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Gul S, Pang J, Yuan H, Chen Y, Yu Q, Wang H, Tang W. Stemness signature and targeted therapeutic drugs identification for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Sci Data 2023; 10:815. [PMID: 37985782 PMCID: PMC10662149 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and carries the worst prognosis, characterized by the lack of progesterone, estrogen, and HER2 gene expression. This study aimed to analyze cancer stemness-related gene signature to determine patients' risk stratification and prognosis feature with TNBC. Here one-class logistic regression (OCLR) algorithm was applied to compute the stemness index of TNBC patients. Cox and LASSO regression analysis was performed on stemness-index related genes to establish 16 genes-based prognostic signature, and their predictive performance was verified in TCGA and METABERIC merged data cohort. We diagnosed the expression level of prognostic genes signature in the tumor immune microenvironment, analyzed the TNBC scRNA-seq GSE176078 dataset, and further validated the expression level of prognostic genes using the HPA database. Finally, the small molecular compounds targeted at the anti-tumor effect of predictive genes were screened by molecular docking; this novel stemness-based prognostic genes signature study could facilitate the prognosis of patients with TNBC and thus provide a feasible therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Gul
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Jianyu Pang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Hongjun Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China
| | - Wenru Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 jingming south road, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 650500, China.
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Is There a Place for Somatostatin Analogues for the Systemic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Immunotherapy Era? LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a very limited survival rate even after the recent inclusion of kinase inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors in the therapeutic armamentarium. A significant problem with the current proposed therapies is the considerable cost of treatment that may be a serious obstacle in low- and middle-income countries. Implementation of somatostatin analogues (SSAs) has the potential to overcome this obstacle, but due to some negative studies their extensive evaluation came to a halt. However, experimental evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, has revealed various mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of these analogues, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Favorable indirect effects such as inhibition of liver inflammation and fibrosis and influence on macrophage-mediated innate immunity have also been noted and are presented in this review. Furthermore, the clinical application of SSAs is both presented and compared with clinical trials of kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). No direct trials have been performed to compare survival in the same cohort of patients, but the cost of treatment with SSAs is a fraction compared to the other modalities and with significantly less serious side effects. As in immunotherapy, patients with viral HCC (excluding alcoholics), as well as Barcelona stage B or C and Child A patients, are the best candidates, since they usually have a survival prospect of at least 6 months, necessary for optimum results. Reasons for treatment failures are also discussed and further research is proposed.
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Khedr A, Mahmoud EE, Attallah N, Mir M, Boike S, Rauf I, Jama AB, Mushtaq H, Surani S, Khan SA. Role of octreotide in small bowel bleeding. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:9192-9206. [PMID: 36159407 PMCID: PMC9477697 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i26.9192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding accounts for a drastic negative impact on the quality of the patients’ lives as it requires multiple diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to identify the source of the bleeding. Small bowel bleeding is the least common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. However, it is responsible for the majority of complaints from patients with persisting or recurring bleeding where the primary source of bleeding cannot be identified despite investigation. A somatostatin analog known as octreotide is among the medical treatment modalities currently used to manage small bowel bleeding. This medication helps control symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding by augmenting platelet aggregation, decreasing splanchnic blood flow, and antagonizing angiogenesis. In this review article, we will highlight the clinical efficacy of octreotide in small bowel bleeding and its subsequent effect on morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Khedr
- Department of Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY 10457, United States
| | | | - Noura Attallah
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Mikael Mir
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Sydney Boike
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Ibtisam Rauf
- Department of Medicine, St. George School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Abbas B Jama
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Hisham Mushtaq
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Syed A Khan
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
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Antitumoral and Anti-inflammatory Roles of Somatostatin and Its Analogs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:1840069. [PMID: 34873567 PMCID: PMC8643256 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1840069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and affects about 8% of cirrhotic patients, with a recurrence rate of over 50%. There are numerous therapies available for the treatment of HCC, depending on cancer staging and condition of the patient. The complexity of the treatment is also justified by the unique pathogenesis of HCC that involves intricate processes such as chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and multiple molecular carcinogenesis events. During the last three decades, multiple in vivo and in vitro experiments have used somatostatin and its analogs (SSAs) to reduce the proliferative and metastatic potential of hepatoma cells by inducing their apoptosis and reducing angiogenesis and the inflammatory component of HCC. Most experiments have proven successful, revealing several different pathways and mechanisms corresponding to the aforementioned functions. Moreover, a correlation between specific effects and expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) was observed in the studied cells. Clinical trials have tested either somatostatin or an analog, alone or in combination with other drugs, to explore the potential effects on HCC patients, in various stages of the disease. While the majority of these clinical trials exhibited minor to moderate success, some other studies were inconclusive or even reported negative outcomes. A complete evaluation of the efficacy of somatostatin and SSAs is still the matter of intense debate, and, if deemed useful, these substances may play a beneficial role in the management of HCC patients.
