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Wang K, Lu Y, Bai M, Sun Y, Hao Y. The Microscopic Morphology of Mouthparts and Their Sensilla in the Mycophagous Ladybeetle Illeis chinensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38249052 PMCID: PMC10816638 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The morphological diversity of insect mouthparts is closely related to changes in food sources and diets. Research into the structures of insect mouthparts may help to establish a fundamental basis for a better understanding of insect feeding mechanisms. In this study, we examined the fine morphology of the mouthparts of Illeis chinensis using scanning electron microscopy. We paid particular attention to the types, quantities, and distribution of sensilla on the mouthparts. Our results showed that the basic components of the mouthparts of I. chinensis are the same as those in other lady beetles, i.e., the labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. We also found structural specialization indicating adaptation to fungal feeding. On the mouthparts, there are eight kinds of sensilla and two kinds of glandular structures, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla placodea, sensilla digitiformia, Böhm bristles, perforated plates, and cuticular pores. This is the first time that sensilla digitiformia has been reported in ladybirds. Finally, variations in mouthparts among ladybirds with differing diets, as well as the putative functions of each of the mouthparts and sensilla, were discussed. This research can provide a reference for understanding the functions of the mouthparts in ladybird feeding behavior and thereby contribute to the development of precise insect behavior regulation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (M.B.)
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuanxing Sun
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yanan Hao
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
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Chen J, Jiang J, Zhang N, Song Y. Effects of habitats in typical karst areas of Guizhou on ultrastructural morphology of Typhlocybinae. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10680. [PMID: 37933325 PMCID: PMC10625857 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biology and the environment are inextricably linked. Insects are intricately linked to their habitats as part of the ecosystem. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed two sensilla chaetica, several sensilla trichodea, and at least one sensilla basiconicum on the antennae of typhlocybine insects. There were no sensilla on the labrum; however, the surface morphology was different. There were more sensilla trichodea on the surface, mostly symmetrically distributed along the labial groove, and there was little difference in the structure of the stylet fascicle. The correlation between the sensilla number on the body surface of typhlocybine insects and environmental factors in the 3 study areas was as follows: Huajiang > Bijie > Shibing, which is consistent with the classification of rocky desertification grade; that is, the higher the rocky desertification grade, the greater the sensilla number on leafhoppers affected by the environment. The correlation between the number of leafhoppers and environmental factors in the 3 months was as follows: end of September > end of May > end of July, which was consistent with the changing temperature trends. The results of this study enrich our knowledge of the morphological characteristics of leafhoppers and explore the potential value of insect surface ultra-morphology for use by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- School of Karst ScienceGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
- Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification ControlGuiyangChina
| | - Jia Jiang
- School of Karst ScienceGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
- Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification ControlGuiyangChina
| | - Ni Zhang
- School of Karst ScienceGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
- Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification ControlGuiyangChina
| | - Yuehua Song
- School of Karst ScienceGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
- Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification ControlGuiyangChina
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Gao T, Brożek J, Dai W. Fine-Structural Morphology of the Mouthparts of the Polyphagous Invasive Planthopper, Ricania speculum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:843. [PMID: 36135544 PMCID: PMC9505962 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mouthparts are the crucial sensory and feeding organs associated with food detection and feeding in insects. The Asian ricaniid planthopper Ricania speculum (Walker), recently introduced into Europe, can cause severe economic damage by sucking the phloem sap of tea, camphor, citrus, black locust and other plants using piercing-sucking mouthparts. To facilitate comprehensive understanding of feeding mechanisms in the Ricaniidae, the fine structure of the mouthparts of Ricania speculum was observed by scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The mouthparts are tubular, consist of a cone-shaped labrum, with a wrinkled epidermis and without sensilla; the tubular labium is divided into three segments: a slender stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular stylets with four ridged processes and a row of longitudinal striations on the distal part of the outer surface; and two maxillary stylets with a smooth and sharp distal part, interlocked to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal. On the labium, 15 kinds of sensilla of different functions were recognized. Two rows of short sensilla basiconica (SB I) are symmetrically distributed along the labial groove on the first segment. Two pairs of long sensilla basiconica (SB II) (proprioceptors) are on both sides of the labial groove at the junction of the second and third segments. A placoid, flattened sensillum (SPF) is symmetrically located laterally on the proximal end of the last segment and several flattened sensilla campaniformia (SFC) were visible on the ventral side on the second and third segments. The distribution of four types (I-IV) of sensilla cheatica of different lengths on the dorsal surface of the labium is significantly denser than on the lateral and