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Bertels Z, Mangutov E, Conway C, Siegersma K, Asif S, Shah P, Huck N, Tawfik VL, Pradhan AA. Migraine and peripheral pain models show differential alterations in neuronal complexity. Headache 2022; 62:780-791. [PMID: 35676889 PMCID: PMC9543775 DOI: 10.1111/head.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Our laboratory has recently shown that there is a decrease in neuronal complexity in head pain processing regions in mouse models of chronic migraine‐associated pain and aura. Importantly, restoration of this neuronal complexity corresponds with anti‐migraine effects of known and experimental pharmacotherapies. The objective of the current study was to expand this work and examine other brain regions involved with pain or emotional processing. We also investigated the generalizability of our findings by analyzing neuronal cytoarchitectural changes in a model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a peripheral pain disorder. Methods We used the nitroglycerin (NTG) model of chronic migraine‐associated pain in which mice receive 10 mg/kg NTG every other day for 9 days. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a physiological corelate of migraine aura, was evoked in anesthetized mice using KCl. CRPS was induced by tibial fracture followed by casting. Neuronal cytoarchitecture was visualized with Golgi stain and analyzed with Simple Neurite Tracer. Results In the NTG model, we previously showed decreased neuronal complexity in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG). In contrast, we found increased neuronal complexity in the thalamus and no change in the amygdala or caudate putamen in this study. Following CSD, we observed decreased neuronal complexity in the PAG, in line with decreases in the somatosensory cortex and TNC reported with this model previously. In the CRPS model there was decreased neuronal complexity in the hippocampus, as reported by others; increased complexity in the PAG; and no change within the somatosensory cortex. Conclusions Collectively these results demonstrate that alterations in neuronal complexity are a feature of both chronic migraine and chronic CRPS. However, each type of pain presents a unique cytoarchitectural signature, which may provide insight on how these pain states differentially transition from acute to chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Elizaveta Mangutov
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Catherine Conway
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Kendra Siegersma
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Sarah Asif
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Pal Shah
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Nolan Huck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Vivianne L. Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Amynah A. Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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2
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Shan QH, Qin XY, Zhou JN. Expansion-Based Clearing of Golgi-Cox-Stained Tissue for Multi-Scale Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073575. [PMID: 35408934 PMCID: PMC8998187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining fine neuron morphology and connections data is extraordinarily useful in understanding the brain’s functionality. Golgi staining is a widely used method for revealing neuronal morphology. However, Golgi-Cox-stained tissue is difficult to image in three dimensions and lacks cell-type specificity, limiting its use in neuronal circuit studies. Here, we describe an expansion-based method for rapidly clearing Golgi-Cox-stained tissue. The results show that 1 mm thick Golgi-Cox-stained tissue can be cleared within 6 hours with a well preserved Golgi-Cox-stained signal. At the same time, we found for the first time that the cleared Golgi-Cox-stained samples were compatible with three-dimensional (3D) immunostaining and multi-round immunostaining. By combining the Golgi-Cox staining with tissue clearing and immunostaining, Golgi-Cox-stained tissue could be used for large-volume 3D imaging, identification of cell types of Golgi-Cox-stained cells, and reconstruction of the neural circuits at dendritic spines level. More importantly, these methods could also be applied to samples from human brains, providing a tool for analyzing the neuronal circuit of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Shan
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.-H.S.); (X.-Y.Q.)
| | - Xin-Ya Qin
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.-H.S.); (X.-Y.Q.)
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.-H.S.); (X.-Y.Q.)
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Ishii N, Tajika Y, Murakami T, Galipon J, Shirahata H, Mukai R, Uehara D, Kaneko R, Yamazaki Y, Yoshimoto Y, Iwasaki H. Correlative microscopy and block-face imaging (CoMBI) method for both paraffin-embedded and frozen specimens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13108. [PMID: 34162961 PMCID: PMC8222340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative microscopy and block-face imaging (CoMBI), a method that we previously developed, is characterized by the ability to correlate between serial block-face images as 3-dimensional (3D) datasets and sections as 2-dimensional (2D) microscopic images. CoMBI has been performed for the morphological analyses of various biological specimens, and its use is expanding. However, the conventional CoMBI system utilizes a cryostat, which limits its compatibility to only frozen blocks and the resolution of the block-face image. We developed a new CoMBI system that can be applied to not only frozen blocks but also paraffin blocks, and it has an improved magnification for block-face imaging. The new system, called CoMBI-S, comprises sliding-type sectioning devices and imaging devices, and it conducts block slicing and block-face imaging automatically. Sections can also be collected and processed for microscopy as required. We also developed sample preparation methods for improving the qualities of the block-face images and 3D rendered volumes. We successfully obtained correlative 3D datasets and 2D microscopic images of zebrafish, mice, and fruit flies, which were paraffin-embedded or frozen. In addition, the 3D datasets at the highest magnification could depict a single neuron and bile canaliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Ishii
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuki Tajika
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Tohru Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Josephine Galipon
- Keio University Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,Nagoya University Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Shirahata
- Keio University Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,Tsuruoka Chuo High School, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirohide Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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4
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Ai M, Huang K, Ji Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xiao L, Xiao P, Zheng Q, Wang H. Unveiling Hg-binding protein within black deposit formed on Golgi-Cox-stained brain neuron. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135537. [PMID: 33248164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golgi-Cox staining has been conventionally used for investigating neuronal development. After the brain tissue is subject to Golgi-Cox staining, black deposits are formed on the surface of the stained neurons because of mercuric sulfide, which does not show a fluorescence response under two-photon excitation. However, we unexpectedly observed fluorescence emitted by these black deposits during two-photon fluorescence measurements. Further, the in-depth of physical and chemical methods analysis revealed that the black deposits on the stained neurons are composed of Hg-binding proteins. METHODS We studied black deposits present in the Golgi-Cox-stained mouse brain neurons using techniques such as multiple-photon microscopy, scan electron microscopy, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RESULTS The emitted fluorescence was because of the fluorescence groups of Hg-binding protein present within the Golgi-Cox deposits on the neuronal surface. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Hg-binding proteins within black deposits on the surface of Golgi-Cox-stained neurons was proven for the first time. The novel interaction between the neurons and Hg2+ ions during Golgi-Cox staining help to understand the mechanism of Golgi-Cox staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ai
