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Jing L, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao H. Polystyrene microplastics disrupted physical barriers, microbiota composition and immune responses in the cecum of developmental Japanese quails. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:225-235. [PMID: 38802233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics, a new type of emerging pollutant, is ubiquitous in terrestrial and water environments. Microplastics have become a growing concern due to their impacts on the environment, animal, and human health. Birds also suffer from microplastics contamination. In this study, we examined the toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) exposure on physical barrier, microbial community, and immune function in the cecum of a model bird species-Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The one-week-old birds were fed on environmentally relevant concentrations of 20 µg/kg, 400 µg/kg, and 8 mg/kg PS-MPs in the diet for 5 weeks. The results showed that microplastics could cause microstructural damages characterized by lamina propria damage and epithelial cell vacuolation and ultrastructural injuries including microvilli breakage and disarrangement as well as mitochondrial vacuolation in the cecum of quails. In particular, blurry tight junctions, wider desmosomes spacing, and gene expression alteration indicated cecal tight junction malfunction. Moreover, mucous layer breakdown and mucin decrease indicated that chemical barrier was disturbed by PS-MPs. PS-MPs also changed cecal microbial diversity. In addition, structural deformation of cecal tonsils and increasing proinflammatory cytokines suggested cecal immune disorder and inflammation responses by PS-MPs exposure. Our results suggested that microplastics negatively affected digestive system and might pose great health risks to terrestrial birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyang Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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2
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Nadalian B, Nadalian B, Zali MR, Yadegar A. Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Induce Inflammatory Response and Alter the Gene Expression of Junction-Associated Proteins in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:2701675. [PMID: 38826676 PMCID: PMC11142853 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2701675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathobionts, which are characterized by their ability to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells, are associated with the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by AIEC strains can facilitate the interaction of these bacteria with host cells through delivering bacterial effectors. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of OMVs derived from AIEC strain LF82 to induce the host immune response, leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and also altering the gene expression of junction-associated proteins in the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line. OMVs were extracted from AIEC strain LF82, and the cell viability of Caco-2 cells treated with these vesicles was assessed by MTT assay. The morphology and size distribution of vesicles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Gene expression of occludin, ZO-1, claudin-2, E-cadherin, TLR-2, and TLR-4 in response to OMVs was assessed in Caco-2 cells by RT-qPCR. Moreover, the secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α into the supernatant of Caco-2 cells upon treatment with OMVs was measured using ELISA. Our results demonstrated that OMVs upregulated the gene expression level of TLRs and also altered the gene expression level of junction-associated proteins. OMVs derived from AIEC may play a major role in the promotion of intestinal inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. However, further investigations are needed to elucidate the putative role of OMVs in the pathogenesis of AIEC and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nadalian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nadalian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Oami T, Abtahi S, Shimazui T, Chen CW, Sweat YY, Liang Z, Burd EM, Farris AB, Roland JT, Tsukita S, Ford ML, Turner JR, Coopersmith CM. Claudin-2 upregulation enhances intestinal permeability, immune activation, dysbiosis, and mortality in sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2217877121. [PMID: 38412124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217877121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial expression of the tight junction protein claudin-2, which forms paracellular cation and water channels, is precisely regulated during development and in disease. Here, we show that small intestinal epithelial claudin-2 expression is selectively upregulated in septic patients. Similar changes occurred in septic mice, where claudin-2 upregulation coincided with increased flux across the paracellular pore pathway. In order to define the significance of these changes, sepsis was induced in claudin-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Sepsis-induced increases in pore pathway permeability were prevented by claudin-2 KO. Moreover, claudin-2 deletion reduced interleukin-17 production and T cell activation and limited intestinal damage. These effects were associated with reduced numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and bacteria within the peritoneal fluid of septic claudin-2 KO mice. Most strikingly, claudin-2 deletion dramatically enhanced survival in sepsis. Finally, the microbial changes induced by sepsis were less pathogenic in claudin-2 KO mice as survival of healthy WT mice injected with cecal slurry collected from WT mice 24 h after sepsis was far worse than that of healthy WT mice injected with cecal slurry collected from claudin-2 KO mice 24 h after sepsis. Claudin-2 upregulation and increased pore pathway permeability are, therefore, key intermediates that contribute to development of dysbiosis, intestinal damage, inflammation, ineffective pathogen control, and increased mortality in sepsis. The striking impact of claudin-2 deletion on progression of the lethal cascade activated during sepsis suggests that claudin-2 may be an attractive therapeutic target in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Oami