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Wang M, Shan F, Zou Y, Sun X, Zhang ZR, Fu Y, Gong T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a phospholipid-based phase separation gel for once a month administration of octreotide. J Control Release 2016; 230:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pivonello C, De Martino MC, Negri M, Cuomo G, Cariati F, Izzo F, Colao A, Pivonello R. The GH-IGF-SST system in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25225571 PMCID: PMC4164328 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Different signalling pathways have been identified to be implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC; among these, GH, IGF and somatostatin (SST) pathways have emerged as some of the major pathways implicated in the development of HCC. Physiologically, GH-IGF-SST system plays a crucial role in liver growth and development since GH induces IGF1 and IGF2 secretion and the expression of their receptors, involved in hepatocytes cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. On the other hand, somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are exclusively present on the biliary tract. Importantly, the GH-IGF-SST system components have been indicated as regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis. Reduction of GH binding affinity to GH receptor, decreased serum IGF1 and increased serum IGF2 production, overexpression of IGF1 receptor, loss of function of IGF2 receptor and appearance of SSTRs are frequently observed in human HCC. In particular, recently, many studies have evaluated the correlation between increased levels of IGF1 receptors and liver diseases and the oncogenic role of IGF2 and its involvement in angiogenesis, migration and, consequently, in tumour progression. SST directly or indirectly influences tumour growth and development through the inhibition of cell proliferation and secretion and induction of apoptosis, even though SST role in hepatocarcinogenesis is still opened to argument. This review addresses the present evidences suggesting a role of the GH-IGF-SST system in the development and progression of HCC, and describes the therapeutic perspectives, based on the targeting of GH-IGF-SST system, which have been hypothesised and experimented in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cariati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- National Cancer Institute G Pascale Foundation, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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Shaaban S, Negm A, Ibrahim EE, Elrazak AA. Chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and mode of action. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:246. [PMID: 25992234 PMCID: PMC4419609 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a dreaded malignancy that every year causes half a million deaths worldwide. Being an aggressive cancer, its incidence exceeds 700,000 new cases per year worldwide with a median survival of 6-8 months. Despite advances in prognosis and early detection, effective HCC chemoprevention or treatment strategies are still lacking, therefore its dismal survival rate remains largely unchanged. This review will characterize currently available chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of HCC. The respective mode(s) of action, side effects and recommendations will be also described for each drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - Amr Negm
- Department of Biochemistry, Mansoura University , Egypt
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ZHANG LILI, YU SU, DUAN ZHIJUN, WANG QIUMING, TIAN GE, TIAN YAN, ZHAO WEI, WANG HUI, ZHANG CUILING, GUO SHIBIN, LIU QIGUI, HE GAOHONG, BIAN TENGFEI, CHANG JIUYANG, JIN XUE, CUI DONGSHENG. Treatment of liver cancer in mice by the intratumoral injection of an octreotide-based temperature-sensitive gel. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:117-27. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Antiangiogenic role of miR-361 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: functional interaction with the peptide somatostatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:15-27. [PMID: 23128854 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) acts as antiangiogenic factor, but its role in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting proangiogenic factors is unknown. We used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to investigate whether (1) miRNAs targeting proangiogenic factors are influenced by hypoxia, (2) their expression is regulated by SRIF, and (3) SRIF-regulated miRNAs affect HUVEC angiogenic phenotype. The involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 in miRNA effects was studied. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, cell proliferation assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. Using specific algorithms, three miRNAs (miR-17, miR-18b, and miR-361) were predicted to bind angiogenesis-associated factors including STAT3, HIF-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hypoxia downregulates miR-17 and miR-361 without affecting miR-18b. SRIF restored decreased levels of miR-361 acting at the SRIF receptor sst(1). Downregulated miR-361 was also restored by HIF-1α inhibition with YC-1. Combined application of SRIF did not influence YC-1-induced miR-361 downregulation, suggesting that YC-1 and SRIF modulate miR-361 through a common mechanism involving HIF-1α. This possibility was confirmed by the result that HIF-1α activation in normoxia-downregulated miR-361 and that this downregulation was prevented by SRIF. miR-361 overexpression reduced hypoxia-induced cell proliferation and VEGF release indicating miR-361 involvement in the acquisition of an angiogenic phenotype by HUVEC. miR-361 effects on VEGF were enhanced by the coadministration of SRIF. Our results suggest that (1) SRIF regulates miR-361 expression through a control on HIF-1, (2) miR-361 affects HUVEC angiogenic phenotype, and (3) SRIF and miR-361 act cooperatively in limiting hypoxia-induced VEGF release.
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Post-TACE Combination Therapy of Heparin and Octreotide Results in Decreased Tumor Metastasis in Extrahepatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 62:35-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Jatoi A, Giordano KF, Nguyen PL, Sloan J, Hartmann LC. Targeting and palliating malignant ascites: an overview of an upcoming clinical trial from the north central cancer treatment group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:59-62. [PMID: 18632438 DOI: 10.3816/sct.2005.n.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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12
