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Bao J, Qi W, Sun C, Tian M, Jiao H, Guo G, Guo B, Ren Y, Zheng H, Wang Y, Yan M, Zhang Z, McManus DP, Li J, Zhang W. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:391. [PMID: 36289514 PMCID: PMC9608937 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic disease characterized by inflammation-related epithelial barrier damage in the intestinal tract. Helminth infection reduces autoimmune disease symptoms through regulation of inflammatory responses based on hygiene theory. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods BALB/c mice were infected with microcysts of E. granulosus sensu stricto and drank water containing 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) at the 100th day post-infection. After 7 days of drinking DSS, the mouse body weight change and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded every day, and colon length and histological score were evaluated after sacrifice. After injection with antigen B (AgB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Fizz1 expression and F4/80+CD11c+ M1 and F4/80+CD206+ M2 in the peritoneal cells and colon tissues were analysed by qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Gut microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing of the mouse faecal samples. For in vitro assay, RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in medium containing AgB before induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, NO in the supernatant was measured, and the expression of cytokine genes associated with macrophages were determined by qRT-PCR. Results Echinococcus granulosus s.s. infection and AgB significantly reduced the symptoms and histological scores of IBD induced by DSS (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that AgB inoculation increased F4/80+ and CD206+ in peritoneal cells. The results of qPCR showed that AgB significantly decreased iNOS and increased Fizz1 expression in the colon of mice inoculated by DSS (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AgB injection led to significant changes in the profiles of five genera (Paraprevotella, Odoribacter, Clostridium cluster XlVa, Oscillibacter, and Flavonifractor) in faecal samples. In vitro analysis showed that AgB reduced NO levels (P < 0.01), with a significant decrease in iNOS expression (P < 0.05) in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. Conclusions Echinococcus granulosus infection and AgB may improve IBD conditions by inducing an M2-predominant cellular (F4/80+ CD206+) profile and decreasing type 1 macrophages (F4/80+CD11c+) in the intestinal lamina propria. In addition, AgB intervention induced changes in the microbiota condition of the gastrointestinal duct and reversed NO expression. Thus, AgB may be a drug candidate for IBD treatment. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Bao
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Chang Sun
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Mengxiao Tian
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993Basic Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 Xinjiang China
| | - Hongjie Jiao
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Gang Guo
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Baoping Guo
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Yuan Ren
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.464306.30000 0004 0410 5707Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yuezhu Wang
- grid.464306.30000 0004 0410 5707Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Mei Yan
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Donald P. McManus
- grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Jun Li
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993Basic Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 Xinjiang China
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Pagnozzi D, Tamarozzi F, Roggio AM, Tedde V, Addis MF, Pisanu S, Masu G, Santucciu C, Vola A, Casulli A, Masala G, Brunetti E, Uzzau S. Structural and Immunodiagnostic Characterization of Synthetic Antigen B Subunits From Echinococcus granulosus and Their Evaluation as Target Antigens for Cyst Viability Assessment. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1342-1351. [PMID: 29149256 PMCID: PMC5905600 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several tools have been proposed for serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), but none seems promising for cyst viability assessment. Antigens with stage-specific diagnostic value have been described, but few studies with well-characterized antigens and human serum samples have been performed. Antigen B (AgB) proteoforms hold promise as markers of viability, due to their differential stage-related expression and immunoreactivity. Methods Four AgB subunits (AgB1, AgB2, AgB3, AgB4) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Based on the preliminary evaluation of the subunits by western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), AgB1 and AgB2 were further tested in two ELISA setups and extensively validated on 422 human serum samples. Results All subunits showed a high degree of spontaneous oligomerization. Interacting residues within oligomers were identified, showing that both the N-terminal and C-terminal of each subunit are involved in homo-oligomer contact interfaces. No hetero-oligomer