-fold, 5-fold to 10-fold, and more than 10-fold increases in total tocopherol content, respectively. To test if tocopherol overproduction can compensate for carotenoid deficiency in terms of antioxidant function, the nuclear VTE2 gene from C. reinhardtii was overexpressed in the npq1 lor1 double mutant, which lacks zeaxanthin and lutein. Following transfer to high light, the npq1 lor1 strains that overaccumulated tocopherols showed increased resistance for up to 2 d and higher efficiency of photosystem II, and they were also much more resistant to other oxidative stresses. These results suggest an overlapping functions of tocopherols and carotenoids in protection against photooxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (Z.L., K.K.N.) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering (J.D.K.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Z.L., J.D.K., K.K.N.)
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He P, Moran GR. Structural and mechanistic comparisons of the metal-binding members of the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1259-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Almeida J, Quadrana L, Asís R, Setta N, de Godoy F, Bermúdez L, Otaiza SN, Corrêa da Silva JV, Fernie AR, Carrari F, Rossi M. Genetic dissection of vitamin E biosynthesis in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3781-98. [PMID: 21527625 PMCID: PMC3134339 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables are critical for human health as they are a source of multiple vitamins including vitamin E (VTE). In plants, the synthesis of VTE compounds, tocopherol and tocotrienol, derives from precursors of the shikimate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for α-tocopherol content in ripe fruit have previously been determined in an Solanum pennellii tomato introgression line population. In this work, variations of tocopherol isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ) in ripe fruits of these lines were studied. In parallel all tomato genes structurally associated with VTE biosynthesis were identified and mapped. Previously identified VTE QTL on chromosomes 6 and 9 were confirmed whilst novel ones were identified on chromosomes 7 and 8. Integrated analysis at the metabolic, genetic and genomic levels allowed us to propose 16 candidate loci putatively affecting tocopherol content in tomato. A comparative analysis revealed polymorphisms at nucleotide and amino acid levels between Solanum lycopersicum and S. pennellii candidate alleles. Moreover, evolutionary analyses showed the presence of codons evolving under both neutral and positive selection, which may explain the phenotypic differences between species. These data represent an important step in understanding the genetic determinants of VTE natural variation in tomato fruit and as such in the ability to improve the content of this important nutriceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida
- Departamento de Botânica-IB-USP, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría (IB-INTA), and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), PO Box 25, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina (partner group of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany)
| | - Ramón Asís
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nathalia Setta
- Departamento de Botânica-IB-USP, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Godoy
- Departamento de Botânica-IB-USP, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Bermúdez
- Departamento de Botânica-IB-USP, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Santiago N. Otaiza
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaría (IB-INTA), and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), PO Box 25, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina (partner group of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany)
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica-IB-USP, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ; E-mail:
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A transcriptional analysis of carotenoid, chlorophyll and plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis genes during development and osmotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:77. [PMID: 21595952 PMCID: PMC3123201 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The carotenoids are pure isoprenoids that are essential components of the photosynthetic apparatus and are coordinately synthesized with chlorophylls in chloroplasts. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate carotenoid biosynthesis or the mechanisms that coordinate this synthesis with that of chlorophylls and other plastidial synthesized isoprenoid-derived compounds, including quinones, gibberellic acid and abscisic acid. Here, a comprehensive transcriptional analysis of individual carotenoid and isoprenoid-related biosynthesis pathway genes was performed in order to elucidate the role of transcriptional regulation in the coordinated synthesis of these compounds and to identify regulatory components that may mediate this process in Arabidopsis thaliana. Results A global microarray expression correlation analysis revealed that the phytoene synthase gene, which encodes the first dedicated and rate-limiting enzyme of carotenogenesis, is highly co-expressed with many photosynthesis-related genes including many isoprenoid-related biosynthesis pathway genes. Chemical and mutant analysis revealed that induction of the co-expressed genes following germination was dependent on gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids (BR) but was inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA). Mutant analyses further revealed that expression of many of the genes is suppressed in dark grown plants by Phytochrome Interacting transcription Factors (PIFs) and activated by photoactivated phytochromes, which in turn degrade PIFs and mediate a coordinated induction of the genes. The promoters of PSY and the co-expressed genes were found to contain an enrichment in putative BR-auxin response elements and G-boxes, which bind PIFs, further supporting a role for BRs and PIFs in regulating expression of the genes. In osmotically stressed root tissue, transcription of Calvin cycle, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway and carotenoid biosynthesis genes is induced and uncoupled from that of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes in a manner that is consistent with the increased synthesis of carotenoid precursors for ABA biosynthesis. In all tissues examined, induction of β-carotene hydroxylase transcript levels are linked to an increased demand for ABA. Conclusions This analysis provides compelling evidence to suggest that coordinated transcriptional regulation of isoprenoid-related biosynthesis pathway genes plays a major role in coordinating the synthesis of functionally related chloroplast localized isoprenoid-derived compounds.