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shabnam Abtahi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Takashi Shimazui
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yan Y Sweat
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Eileen M Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joe T Roland
- Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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4
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Fidya, Choijookhuu N, Ikenoue M, Yano K, Yamaguma Y, Shirouzu S, Kai K, Ishizuka T, Hishikawa Y. Protective role of estrogen through G-protein coupled receptor 30 in a colitis mouse model. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:81-93. [PMID: 37821557 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen and its receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases such as colitis. However, the role of the membrane estrogen receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in colitis is poorly understood. We therefore investigated the effect of estrogen in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered 1.5% DSS for 5 days and treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), GPR30 agonist (G1), or GPR30 antagonist (G15) for 8 days. Inflammation grade was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI) and histomorphological score. Colon tissues were immunohistochemically analyzed and revealed high expression of membrane GPR30, histone 3 lysine 36 dimethylation, and lysine 79 trimethylation in normal mouse colon epithelial cells but significantly decreased expression in DSS-treated mice, whereas the expression was partially preserved after treatment with E2 or G1. Colon shortening and DAI were significantly lower in E2- and G1-treated mice compared to DSS-treated mice. Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) expression and cell proliferation differed in normal colon epithelial cells but overlapped in those of DSS-treated mice. Administration of E2 and G1 reduced CDX2 expression and cell proliferation. Altered expression of claudin-2 and occludin were observed in the colonic epithelium of DSS-treated mice, and these changes were significantly lower in the colon of E2- and G1-treated mice. These results indicate that estrogen regulates histone modification, cell proliferation, and CDX2 expression through GPR30, which affects intestinal epithelial barrier function. We conclude that estrogen protects against intestinal epithelial damage through GPR30 by enhancing intestinal epithelial barrier function in DSS-induced colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidya
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Narantsog Choijookhuu
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikenoue
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Koichi Yano
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguma
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shirouzu
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kengo Kai
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takumi Ishizuka
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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Markov AG, Livanova AA, Fedorova AA, Kravtsova VV, Krivoi II. Chronic Ouabain Targets Pore-Forming Claudin-2 and Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Damage to the Rat Intestinal Tissue Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:278. [PMID: 38203449 PMCID: PMC10778734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes disturbances in the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Given the therapeutic potential of ouabain, a specific ligand of the Na,K-ATPase, we tested its ability to protect against IR-induced disturbances in the barrier and transport properties of the jejunum and colon of rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 6-day intraperitoneal injections of vehicle or ouabain (1 µg/kg/day). On the fourth day of injections, rats were exposed to total-body X-ray irradiation (10 Gy) or a sham irradiation. Isolated tissues were examined 72 h post-irradiation. Electrophysiological characteristics and paracellular permeability for sodium fluorescein were measured in an Ussing chamber. Histological analysis and Western blotting were also performed. In the jejunum tissue, ouabain exposure did not prevent disturbances in transepithelial resistance, paracellular permeability, histological characteristics, as well as changes in the expression of claudin-1, -3, -4, tricellulin, and caspase-3 induced by IR. However, ouabain prevented overexpression of occludin and the pore-forming claudin-2. In the colon tissue, ouabain prevented electrophysiological disturbances and claudin-2 overexpression. These observations may reveal a mechanism by which circulating ouabain maintains tight junction integrity under IR-induced intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Markov
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.L.); (A.A.F.); (V.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
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6