was identified. AgB1 and AgB2 ELISAs revealed different sensitivities relative to cyst stage. Of note, besides high specificity (97.2%), AgB1 revealed a higher sensitivity for active-transitional cysts (100% for CE1, 77.8% for CE2, 81.5% for CE3a, and 86.3% for CE3b) than for inactive cysts (41.7% for CE4 and 11.1% for CE5) and postsurgical patients (44%). Interestingly, 19 of 20 patients with spontaneously inactive cysts and 6 of 9 treated with albendazole >5 years earlier were negative on the AgB1 assay. Conclusions The structural characterization of subunits provides insights into the synthetic antigen conformation. The stage-related sensitivity of synthetic AgB1 holds promise as part of a multiantigen setting and deserves further longitudinal evaluation as marker of cyst viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roggio
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Vittorio Tedde
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Gabriella Masu
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Santucciu
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Ambra Vola
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy.,Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- National Reference Laboratory of Cystic Echinococcosis, Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy.,Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
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Shang JY, Zhang GJ, Liao S, Huang Y, Yu WJ, He W, Yang GY, Li TY, Chen XW, Zhong B, Wang Q, Wang Q, Li RR, Wang H. A multiplex PCR for differential detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:68. [PMID: 31362789 PMCID: PMC6668063 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus is one of the most major infectious diseases in north-west highland of China. E. granulosus sensu strict, E. multilocularis, and E. canadensis are known to be the only three species related to human health transmitting in the areas. To achieve targeted treatment and control of echinococcosis, the accurate identification and discrimination of the species are important. However, currently the available diagnostic approaches do not present ideal results either in accuracy or efficiency. METHODS In the study, a set of primers were designed to aim at the three human-pathogenic Echinococcus species in China. The one-step multiplex PCR assay was developed and evaluated for the specificity and sensitivity. A total of 73 parasitic lesions and 41 fecal materials obtained from human and various animals collected in the clinic and the field were tested to assess the applicability of this method. RESULTS The multiplex PCR effectively detected the individual DNA from the targeted species and their random mixtures generating with distinguishable expected size of products. The detection limit of the assay for each of the three species was 5 pg/μl when they were tested separately. When DNA mixtures of the targeted species containing the same concentration were used as templates, the lowest amount of DNA which can be detected was 50 pg/μl, 10 pg/μl and 5 pg/μl for E. granulosus s. s., E. multilocularis, and E. canadensis respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed when DNA from eight genetically close species was used as control templates. The multiplex PCR identifications of all samples were in line with the original sequencing results except for those infected with E. shiquicus, which showed negative signals in the developed assay. Of all the tested stool materials, 16 were previously found positive for Echinococcus by visual and microscopic examination. Among these 16 samples, 13 were confirmed by the multiplex PCR, and the other three tested negative. Additionally, the multiplex PCR identified another 14 positive feces from the remained 25 stool samples which absence of worms. CONCLUSIONS The developed multiplex PCR shows advantages in fast diagnosis and large-scale epidemiological investigation, which proven to be a promising tool utilized in clinic and surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ye Shang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jia Zhang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liao
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-You Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiao-Ying Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wang Chen
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Faramarzi T, Mobasheri M, Yoosefy A, Valadkhani Z. Expression and purification of truncated recombinant B8/1 protein of Echinococcus granulosus for diagnosis of hydatid infection in human. Acta Trop 2019; 191:139-145. [PMID: 30599175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis is one of the most important diseases common between animals and human beings. Caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm, the disease has a global epidemic. The serological diagnostic tests that are now utilized to confirm the imaging approaches have some drawbacks such as low sensitivity and cross-reaction with the serum of the patients infected with other parasites. The application of recombinant and synthetic antigens has proven improvement in the functionality of serological diagnostic tests. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the expression and purification of truncated recombinant B8/1 (trB8/1) antigen and its application in ELISA for diagnosis of hydatid infection in human. The tEgB8/1 was colonized in the expression vector pET28b (+) and expressed in different strains of E. coli. This protein was purified by Ni2+-NTA chromatography. The antigenicity of the protein was evaluated by Western blotting and ELISA. In the test, 50 positive serum samples from hydatid infected patients, 50 samples from healthy people, and 30 serum samples from patients with other parasitic diseases were used to determine the sensitivity and the specificity of this antigen. The measured sensitivity and specificity of this antigen were identified to be 75.75% and 96.38% respectively. The P value of <0.0001 by using ROC curve, confirmed that this antigen is able to differentiate between healthy and hydatid-infected individuals. Considering the excellent specificity of this antigen and in order to enhance the sensitivity, it is recommended to use a combination of this antigen with other antigens (e.g., EgB8/2-8/5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Faramarzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Mobasheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Yoosefy
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Bulashev AK, Suranshiev ZA, Akibekov OS, Akanova ZZ, Abulgazimova GA. Serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in cattle. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pan W, Chen DS, Lu YJ, Sun FF, Xu HW, Zhang YW, Yan C, Fu LL, Zheng KY, Tang RX. Bioinformatic prediction of the epitopes of Echinococcus granulosus antigen 5. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:181-187. [PMID: 28357070 PMCID: PMC5351307 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to predict and analyze the secondary structure, and B and T cell epitopes of Echinococcus granulosus antigen 5 (Ag5) using online software in order to investigate its immunogenicity and preliminarily evaluate its potential as an effective antigen peptide vaccine for cystic echinococcosis. The PortParam program was used to analyze molecular weight, the theoretical isoelectric point, instability index and other physicochemical properties. The secondary structure of the Ag5 protein was predicted using Self-Optimized Prediction method With Alignment and the tertiary structure of the Ag5 protein was predicted using 3DLigandSite together with Center for Biological Sequence Analysis Prediction Servers. Furthermore, the Immune Epitope Database software was used to predict B cell epitopes, and T cell epitopes were predicted with the BioInformatics and Molecular Analysis Section and SYFPEITHI programs. The results demonstrated that α-helixes, β-turns, random coils and extended strands account for 23.35, 10.95, 41.32, and 24.38% of the secondary structure of the Ag5 protein, respectively. Ten potential B cell epitopes of Ag5 were identified as the amino acids sequences 27-39, 70-80, 117-130, 146-168, 250-262, 284-293, 339-349, 359-371, 403-412 and 454-462, and seven potential T cell epitopes were identified as the amino acid sequences 52-60, 57-65, 182-190, 231-239, 273-281, 318-326 and 467-475. Thus, ten B cell epitopes and seven T cell epitopes were identified on Ag5, suggesting the strong immunogenicity of this protein, which could be applied to design antigen peptide vaccines for echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - De-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Juan Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Fen-Fen Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Wen Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
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9
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Pagnozzi D, Addis MF, Biosa G, Roggio AM, Tedde V, Mariconti M, Tamarozzi F, Meroni V, Masu G, Masala G, Brunetti E, Uzzau S. Diagnostic Accuracy of Antigen 5-Based ELISAs for Human Cystic Echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004585. [PMID: 27023205 PMCID: PMC4811537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical diagnosis and follow up of cystic echinococcosis (CE) are based on imaging complemented by serology. Several immunodiagnostic tests are commercially available, but the development of new tools is still needed to overcome the lack of standardization of the target antigen, generally consisting of a crude extract of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid. In a previous work, we described a chromatographic method for the preparation of a highly enriched Antigen 5 fraction from hydatid cyst fluid. The high reactivity of patient sera against this preparation prompted us to evaluate further this antigen for the serodiagnosis of CE on a larger cohort of samples. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 327 sera from CE patients with heterogeneous conditions for cyst stage, cyst number, organ localization, drug therapy, and surgical intervention, together with 253 sera from healthy controls, were first analyzed by an ELISA based on the Ag5 preparation in two different experimental setups and, in parallel, by a commercial ELISA routinely used in clinical laboratories for CE serodiagnosis. The Ag5 ELISAs revealed different sensitivity (88.3% vs 95.3%) without significant differences in specificity (94.1% vs 92.5%), for the two setups, respectively. Moreover, possible relationships between the Ag5 ELISA absorbance results and clinical variables were investigated. Chi squared test, bivariate logistic regression and multiple regression analyses highlighted differences in the serology reactivity according to pharmacological treatment, cyst activity, and cyst number. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The two Ag5 ELISAs revealed different performances depending on the setup. The good diagnostic sensitivity and the high reliability of the Ag5 preparation method make this antigen a promising candidate for the serodiagnosis of CE. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the ability of our test to provide useful information on specific CE clinical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grazia Biosa