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Convergence Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zijuan Ji
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Longsheng Xiao
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Pengcheng Xiao
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qiusha Zheng
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Huaixing Wang
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
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5
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Pedrazzoli M, Medelin M, Marchiotto F, Cisterna B, Malatesta M, Buffelli M. An improved and simplified protocol to combine Golgi-Cox staining with immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104922. [PMID: 33242539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Approaches utilizing multiple analysis techniques on a single sample are highly desirable in research, especially to reduce the number of animals and obtain the maximum information. Golgi-Cox staining is a widely used method for characterizing axon and dendritic morphology and several attempts to combine this technique with immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy have been proposed. With few exceptions, most of the protocols were characterized by a high degree of complexity and low reproducibility. Here we show a simplified procedure of perfusion, fixation and staining of brain tissues that allows Golgi-Cox staining, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy in the same sample, to obtain high-quality images with a low-cost procedure. The main novelty in this protocol is the possibility of performing Golgi-Cox staining after the perfusion and post-fixation of brain tissue with a buffered solution containing, not only formaldehyde, but also glutaraldehyde. This renders the tissue suitable for electron microscopy, but it is also compatible with immunofluorescence staining. This combined protocol can be used in most neuroscience laboratories as it does not require special equipment and skills. This protocol will be useful in a broad range of neuroscience topics to study morphological changes during brain development and plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pedrazzoli
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Medelin
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Marchiotto
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy.
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6
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Golgi-Cox impregnation combined with fluorescence staining of amyloid plaques reveals local spine loss in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108797. [PMID: 32479974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spine loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer´s and other neurodegenerative diseases, and testing candidate therapeutic drugs needs quantitative analysis of dendritic spine densities. Golgi-Cox impregnation of neurons is a classical method to visualize dendritic spines in diseased brains. Importantly, at early disease stages spine loss occurs locally in the vicinity of amyloid plaques, and concomitant fluorescence labeling of amyloid plaques is required to detect local spine damage. NEW METHOD Because Golgi-Cox impregnation is done on unsectioned brains, whereas fluorescence staining is performed on sectioned material, the combination is technically challenging. We have now developed a novel combination of Golgi-Cox impregnation with methoxy-X04 fluorescence labeling of plaques that is performed on unsectioned brains. RESULTS We used this new combination method to quantify dendritic spine densities in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Comparison of neurons from wildtype and APP/PS1 mice revealed local spine loss in the vicinity of amyloid plaques in both male and female APP/PS1 mice. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Golgi-Cox impregnation of neurons combined with methoxy-X04 staining of amyloid plaques is a highly reliable, easy-to-use method for permanent visualization of spines as compared to the technically more sophisticated and less stable fluorescence imaging of spines. CONCLUSION Our novel combination method will be highly useful for testing potential therapeutic drugs in Alzheimer mouse models.
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7
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Du F. Golgi-Cox Staining of Neuronal Dendrites and Dendritic Spines With FD Rapid GolgiStain™ Kit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 88:e69. [PMID: 31216393 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi-Cox method has been one of the most effective techniques for studying the morphology of neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines. However, the reliability and time-consuming process of Golgi-Cox staining have been major obstacles to the widespread application of this technique. To overcome these shortcomings and to promote this invaluable technique, we developed the FD Rapid GolgiStain™ Kit based on the principle of the methods described by Ramón-Moliner in 1970 and Glaser and Van der Loos in 1981. The kit significantly improves and simplifies the Golgi-Cox technique. This kit is reliable for visualizing morphological details of neurons, allowing for analysis of various parameters of dendritic morphology-such as dendritic length and branching pattern and dendritic spine number, shape, and size-in both animal and postmortem human brains. A 40-min instructional video for tissue freezing, cryosectioning, and staining is provided. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Du
- FD NeuroTechnologies, Inc., Columbia, Maryland
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8
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Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Binocular Primary Visual Cortex Does Not Require C1q. J Neurosci 2019; 40:769-783. [PMID: 31801811 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1011-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q, the initiator of the classical complement cascade, mediates synapse elimination in the postnatal mouse dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and sensorimotor cortex. Here, we asked whether C1q plays a role in experience-dependent synaptic refinement in the visual system at later stages of development. The binocular zone of primary visual cortex (V1b) undergoes spine loss and changes in neuronal responsiveness following the closure of one eye during a defined critical period [a process referred to as ocular dominance plasticity (ODP)]. We therefore hypothesized that ODP would be impaired in the absence of C1q, and that V1b development would also be abnormal without C1q-mediated synapse elimination. However, when we examined several features of V1b development in mice lacking C1q, we found that the densities of most spine populations on basal and proximal apical dendrites, as well as firing rates and ocular dominance, were normal. C1q was only transiently required for the development of spines on apical, but not basal, secondary dendrites. Dendritic morphologies were also unaffected. Although we did not observe the previously described spine loss during ODP in either genotype, our results reveal that the animals lacking C1q had normal shifts in neuronal responsiveness following eye closure. Experiments were performed in both male and female mice. These results suggest that the development and plasticity of the mouse V1b is grossly normal in the absence of C1q.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT These findings illustrate that the development and experience-dependent plasticity of V1b is mostly normal in the absence of C1q, even though C1q has previously been shown to be required for developmental synapse elimination in the mouse visual thalamus as well as sensorimotor cortex. The V1b phenotypes in mice lacking C1q are more similar to the mild defects previously observed in the hippocampus of these mice, emphasizing that the contribution of C1q to synapse elimination appears to be dependent on context.