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Sadre R, Frentzen M, Saeed M, Hawkes T. Catalytic reactions of the homogentisate prenyl transferase involved in plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18191-8. [PMID: 20400515 PMCID: PMC2881743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.117929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogentisate solanesyl transferase (HST) catalyzes the prenylation and decarboxylation of homogentisate to form 2-methyl-6-solanesyl-1,4-benzoquinol, the first intermediate in plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis. In vitro, HST from Spinacia oleracea L., Arabidopsis thaliana, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were all found to use not only solanesyl diphosphate but also short chain prenyl diphosphates of 10-20 carbon atoms as prenyl donors. Surprisingly, with these donors, prenyl transfer was largely decoupled from decarboxylation, and thus the major products were 6-prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol-2-methylcarboxylates rather than the expected 2-methyl-6-prenyl-1,4-benzoquinols. The 6-prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol-2-methylcarboxylates were not substrates for HST-catalyzed decarboxylation, and the enzyme kinetics associated with forming these products appeared quite distinct from those for 2-methyl-6-prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol formation in respect of catalytic rate, substrate K(m) value, and the pattern of inhibition by haloxydine, a molecule that appeared to act as a dead end mimic of homogentisate. These observations were reconciled into a simple model for the HST mechanism. Here, prenyl diphosphate binds to HST to form at least two alternative complexes that go on to react differently with homogentisate and prenylate it either with or without it first being decarboxylated. It is supposed that solanesyl diphosphate binds tightly and preferentially in the mode that compels prenylation with decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Sadre
- Institute for Biology I, Botany, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Falk J, Munné-Bosch S. Tocochromanol functions in plants: antioxidation and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1549-66. [PMID: 20385544 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocochromanols, are lipid-soluble molecules that belong to the group of vitamin E compounds and are essential in the human diet. Not surprisingly, most of what is known about the biological functions of tocochromanols comes from studies of mammalian systems, yet they have been shown to be synthesized only by photosynthetic organisms. The last decade has seen a radical change in the appreciation of the biological role of tocochromanols in plants thanks to a detailed characterization of mutant and transgenic plants, including several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, the sucrose export defective1 (sxd1) maize mutant, and some transgenic potato and tobacco lines altered in tocochromanol biosynthesis. Recent findings indicate that tocopherols may play important roles in plants beyond their antioxidant function in photosynthetic membranes. Plants deficient in tocopherols show alterations in germination and export of photoassimilates, and growth, leaf senescence, and plant responses to abiotic stresses, thus suggesting that tocopherols may influence a number of physiological processes in plants. Thus, in this review not only the antioxidant function of tocochromanols in plants, but also these new emerging possible roles will be considered. Particular attention will be paid to specific roles attributed to different tocopherol homologues (particularly alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and the possible functions of tocotrienols, which in contrast to tocopherols are only present in a range of unrelated plant groups and are almost exclusively found in seeds and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Falk
- Carlsberg Research Center, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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Mène-Saffrané L, DellaPenna D. Biosynthesis, regulation and functions of tocochromanols in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:301-9. [PMID: 20036132 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols have been originally identified as essential nutrients in mammals based on their vitamin E activity. These lipid-soluble compounds are potent antioxidants that protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. The biosynthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols occurs exclusively in photosynthetic organisms. The biosynthetic precursors and the different pathway intermediates have been identified by biochemical studies and the different vitamin E biosynthetic genes (VTE genes) have been isolated in several plants and cyanobacteria. The characterization of transgenic plants overexpressing one or multiple VTE genes combined with the study of vitamin E deficient mutants allows from now on understanding the regulation and the function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 201 Biochemistry Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
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We two alone will sing: the two-substrate α-keto acid-dependent oxygenases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rolland N, Ferro M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Garin J, Block M, Joyard J. The Chloroplast Envelope Proteome and Lipidome. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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