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Tedde
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Meroni
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Masu
- Centro Nazionale di Riferimento per l’Echinococcosi, IZS “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Centro Nazionale di Riferimento per l’Echinococcosi, IZS “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (Sassari), Italy
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Santivañez SJ, Rodriguez ML, Rodriguez S, Sako Y, Nkouawa A, Kobayashi Y, Sotomayor AL, Peralta JE, Valcarcel M, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, Ito A. Evaluation of a New Immunochromatographic Test Using Recombinant Antigen B8/1 for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3859-63. [PMID: 26447116 PMCID: PMC4652123 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02157-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on the identification of the cyst(s) by imaging, using immunodiagnostic tests mainly as complementary tools in clinical settings. Among the antigens used for immunodiagnosis, previous studies described a good performance of the recombinant antigen B8/1 (rAgB) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format; however, in remote parts of areas where the disease is endemic, the implementation of an ELISA is difficult, so a more simple, rapid, and reliable method such as the immunochromatographic test (ICT) is required. In this study, using a set of 50 serum samples from patients with surgically confirmed CE, we compared the performance of an ICT and that of an ELISA using the rAgB. The overall sensitivities of ICT and ELISA were not statistically different (78% versus 72%; P = 0.36). The overall agreement between both tests was moderate (κ = 0.41; P < 0.01). Concordance between ICT and ELISA was substantial or almost perfect for patients with liver involvement (κ = 0.65; P < 0.001) and patients with more than one hydatid cyst (κ = 0.82; P < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, specificity analysis using a total of 88 serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 20) and patients (n = 68) with other parasitic infections revealed that ICT had a specificity of 89.8%. ICT and ELISA had similar performance for the detection of specific antibodies to E. granulosus, and ICT had a high specificity, opening the possibility of using ICT as a screening tool in rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J Santivañez
- Instituto Peruano de Parasitologia Clinica y Experimental, Lima, Peru
| | - Mary L Rodriguez
- Instituto Peruano de Parasitologia Clinica y Experimental, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Yashuito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Agathe Nkouawa
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Alfredo L Sotomayor
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru
| | - Julio E Peralta
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Program, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Valcarcel
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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11
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Serological Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis: A New Hope for the Future? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:428205. [PMID: 26504805 PMCID: PMC4609352 DOI: 10.1155/2015/428205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important helminthic zoonotic disease caused by the Echinococcus granulosus complex. In humans, CE is a chronic disease driven by the growth of echinococcal cysts in different organs. Prognosis of this disease depends on multiple factors, including location, number, size, and stage of the cysts, making CE a disease of complex management. CE is usually asymptomatic for years and attracts limited attention from funding organizations and health authorities. For this reason, only experts' recommendations are available but no evidence-based conclusions have been drawn for CE clinical management. One of those pitfalls refers to the lack of evidence to support the use of serological tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of CE patients. In this respect, crude antigens are used to detect specific antibodies in patients, giving rise to false positive results. The advent of molecular techniques allowing the production of recombinant proteins has provided a number of candidate antigens that could overcome the problems associated with the use of crude parasite extracts in the serological assays. In this review, we present the last advances in this field, proposing the use of serology to support cyst stage-specific diagnosis and follow-up.