ventral surfaces. The labial apex is divided into dorsal and ventral sensory fields, mainly including uniporous long peg sensilla (I), as well as smaller peg sensilla (II) and nonporous peg sensilla (PGSN) on each dorsal field. These nonporous sensilla basiconica (BSN I and III) occur on the ventral sensory fields and are constant in number and distribution. The nonporous sensilla basiconica (BSN II) are symmetrically arranged near the opening of the stylet fascicle similarly to two oval multiporous plate sensilla (OPSM). The sensilla arrangement is slightly different from that observed in previously studied Fulgoromorpha using scanning electron micrographs, which may reflect differences in feeding preference or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Chakilam S, Brożek J, Chajec Ł, Poprawa I, Gaidys R. Ultra-Morphology and Mechanical Function of the Trichoideum Sensillum in Nabis rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha). INSECTS 2022; 13:799. [PMID: 36135500 PMCID: PMC9504417 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the morphological features of the antennal sensilla by using SEM and TEM. The construction of a 3D model of trichoideum sensillum using Amira software is presented in this paper. Five sensillum types, namely trichoideum, chaeticum, campaniformium, coeloconicum, and basiconicum, were recorded. This model exhibits the mechanosensillum components, including the embedded hair in a socket attached by the joint membrane and the dendrite connected to the hair base passing through the cuticle layers. TEM images present the dendrite way, micro-tubules inside the dendritic sheath, and terminal structure of the tubular dendrite body and so-called companion cells included in the receptor, e.g., tormogen and trichogen. The parameters noted for the external structure and ultrastructure of the mechano-receptor indicate that they are specific to a particular type of sensillum and would be useful in developing the model for a biosensor. Results show that bio-inspired sensors can be developed based on morphological and ultrastructural studies and to conduct mechanical studies on their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikanth Chakilam
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rimvydas Gaidys
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Jiang J, Dietrich CH, Li C, Song Y. Comparative morphology of part of the integumental fine structure of two Erythroneurine species: Singaporashinshana (Matsumura, 1932) and Empoascanarasipra Dworakowska, 1980 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Zookeys 2022; 1103:1-23. [PMID: 36761786 PMCID: PMC9848861 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1103.80787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the fine structure of the mouthparts, antennae, forewings, and brochosomes of two leafhopper species belonging to the typhlocybine tribe Erythroneurini collected from the Karst area of Guizhou Province, southern China: Singaporashinshana, which prefers woody dicot hosts, and Empoascanarasipra, which feeds on grasses. As in other leafhoppers, the piercing-sucking mouthparts consist of a conical labrum, a cylindrical three-segmented labium, and a slender stylet fascicle. The labrum of both species has no sensilla and the labium has several common types of sensilla, but the two species differ in the numbers, types, and distribution of sensilla and in other aspects of the surface sculpture of the mouthparts. The stylet fascicle has distinctive dentition on both the maxillary and mandibular stylets. The antennae of the two species differ in several respects, including the sensilla and sculpture of the scape, pedicel, and flagellum, as well as the degree of sub-segmentation of the flagellum. Except for the variable scaly structure and rounded protrusions on the surface of S.shinshana, the fine structure of the forewing surfaces of the two species are similar to those of other leafhoppers. Only small spherical brochosomes were found on the body surface of S.shinshana and E.sipra. Similar studies of additional erythroneurine species are needed to determine whether differences in mouthpart and antennal fine structure may reflect adaptation to different host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, ChinaGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Christopher H. Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USAUniversity of IllinoisChampaignUnited States of America
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, ChinaGuiyang UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yuehua Song
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, ChinaGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
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Quintas V, Mejdalani G. Cavichiana bromelicola: description of the immature stages of a sharpshooter using scanning electron microscopy, with biological notes (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini). J NAT HIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2043478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Quintas
- Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Mejdalani
- Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- CNPq Fellow
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Hoch H, Sendra A, Montagud S, Teruel S, Ferreira RL. First record of a cavernicolous Kinnaridae from the Old World (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae, Adolendini) provides testimony of an ancient fauna. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new obligately cavernicolous species in the planthopper family Kinnaridae is described from Spain. This is the first record of a cavernicolous kinnarid from the Old World, and the first record of a troglobitic fulgoromorphan hemipteran from mainland Spain, and also the 7th cavernicolous kinnarid species worldwide. Epigean Kinnaridae are not known from the present-day fauna of the Iberian Peninsula nor from Western Europe at large. The new species is regarded as a relict from an ancient fauna which is now extinct. The new cavernicolous species could not be assigned to any of the existing genera, thus a new genus is established. Molecular data (COI barcode sequence) for the new species are presented. For the first time, a detailed description of the nymphal morphology of a kinnarid is provided. Information on its ecology, behaviour, distribution and conservation status is given, and biogeographic implications are discussed.