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9
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Pedrazzoli M, Losurdo M, Paolone G, Medelin M, Jaupaj L, Cisterna B, Slanzi A, Malatesta M, Coco S, Buffelli M. Glucocorticoid receptors modulate dendritic spine plasticity and microglia activity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Sivaguru M, Khaw YM, Inoue M. A Confocal Reflection Super-Resolution Technique to Image Golgi-Cox Stained Neurons. J Microsc 2019; 275:115-130. [PMID: 31237354 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based Golgi-Cox (GC) staining is an established method used to visualise neurons with great morphological detail. Although GC stained samples are imaged routinely under transmitted light microscopy, this method is unable to yield information on the three-dimensional structure of dendrites and neurons and thus help reveal the connective properties of the central nervous system. Although a few studies have attempted simultaneous visualisation of GC staining and antigen-specific fluorescent labelling under a confocal reflection technique, the resolution of both confocal reflection and fluorescence modalities used to acquire GC reflection and fluorescently stained antibody signals are still limited by the diffraction limit of light at about 220 nm. Here, we report a confocal reflection super-resolution technique (CRSR) to break this diffraction barrier, which is achieved by minimising the pinhole size from 1 airy unit (AU) to 0.1 AU. This is achieved by minimising or closing the confocal pinhole size and is possible in this reflection modality, unlike fluorescence, because it is not a photon limited technique. Utilising the lowest wavelength of light available in the system (405 nm), the CRSR technique results in ∼30% lateral and axial resolution improvement. We also show that the CRSR technique can be used in conjunction to visualise both GC and immunofluorescence targets to create precise and improved three-dimensional visualisation and analysis. In addition, using these superresolution confocal reflection data sets from GC in CRSR mode significantly reduced the data overestimation, improving the accuracy of statistical analysis of dendritic spine density and average spine dimensions. Combining the 0.1 AU setting with deconvolution routines, the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution could further be improved an additional ∼20-25%, yielding CRSR images with resolutions up to 2-fold over the diffraction limit both laterally and axially. The improved precision of both visualisation and quantification of subdiffraction limited dendritic spines using the CRSR technique may prove to be critical in investigations that concern changes in detailed neuron morphology under central nervous system disease conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. LAY DESCRIPTION: For over a century, Golgi-Cox (GC) has been a leading staining technique in the field of neuroscience, used to visualise neurons with great morphological detail. GC stained brain or spinal cord samples are conventionally visualised under transmitted light techniques. This limits the view of Golgi-staining to a two-dimensional image. A recent report showed that Golgi staining can be visualised in three-dimensions using the reflection modality of the confocal microscope. This visualisation also allows for the simultaneous acquisition of immunofluorescence signals. However, the reported resolution of Golgi staining confocal reflection is limited by the diffraction limit of light, which is around 220 nm. Here, we report a superresolution confocal reflection technique (CRSR) that achieves superresolution by minimising the pinhole size used in confocal microscopy. The CRSR technique results in ∼30% lateral and axial resolution improvement. Adding a deconvolution step in the final processing could improve the SNR and resolution even further up to 2-fold improvement in resolution over the diffraction limit both laterally and axially. We hope that this improved visualisation will help in investigations that concern changes in detailed neuron morphology under central nervous system disease conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayandi Sivaguru
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Carl Zeiss Labs at Location Partner, Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Yee Ming Khaw
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
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11
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Chidambaram SB, Rathipriya AG, Bolla SR, Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Manivasagam T, Thenmozhi AJ, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Chandra R, Sakharkar MK. Dendritic spines: Revisiting the physiological role. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:161-193. [PMID: 30654089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that dendritic spines are complex structures consisting of a dense network of cytoskeletal, transmembrane and scaffolding molecules, and numerous surface receptors. Molecular signaling pathways, mainly Rho and Ras family small GTPases pathways that converge on actin cytoskeleton, regulate the spine morphology and dynamics bi-directionally during synaptic activity. During synaptic plasticity the number and shapes of dendritic spines undergo radical reorganizations. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction promote spine head enlargement and the formation and stabilization of new spines. Long-term depression (LTD) results in their shrinkage and retraction. Reports indicate increased spine density in the pyramidal neurons of autism and Fragile X syndrome patients and reduced density in the temporal gyrus loci of schizophrenic patients. Post-mortem reports of Alzheimer's brains showed reduced spine number in the hippocampus and cortex. This review highlights the spine morphogenesis process, the activity-dependent structural plasticity and mechanisms by which synaptic activity sculpts the dendritic spines, the structural and functional changes in spines during learning and memory using LTP and LTD processes. It also discusses on spine status in neurodegenerative diseases and the impact of nootropics and neuroprotective agents on the functional restoration of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bolla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Arehally Marappa Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arokiasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Deb Bailey MND Research Laboratory, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Ambedkar Centre for BioMedical Research, Delhi University, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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12