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Hypoxia effects on proangiogenic factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: functional role of the peptide somatostatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:593-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kukwa W, Andrysiak R, Kukwa A, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Gronkiewicz Z, Wojtowicz P, Krolicki L, Wierzchowski W, Grochowski T, Czarnecka AM. 99mTC-octreotide scintigraphy and somatostatin receptor subtype expression in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. Head Neck 2011; 33:1739-46. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Walter T, Hommell-Fontaine J, Gouysse G, Pourreyron C, Nejjari M, Villaume K, Causeret S, Hervieu V, Poncet G, Roche C, Scoazec JY. Effects of somatostatin and octreotide on the interactions between neoplastic gastroenteropancreatic endocrine cells and endothelial cells: a comparison between in vitro and in vivo properties. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 94:200-8. [PMID: 21677423 DOI: 10.1159/000328134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Experimental studies in vitro suggest that somatostatin and some of its analogues used in clinical practice, such as octreotide, may have potent antiangiogenic properties. However, the clinical transposition of these data is difficult. METHODS To address this issue, we designed a comparative study of the effects of somatostatin and octreotide on the interactions between neoplastic endocrine cells and endothelial cells in several in vitro and in vivo experimental models, including primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), indirect cocultures between HUVEC and the somatostatin-producing endocrine cell line STC-1, and an animal model of intrahepatic dissemination of STC-1 cells. RESULTS 10(-8)M octreotide markedly inhibited both basal and VEGF-stimulated HUVEC proliferation, had no effect on endothelial cell migration, but inhibited endothelial tubule formation. HUVEC cocultured with the somatostatin- and VEGF-producing STC-1 cells presented a markedly decreased proliferation, a slightly increased motility and an increased capacity of tubule formation; in this system, the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation was abolished by neutralizing anti-somatostatin but was restored in the presence of anti-VEGF antibodies. This suggests that somatostatin is able to antagonize the effects of VEGF on endothelial cell proliferation but not on endothelial cell sprouting. Finally, no significant effect of octreotide on tumor growth and intratumoral microvascular density was detected in an experimental model of intrahepatic dissemination of STC-1 cells. CONCLUSION The in vitro antiangiogenic effects of somatostatin and its analogues are likely to be efficiently counterbalanced in the tumor microenvironment by the concomitant release of proangiogenic factors like VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walter
- Lyon Cancer Research Center, Team 4, INSERM UMR1052/CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
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Gao J, Jia WD, Li JS, Wang W, Xu GL, Ma JL, Ge YS, Yu JH, Ren WH, Liu WB, Zhang CH. Combined inhibitory effects of celecoxib and fluvastatin on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:1413-27. [PMID: 20926014 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the in vivo growth inhibitory effects of celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, and fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, BEL-7402. Athymic nude mice implanted with BEL-7402 cells were given celecoxib and fluvastatin, either alone or in combination, and the effect of treatment on tumour growth was evaluated after 6 weeks. The combination of celecoxib and fluvastatin enhanced inhibition of tumour growth, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, and inhibition of tumour angiogenesis compared with either treatment alone. The combination of celecoxib and fluvastatin also increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1), decreased levels of p-Akt, myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1) and survivin protein, but had no effect on Akt protein levels in tumours. These results suggest that celecoxib combined with fluvastatin would be more efficacious for the treatment of HCC than either treatment alone and this combination of therapy warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- Centre for the Study of Liver Cancer, and Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Msaouel P, Galanis E, Koutsilieris M. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors: implications for neoplastic growth and cancer biology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 18:1297-316. [PMID: 19678799 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903176399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin agonists (SM-As) are capable of achieving durable symptomatic relief and significant clinical responses in certain tumours. Herein, we review the diverse direct and indirect mechanisms of antineoplastic activity elicited by SM-As as well as the hurdles that complicate their use as monotherapies in a broader range of malignancies. Emphasis is placed on recent clinical attempts to neutralise the IGF-mediated survival factor effects in the bone metastasis microenvironment in advanced prostate cancer. The first clinical trials of this 'anti-survival factor manipulation' strategy utilised the ability of SM-As to suppress the growth hormone-dependent liver-derived IGF-I bioavailability in combination with other drugs, such as dexamethasone, zolendronate and oestrogens, acting systemically and at the bone metastasis microenvironment. These regimens restored androgen ablation responsiveness in stage D3 prostate cancer patients and successfully produced objective clinical responses while only mild toxicities were observed. Furthermore, we focus on the preclinical experimental data of a targeted SM-A coupled to the super-potent doxorubicin derivative AN-201. The resulting conjugate (AN-238) has shown increased antitumour potency with a favourable toxicity profile. The potential use of novel SM-As as anticancer drugs is discussed in relation to data suggesting other direct and indirect treatment approaches pertaining to the somatostatin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Experimental Physiology, 75 Micras Asias St, Goudi-Athens 11527, Greece
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Borbath I, Leclercq IA, Sempoux C, Abarca-Quinones J, Desaeger C, Horsmans Y. Efficacy of lanreotide in preventing the occurrence of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:238-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Impact of different anticancer regimens on biomarkers of angiogenesis in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:271-81. [PMID: 18642029 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a highly vascularised tumor with limited treatment options. We wanted to evaluate the impact of different treatments on systemic biomarkers linked to angiogenesis. METHODS Two subsequent prospective, randomised, phase-I/II trials in patients with advanced HCC were performed. A total of 38 patients was randomised to a total of 4 regimens consisting of 3 cycles of 4 weeks each: Trial 1 included group 1 receiving octreotide 30 mg im on day 1, and group 2 octreotide 30 mg on day 1 plus Imatinib 400 mg po daily; Trial 2 included group 3 with oxaliplatin on day 1 (60 mg-90 mg/m(2)), and group 4 with oxaliplatin on day 1, 8, 15 (20 mg-30 mg/m(2)) in combination with octreotide 30 mg on day 1 plus imatinib 400 mg po daily. Primary outcome measure was the relative changes in plasma biomarkers over time. RESULTS Time-to-progression and overall survival was not different between the the two study trials. Within group 1-4, the mean relative increase from baseline to week 12 of treatment was 17, 18, 37, and 2% for s-E-selectin; -1, 90, 10, and -9% for VEGF-A; 18, 84, 141, and 74% for PDGF-BB, and 111, 142, 30, and 7% for serum AFP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The increase of plasma levels for s-E-selectin and PDGF-BB seen in patients receiving chemotherapy alone may reflect activation of angiogenesis. In contrast, low-dose metronomic chemotherapy in combination with anti-angiogenic drugs seems to correlate with the least increase in biomarkers. Imatinib-octreotide temporarily leads to a decrease in PDGF-BB, whereas octreotide alone had no effect on PDGF-BB plasma levels.