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SEM analysis of sensilla on the mouthparts and antennae of Asian larch bark beetle Ips subelongatus. Micron 2020; 140:102976. [PMID: 33221524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Asian larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus, is a severe pest of larches in Northeastern China. The gustatory and olfactory systems of I. subelongatus play important roles in host location, mating, and feeding. In this study, we examined the types, distributions, and abundances of various sensilla associated with the mouthparts and antennae of I. subelongatus using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the mouthparts, five types of sensilla are present: sensilla trichodea (S.t.1-3), sensilla chaetica (S.c.1-3), sensilla basiconica (S.b.1-2), sensilla twig basiconica (S.tb.1-3), and sensilla placodea (S.p). S.t.3 are the most abundant sensilla subtype on the mouthparts in both sexes, while S.b.1 are the least abundant. Most sensilla on the mouthparts are located on the maxillae and labium, and the apex of each maxillary and labial palp carry the same sensilla subtypes (S.b.2 and S.tb.1-3). However, the total number of sensilla on the apex of each maxillary palp is higher than that on the labial palp. On the antennae, five types of sensilla are present: sensilla trichodea (S.t.1-3), sensilla chaetica (S.c.1-2), sensilla basiconica (S.b.1-3), Böhm bristles (B.b), and sensilla coeloconica (S.co). Antennal sensilla are mostly situated on the anterior surface of the antennal club, particularly on the two dense sensory bands. S.b.1 are the most abundant sensilla subtype on the antennae in both sexes, while S.t.1 are the least abundant. No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type or distribution on the mouthparts or antennae is observed between the sexes of I. subelongatus. However, S.t.3 (on mouthparts) and S.c.1 (on antennae) were significantly more abundant in males than in females, while more S.t.1 (on mouthparts) were observed in females than in males. Finally, the putative functions of each kind of sensilla with respect to their fine structures, distributions, and abundances on the mouthparts and antennae are discussed.
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Wang Y, Dai W. How Does the Intricate Mouthpart Apparatus Coordinate for Feeding in the Hemimetabolous Insect Pest Erthesina fullo? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080503. [PMID: 32759849 PMCID: PMC7469201 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary To better understand the feeding mechanism of Erthesina fullo, the fine structure of the mouthparts is examined with scanning electron microscopy, and feeding performance are observed directly under laboratory conditions for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. The morphology of mouthparts is similar to those of other Heteroptera. The four-segmented labium has eleven types of sensilla. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the convex external surface. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. This study increases the available detailed morphological and behavioral data for Hemiptera and will potentially contribute to improving our understanding of this pest’s feeding behavior and sensory mechanisms. Abstract The yellow marmorated stink bug, Erthesina fullo (Thunberg, 1783), is a major pest of certain tree fruits in Northeast Asia. To better understand the feeding mechanism of E. fullo, the fine structure of the mouthparts, including the distribution and abundance of sensilla, are examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their functions are observed directly under laboratory conditions. The feeding performance is described in detail and illustrated for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. In terms of morphology, the mouthparts are similar to those of other Heteroptera, consisting of a triangular pyramidal labrum, a tube-like and segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The four-segmented labium has five types of sensilla basiconica, three types of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla campaniformia and 1 type of sensilla coeloconica. Among them, sensilla trichodea one and sensilla basiconica one are most abundant. The tripartite apex of the labium is covered with abundant sensilla trichodea three and a few sensilla basiconica 5. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the dorsal margin of the convex external surface, which may help in penetrating plant tissue and anchoring the mouthparts. The externally smooth maxillary stylets interlock to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. Similarities and differences between the mouthparts of E. fullo and those of other Heteroptera are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wu Dai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +89-29-8708-2098
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Structure and sensilla of the mouthparts of Alobaldia tobae, Maiestas dorsalis and Stirellus indrus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Brożek J, Dai W. Morphological Disparity of the Mouthparts in Polyphagous Species of Largidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha: Pyrrhocoroidea) Reveals Feeding Specialization. INSECTS 2020; 11:E145. [PMID: 32110911 PMCID: PMC7142569 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mouthpart structures were observed in four species of Largidae using scanning electron microscopy to investigate their morphological disparity, and linked to changes in feeding specialization. The examined species are pests that feed mainly on seeds and plant sap of forbs, shrubs, and trees. Their external mouthparts are described in detail for the first time herein. The cone-like labrum and four-segmented tube-like labium are shorter in Physopelta species than in Macrocheraia grandis (Grey). The labium surface in all studied species bears nine types of sensilla (St1-St2, Sb1-3, Sch, Sca1-2, Sm). The distributions of sensilla on particular labial segments varies among the studied species. The tripartite apex of the labium consists of two lateral lobes and an apical plate that is partly divided in Physopelta species, and not divided in Macrocheraia. Each lateral lobe possesses a sensillar field with 10 thick-walled uniporous sensilla basiconica, one multiporous sensillum styloconicum, and one long non-porous hair sensillum. Each mandibular stylet tip in M. grandis has a central tooth placed