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Jang SY, Kim SY, Song HA, Kim H, Chung KS, Lee JK, Lee KT. Protective effect of hydrangenol on lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia by suppressing intestinal inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111083. [PMID: 37871380 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangenol, a dihydroisocoumarin, isolated from the leaves of Hydrangea serrata, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-photoaging activities. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of hydrangenol (HG) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of action in C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of HG (20 or 40 mg/kg) significantly restored the survival rate and population of macrophages, T helper cells (CD3+/CD4+), and Th17 cells (CD3+/CD4+/CCR6+) in the spleens of mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia. HG suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and Interferon (IFN)-γ and the mRNA and protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the intestine and lung of LPS-treated mice. Molecular data showed that HG ameliorated the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), and c-Fos and c-Jun (AP-1 subunits) via the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) dependent toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the LPS-treated mouse intestines. HG treatment caused the recovery of LPS-induced impaired tight junction (occludin and claudin-2) protein and mRNA expressions. Furthermore, HG improved LPS-induced gut dysbiosis in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that HG protects against LPS-induced endotoxemia by restoring immune cells and the capacity of the intestinal barrier, reducing intestinal inflammation, and improving the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yun Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyeon-A Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyeyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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7
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Kröhn L, Azabdaftari A, Heuberger J, Hudert C, Zilbauer M, Breiderhoff T, Bufler P. Modulation of intestinal IL-37 expression and its impact on the epithelial innate immune response and barrier integrity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261666. [PMID: 37799712 PMCID: PMC10548260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Intestinal epithelial cells separate the luminal flora from lamina propria immune cells and regulate innate immune responses in the gut. An imbalance of the mucosal immune response and disrupted intestinal barrier integrity contribute to the evolution of inflammatory bowel diseases. Interleukin (IL)-37 has broad anti- inflammatory activity and is expressed by the human intestinal epithelium. Mice ectopically expressing human IL-37 show reduced epithelial damage and inflammation after DSS-induced colitis. Here, we investigated the impact of IL-37 on the innate immune response and tight junction protein expression of mouse intestinal organoids and the modulation of IL37 expression in human intestinal organoids. Methods Murine intestinal organoids were generated from IL-37tg and wildtype mice. Human ileal organoids were generated from healthy young donors. Results Expression of transgene IL-37 or recombinant IL-37 protein did not significantly reduce overall proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in murine intestinal organoids. However, higher IL37 expression correlated with a reduced proinflammatory cytokine response in murine colonic organoids. IL37 mRNA expression in human ileal organoids was modulated by proinflammatory cytokines showing an increased expression upon TNF-α-stimulation and decreased expression upon IFN-gamma stimulation. Transgene IL-37 expression did not rescue TNF-α-induced changes in morphology as well as ZO-1, occludin, claudin-2, and E-cadherin expression patterns of murine jejunal organoids. Conclusions We speculate that the anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37 in the intestine is mainly mediated by lamina propria immune cells protecting intestinal epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kröhn
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Azabdaftari
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Meyer F, Wendling D, Demougeot C, Prati C, Verhoeven F. Cytokines and intestinal epithelial permeability: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103331. [PMID: 37030338 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosa is composed of a well-organized epithelium, acting as a physical barrier to harmful luminal contents, while simultaneously ensuring absorption of physiological nutrients and solutes. Increased intestinal permeability has been described in various chronic diseases, leading to abnormal activation of subepithelial immune cells and overproduction of inflammatory mediators. This review aimed to summarize and evaluate the effects of cytokines on intestinal permeability. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed in the Medline, Cochrane and Embase databases, up to 01/04/2022, to identify published studies assessing the direct effect of cytokines on intestinal permeability. We collected data on the study design, the method of assessment of intestinal permeability, the type of intervention and the subsequent effect on gut permeability. RESULTS A total of 120 publications were included, describing a total of 89 in vitro and 44 in vivo studies. TNFα, IFNγ or IL-1β were the most frequently studied cytokines, inducing an increase in intestinal permeability through a myosin light-chain-mediated mechanism. In situations associated with intestinal barrier disruption, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, in vivo studies showed that anti-TNFα treatment decreased intestinal permeability while achieving clinical recovery. In contrast to TNFα, IL-10 decreased permeability in conditions associated with intestinal hyperpermeability. For some cytokines (e.g. IL-17, IL-23), results are conflicting, with both an increase and a decrease in gut permeability reported, depending on the study model, methodology, or the studied conditions (e.g. burn injury, colitis, ischemia, sepsis). CONCLUSION This systematic review provides evidence that intestinal permeability can be directly influenced by cytokines in numerous conditions. The immune environment probably plays an important role, given the variability of their effect, according to different conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms could open new therapeutic perspectives for disorders associated with gut barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Wendling
- Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 4266, EPILAB, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Clément Prati
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Frank Verhoeven
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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9
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Huang FC, Huang SC. The Pivotal Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Regulated Tight Junction Proteins and Innate Immunity on the Synergistic Effects of Postbiotic Butyrate and Active Vitamin D3 to Defense against Microbial Invasion in Salmonella Colitis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020305. [PMID: 36678175 PMCID: PMC9860786 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent report illustrated the unitedly advantageous effects of postbiotic butyrate on active vitamin D3 (VD3)-orchestrated innate immunity in Salmonella colitis. There is growing awareness that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can regulate intestinal immunity and barrier function, through modulating cecal inflammation and junction proteins expression. Hence, we researched the participation of AhR-regulated tight junction functions on the united effects of butyrate and VD3 on intestinal defense to Salmonella infection. Salmonella colitis model were elicited by oral gavage with 1 × 108 CFU of a S. typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 in C57BL/6 mice. Before and after the colitis generation, mice were fed with butyrate and/or VD3 by oral gavage in the absence or presence of intraperitoneal injection of AhR inhibitor for 4 and 7 days, respectively. We observed that butyrate and VD3 could concert together to reduce the invasion of Salmonella in colitis mice by enhancing cecal cytokines and antimicrobial peptides expression and reducing zonulin and claudin-2 protein expressions in mucosal stain, compared to single treatment, which were counteracted by AhR inhibitor. It implies that AhR is involved in the united effects of butyrate and VD3 on the intestinal defense to Salmonella infection in colitis mice. This study discloses the promising alternative therapy of combining postbiotic and VD3 for invasive Salmonellosis and the pivotal role of AhR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8724)
| | - Shun-Chen Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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10
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Wang DW, Zhang WH, Danil G, Yang K, Hu JK. The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1051497. [PMID: 36620607 PMCID: PMC9818346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Han Zhang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Galiullin Danil
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Kun Hu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jian-Kun Hu,
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11
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Guo XR, He CW, Gao H, Hua RX, Liang C, Du YX, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. Insight into role of short chain fatty acids in regulating intestinal mucosal barrier and alleviating inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:928-940. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i21.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the importance of intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in maintaining the human intestinal environment has been gradually revealed. Therefore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as the metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, play a momentous part in regulating the balance between the function and morphology of the mucosal barrier, regulating the proliferation and differentiation of mucosal cells, protecting the integrity and permeability of the mucosal barrier, and maintainingthe stability of tight junctions. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, associated with a disturbance of intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of the intestinal immune responses, the etiology and pathogenesis of which, however, are not yet fully uncovered. Animal models and human studies have corroborated the contribution of SCFAs in enhancing the barrier function through protective effects. This review will summarize the potential role of SCFAs in IBD with regard to regulating intestinal function, hoping to provide a new target for clinical treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ran Guo
- 2019 Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- 2020 Clinical Medicine of "5+3" Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Liang
- 2019 Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Du
- 2020 Oral Medicine of "5+3" Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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12