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Dalm VASH, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SWJ. Future clinical prospects in somatostatin/cortistatin/somatostatin receptor field. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:262-77. [PMID: 17942217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (sst), somatostatin (SS) and cortistatin (CST) are widely expressed in the various systems in the human and rodent organisms and are "responsible" for maintaining homeostasis, which is essential for survival. Because of their broad expression pattern sst, SS and CST interactions may play regulatory roles in both physiology and pathophysiology in mammalian organisms. SS analogue treatment strategies as well as the use of SS analogues for diagnostic purposes have been established in diseases of different origins. This review focuses on the currently determined role for SS analogues in today's clinical practice and the potential clinical prospects for SS, CST and sst interactions in the future, with a focus on neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine tumours and immune-mediated diseases. Moreover, the role of new SS analogues and new insights in sst physiology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A S H Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yao JC, Phan A, Hoff PM, Chen HX, Charnsangavej C, Yeung SCJ, Hess K, Ng C, Abbruzzese JL, Ajani JA. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in advanced carcinoid tumor: a random assignment phase II study of depot octreotide with bevacizumab and pegylated interferon alpha-2b. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1316-23. [PMID: 18323556 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.13.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective systemic therapy for advanced carcinoid is lacking. The combination of bevacizumab (BEV) and pegylated (PEG) interferon alpha-2b was evaluated among patients with metastatic or unresectable carcinoid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients on stable doses of octreotide were randomly assigned to 18 weeks of treatment with bevacizumab or PEG interferon alpha-2b. At disease progression (PD) or at the end of 18 weeks (whichever occurred earlier), patients received bevacizumab plus PEG interferon until progression. Functional computer tomography (CT) scans were performed to measure effect on tumor blood flow. RESULTS In the bevacizumab arm, four patients (18%) achieved confirmed partial response (PR), 17 patients (77%) had stable disease (SD), and one patient (5%) had PD. In the PEG interferon arm, 15 patients (68%) had SD and six patients (27%) had PD. Progression-free survival (PFS) rates after 18 weeks of monotherapy were 95% in bevacizumab versus 68% on the PEG interferon arm. The overall median PFS for all 44 patients is 63 weeks. Compared with paired baseline measurements on functional CT scans, we observed a 49% (P < .01) and 28% (P < .01) decrease in tumor blood flow at day 2 and week 18 among patients treated with bevacizumab. No significant changes in tumor blood flow were observed following PEG interferon. PEG interferon alpha-2b treatment was associated with decrease in plasma basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; P = .04) and increase in plasma interleukin-18 (IL-18; P < .01). No significant changes in bFGF or IL-18 following treatment with bevacizumab were observed. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab therapy resulted in objective responses, reduction of tumor blood flow, and longer PFS in patients with carcinoid than PEG interferon treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Imatinib for hepatocellular cancer--focus on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and liver function. Cancer Lett 2008; 260:146-54. [PMID: 18083304 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of imatinib are partly mediated by the inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is highly expressed in the liver. In this phase-I/II trial pharmacokinetic parameters of imatinib given for hepatocellular cancer were similar to those previously derived from CML patients. The AUC of N-desmethyl-imatinib depended on liver function; the metabolism of imatinib was otherwise comparable to other populations. During short-termed imatinib treatment (4 weeks, 400 mg/d), plasma PDGF significantly decreased. The AUC of N-desmethyl-imatinib could best be attributed to the pharmacodynamic effect of PDGF inhibition (r=-0.679 [95% CI: -0.917 to -0.0868], p=0.031).
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22
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Borbath I, Leclercq IA, Abarca-Quinones J, Desaeger C, Lebrun V, Moulin P, Sempoux C, Horsmans Y. Inhibition of early preneoplastic events in the rat liver by the somatostatin analog lanreotide. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1831-9. [PMID: 17900309 PMCID: PMC11158449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Due to the known risk factors (mainly hepatitis B and C viruses), we believe there is a rationale for a chemopreventive approach to treat HCC. Here, based on described in vitro data, we evaluated the preventive effects of lanreotide, a somatostatin analog, on the induction of early carcinogenic events. We monitored preneoplastic foci induced by a two-stage initiation/promotion model of hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats, using diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene. Lanreotide was given starting the day after the first diethylnitrosamine injection. By quantitative morphometry, we showed that lanreotide significantly decreases the size of induced preneoplastic foci. Analysis of proliferation and apoptosis assessed by immunohistochemistry, showed decreased proliferation and increased cell death in rats treated with lanreotide. As these events were associated with a significant decreased expression of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 and an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) compared to the non-treated group, it is tempting to speculate that these factors are involved in the favorable effect of lanreotide. In conclusion, lanreotide significantly decreases early carcinogenic transformation in a two-step rat model. As lanreotide has a low toxicity profile, we believe it would be interesting to evaluate its effect in chemoprevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Borbath
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, Brussels 1200, Belgium.