anteriorly and pairs of teeth arranged dorso-laterally. In Physopelta, there are one or two central teeth placed anteriorly but two pairs of teeth dorso-laterally. In all studied species, the inner surfaces of the mandibular stylets have scale-like projections. A left-right asymmetry of the maxillary stylets is noticeable; the external end of the right maxillary stylet is smooth and slightly tapered in M. grandis and evidently wider (spoon-like) in the three species of Physopelta, while the left end of the stylets is straight and narrow in M. grandis in contrast to Physopelta, in which the end is straight and wide. No differences in the internal structure of the maxillary stylets were observed among the studied species. Based on structural differences, we inferred that the mandibles and maxillae are more adapted for seed-sucking in Physopelta species than in M. grandis. M. grandis has the ends of the maxillae more narrowed, a trait more adapted for sucking sap from phloem or parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Wang Y, Brożek J, Dai W. Sensory armature and stylets of the mouthparts of Stephanitis nashi (Hemiptera: Cimicomorpha: Tingidae), their morphology and function. Micron 2020; 132:102840. [PMID: 32062297 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouthparts are important appendages that are specialized for detection of food sources and feeding. The pear lace bug, Stephanitis nashi Esaki and Takeya, is a major pest of pear in China, sucking the sap and affecting plant growth. Fine structure of the mouthparts including distribution and abundance of receptor sensilla occurring of adult S. nashi was examined using scanning electron microscopy and structural details are described for the first time. The mouthparts of S. nashi are generally similar to those of other Hemiptera and consist of a pyramidal labrum, a tube-like segmented labium, and a stylet fascicle made up of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The four segments of the labium differ in length and have five classes of sensilla including 3 types of sensilla basiconica (I, II, III), 2 types of sensilla trichodea (I, II), 1 type of sensillum campaniformium, 1 type of flower-like sensillum and a sensillum placodeum. Sensilla trichodea II are distributed on each segment of the labium. Sensilla basiconica I occur on the base of the second and fourth segment. The labial tripartite apex composes of two sensory fields and a rostral lid. Each sensory field possesses 2 sensilla basiconica II, 9 sensilla basiconica III, 1 flower-like sensillum and 1 sensillum placodeum. The mandibular stylet tips have about 30 pairs of lateral minor teeth, which may help in penetrating leaves. Externally, the end of each maxillary stylet is smooth; internally it has five teeth. There is no obvious difference between males and females in the distribution, number and types of sensilla. The mouthparts morphology of S. nashi, is consistent in many respects to that of many other phytophagous hemipterans but appear to include some features unique to the Tingidae and others that closely resemble those of both phytophagous and predaceous Miridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Ranieri E, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Romani R. Sensory Receptors Associated with the Labial Tip and Precibarium of Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera: Aphrophoride). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:173-181. [PMID: 31722767 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is an important vector for the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco-Paul, and Brenner), which is associated with olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy. The mouthparts of Hemiptera have important roles in host plant selection, feeding behavior and for vectoring pathogens that cause plant diseases. In this study, the functional morphology of the sensory structures located on the labium tip and precibarium of P. spumarius was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The labium tip is composed of two symmetrical sensory complexes, each with five different types of sensilla: aporous sensilla trichodea type 1 and 2; uniporous sensilla chaetica type 1 and 2; and multiporous sensilla basiconica. The precibarium of P. spumarius has two kinds of sensory structures: bulbous sensilla and papillae sensilla. In particular, two groups of sensilla are located on the epipharynx: a distal group that consists of ten papillae sensilla and a proximal group composed of six papillae sensilla and two bulbous sensilla, while the hypopharynx has only two papillae sensilla. The involvement of these sensory structures in the context of feeding behavior and pathogen transmission is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia06121, Italy
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Avanesyan A, Maugel TK, Lamp WO. External morphology and developmental changes of tarsal tips and mouthparts of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226995. [PMID: 31877184 PMCID: PMC6932783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
External structures of insects contribute to the ability of herbivores to select and feed on their host plants. The invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is an economically important and polyphagous insect pest in the eastern US. The lanternfly causes substantial damage to many woody plants by sucking phloem sap, reducing photosynthesis, causing weeping wounds, and creating conditions for sooty mold. Lanternfly nymphs switch host plants during their development. However, little is known about relationship between the lanternfly and its plant hosts, and particularly about morphological adaptations of the lanternfly to host plant usage at each developmental stage of the pest. In this study, we focused on assessing changes in morphology of (a) the lanternfly mouthparts (stylets and labium), and (b) the lanternfly tarsal tips (arolia and tarsal claws) at each developmental stage. Our study revealed several developmental patterns among which the presence of the indentations on mandibular stylets in late instars and adults, as well as the exponential growth of the labium and stylet length, and the tarsal claw dispersal during the lanternfly development. Our findings are critical for investigating and predicting the lanternfly host range, and the lanternfly dispersal to new host trees at each developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Avanesyan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy K. Maugel