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Chen J, Niu Q, Xia T, Zhou G, Li P, Zhao Q, Xu C, Dong L, Zhang S, Wang A. ERK1/2-mediated disruption of BDNF-TrkB signaling causes synaptic impairment contributing to fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Toxicology 2018; 410:222-230. [PMID: 30130557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to fluoride has adverse effects on neurodevelopment, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluoride exposure on synaptogenesis, and focused on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) signaling in these effects. Using Sprague-Dawley rats developmentally exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) from pregnancy until 6 months of delivery as in vivo model, we showed that fluoride impaired the cognitive abilities of offspring rats, decreased the density of dendritic spines and the expression of synapse proteins synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) in hippocampus, suggesting fluoride-induced cognitive deficit associates with synaptic impairment. Consistently, NaF treatment reduced dendritic outgrowth and expression of SYN and PSD-95 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Further studies demonstrated that the BDNF-TrkB axis was disrupted in vivo and in vitro, as manifested by BDNF accumulation and TrkB reduction. Importantly, fluoride treatment increased phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2) expression, while inhibition of p-ERK1/2 significantly attenuated the effects of NaF, indicating a regulating role of p-ERK1/2 in BDNF-TrkB signaling disruption. Collectively, these data suggest that the developmental neurotoxicity of fluoride is associated with the impairment of synaptogenesis, which is caused by ERK1/2-mediated BDNF-TrkB signaling disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Kassem MS, Fok SY, Smith KL, Kuligowski M, Balleine BW. A novel, modernized Golgi-Cox stain optimized for CLARITY cleared tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 294:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Avila JA, Alliger AA, Carvajal B, Zanca RM, Serrano PA, Luine VN. Estradiol rapidly increases GluA2-mushroom spines and decreases GluA2-filopodia spines in hippocampus CA1. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1224-1229. [PMID: 28833901 PMCID: PMC5744887 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal dendritic spine density rapidly increases following estradiol (E2 ) treatment, but the types of spines and trafficking of synaptic markers have received little investigation. We assessed rapid effects of E2 over time on the density of four spine types (stubby, filopodial, long thin, and mushroom) and trafficking of AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 and PSD95 on tertiary, apical dendrites in CA1. Castrated male rats received 20 μg kg-1 of E2 or vehicle and were sacrificed 30 or 120 min later. Images of Golgi-Cox impregnated and PSD95/GluA2 stained dendrites were captured under the confocal microscope and quantified with IMARIS-XT. Stubby and filopodial spine densities did not change following treatment. Long-thin spines significantly decreased at 30 min while mushroom spines significantly increased at 120 min. GluA2, PSD95, and GluA2/PSD95 colocalization levels in stubby or long thin spines did not change, but filopodial spines had significantly reduced GluA2 levels at 30 min. Mushroom spines showed significantly increased levels for GluA2, PSD95 and GluA2/PSD95 colocalization at 120 min. Because GluA2 is important for memory consolidation, current results present novel data suggesting that trafficking of GluA2 to mushroom spines provides one mechanism contributing to estradiol's ability to enhance learning and memory by the PI3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Avila
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Amber A Alliger
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
| | - Brigett Carvajal
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
| | - Roseanna M Zanca
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Victoria N Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York
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15
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Reberger R, Dall'Oglio A, Jung CR, Rasia-Filho AA. Structure and diversity of human dendritic spines evidenced by a new three-dimensional reconstruction procedure for Golgi staining and light microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 293:27-36. [PMID: 28887132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches aim to unravel detailed morphological features of neural cells. Dendritic spines are multifunctional units that reflect cellular connectivity, synaptic strength and plasticity. NEW METHOD A novel three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction procedure is introduced for visualization of dendritic spines from human postmortem brain tissue using brightfield microscopy. The segmentation model was based on thresholding the intensity values of the dendritic spine image along 'z' stacks. We used median filtering and removed false positives. Fine adjustments during image processing confirmed that the reconstructed image of the spines corresponded to the actual original data. RESULTS Examples are shown for the cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the CA3 hippocampal area. Structure of spine heads and necks was evaluated at different angles. Our 3D reconstruction images display dendritic spines either isolated or in clusters, in a continuum of shapes and sizes, from simple to more elaborated forms, including the presence of spinule and complex 'thorny excrescences'. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The procedure has the advantages already described for the adapted "single-section" Golgi method, since it provides suitable results using human brains fixed in formalin for long time, is relatively easy, requires minimal equipment, and uses an algorithm for 3D reconstruction that provides high quality images and more precise morphological data. CONCLUSION The procedure described here allows the reliable visualization and study of human dendritic spines with broad applications for normal controls and pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Reberger
- Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Medical Engineering Program, Erlangen, Germany; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dall'Oglio
- Federal University of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Jung
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Informatics, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Federal University of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Neuroscience Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Iñiguez SD, Aubry A, Riggs LM, Alipio JB, Zanca RM, Flores-Ramirez FJ, Hernandez MA, Nieto SJ, Musheyev D, Serrano PA. Social defeat stress induces depression-like behavior and alters spine morphology in the hippocampus of adolescent male C57BL/6 mice. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 5:54-64. [PMID: 27981196 PMCID: PMC5154707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social stress, including bullying during adolescence, is a risk factor for common psychopathologies such as depression. To investigate the neural mechanisms associated with juvenile social stress-induced mood-related endophenotypes, we examined the behavioral, morphological, and biochemical effects of the social defeat stress model of depression on hippocampal dendritic spines within the CA1 stratum radiatum. Adolescent (postnatal day 35) male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to defeat episodes for 10 consecutive days. Twenty-four h later, separate groups of mice were tested on the social interaction and tail suspension tests. Hippocampi were then dissected and Western blots were conducted to quantify protein levels for various markers important for synaptic plasticity including protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ), the dopamine-1 (D1) receptor, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the dopamine transporter (DAT). Furthermore, we examined the presence of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-receptor subunit GluA2 as well as colocalization with the post-synaptic density 95 (PSD95) protein, within different spine subtypes (filopodia, stubby, long-thin, mushroom) using an immunohistochemistry and Golgi-Cox staining technique. The results revealed that social defeat induced a depression-like behavioral profile, as inferred from decreased social interaction levels, increased immobility on the tail suspension test, and decreases in body weight. Whole hippocampal immunoblots revealed decreases in GluA2, with a concomitant increase in DAT and TH levels in the stressed group. Spine morphology analyses further showed that defeated mice displayed a significant decrease in stubby spines, and an increase in long-thin spines within the CA1 stratum radiatum. Further evaluation of GluA2/PSD95 containing-spines demonstrated a decrease of these markers within long-thin and mushroom spine types. Together, these results indicate that juvenile social stress induces GluA2- and dopamine-associated dysregulation in the hippocampus - a neurobiological mechanism potentially underlying the development of mood-related syndromes as a consequence of adolescent bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D. Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Antonio Aubry
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lace M. Riggs
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Jason B. Alipio
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | | | - Francisco J. Flores-Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Mirella A. Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Steven J. Nieto
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - David Musheyev
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peter A. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Gipson CD, Olive MF. Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines - root or result of behavior? GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:101-117. [PMID: 27561549 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are multifunctional integrative units of the nervous system and are highly diverse and dynamic in nature. Both internal and external stimuli influence dendritic spine density and morphology on the order of minutes. It is clear that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is related to changes in synaptic efficacy, learning and memory and other cognitive processes. However, it is currently unclear whether structural changes in dendritic spines are primary instigators of changes in specific behaviors, a consequence of behavioral changes, or both. In this review, we first examine the basic structure and function of dendritic spines in the brain, as well as laboratory methods to characterize and quantify morphological changes in dendritic spines. We then discuss the existing literature on the temporal and functional relationship between changes in dendritic spines in specific brain regions and changes in specific behaviors mediated by those regions. Although technological advancements have allowed us to better understand the functional relevance of structural changes in dendritic spines that are influenced by environmental stimuli, the role of spine dynamics as an underlying driver or consequence of behavior still remains elusive. We conclude that while it is likely that structural changes in dendritic spines are both instigators and results of behavioral changes, improved research tools and methods are needed to experimentally and directly manipulate spine dynamics in order to more empirically delineate the relationship between spine structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Bayram-Weston Z, Olsen E, Harrison DJ, Dunnett SB, Brooks SP. Optimising Golgi-Cox staining for use with perfusion-fixed brain tissue validated in the zQ175 mouse model of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 265:81-8. [PMID: 26459195 PMCID: PMC4863524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi-Cox stain is an established method for characterising neuron cell morphology. The method highlights neurite processes of stained cells allowing the complexity of dendritic branching to be measured. NEW METHODS Conventional rapid Golgi and Golgi-Cox methods all require fresh impregnation in unfixed brain blocks. Here, we describe a modified method that gives high quality staining on brain tissue blocks perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and post-fixed by immersion for 24h. RESULTS Tissue perfused with 4% PFA and post fixed for 24h remained viable for the modified Golgi-Cox silver impregnation staining of mouse striatum from perfused wild type and zQ175. It was not found necessary to impregnate tissue blocks with Golgi solutions prior to sectioning, as post-sectioned tissues yielded equally good impregnation. Impregnation for 14 days resulted in optimal visualisation of striatal neuron and dendritic morphology. Although no modifications applied to the rapid Golgi method were reliable, the modified Golgi-Cox method yielded consistently reliable high-quality staining. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The current method used fixed tissues to reduce damage and preserve cell morphology. The revised method was found to be fast, reliable and cost effective without the need for expensive staining kits and could be performed in any neuroscience lab with limited specialist equipment. CONCLUSIONS The present study introduces a robust reproducible and inexpensive staining method for identifying neuronal morphological changes in the post fixed mouse brain, and is suitable for assessing changes in cell morphology in models of neurodegeneration and in response to experimental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Bayram-Weston
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - Elliott Olsen
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen B Dunnett
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Simon P Brooks
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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20
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Collo G, Cavalleri L, Spano P. Structural plasticity in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons produced by drugs of abuse: critical role of BDNF and dopamine. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:259. [PMID: 25505416 PMCID: PMC4243500 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons were suggested to be a critical physiopathology substrate for addiction disorders. Among neuroadaptive processes to addictive drugs, structural plasticity has attracted attention. While structural plasticity occurs at both pre- and post-synaptic levels in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, the present review focuses only on dopaminergic neurons. Exposures to addictive drugs determine two opposite structural responses, hypothrophic plasticity produced by opioids and cannabinoids (in particular during the early withdrawal phase) and hypertrophic plasticity, mostly driven by psychostimulants and nicotine. In vitro and in vivo studies identified BDNF and extracellular dopamine as two critical factors in determining structural plasticity, the two molecules sharing similar intracellular pathways involved in cell soma and dendrite growth, the MEK-ERK1/2 and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR, via preferential activation of TrkB and dopamine D3 receptors, respectively. At present information regarding specific structural changes associated to the various stages of the addiction cycle is incomplete. Encouraging neuroimaging data in humans indirectly support the preclinical evidence of hypotrophic and hypertrophic effects, suggesting a possible differential engagement of dopamine neurons in parallel and partially converging circuits controlling motivation, stress, and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