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23
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Abstract
This article reviews the current developments and significant trends in the treatment of hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Prevention programs should be based on large vaccination campaigns and the use of immunologic or biologic molecules to delay the onset of HCC in already cirrhotic patients. Surgery remains the therapy of choice in patients with a small and limited number of tumor nodules. To date, no preoperative treatment has been proven useful. Adjuvant treatments involving systemic chemotherapy, intra-arterial infusion, or chemoembolization failed to improve survival, whereas immune therapy, retinoids, radiolabeled isotopes, and antiangiogenic agents seem promising. Such local treatments as percutaneous ethanol injection, cryotherapy, and radiofrequency are proposed for patients with limited hepatic function and should be combined with other treatment modalities to optimize their efficacy and limit their toxicity. Regional therapy should take a selective, subsegmental approach at intervals depending on tumor response and possibly combined with other treatment modalities. Systemic therapy with cytotoxic agents remains disappointing. Hormonal therapy with tamoxifen or antiandrogens has shown no efficacy and might even be detrimental. Further progress may be expected from targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Gerard
- Institut Jules Bordet, 1 Rue Heger-Bordet, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a worldwide epidemic. Survival rates are poor; however, oncologists are able to offer regional therapies to those patients who present with early disease. Prevention through vaccination remains a mainstay of this epidemic. New staging systems that incorporate important information about tumor characteristics and liver disease improve our ability to prognosticate and treat these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Allen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, 1600 Divisadero, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA 94115-1610, USA
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25
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Dimitroulopoulos D, Xinopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Zisimopoulos A, Andriotis E, Panagiotakos D, Fotopoulou A, Chrysohoou C, Bazinis A, Daskalopoulou D, Paraskevas E. Long acting octreotide in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular cancer and overexpression of somatostatin receptors: randomized placebo-controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2007. [PMID: 17589893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i13.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due to chronic viral infections and with advanced HCC, were enrolled in the study. Scintigraphy with 111Indium labeled octreotide was performed in all cases. The patients with increased accumulation of radionuclear compound were randomized to receive either oral placebo only or octreotide/octreotide LAR only as follows: octreotide 0.5 mg s.c. every 8 h for 6 wk, at the end of wk 4-8 octreotide LAR 20 mg i.m. and at the end of wk 12 and every 4 wk octreotide LAR 30 mg i.m.. Follow-up was worked out monthly as well as the estimation of quality of life (QLQ-C30 questionnaire). Patients with negative somatostatin receptors (SSTR) detection were followed up in the same manner. RESULTS Scintigraphy demonstrated SSTR in 61 patients. Thirty were randomized to receive only placebo and 31 only octreotide. A significantly higher survival time was observed for the octreotide group (49+/-6 wk) as compared to the control group (28+/-1 wk) and to the SSTR negative group (28+/-2 wk), LR=20.39, df=2, P<0.01. The octreotide group presented 68.5% lower hazard ratio [95% CI (47.4%-81.2%)]. During the first year, a 22%, 39% and 43% decrease in the QLQ-C30 score was observed in each group, respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed therapeutic approach has shown to improve the survival and quality of life in SSTR positive patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dimitroulopoulos
- Liver Cancer Unit, Agios Savvas Cancer Hospital, 35 Parnassou str., GR-152 34 Halandri-Athens, and Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Nursing, University of Athens, Greece.
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26
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Verset G, Verslype C, Reynaert H, Borbath I, Langlet P, Vandebroek A, Peeters M, Houbiers G, Francque S, Arvanitakis M, Van Laethem JL. Efficacy of the combination of long-acting release octreotide and tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised multicentre phase III study. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:582-8. [PMID: 17687341 PMCID: PMC2360361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of the combination of long-acting release (LAR) octreotide and tamoxifen (TMX) for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 109 patients with advanced HCC were randomised to receive octreotide LAR combined with TMX (n=56) (experimental treatment group) or TMX alone (n=53; control group). The clinical, biological and tumoural parameters were recorded every 3 months until death. Primary end point was patient survival; secondary end points were the impact of therapy on tumour response, quality of life and variceal bleeding episodes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for assessment of specific prognostic factors. The median survival was 3 months (95% CI 1.4-4.6) for the experimental treatment group and 6 months (CI 95% 2-10) for the control group (P=0.609). There was no difference in terms of alpha-foetoprotein (alpha-FP) decrease, tumour regression, improvement of quality of life and prevention of variceal bleeding between the two groups. Variables associated with a better survival in the multivariate analysis were: presence of cirrhosis, alpha-FP level <400 ng ml(-1) and Okuda stage I. The combination of octreotide LAR and TMX does not influence survival, tumour progression or quality of life in patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Verset
- Erasme University Hospital, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Dimitroulopoulos D, Xinopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Zisimopoulos A, Andriotis E, Panagiotakos D, Fotopoulou A, Chrysohoou C, Bazinis A, Daskalopoulou D, Paraskevas E. Long acting octreotide in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular cancer and overexpression of somatostatin receptors: Randomized placebo-controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3164-70. [PMID: 17589893 PMCID: PMC4436600 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i23.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due to chronic viral infections and with advanced HCC, were enrolled in the study. Scintigraphy with 111Indium labeled octreotide was performed in all cases. The patients with increased accumulation of radionuclear compound were randomized to receive either oral placebo only or octreotide/octreotide LAR only as follows: octreotide 0.5mg s.c. every 8 h for 6 wk, at the end of wk 4-8 octreotide LAR 20 mg i.m. and at the end of wk 12 and every 4 wk octreotide LAR 30mg i.m.. Follow-up was worked out monthly as well as the estimation of quality of life (QLQ-C30 questionnaire). Patients with negative somatostatin receptors (SSTR) detection were followed up in the same manner.
RESULTS: Scintigraphy demonstrated SSTR in 61 patients. Thirty were randomized to receive only placebo and 31 only octreotide. A significantly higher survival time was observed for the octreotide group (49 ± 6 wk) as compared to the control group (28 ± 1 wk) and to the SSTR negative group (28 ± 2 wk), LR = 20.39, df = 2, P < 0.01. The octreotide group presented 68.5% lower hazard ratio [95% CI (47.4%-81.2%)]. During the first year, a 22%, 39% and 43% decrease in the QLQ-C30 score was observed in each group respectively.
CONCLUSION: The proposed therapeutic approach has shown to improve the survival and quality of life in SSTR positive patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dimitroulopoulos
- Liver Cancer Unit, Agios Savvas Cancer Hospital, 35 Parnassou str., GR-152 34 Halandri-Athens, and Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Nursing, University of Athens, Greece.