- Laboratory for Biological Ultrastructure, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William O. Lamp
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Functional morphology of the mouthparts of lady beetle Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with reference to their feeding mechanism. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Three-dimensional architecture of a mechanoreceptor in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, revealed by FIB-SEM. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:487-495. [PMID: 31768711 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichoid sensilla are the most common mechanoreceptors in insects; depending on their distribution, they can act as either exteroceptors or proprioceptors. In this study, the internal structure of the trichoid sensillum from Nilaparvata lugens was studied, using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). We reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model derived from the FIB-SEM data set. The model displayed characteristic mechanosensory sensilla components, including a hair inserted in the socket, a dendrite going through the laminated cuticle, and an electron-dense tubular body at the dendrite terminal. The detailed 3D model showed the relationship between the microtubules within the tubular body and those outside of the tubular body. We also found an autocellular junction in the tormogen cell, indicating that the tormogen cell grows around the dendrite sheath to form a hollow column shape during sensilla morphogenesis.
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17
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Morphological study of the labial sensilla in Nabidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Nowińska A, Brożek J. Antennal sensory structures in water bugs of Nepoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Nepomorpha), their morphology and function. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Hao YN, Sun YX, Liu CZ. Functional morphology of the mouthparts of lady beetle Coccinella transversoguttata (Coccinellidae, Coleoptera), with reference to their feeding mechanism. J Morphol 2019; 280:701-711. [PMID: 30901106 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The lady beetle Coccinella transversoguttata is an important biocontrol agent of aphids. As the main the feeding apparatus, mouthparts play essential roles in feeding process, and the morphological variation of mouthparts is correlated with variation in food source and feeding behavior. To better understand the feeding behavior of C. transversoguttata, we studied the functional morphology of mouthparts, with special attention to the fine morphology of each part of mouthpart and various kinds of sensilla. The mouthpart of C. transversoguttata is typical mandibulate type that composed of labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. Detailed descriptions were given about the fine morphology of each part, and various types of sensilla were identified and classified. In total, two types of sensilla chaetica, four types of sensilla basiconica, two types of sensilla styloconica, two types of sensilla placodea, and one type of cuticular pore were identified according to their length, morphology and distribution. Specially, the putative function of each part of mouthpart as well as each kind of sensilla and their coordinative mechanisms in feeding process were discussed. These results would lay a solid foundation for understanding the feeding mechanism of lady beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Hao
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Xing Sun
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chang-Zhong Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Wang RR, Liu JJ, Li XY, Liang AP, Bourgoin T. Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194995. [PMID: 29584780 PMCID: PMC5871016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antennal sensory units in nymphs and adults of the spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), an economically important plant pest, are studied with scanning electron microscopy. Sensilla trichodea / chaetica type recognition is based on their external morphology and ratio of their size to diameter. The flagellum Bourgoin’s organ is a complex sensory unit with 2–3 internal sensilla coeloconica. During nymphal stages, the sensory surface available for a chemoreceptive function particularly increases with the number and size of sensilla placodea on the antennal pedicel. From first to fourth instar and to adult males and females, plate organ sensory surface is estimated to increase respectively by 33x, 68x and 125x (= 2.72 mm2 and 5.02 mm2 respectively for males and females). The most important increase (5x) occurs between second and third instar. In parallel, a distinctive pair of plate organs on the flagellum decreases in size from first to third instar, and disappears. Sexual dimorphism occurs in sensilla placodea in adults. Diversity, disparity and evolution of nymphal sensilla, and their sexual dimorphism in adults are discussed in the context of the species and planthopper behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Haidian District, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Ping Liang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (APL); (TB)
| | - Thierry Bourgoin
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-SorbonneUniversité-EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (APL); (TB)
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21
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Meng Y, Qin D. Structure and sensilla of the antennae and mouthparts ofLoxocephala perpunctataJacobi (Hemiptera: Fulgomorpha: Eurybrachidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education; Entomological Museum; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Daozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education; Entomological Museum; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
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22