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Lima MSR, Gonçalves C, Neto MD, Macedo MH, de Queiroz JLC, da Silva VC, Costa IDS, Camillo CDS, Santos PPDA, Lima AAM, Pastrana L, Maciel BLL, Morais AHA. Anti-Inflammatory Protein Isolated from Tamarind Promotes Better Histological Aspects in the Intestine Regardless of the Improvement of Intestinal Permeability in a Preclinical Study of Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214669. [PMID: 36364929 PMCID: PMC9655259 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic and physiological effects in the gut. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seeds (TTI) in vitro (interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inhibitory activity against human neutrophil elastase (HNE)), and using intestinal co-cultures of Caco-2:HT29-MTX cell lines inflamed with TNF-α (50 ng/mL) and a Wistar rat model of diet-induced obesity (n = 15). TTI was administered to animals by gavage (10 days), and the treated group (25 mg/kg/day) was compared to animals without treatment or treated with a nutritionally adequate diet. In the in vitro study, it showed inhibitory activity against HNE (93%). In co-cultures, there was no protection or recovery of the integrity of inflamed cell monolayers treated with TTI (1.0 mg/mL). In animals, TTI led to lower plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6, total leukocytes, fasting glucose, and LDL-c (p < 0.05). The intestines demonstrated a lower degree of chronic enteritis, greater preservation of the submucosa, and greater intestinal wall thickness than the other groups (p = 0.042). Therefore, the better appearance of the intestine not reflected in the intestinal permeability added to the in vitro activity against HNE point to possibilities for new studies and applications related to this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara S. R. Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mafalda D. Neto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Jaluza L. C. de Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Valéria C. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Izael de S. Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
- Nutrition Course, Potiguar University, Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Christina da S. Camillo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo de A. Santos
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Aldo A. M. Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruna L. L. Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida A. Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59075-000, RN, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Stalder T, Zaiter T, El-Basset W, Cornu R, Martin H, Diab-Assaf M, Béduneau A. Interaction and toxicity of ingested nanoparticles on the intestinal barrier. Toxicology 2022; 481:153353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Ganapathy AS, Saha K, Suchanec E, Singh V, Verma A, Yochum G, Koltun W, Nighot M, Ma T, Nighot P. AP2M1 mediates autophagy-induced CLDN2 (claudin 2) degradation through endocytosis and interaction with LC3 and reduces intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. Autophagy 2022; 18:2086-2103. [PMID: 34964704 PMCID: PMC9466623 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) provide barrier against paracellular permeation of lumenal antigens. Defects in TJ barrier such as increased levels of pore-forming TJ protein CLDN2 (claudin-2) is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously reported that starvation-induced macroautophagy/autophagy enhances the TJ barrier by degrading pore-forming CLDN2. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation. CLDN2 degradation was persistent in multiple modes of autophagy induction. Immunolocalization, membrane fractionation, and pharmacological inhibition studies showed increased clathrin-mediated CLDN2 endocytosis upon starvation. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis negated autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation and enhancement of the TJ barrier. The co-immunoprecipitation studies showed increased association of CLDN2 with clathrin and adaptor protein AP2 (AP2A1 and AP2M1 subunits) as well as LC3 and lysosomes upon starvation, signifying the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation. The expression and phosphorylation of AP2M1 was increased upon starvation. In-vitro, in-vivo (mouse colon), and ex-vivo (human colon) inhibition of AP2M1 activation prevented CLDN2 degradation. AP2M1 knockout prevented autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation via reduced CLDN2-LC3 interaction. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that AP2M1 binds to CLDN2 tyrosine motifs (YXXФ) (67-70 and 148-151). Increased baseline expression of CLDN2 and TJ permeability along with reduced CLDN2-AP2M1-LC3 interactions in ATG7 knockout cells validated the role of autophagy in modulation of CLDN2 levels. Acute deletion of Atg7 in mice increased CLDN2 levels and the susceptibility to experimental colitis. The autophagy-regulated molecular mechanisms linking CLDN2, AP2M1, and LC3 may provide therapeutic tools against intestinal inflammation.Abbreviations: Amil: amiloride; AP2: adaptor protein complex 2; AP2A1: adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit alpha 1; AP2M1: adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit mu 1; ATG7: autophagy related 7; CAL: calcitriol; Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9; Con: control; CPZ: chlorpromazine; DSS: dextran sodium sulfate; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; TER: trans-epithelial resistance; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MβCD: Methyl-β-cyclodextrin; MET: metformin; MG132: carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NT: non target; RAPA: rapamycin; RES: resveratrol; SMER: small-molecule enhancer 28; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ST: starvation; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eric Suchanec
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vikash Singh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa, USA
| | - Aayush Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Walter Koltun
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Meghali Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA,CONTACT Prashant Nighot Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA17033, USA