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28
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Jia WD, Sun HC, Zhang JB, Xu Y, Qian YB, Pang JZ, Wang L, Qin LX, Liu YK, Tang ZY. A novel peptide that selectively binds highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell surface is related to invasion and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2007; 247:234-42. [PMID: 16806673 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a phage display approach, we identified AWYPLPP peptide as a specific peptide ligand that binds to the cell surface of highly metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, the peptide was able to promote in vitro invasion of highly metastatic HCC cells by activating matrix metalloproteinase-9 and in vivo lung metastasis of HCC tumors. These results indicate that AWYPLPP peptide likely recognizes a novel receptor that is selectively expressed on the cell surface of highly metastatic HCC and mediates cellular activities associated with the invasive phenotype. Identification of the receptor for the AWYPLPP peptide may provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Jia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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29
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Kvols LK, Woltering EA. Role of somatostatin analogs in the clinical management of non-neuroendocrine solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 17:601-8. [PMID: 16917205 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000210335.95828.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The somatostatin analogs octreotide, lanreotide and RC-160 (vapreotide) are known to have direct and indirect antitumor effects. Direct effects include the arrest of tumor growth and stimulation of apoptosis, resulting in tumor shrinkage. Indirect antiproliferative effects may occur through antiangiogenesis, immunomodulatory effects and the suppression of tumor-stimulating growth factors. With a safety profile of somatostatin analogs established over 20 years of clinical use in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, somatostatin analogs are attractive therapeutic options for patients with non-neuroendocrine tumors. In early clinical trials of somatostatin analogs, however, some cancer patients responded well, while others showed a lack of benefit. This variability in clinical response may reflect the selective binding affinities of octreotide, lanreotide and RC-160, which bind with high affinity to just two of the five different somatostatin receptor subtypes. Treatment response may therefore depend on the specific receptor subtype(s) present in the tumor, the relative proportion of receptor(s) expressed on the tumor cell surface and the absolute quantity of each receptor subtype. Greater understanding of the role of somatostatin receptors, their binding affinities and modes of action has led to increased research into the use of somatostatin analogs, particularly octreotide, in cancer treatment as monotherapies, in combination with hormonal treatments and cytotoxic therapies, and in both adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. A review of the literature suggests that the antitumor potential of somatostatin analogs should be investigated further and additional studies might determine how these analogs can best be used to improve the treatment of patients with non-neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Kvols
- Inter Disciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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30
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Treiber G, Wex T, Röcken C, Fostitsch P, Malfertheiner P. Impact of biomarkers on disease survival and progression in patients treated with octreotide for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 132:699-708. [PMID: 16835748 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current determination of prognosis for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is mainly based on clinical assessment. We aimed to determine the impact of biomarkers as predictive factors for HCC progression and survival during octreotide-based treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included patients who had been prospectively randomised to receive either octreotide (30 mg) alone monthly (n = 39) or in combination with rofecoxib (up to 50 mg bid daily, n = 32) for a minimum of 6 months, or until death occurred. RESULTS Overall median survival (154 days) and median time to progression (94 days) were not different for both treatments and the biomarkers investigated (VEGF-A, IGF-1, PGE-2, ET-A) were similarly distributed amongst treatment groups. Combined univariate group analysis revealed that survival was decreased for an uptake ratio of > 2 on initial octreoscan (P = 0.05); baseline serum VEGF-A and IGF-1 were further significantly associated with survival. On multivariate analysis, uncorrected serum VEGF-A appeared to be the most significant predictor for tumor progression and survival. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers, in addition to established tumor markers, are independent predictors of tumor progression and survival in patients with advanced HCC treated with octreotide. Furthermore, the involvement of VEGF-A implies the inhibition of angiogenesis as a potential mechanism of action for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Treiber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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31
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Hao JH, Yu M, Li HK, Shi YR, Li Q, Hao XS. Inhibitory effect of antisense vascular endothelial growth factor RNA on the profile of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line in vitro and in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1140-3. [PMID: 16534861 PMCID: PMC4087912 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i7.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of antisense vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) RNA (PCMV-FGEV) transfection on the profile of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SMMC-7721 cells in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS: SMMC-7721 cells were transfected with PCMV-FGEV antisense, PCMV-VEGF sense and empty vector plasmid encapsulated by lipofectamine as antisense group, sense group and control group respectively. The positive cell clones were selected with G418. The stable transfection and expression of VEGF in the cells were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation was observed by MTT assay. FACS analysis was used to determine the effect of PCMV-FGEV transfection on cell apoptosis. The growth of transfected cells in vivo was also observed in nude mice.
RESULTS: VEGF expression was reduced in SMMC-7721 transfected with PCMV-FGEV, which was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. No effect of PCMV-FGEV transfection was found on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis of SMMC-7721 in vitro. The growth of cells transfected with PCMV-FGEV was slow in nude mice and accompanied with obvious apoptosis. The latent time of tumors in the antisense group was 25.0 ± 1.8 d, which was longer than that in sense and control groups (F = 19.455, P < 0.01). The average tumor weight in antisense group (0.96 g ± 0.28 g) was the smallest among the three groups (F = 21.501, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The expression of VEGF can be inhibited by antisense PCMV-FGEV. Antisense PCMV-FGEV has no effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis of SMMC-7721 in vitro but can inhibit tumor growth and induce cell apoptosis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/ultrastructure
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Factor VIII/analysis
- Factor VIII/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- RNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Hao
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China.