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21
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Vashchinkina E, Panhelainen A, Aitta-Aho T, Korpi ER. GABAA receptor drugs and neuronal plasticity in reward and aversion: focus on the ventral tegmental area. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:256. [PMID: 25505414 PMCID: PMC4243505 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors are the main fast inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain, and targets for many clinically important drugs widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia and in anesthesia. Nonetheless, there are significant risks associated with the long-term use of these drugs particularly related to development of tolerance and addiction. Addictive mechanisms of GABAA receptor drugs are poorly known, but recent findings suggest that those drugs may induce aberrant neuroadaptations in the brain reward circuitry. Recently, benzodiazepines, acting on synaptic GABAA receptors, and modulators of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (THIP and neurosteroids) have been found to induce plasticity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and their main target projections. Furthermore, depending whether synaptic or extrasynaptic GABAA receptor populations are activated, the behavioral outcome of repeated administration seems to correlate with rewarding or aversive behavioral responses, respectively. The VTA dopamine neurons project to forebrain centers such as the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex, and receive afferent projections from these brain regions and especially from the extended amygdala and lateral habenula, forming the major part of the reward and aversion circuitry. Both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA drugs inhibit the VTA GABAergic interneurons, thus activating the VTA DA neurons by disinhibition and this way inducing glutamatergic synaptic plasticity. However, the GABAA drugs failed to alter synaptic spine numbers as studied from Golgi-Cox-stained VTA dendrites. Since the GABAergic drugs are known to depress the brain metabolism and gene expression, their likely way of inducing neuroplasticity in mature neurons is by disinhibiting the principal neurons, which remains to be rigorously tested for a number of clinically important anxiolytics, sedatives and anesthetics in different parts of the circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vashchinkina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Panhelainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Aitta-Aho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, and SINAPSE, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Abstract
Units of dendritic branches called dendritic spines represent more than simply decorative appendages of the neuron and actively participate in integrative functions of “spinous” nerve cells thereby contributing to the general phenomenon of synaptic plasticity. In animal models of drug addiction, spines are profoundly affected by treatments with drugs of abuse and represent important sub cellular markers which interfere deeply into the physiology of the neuron thereby providing an example of the burgeoning and rapidly increasing interest in “structural plasticity”. Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs) of the Nucleus Accumbens (Nacc) show a reduced number of dendritic spines and a decrease in TH-positive terminals upon withdrawal from opiates, cannabinoids and alcohol. The reduction is localized “strictly” to second order dendritic branches where dopamine (DA)-containing terminals, impinging upon spines, make synaptic contacts. In addition, long-thin spines seems preferentially affected raising the possibility that cellular learning of these neurons may be selectively hampered. These findings suggest that dendritic spines are affected by drugs widely abused by humans and provide yet another example of drug-induced aberrant neural plasticity with marked reflections on the physiology of synapses, system structural organization, and neuronal circuitry remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saturnino Spiga
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy ; "G.Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy ; Department of Natural Science and the Territory, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- "G.Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari Sassari, Italy
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Hampered long-term depression and thin spine loss in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-dependent rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3745-54. [PMID: 25122682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406768111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism involves long-term cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, resulting in substantial cost to society. Neuronal refinement and stabilization are hypothesized to confer resilience to poor decision making and addictive-like behaviors, such as excessive ethanol drinking and dependence. Accordingly, structural abnormalities are likely to contribute to synaptic dysfunctions that occur from suddenly ceasing the use of alcohol after chronic ingestion. Here we show that ethanol-dependent rats display a loss of dendritic spines in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) shell, accompanied by a reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and postsynaptic density 95-positive elements. Further analysis indicates that "long thin" but not "mushroom" spines are selectively affected. In addition, patch-clamp experiments from Nacc slices reveal that long-term depression (LTD) formation is hampered, with parallel changes in field potential recordings and reductions in NMDA-mediated synaptic currents. These changes are restricted to the withdrawal phase of ethanol dependence, suggesting their relevance in the genesis of signs and/or symptoms affecting ethanol withdrawal and thus the whole addictive cycle. Overall, these results highlight the key role of dynamic alterations in dendritic spines and their presynaptic afferents in the evolution of alcohol dependence. Furthermore, they suggest that the selective loss of long thin spines together with a reduced NMDA receptor function may affect learning. Disruption of this LTD could contribute to the rigid emotional and motivational state observed in alcohol dependence.