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15
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Klaus FL, Kirsch C, Müller JP, Huber O, Reiche J. PI3Kγ is a novel regulator of TNFα signaling in the human colon cell line HT29/B6. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:196-207. [PMID: 35725890 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes phosphorylating phospholipids in the membrane, thereby, promoting the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. PI3Ks are involved in a variety of fundamental cellular functions, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced tight junction (TJ) impairment-a hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases. Most of the studies analyzing the role of class I PI3K signaling in epithelial barrier maintenance did not decipher which of the isoforms are responsible for the observed effects. By using wild-type and PI3Kγ-deficient HT-29/B6 cells, we characterized the functional role of PI3Kγ in these cells under inflammatory conditions. Measurement of the transepithelial electrical resistance and the paracellular flux of macromolecules revealed that monolayers of PI3Kγ-deficient cells, compared with wild-type cells, were protected against TNFα-induced barrier dysfunction. This effect was independent of any PI3K activity because treatment with a pan-PI3K inhibitor did not alter this observation. By immunostaining, we found correlative changes in the distribution of the TJ marker ZO-1. Furthermore, the absence of PI3Kγ reduced the basal level of the pore-forming TJ protein claudin-2. Our study suggests a novel noncanonical, kinase-independent scaffolding function of PI3Kγ in TNFα-induced barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Kirsch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Reiche
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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16
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The Increase of miR-195-5p Reduces Intestinal Permeability in Ulcerative Colitis, Modulating Tight Junctions' Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105840. [PMID: 35628650 PMCID: PMC9147977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier functions characterize inflammatory conditions such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1B, IL-6 and INF-γ trigger epithelial damage. These cytokines are due to upregulation of claudin-2 (CLDN2) that form a pore channel, resulting in redistribution of TJs and an alteration of barrier permeability. Recently, we demonstrated that miR-195-5p is able to regulate CLDN2 and indirectly also CLDN1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Now, we aimed to investigate the modulation of miR-195-5p on the expression of CLDN2 and other TJs under inflammatory conditions induced by TNF-α. We demonstrated that miR-195-5p also modulated the expression of CLDN2 levels after stimulation with TNF-α. In addition, we discovered the role of miR-195-5p in the integrity of the intestinal barrier and in promoting the restoration of the intestinal epithelial. Moreover, we established that replacement of miR-195-5p attenuated the colonic inflammatory response in DSS-induced, colitis and it reduced colonic permeability. In conclusion, our data revealed the role of miR-195-5p in intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis, suggesting a potential pharmacological target for new therapeutic approaches.
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17
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Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: A Review of This Enzyme Role in the Intestinal Barrier Function. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040746. [PMID: 35456797 PMCID: PMC9026380 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP) has recently assumed a special relevance, being the subject of study in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases related to leaky gut. This brush border enzyme (ecto-enzyme) plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis and intestinal barrier function through its ability to dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review addresses how IALP and intestinal barrier dysfunction may be implicated in the pathophysiology of specific diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic syndrome. The use of IALP as a possible biomarker to assess intestinal barrier function and strategies to modulate IALP activity are also discussed.
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18
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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19
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Sun Q, Du M, Kang Y, Zhu MJ. Prebiotic effects of goji berry in protection against inflammatory bowel disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-25. [PMID: 34991393 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2015680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, which is concerning because IBD is a known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence highlights environmental factors, particularly dietary factors and gut microbiota dysbiosis, as pivotal inducers of IBD onset. Goji berry, an ancient tonic food and a nutraceutical supplement, contains a range of phytochemicals such as polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Among these phytochemicals, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the most important functional constituents, which have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Recently, the beneficial effects of goji berry and associated LBPs consumption were linked to prebiotic effects, which can prevent dysbiosis associated with IBD. This review assessed pertinent literature on the protective effects of goji berry against IBD focusing on the gut microbiota and their metabolites in mediating the observed beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Yifei Kang