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32
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Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D. Apoptotic and anti-angiogenic strategies in liver and gastrointestinal malignancies. J Surg Oncol 2005; 90:249-59. [PMID: 15906369 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate suppression of apoptosis is strongly implicated in tumorigenesis. Tumor development is heralded by the mutation of tumor suppressor genes and overexpression of anti-apoptotic genes permitting cell survival. Thus, inducing the apoptotic process in various ways can be applied to cancer management. Besides, angiogenesis is a crucial process for tumor growth and metastasis. New strategies targeting fundamental play-markers of the angiogenic process are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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33
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Adams RL, Adams IP, Lindow SW, Zhong W, Atkin SL. Somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 are preferentially expressed in proliferating endothelium. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1493-8. [PMID: 15812556 PMCID: PMC2362009 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is characterised by activation, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and is central to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammation. Somatostatin is an inhibitory polypeptide that acts through five receptors (sst 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Sst has previously been reported in endothelium, but their role remains obscure. Here, we report the expression of sst in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, during proliferation and quiescence. A protocol for culturing proliferating and quiescent HUVECs was established, and verified by analysing cell cycle distribution in propidium-iodide-stained samples using flow cytometry. Sst mRNA was then quantified in nine proliferating and quiescent HUVEC lines using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Sst 2 and 5 were preferentially expressed in proliferating HUVECs. All samples were negative for sst 4. Sst 1 and 3 expression and cell cycle progression were unrelated. Immunostaining for sst 2 and 5 showed positivity in proliferating but not quiescent cells, confirming sst 2 and 5 protein expression. Inhibition of proliferating cells with somatostatin analogues Octreotide and SOM230, which have sst 5 activity, was found (Octreotide 10−10–10−6 M: 48.5–70.2% inhibition; SOM230 10−9–10−6 M: 44.9–65.4% inhibition) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that sst 5 may have functional activity in proliferation. Dynamic changes in sst 2 and 5 expression during the cell cycle and the inhibition of proliferation with specific analogues suggest that these receptors may have a role in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Adams
- Endocrinology Research Group, Division of Academic Medicine, University of Hull Postgraduate Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - I P Adams
- Endocrinology Research Group, Division of Academic Medicine, University of Hull Postgraduate Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - S W Lindow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hull Women and Children's Hospital, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - W Zhong
- Endocrinology Research Group, Division of Academic Medicine, University of Hull Postgraduate Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - S L Atkin
- Endocrinology Research Group, Division of Academic Medicine, University of Hull Postgraduate Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- The Michael White Diabetes Centre, 220-236, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UK. E-mail:
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34
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Yan S, Li M, Chai H, Yang H, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. TNF-alpha decreases expression of somatostatin, somatostatin receptors, and cortistatin in human coronary endothelial cells. J Surg Res 2005; 123:294-301. [PMID: 15680393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.07.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the expression of somatostatin (SST) and its receptors (SSTRs) and their regulation by TNF-alpha as well as cell proliferation in response to SST in human endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were cultured without or with TNF-alpha (0.1, 1, or 10 ng/ml) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of SST, SSTR-1-5, as well as a housekeeping gene (beta-actin) were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of SSTR-2 was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation in response to SST treatment (0.04, 0.2, or 1 ng/ml) was performed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS Without TNF-alpha treatment, HCAECs showed mRNA expression of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5. The mRNA of SSTR-2 was expressed at a higher level than that of SSTR-1 and SSTR-5. However, SSTR-3 and SSTR-4 were not expressed or were minimally expressed. After treatment with TNF-alpha, the mRNA levels of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion. TNF-alpha (1 ng/ml) reduced SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 by 93, 51, 85, and 99%, respectively, compared to controls (P < 0.001, t test). The immunoreactivity of SSTR-2 was also reduced after TNF-alpha treatment. SST-treated cells showed a significant reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. TNF-alpha treatment decreased SST inhibitory potential in cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS HCAECs express SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5, which are all decreased by TNF-alpha treatment. Furthermore, treatment with exogenous SST significantly reduces cell proliferation, and this inhibitory effect is also decreased by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Yan
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ye H, Dan ZL, Tang WX. Effects of all-trans retinoic acid with octreotide on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cell HepG2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2295-2298. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i10.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid combined with octreotide on proliferation and apoptosis of human liver cancer cell HepG2.
METHODS: The human liver cancer cell HepG2 cultured in vitro was designed into three groups: combined group, octreotide group and control group. For combined group, HepG2 was treated with different concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid (1×10-6, 5×10-6, 5×10-5 mmol/L) associated with octreotide (1 mg/L). MTT assays were adopted to determine their effects on cell growth. Cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of tumor supressing gene p21WAF1/CIP1 was detected by immunocytochemical methods. Cytoxicity of the two drugs was observed with typan blue staining.
RESULTS: After being treated with the concentration of 1×10-6mmol/L of all-trans retinoic acid and 1mg/L of octreotide, cells'viability was significantly inhibited compared with the octreotide group and controls (P = 0.0087<0.01). No significant difference existed between octreotide group and control group. The expression of the target gene p21WAF1/CIP1 was significantly increased after associated application of all-trans retinoic acid with octreotide. Apoptosis rate of liver cancer cells (17%) in combined group was also significantly higher than those in octreotide and control group. No death of great numbers was observed with typan blue staining.
CONCLUSION: Proliferation of liver cancer cell HepG2 is inhibited by combination of low concentration of all-trans retinoic acid (1×10-6 mmol/L) with octreotide (1 mg/L) while apoptosis is induced. Meanwhile, different periods of cell cycle were also influenced. The effect of the two drugs on proliferating inhibition and apoptotic facilitation may be achieved by increasing the expression of gene p21WAF1/CIP1.
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Adams RL, Adams IP, Lindow SW, Atkin SL. Inhibition of endothelial proliferation by the somatostatin analogue SOM230. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 61:431-6. [PMID: 15473874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somatostatin (SST) modulates exocrine and endocrine secretion, proliferation and apoptosis via five G protein-linked receptors (SSTRs 1-5). Long-acting SST analogues such as Octreotide, and the new analogue SOM230, have been developed for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours. Octreotide has previously been reported to inhibit endothelial proliferation. We wished to determine if SOM230 is a more potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation than Octreotide. DESIGN We have determined the expression of SSTRs in proliferating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, and determined their response to the somatostatin analogues SOM230 and Octreotide, following vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. MEASUREMENTS Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression of SSTRs 1-5 in proliferating HUVECs. These cells were grown in media containing 200 pg/ml VEGF and treated with 10(-11) to 10(-6) M Octreotide or SOM230. The WST-1 assay was then used to determine the effects of these analogues on HUVEC proliferation. RESULTS Using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, HUVECs were found to express SSTRs 1, 2 and 5. SSTRs 3 and 4 were not detected. Using the WST-1 assay, SOM230 was found to significantly inhibit proliferation by up to 46.0% +/- 9.4% (10(-6)-10(-7) M; P < 0.05), whereas in parallel studies Octreotide failed to inhibit HUVEC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The pan SST analogue SOM230 inhibits proliferation of HUVECs, which are unaffected by Octreotide. SOM230 may thus represent a suitable candidate drug for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Adams
- Endocrinology Research Group, Division of Academic Medicine, University of Hull Postgraduate Medical Institute, UK.