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A new automated 3D detection of synaptic contacts reveals the formation of cortico-striatal synapses upon cocaine treatment in vivo. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2953-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Maksimenko A, Alami M, Zouhiri F, Brion JD, Pruvost A, Mougin J, Hamze A, Boissenot T, Provot O, Desmaële D, Couvreur P. Therapeutic modalities of squalenoyl nanocomposites in colon cancer: an ongoing search for improved efficacy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2018-32. [PMID: 24555414 PMCID: PMC4060170 DOI: 10.1021/nn500517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery of combined cytotoxic and antivascular chemotherapies in multidrug nanoassemblies may represent an attractive way to improve the treatment of experimental cancers. Here we made the proof of concept of this approach on the experimental LS174-T human colon carcinoma xenograft nude mice model. Briefly, we have nanoprecipitated the anticancer compound gemcitabine conjugated with squalene (SQ-gem) together with isocombretastatin A-4 (isoCA-4), a new isomer of the antivascular combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). It was found that these molecules spontaneously self-assembled as stable nanoparticles (SQ-gem/isoCA-4 NAs) of ca. 142 nm in a surfactant-free aqueous solution. Cell culture viability tests and apoptosis assays showed that SQ-gem/isoCA-4 NAs displayed comparable antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects than those of the native gemcitabine or the mixtures of free gemcitabine with isoCA-4. Surprisingly, it was observed by confocal microscopy that the nanocomposites made of SQ-gem/isoCA-4 distributed intracellularly as intact nanoparticles whereas the SQ-gem nanoparticles remained localized onto the cell membrane. When used to deliver these combined chemotherapeutics to human colon cancer model, SQ-gem/isoCA-4 nanocomposites induced complete tumor regression (by 93%) and were found superior to all the other treatments, whereas the overall tolerance was better than the free drug treatments. This approach could be applied to other pairs of squalenoylated nanoassemblies with other non-water-soluble drugs, thus broadening the application of the "squalenoylation" concept in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Maksimenko
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Mouad Alami
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS-UMR 8076, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Fatima Zouhiri
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS-UMR 8076, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Alain Pruvost
- Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, iBiTecS, SPI, CEA, Gif sur Yvette, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS-UMR 8076, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Tanguy Boissenot
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Olivier Provot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS-UMR 8076, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, F-92296, France
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Sebastian V, Estil JB, Chen D, Schrott LM, Serrano PA. Acute physiological stress promotes clustering of synaptic markers and alters spine morphology in the hippocampus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79077. [PMID: 24205365 PMCID: PMC3812005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GluA2-containing AMPA receptors and their association with protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) are important for learning, memory and synaptic plasticity processes. Here we investigated these synaptic markers in the context of an acute 1h platform stress, which can disrupt spatial memory retrieval for a short-term memory on the object placement task and long-term memory retrieval on a well-learned radial arm maze task. Acute stress increased serum corticosterone and elevated the expression of synaptic PKMζ while decreasing synaptic GluA2. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that this stressor promotes the clustering of GluA2, PKMζ and PSD-95, which is consistent with effects reported from overexpression of PKMζ in cell culture. Because PKMζ overexpression has also been shown to induce spine maturation in culture, we examined how stress impacts synaptic markers within changing spines across various hippocampal subfields. To achieve this, we employed a new technique combining Golgi staining and immmunohistochemistry to perform 3D reconstruction of tertiary dendrites, which can be analyzed for differences in spine types and the colocalization of synaptic markers within these spines. In CA1, stress increased the densities of long-thin and mushroom spines and the colocalization of GluA2/PSD-95 within these spines. Conversely, in CA3, stress decreased the densities of filopodia and stubby spines, with a concomitant reduction in the colocalization of GluA2/PSD-95 within these spines. In the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus (DG), stress increased both stubby and long-thin spines, together with greater GluA2/PSD-95 colocalization. These data reflect the rapid effects of stress on inducing morphological changes within specific hippocampal subfields, highlighting a potential mechanism by which stress can modulate memory consolidation and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sebastian
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jim Brian Estil
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chen
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Schrott
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Baloyannis SJ. Recent progress of the Golgi technique and electron microscopy to examine dendritic pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros J Baloyannis
- Aristotelian University, Research Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease, Angelaki 5, 546 21 Thessaloniki, Greecen
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Regional distribution of 5α-reductase type 2 in the adult rat brain: an immunohistochemical analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:281-93. [PMID: 22776423 PMCID: PMC3762250 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 5α-reductase (5αR) catalyzes the conversion of testosterone and other Δ(4)-3-ketosteroids into their 5α-reduced metabolites. Of the five members of the 5αR family, the type 2 enzyme (5αR2) plays a key role in androgen metabolism, and is abundantly distributed in the urogenital system. Although 5αR2 has been reported to be highly expressed in the brain during early developmental stages, little is currently known on its anatomical and cellular distribution in the adult brain. Thus, the present study was designed to determine the detailed localization of 5αR2 in the adult rat brain, using a highly specific polyclonal antibody against this isoform. Parasagittal and coronal sections revealed 5αR2 immunoreactivity throughout most brain regions, with strong immunolabeling in the layers III and VI of the prefrontal and somatosensory cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamic nuclei, CA3 field of hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum. Lower 5αR2 levels were detected in the hypothalamus and midbrain. Moreover, double labeling fluorescence with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that 5αR2 is localized in neurons, but not in glial cells. Specifically, the enzyme was documented in the pyramidal neurons of the cortex by CLSM analysis of simultaneous Golgi-Cox and immunofluorescent staining. Finally, low levels of 5αR2 expression were identified in GABAergic cells across the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. These findings show that, in the adult brain, 5αR2 is distributed in critical regions for behavioral regulation, suggesting that the functional role of this isoform is present throughout the entire lifespan of the individual.