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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20
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Fortea M, Albert-Bayo M, Abril-Gil M, Ganda Mall JP, Serra-Ruiz X, Henao-Paez A, Expósito E, González-Castro AM, Guagnozzi D, Lobo B, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J. Present and Future Therapeutic Approaches to Barrier Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718093. [PMID: 34778332 PMCID: PMC8582318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging and increasing evidence, but also uncertainty, for the role of abnormal intestinal epithelial barrier function in the origin and development of a growing number of human gastrointestinal and extraintestinal inflammatory disorders, and their related complaints. Despite a vast literature addressing factors and mechanisms underlying changes in intestinal permeability in humans, and its connection to the appearance and severity of clinical symptoms, the ultimate link remains to be established in many cases. Accordingly, there are no directives or clinical guidelines related to the therapeutic management of intestinal permeability disorders that allow health professionals involved in the management of these patients to carry out a consensus treatment based on clinical evidence. Instead, there are multiple pseudoscientific approaches and commercial propaganda scattered on the internet that confuse those affected and health professionals and that often lack scientific rigor. Therefore, in this review we aim to shed light on the different therapeutic options, which include, among others, dietary management, nutraceuticals and medical devices, microbiota and drugs, and epigenetic and exosomes-manipulation, through an objective evaluation of the scientific publications in this field. Advances in the knowledge and management of intestinal permeability will sure enable better options of dealing with this group of common disorders to enhance quality of life of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mercé Albert-Bayo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John-Peter Ganda Mall
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Serra-Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Henao-Paez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elba Expósito
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Burkard N, Meir M, Kannapin F, Otto C, Petzke M, Germer CT, Waschke J, Schlegel N. Desmoglein2 Regulates Claudin2 Expression by Sequestering PI-3-Kinase in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756321. [PMID: 34659262 PMCID: PMC8514949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-induced reduction of intestinal desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) is linked to changes of tight junctions (TJ) leading to impaired intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function by undefined mechanisms. We characterized the interplay between loss of Dsg2 and upregulation of pore-forming TJ protein Claudin2. Intraperitoneal application of Dsg2-stablising Tandem peptide (TP) attenuated impaired IEB function, reduction of Dsg2 and increased Claudin2 in DSS-induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice. TP blocked loss of Dsg2-mediated adhesion and upregulation of Claudin2 in Caco2 cells challenged with TNFα. In Dsg2-deficient Caco2 cells basal expression of Claudin2 was increased which was paralleled by reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and by augmented phosphorylation of AKTSer473 under basal conditions. Inhibition of phosphoinositid-3-kinase proved that PI-3-kinase/AKT-signaling is critical to upregulate Claudin2. In immunostaining PI-3-kinase dissociated from Dsg2 under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays confirmed a direct interaction of Dsg2 and PI-3-kinase which was abrogated following TNFα application. In summary, Dsg2 regulates Claudin2 expression by sequestering PI-3-kinase to the cell borders in intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Burkard
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Kannapin
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Petzke
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Effects on the Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Include Enhanced Expression of TNF Receptor 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168746. [PMID: 34445450 PMCID: PMC8395858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been shown to impair the intestinal barrier, inducing and maintaining inflammatory states of the intestine. The aim of the current study was to analyze functional, molecular and regulatory effects of TNFα in a newly established non-transformed jejunal enterocyte model, namely IPEC-J2 monolayers. Incubation with 1000 U/mL TNFα induced a marked decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and an increase in permeability for the paracellular flux marker [3H]-D-mannitol compared to controls. Immunoblots revealed a significant decrease in tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-3. Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in the TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 was detected, explaining the exponential nature of pro-inflammatory effects, while TNFR-2 remained unchanged. Recovery experiments revealed reversible effects after the removal of the cytokine, excluding apoptosis as a reason for the observed changes. Furthermore, TNFα signaling could be inhibited by the specific myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) blocker ML-7. Results of confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy were in accordance with all quantitative changes. This study explains the self-enhancing effects of TNFα mediated by MLCK, leading to a differential regulation of TJ proteins resulting in barrier impairment in the intestinal epithelium.