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Dasgupta P. Somatostatin analogues: multiple roles in cellular proliferation, neoplasia, and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 102:61-85. [PMID: 15056499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels is a crucial process both for tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Additionally, dysregulation in angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, proliferative retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The neuropeptide somatostatin has been shown to be a powerful inhibitor of neovascularization in several experimental models. Furthermore, somatostatin receptors (sst) are expressed on endothelial cells; particularly, sst2 has been found to be uniquely up-regulated during the angiogenic switch, from quiescent to proliferative endothelium. The present manuscript reviews the anti-angiogenic activity of somatostatin and its analogues in neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease. The role of sst subtypes particularly sst2 in mediating its angioinhibitory activity is described. Somatostatin agonists may also exert their anti-angiogenic activity indirectly by inhibition of growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis or through its immunomodulatory effects. However, the therapeutic utility of somatostatin agonists as anti-angiogenic drugs in these diseases remains confusing because of conflicting results from different studies. More basic research, as well as patient-oriented studies, is required to firmly establish the clinical potential of somatostatin agonists in therapeutic angiogenesis. The currently available somatostatin agonists have high affinity of sst2 with lower affinities for sst3 and sst5. The emergence of novel somatostatin agonists especially bispecific analogues (agonists targeting multiple cellular receptors) and conjugates (synthesized by chemically linking somatostatin analogues with other antineoplastic agents) with improved receptor specificity signify a new generation of anti-angiogenics, which may represent novel strategies in the treatment of neovascularization-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Room 2068A, MRC-2 East, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Mazzanti R, Giallombardo AL, Mini E, Nobili S, Neri B, Arena U, Pantaleo P, Fabbroni V, Ghilardi M, Gattai R, Bandettini L. Treatment of locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by hepatic intra-artery chemotherapy: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36:278-85. [PMID: 15115341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocarcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumours world-wide with poor prognosis. Treatment of locally advanced hepatocarcinoma is still controversial. Transcatheter arterial (chemo-)embolisation of hepatocarcinoma are widely used methods but some aspects regarding their use and usefulness have not yet been clarified. Systemic remedies have not yet been proven to affect patient survival. AIMS To determine if intra-arterial chemotherapy with 5-flurouracil and folinic acid in locally advanced hepatocarcinoma is a viable alternative to existing therapies. PATIENTS Twenty-four inoperable consecutive patients with locally advanced hepatocarcinoma were enrolled. They all underwent intra-arterial chemotherapy via a surgically implanted port-a-cath, and folinic acid (100 mg/m2) and 5-flurouracil (up to 550 mg/m2) were administered with a 1-week or a 2-week schedule. RESULTS Nineteen patients completed the study: 2 showed a complete positive response, 11 a partial response, 6 stable disease, while 4 showed a disease progression. Median survival time was 19 (range 4-85) months. Child A patients showed a significant longer survival. CONCLUSIONS Intra-arterial chemotherapy using folinic acid and 5-flurouracil may be useful in the treatment of locally advanced hepatocarcinoma in cirrhotic patients even in the presence of thrombosis. This treatment could be also useful in comparing transarterial chemoembolisation to a curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzanti
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G. B. Morgagni, 85, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether octreotide can inhibit the growth of human gallbladder cancer cells in vitro and to elucidate the antineoplastic mechanism of octreotide in gallbladder cancer.
METHODS: A human gallbladder cancer cell line, GBC-SD, was cultured in vitro. The antiproliferative effects of octreotide were examined by means of an MTT assay and a colony forming ability assay. Morphological variation was investigated under scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis rate was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) after staining by propidium iodide. DNA fragmentation was assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the expressions of mutant-type p53 and bcl-2.
RESULTS: The growth curve and colony forming ability assay showed significant inhibition of octreotide to the proliferation of GBC-SD cells in culture in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After exposure to octreotide, GBC-SD cells showed typically apoptotic characteristics, including morphological changes of chromatin condensation, vacuolar degeneration, nucleus fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. In FCM profile apoptotic cells showed increased sub-G1 peaks in the octreotide group, significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.013). There was also an augmentation in the cell proportion of G0/G1 phase (P = 0.015), while the proportion of S phase and G2/M phase remained unchanged (P = 0.057 and P = 0.280, respectively). DNA agarose gel electrophoresis displayed a ladder after exposure to 1 000 nmol/L octreotide. After being treated with octreotide, the expressions of both mutant-type p53 and bcl-2 decreased considering the percentage of positive cells (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Octreotide has a negative action to the proliferation of GBC-SD cells, and the mechanism may be related to cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. The reduction of mutant-type p53 and bcl-2 expressions may be associated with the apoptosis induced by octreotide.
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Sun HC, Tang ZY. Angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma: the retrospectives and perspectives. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:307-19. [PMID: 15034787 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical hypervascular tumor. Many angiogenic factors have been studied in HCC, and several anti-angiogenic therapies have been tested in animal models and patients. This paper summarizes the latest findings, especially regarding the clinical significance of endothelial cell markers and angiogenic factors in HCC, and experimental and clinical anti-angiogenesis therapies. Further developments in this area, such as endothelial cell-oriented research and better experimental and clinical designs in the evaluation of anti-angiogenic therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, #136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, P.R. China.
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