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Advances in thin tissue Golgi-Cox impregnation: fast, reliable methods for multi-assay analyses in rodent and non-human primate brain. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 213:214-27. [PMID: 23313849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In 1873 Camillo Golgi discovered a staining technique that allowed for the visualization of whole neurons within the brain, initially termed 'the black reaction' and is now known as Golgi impregnation. Despite the capricious nature of this method, Golgi impregnation remains a widely used method for whole neuron visualization and analysis of dendritic arborization and spine quantification. We describe a series of reliable, modified 'Golgi-Cox' impregnation methods that complement some existing methods and have several advantages over traditional whole brain 'Golgi' impregnation. First, these methods utilize 60-100μm thick brain sections, which allows for fast, reliable impregnation of neurons in rats (7-14 days) and non-human primates (NHP) (30 days) while avoiding the pitfalls of other 'rapid Golgi' techniques traditionally employed with thin sections. Second, these methods employ several common tissue fixatives, resulting in high quality neuron impregnation in brain sections from acrolein, glutaraldehyde, and paraformaldehyde perfused rats, and in glutaraldehyde perfused NHP brain tissue. Third, because thin sections are obtained on a vibratome prior to processing, alternate sections of brain tissue can be used for additional analyses such as immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy. This later advantage allows for comparison of, for example, dendrite morphology in sections adjacent to pertinent histochemical markers or ultrastructural components. Finally, we describe a method for simultaneous light microscopic visualization of both tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and Golgi impregnation in the same tissue section. Thus, the methods described here allow for fast, high quality Golgi impregnation and conserve experimental subjects by allowing multiple analyses within an individual animal.
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Mancuso JJ, Chen Y, Li X, Xue Z, Wong STC. Methods of dendritic spine detection: from Golgi to high-resolution optical imaging. Neuroscience 2012; 251:129-40. [PMID: 22522468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the bulbous protrusions that form the postsynaptic half of excitatory synapses, are one of the most prominent features of neurons and have been imaged and studied for over a century. In that time, changes in the number and morphology of dendritic spines have been correlated to the developmental process as well as the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the sheer scale of synaptic connectivity in the brain, work to date has merely scratched the surface in the study of normal spine function and pathology. This review will highlight traditional approaches to the imaging of dendritic spines and newer approaches made possible by advances in microscopy, protein engineering, and image analysis. The review will also describe recent work that is leading researchers toward the possibility of a systematic and comprehensive study of spine anatomy throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mancuso
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging in Neurosciences, USA
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Pinto L, Mateus-Pinheiro A, Morais M, Bessa JM, Sousa N. Immuno-Golgi as a tool for analyzing neuronal 3D-dendritic structure in phenotypically characterized neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33114. [PMID: 22427964 PMCID: PMC3299750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of neuronal dendritic structure in combination with the determination of specific neuronal phenotype or temporal generation is a challenging task. Here we present a novel method that combines bromodioxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry with Golgi-impregnation technique; with this simple non-invasive method, we are able to determine the tridimensional structure of dendritic arborization and spine shape of neurons born at a specific time in the hippocampus of adult animals. This analysis is relevant in physiological and pathological conditions in which altered neurogenesis is implicated, such as aging or emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Pinto
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- PT Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail: (LP); (NS)
| | - António Mateus-Pinheiro
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- PT Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mónica Morais
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- PT Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Bessa
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- PT Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- PT Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail: (LP); (NS)
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A half century of experimental neuroanatomical tracing. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:157-83. [PMID: 21782932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most of our current understanding of brain function and dysfunction has its firm base in what is so elegantly called the 'anatomical substrate', i.e. the anatomical, histological, and histochemical domains within the large knowledge envelope called 'neuroscience' that further includes physiological, pharmacological, neurochemical, behavioral, genetical and clinical domains. This review focuses mainly on the anatomical domain in neuroscience. To a large degree neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods have paved the way in this domain. Over the past few decades, a great number of neuroanatomical tracers have been added to the technical arsenal to fulfill almost any experimental demand. Despite this sophisticated arsenal, the decision which tracer is best suited for a given tracing experiment still represents a difficult choice. Although this review is obviously not intended to provide the last word in the tract-tracing field, we provide a survey of the available tracing methods including some of their roots. We further summarize our experience with neuroanatomical tracers, in an attempt to provide the novice user with some advice to help this person to select the most appropriate criteria to choose a tracer that best applies to a given experimental design.
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