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12
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Hassanain MA, Shaapan RM, Khalil FAM. Sero-epidemiological value of some hydatid cyst antigen in diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:52-6. [PMID: 27065597 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe zoonotic disease which affects both human and animals. The disease has a considerable economic and social impact, because it has numerous complications leading to important disabilities and even death. CE is a widespread chronic endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes of tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This study was conducted to diagnosis human CE by hydatid cyst antigens from camels and sheep. Hydatid fluid and protoscoleces crude antigens corresponding to camel and sheep were resolute by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions and the protein bands of different antigens were exposed to infected patients serum CE through western blot (WB) assay. The camel hydatid fluid antigen revealed five polypeptide bands of 18-98.8 kDa by SDS-PAGE while sheep hydatid fluid antigen revealed four polypeptide bands of 20-100 kDa. Immune reactive bands were obtained through WB ranged from 25 to 125 kDa. The study showed prominent immune reactive bands of 92, 52.2 and 35.7 kDa which may helpful in diagnosis of human CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohey Abdelhafez Hassanain
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Center, P.O. 12622, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Raafat Mohamed Shaapan
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Center, P.O. 12622, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Rady AA, W. El Aswa BED, M. Masoud B. Comparative Evaluation of Different Diagnostic Techniques using Laminated Layer Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Human Hydatidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2014.41.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Fotoohi S, Hashemi Tabar GR, Borji H. Serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis with an ELISA developed based on antigens derived from sheep hydatid cysts and comparison with a commercial human ELISA kit. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 6:723-7. [PMID: 23827151 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the serodiagnosis of hydatid cyst in human using different antigens of sheep (hydatid fluid, Somatic and Excretory/secretory antigens of protoscolex) by ELISA and compares this result with commercial human ELISA kit. METHODS One hundred blood samples from patients with history of severe abdominal pain and eosinophilia were obtained. Ten serum samples were obtained from surgically and pathologically confirmed cystic echinococcosis patients from Mashhad university hospital as positive control and 5 serum samples from infant under one year old as negative control. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3 000μg at 20 °C for 15 min and sera were stored at -20 °C. First, these samples were tested for the presence of antibody by commercial human ELISA. Then, ELISA was developed on microplates coated with hydatid fluid, Somatic and Excretory/secretory antigens of protoscolex of sheep. RESULTS The results of this study as analyzed by Kappa test showed that, hydatid fluid antigen could be used as a precise source of detection in indirect ELISA test. CONCLUSIONS Hydatid fluid in comparison with Excretory-secretory and somatic antigens showed more compatibility agreement in kappa test which can be used for further studies in development of any ELISA test for diagnosis of human hydatidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fotoohi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Mariconti M, Bazzocchi C, Tamarozzi F, Meroni V, Genco F, Maserati R, Brunetti E. Immunoblotting with human native antigen shows stage-related sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 90:75-9. [PMID: 24297816 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis is based on ultrasonography and confirmed by serology. However, no biological marker of cyst viability is currently available implying years-long patient follow-up, which is not always feasible in endemic areas. We characterized the performance of an immunoblotting test based on human hydatid cyst fluid with particular regard to its ability to distinguish between cyst stages. Sera from patients with cysts in different stages showed distinctive band pattern recognition. Most importantly, the test discriminated in 80% of cases CE3a from CE3b transitional cysts, known to have different viability profiles. Interestingly, we observed a rapid change in band pattern recognition of sera from one patient at time points when his cyst passed from active to transitional to inactive stages. Further identification of different antigens expressed by different cyst stages will support the development of diagnostic tools that could early define cyst viability, to guide clinical decision making, and shorten patient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mariconti
- Policlinico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Wang JY, Gao CH, Steverding D, Wang X, Shi F, Yang YT. Differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of specific antibodies. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3627-33. [PMID: 23949310 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are zoonotic diseases caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. As the diseases are co-endemic in many areas of the world, a simple and rapid test for the differential diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinocoocosis (AE) is needed. Here, we describe the development of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) using crude hydatid cyst fluid and a recombinant 18-kDa protein (rEm18) as antigens for the detection of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis antibodies in serum samples. The ICT was evaluated with serum samples from 195 echinococcosis patients from different endemic areas in northwestern China. These included 144 from CE patients, 51 from AE patients, 67 from patients with other parasitic diseases, 13 from patients with serous hepatic cysts, and 60 from healthy individuals. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICT for CE were 91.0 and 96.9% and for AE were 98.0 and 99.3% with diagnostic efficiencies of 94.1 and 99.1%, respectively. No significant differences and high degrees of agreement were found between the ICT and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both CE and AE. Five serum samples from cysticercosis patients and one serum sample from a healthy control were found positive for CE with the ICT. These findings indicate that this test allows for discrimination between both forms of human echinococcosis. In conclusion, the ICT developed in this study is a promising tool for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of CE and AE. This test will be useful for serodiagnosis of CE and AE in clinical settings and screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China,