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Wang Y, Dai W. Fine structure of mouthparts and feeding performance of Pyrrhocoris sibiricus Kuschakevich with remarks on the specialization of sensilla and stylets for seed feeding. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177209. [PMID: 28481941 PMCID: PMC5421791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouthpart structure and feeding behavior in the temperate firebug, Pyrrhocoris sibiricus Kuschakevich, an important pest that feeds on seeds of leguminous and gramineous plants, are described for the first time. Mouthparts were observed using scanning electron microscopy to examine the external morphology, distribution and abundance of sensilla on mouthparts. Feeding performance by adults on both seeds and shoots were observed using a binocular microscope. The four-segmented labium contains 3 types of sensilla trichodea, 3 types of sensilla basiconica, 1 type of sensilla placodea and 1 type of sensilla campaniformia. Among them, sensilla trichodea are most abundant. The tripartite apex of the labium consists of two lateral lobes and an apical plate. Each lateral lobe possesses a field of 12 thick-walled uniporous peg sensilla and long non-porous hair sensilla. The mandibular stylet tips have three central teeth and two pairs of lateral teeth, which may help in penetrating hard seed coats. A series of scale-like projections are present on the inner surface of the mandibular stylets. The externally smooth maxillary stylets interlock to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal, and there are five tubercles near the tip of the right stylet. Cross-sections of the stylet fascicle show that each mandibular stylet has a dendritic canal. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the seed feeding habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Fine morphology of the antennae and mouthparts of Dentatissus damnosa (Chou & Lu) (Hemiptera: Issidae). ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Nowińska A, Brożek J. Morphological study of the antennal sensilla in Gerromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017; 136:327-347. [PMID: 28883684 PMCID: PMC5563518 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of 21 species from five families of semiaquatic bugs (Gerromorpha) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Nine main types were distinguished based on their morphological structure: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla leaflike, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla ampullacea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla placoidea and sensilla bell-mouthed. The specific morphological structure of one type of sensilla (bell-mouthed sensilla) was observed only in Aquarius paludum. Several subtypes of sensilla are described, differentiated by number, location and type of sensillum characteristic for each examined taxon. The present study provides new data about the morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla in Gerromorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Nowińska
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - J. Brożek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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25
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Cao YK, Huang M. A SEM study of the antenna and mouthparts of Omosita colon(Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1152-1164. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Integrated Pest Management; Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Integrated Pest Management; Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
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26
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Hao Y, Dietrich CH, Dai W. Development of mouthparts in the cicada Meimuna mongolica (Distant): successive morphological patterning and sensilla differentiation from nymph to adult. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38151. [PMID: 27901084 PMCID: PMC5128874 DOI: 10.1038/srep38151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the mouthparts in the cicada Meimuna mongolica (Distant) is investigated here for the first time using scanning electron microscopy in order to document changes occurring in different nymphal instars and from nymph to adult, during which a shift from subterranean root-feeding to feeding on aboveground parts of the host plant occurs. The structure and component of mouthparts is similar to those found in other hemipteran insects. Fourteen types of sensilla and five types of cuticular processes were found on the mouthparts of nymphs and adults. Significant general transformations during development include changes in: (a) the size and shape of the labrum from square to long and shovel-shaped; (b) increases in type and quantity of sensilla with the stage of development; (c) the ridges at the tips of the mandiblar stylets become more prominent in later stages of nymphal development, while odontoid protrusions more prominent in the female than in the male of the adult; and (d) the cross section of the stylets is subcircular in nymphal stages but oblong elliptical in the adult. The implications of these mouthpart transformations on the feeding ability of nymphs and adults and their possible relationship to the feeding niche are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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27
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Hao Y, Dietrich CH, Dai W. Structure and Sensilla of the Mouthparts of the Spotted Lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), a Polyphagous Invasive Planthopper. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156640. [PMID: 27253390 PMCID: PMC4890751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouthparts are among the most important sensory and feeding structures in insects and comparative morphological study may help explain differences in feeding behavior and diet breadth among species. The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) is a polyphagous agricultural pest originating in China, recently established and becoming widespread in Korea, and more recently introduced into eastern North America. It causes severe economic damage by sucking phloem sap and the sugary excrement produced by nymphs and adults serves as a medium for sooty mold. To facilitate future study of feeding mechanisms in this insect, the fine-structural morphology of mouthparts focusing on the distribution of sensilla located on the labium in adult L. delicatula was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The mouthparts consist of a small cone-shaped labrum, a tubular labium and a stylet fascicle consisting of two inner interlocked maxillary stylets partially surrounded by two shorter mandibular stylets similar to those found in other hemipteran insects. The five-segmented labium is unusual (most other Fulgoromorpha have four segments) and is provided with several types of sensilla and cuticular processes situated on the apex of its distal labial segment. In general, nine types of sensilla were found on the mouthparts. Six types of sensilla and four types of cuticular processes are present on sensory fields of the labial apex. The proposed taxonomic and functional significance of the sensilla are discussed. Morphological similarities in the interlocking mechanism of the stylets suggest a relationship between Fulgoromorpha and Heteroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christopher H. Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Ge F, Dietrich C, Dai W. Mouthpart structure in the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Pemphigidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:230-241. [PMID: 26806553 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mouthparts are important sensory and feeding structures in insects and differences in mouthpart structure reflect differences among lineages in feeding strategy and behavior. The woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is an important pest of apple orchards worldwide, causing direct damage through feeding by the highly specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts. To obtain a better understanding of feeding, the morphology of mouthparts of the WAA was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mouthparts of E. lanigerum are similar to those of previously studied aphid species in most aspects and composed of a cone-shaped labrum, a tube-like, four-segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The sculpturing on the lateral margin of the distal extremity of the maxillary stylets and a dentate protuberance at the very sharp tip are newly observed features that distinguish E. lanigerum from other aphids and Auchenorrhyncha. Also, there is a common duct in E. lanigerum as based on SEM. Two types of sensilla trichodea and three types of sensilla basiconica occur at different locations on the labium; the labial tip has eight pairs of small sensilla basiconica. The morphology of the mouthparts and the distribution of sensilla located on the labium in E. lanigerum are discussed with respect to their possible taxonomic and functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chris Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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29
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Zhang C, Pan L, Lu Y, Dietrich C, Dai W. Reinvestigation of the antennal morphology of the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). ZOOL ANZ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Kanturski M, Karcz J, Wieczorek K. Morphology of the European species of the aphid genus Eulachnus (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) - A SEM comparative and integrative study. Micron 2015; 76:23-36. [PMID: 26021259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used for the first time to elucidate the external morphology of the European species of the genus Eulachnus (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae), a representative genus of the conifer-feeding aphids tribe Eulachnini. We examined and compared the external morphology of apterous and alate viviparous females from the parthenogenetic generation as well as oviparous females and alate males belonging to the sexual generation. FE-SEM images based on HMDS and cryo-SEM preparation techniques revealed better image quality than the CPD technique in regard to surface tension and morphological signs of cell deteriorations (i.e., existence of depressions, drying artifacts and membrane blebs). Three morphologically different species groups "agilis", "brevipilosus" and "cembrae" were proposed due to the differences in head, antennae, legs and dorsal chaetotaxy as well as dorsal sclerotization. The most characteristic features and differences of representatives of these groups are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kanturski
- Department of Zoology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; Faculty for Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; Faculty for Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karina Wieczorek
- Department of Zoology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; Faculty for Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Wang T, Pan L, Zhang Y, Dai W. Morphology of the mouthparts of the spittlebug Philagra albinotata Uhler (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:121-130. [PMID: 25530044 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouthparts associated with feeding behavior and feeding habits are important sensory and feeding structures in insects. To obtain a better understanding of feeding in Cercopoidea, the morphology of mouthparts of the spittlebug, Philagra albinotata Uhler was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The mouthparts of P. albinotata are of the typical piercing-sucking type found in Hemiptera, comprising a cone-shaped labrum, a tube-like, three-segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The mandibles consist of a dorsal smooth region and a ventral serrate region near the apical half of the external convex region, and bear five nodules or teeth on the dorsal external convex region on the distal extremity; these are regarded as unique features that distinguish spittlebugs from other groups of Hemiptera. The externally smooth maxillary stylets, interlocked to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal, are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves. One dendritic canal is found in each maxilla and one in each mandible. Two types of sensilla trichodea, three types of sensilla basiconica and groups of multi-peg structures occur in different locations on the labium, specifically the labial tip with two lateral lobes divided into anterior sensory fields with ten small peg sensilla arranged in a 5+4+1 pattern and one big peg sensillum, and posterior sensory fields with four sensilla trichodea. Compared with those of previously studied Auchenorrhyncha, the mouthparts of P. albinotata may be distinguished by the shape of the mandibles, the multi-peg structures and a tooth between the salivary canal and the food canal on the extreme end of the stylets. The mouthpart morphology is illustrated using scanning electron micrographs, and the taxonomic and putative functional significance of the different structures is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liuxing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Wang RR, Wan XY, Liang AP. Fine structure of sensory apparatus on the head of Cixiopsis punctatus. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:99. [PMID: 25205442 PMCID: PMC4212864 DOI: 10.1673/031.014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The external morphology of the heads of adult male and female Cixiopsis punctatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Eleven types of sensilla or sensory organs were identified: trichoid sensilla on the pedicel, scape, maxillae, and labium; campaniform sensilla on the antennal pedicel, antennal scape, maxillae, and labium; plate organs on the antennal pedicel; coeloconic sensilla in Bourgoin's organ and styloconic sensilla on the expanded flagellar base; Evans' organ and button-like sensilla on the maxillary plates; basiconic sensilla, peg sensilla, and coin-shaped sensilla on the labium. Styloconic sensilla on the expanded flagellar base and peg sensilla located between the dorsal sensory field and the opening of the maxillae and mandibles were first reported in Tropiduchidae. The external morphology, distribution, and abundance of sensilla located on antennae, maxillae, and labium in C. punctatus were illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xin-yi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ai-ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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Dai W, Pan L, Lu Y, Jin L, Zhang C. External morphology of the mouthparts of the whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), with special reference to the sensilla. Micron 2013; 56:8-16. [PMID: 24126109 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is a major pest of rice in Asia, with the adults and larvae sucking the phloem sap and affecting plant growth. The ultrastructural morphology of the mouthparts, with distribution of sensilla located on the maxillae and labium in adult S. furcifera was observed using scanning electron microscopy and illustrated, with a brief discussion of their taxonomic and putative functional significance. The gross mouthparts comprising an uppermost small cone-shaped labrum, a three-segmented labium with a deep longitudinal groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets, are consistent with the conventional piercing-sucking type of mouth parts found in Hemiptera. The mandibles bear 5 teeth on the external convex region on the distal extremity. Smooth maxillary stylets, interlocked to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal, are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves. Two dendritic canals are also found in each maxilla and one in each mandible. The cross-section of the stylet fascicle is oval. The labial tip is a rosette shape. Two types of sensilla trichoides, two types of uniporous peg sensilla, two pairs of sensilla basiconica and a pair of subapical labial sensory organs have been detected at different locations on the labium, specifically the labial tip is divided into dorsal paired sensory fields with 9 pairs of uniporous peg sensilla and 1 pairs of dome-shaped sensilla, and ventral paired sensory fields with 2 pairs of sensilla basiconica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Comparative analysis and systematic mapping of the labial sensilla in the Nepomorpha (Heteroptera: Insecta). ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:518034. [PMID: 23935421 PMCID: PMC3713378 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provides new data concerning the morphology and distribution of the labial sensilla of 55 species of 12 nepomorphan families (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) using the scanning electron microscope. On the labial tip, three morphologically distinct types of chemosensilla have been identified: two types of papillae sensilla and one type of peg-in-pit sensilla. Twenty-one morphologically distinct types of the mechanosensilla as well as two types of the trichoid sensilla (contact-chemoreceptive sensillum) have been identified on all labial segments in representatives of subfamilies. In Nepomorpha, morphological ground plan of the labial sensory structures is represented by an apical sensory field with 10–13 pairs of papillae sensilla and the peg-in-pit ones placed more laterally; numerous trichoid sensilla are placed on the IV segment; the chaetica sensilla are present and placed in groups or rows distributed along the labium near the labial groove on the dorsal side, and also several chaetica sensilla are unevenly scattered on the surface of that segment; the cupola and peg sensilla are numerous and evenly scattered on the fourth labial segment; the prioprerecptive sensilla, one pair is positioned on the dorsal side and on the fourth segment of the labium. The new apomorphical characters have been established for the labial sensilla in the Nepomorpha.
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Brożek J, Bourgoin T. The phylogenetic information carried by a new set of morphological characters in planthoppers: the internal mouthpart structures and test in the Cixiidae model (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013; 132:403-420. [PMID: 24459326 PMCID: PMC3892704 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Internal morphological structures of Cixiidae mouthparts are described and compared in various representatives of the Cixiidae and several other representatives of hemipterans. The morphological study shows that the mouthpart structures have not evolved uniformly and reveals the great disparity of these structures. Particularly, the connecting system of the mouthparts, localisation of salivary canal and shape of the mandibular and maxillar stylets provide together a new set of 17 new characters. A parsimonious analysis to evaluate the phylogenetic interest carried by these 17 selected characters shows that mouthpart structures have not evolved anarchically, but that they indeed carry some phylogenetic information that will be useful to be included in further morphological phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Brożek
- Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Thierry Bourgoin
- Département Systématique and Evolution, Museum National d’Historie Naturelle, UMR 7205 MNHN–CNRS (ISEB), CP-50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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