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17
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Mohammadzadeh T, Sako Y, Sadjjadi SM, Sarkari B, Ito A. Comparison of the usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid, native antigen B and recombinant antigen B8/1 for serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:371-5. [PMID: 22472966 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), the usefulness of three native antigens, a hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) obtained from infected sheep in China, two types of antigen B prepared from each HCF obtained in Iran and China, and one recombinant antigen B8/1 (RAgB), were evaluated by ELISA using a total of 155 serum samples from Iran, Turkey, China and Japan. Both the Iranian native antigen B and RAgB had high sensitivity, but RAgB showed an excellent specificity in comparison with native antigens because none of the serum samples of healthy people from Iran and Japan became positive with this antigen except one case of taeniasis. The taeniasis case exceptionally showing cross reactivity with all antigens was considered to be co-infected with Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia saginata. The recombinant antigen showing a high diagnostic odds ratio in comparison with other evaluated antigens might be recommended for diagnosis of CE in different CE-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Li Y, Xu H, Chen J, Gan W, Wu W, Wu W, Hu X. Gene cloning, expression, and localization of antigen 5 in the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2315-23. [PMID: 22200957 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antigen 5 (Ag5) has been identified as a dominant component of cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and is considered as a member of serine proteases family, which in other helminth, plays an important role in the egg hatch and larva invasion. However, whether Ag5 is expressed and secreted in all life stages is unknown. In this study, according to the sequence in GenBank, we cloned and sequenced the open reading frame (ORF) of Ag5 gene from the protoscolices of E. granulosus isolated from the sheep in Qinhai Province of China, and found several substitutions and a base insert and deletion in a short region near the stop code, leading to a frameshift mutation which is conserved with the homologue of other cestode. The ORF is 1,455 bp in length, encoding 484 amino acids with a secretory signal peptide. Bioinformatics analysis predicted several phosphorylation and myristoylation sites and a N-glycosylation site and a species-specific linear B epitope in the protein. The ORF was cloned into the plasmid pET28a(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli . The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Anti-rEgAg5 antiserum was prepared in rats and used to analyze the localization of Ag5 in protoscolex and adult worm by immunofluorescence technique. Results demonstrated that the Ag5 is strongly expressed in the tegument of protoscolex and the embryonic membrane of egg and surface of oncosphere; meanwhile, it is also weakly expressed in tegument of the adult. This study showed that Ag5 is expressed in all stages of life cycle, secreted from the surface of the worm and may be anchored in membrane by its myristoylation sites; these characteristics make it a candidate antigen for diagnosis and vaccine for both intermediate and definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Schweiger A, Grimm F, Tanner I, Müllhaupt B, Bertogg K, Müller N, Deplazes P. Serological diagnosis of echinococcosis: the diagnostic potential of native antigens. Infection 2011; 40:139-52. [PMID: 22076692 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the metacestode stages of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively, lack pathognomonic clinical signs. Diagnosis therefore relies on the results of imaging and serological studies. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several easy-to-produce crude or partially purified E. granulosus and E. multilocularis metacestode-derived antigens as tools for the serological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of patients suspicious for AE or CE. METHODS The sera of 51 treatment-naïve AE and 32 CE patients, 98 Swiss blood donors and 38 patients who were initially suspicious for echinococcosis but suffering from various other liver diseases (e.g., liver neoplasia, etc.) were analysed. RESULTS According to the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), metacestode-derived antigens of E. granulosus had sensitivities varying from 81 to 97% and >99.9% for the diagnosis of CE and AE, respectively. Antigens derived from E. multilocularis metacestodes had sensitivities ranging from 84 to 91% and >99.9% for the diagnosis of CE and AE, respectively. Specificities ranged from 92 to >99.9%. Post-test probabilities for the differential diagnosis of AE from liver neoplasias, CE from cystic liver lesions, and screening for AE in Switzerland were around 95, 86 and 2.2%, respectively. Cross-reactions with antibodies in sera of patients with other parasitic affections (fasciolosis, schistosomosis, amebosis, cysticercosis, and filarioses) did occur at variable frequencies, but could be eliminated through the use of confirmatory testing. CONCLUSIONS Different metacestode-derived antigens of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis are valuable, widely accessible, and cost-efficient tools for the serological diagnosis of echinococcosis. However, confirmatory testing is necessary, due to the lack of species specificity and the occurrence of cross-reactions to other helminthic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schweiger
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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