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Jiang Z, Yang F, Qie J, Jin C, Zhang F, Shen J, Zhang L. TNF-α-Induced miR-21-3p Promotes Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Inhibiting MTDH Expression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722283. [PMID: 34483933 PMCID: PMC8415152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is characterized by increased intestinal permeability to lumen endotoxin, showing remarkable predisposition to immune enteropathy, and colorectal cancer tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is associated with this pathological process, while the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, different doses of TNF-α were used for Caco-2 cell treatment. We discovered that miR-21-3p expression was obviously increased by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Further study demonstrated that TNF-α could upregulate miR-21-3p expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Then, TargetScan and miRWalk miRNA-mRNA interaction prediction online tools were introduced, and metadherin (MTDH) was screened out as a potential target of miR-21-3p. We subsequently found that miR-21-3p could directly target the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of MTDH mRNA and inhibit its expression. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that miR-21-3p could regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by targeting MTDH mRNA, suggesting the effect of miR-21-3p/MTDH/Wnt axis on intestinal barrier dysfunction. Our findings provide a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target for intestinal barrier dysfunction and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyu Yang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingbo Qie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyuan Jin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Muntjewerff EM, Tang K, Lutter L, Christoffersson G, Nicolasen MJT, Gao H, Katkar GD, Das S, ter Beest M, Ying W, Ghosh P, El Aidy S, Oldenburg B, van den Bogaart G, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A regulates gut permeability via the antagonistic actions of its proteolytic peptides. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13655. [PMID: 33783968 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM A "leaky" gut barrier has been implicated in the initiation and progression of a multitude of diseases, for example, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease. Here we show how pro-hormone Chromogranin A (CgA), produced by the enteroendocrine cells, and Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372 ), the most abundant CgA-derived proteolytic peptide, affect the gut barrier. METHODS Colon tissues from region-specific CST-knockout (CST-KO) mice, CgA-knockout (CgA-KO) and WT mice were analysed by immunohistochemistry, western blot, ultrastructural and flowcytometry studies. FITC-dextran assays were used to measure intestinal barrier function. Mice were supplemented with CST or CgA fragment pancreastatin (PST: CgA250-301 ). The microbial composition of cecum was determined. CgA and CST levels were measured in blood of IBD patients. RESULTS Plasma levels of CST were elevated in IBD patients. CST-KO mice displayed (a) elongated tight, adherens junctions and desmosomes similar to IBD patients, (b) elevated expression of Claudin 2, and (c) gut inflammation. Plasma FITC-dextran measurements showed increased intestinal paracellular permeability in the CST-KO mice. This correlated with a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, a dysbiotic pattern commonly encountered in various diseases. Supplementation of CST-KO mice with recombinant CST restored paracellular permeability and reversed inflammation, whereas CgA-KO mice supplementation with CST and/or PST in CgA-KO mice showed that intestinal paracellular permeability is regulated by the antagonistic roles of these two peptides: CST reduces and PST increases permeability. CONCLUSION The pro-hormone CgA regulates the intestinal paracellular permeability. CST is both necessary and sufficient to reduce permeability and primarily acts by antagonizing PST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke M. Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Kechun Tang
- VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA
| | - Lisanne Lutter
- Center for Translational Immunology Utrecht University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Utrecht University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Medical Cell biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mara J. T. Nicolasen
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Gajanan D. Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Martin ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ying
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Utrecht University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
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25
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Abstract
The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens, food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed unique barrier functions that prevent the translocation of potentially hostile antigens into the body. Disruption of the epithelial barrier increases intestinal permeability, resulting in leaky gut syndrome (LGS). Clinical reports have suggested that LGS contributes to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. Furthermore, the gut commensal microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host immunity; abnormalities of the microbial community, known as dysbiosis, are observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the pathological links among intestinal dysbiosis, LGS, and autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review discusses the current understanding of how commensal microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by modifying the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kinashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Koji Hase,
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26
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Kinashi Y, Hase K. Partners in Leaky Gut Syndrome: Intestinal Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673708. [PMID: 33968085 PMCID: PMC8100306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens, food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed unique barrier functions that prevent the translocation of potentially hostile antigens into the body. Disruption of the epithelial barrier increases intestinal permeability, resulting in leaky gut syndrome (LGS). Clinical reports have suggested that LGS contributes to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. Furthermore, the gut commensal microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host immunity; abnormalities of the microbial community, known as dysbiosis, are observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the pathological links among intestinal dysbiosis, LGS, and autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review discusses the current understanding of how commensal microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by modifying the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kinashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Hering NA, Luettig J, Jebautzke B, Schulzke JD, Rosenthal R. The Punicalagin Metabolites Ellagic Acid and Urolithin A Exert Different Strengthening and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Tight Junction-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Function In Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:610164. [PMID: 33776763 PMCID: PMC7987831 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.610164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: Ellagitannins are polyphenols found in numerous fruits, nuts and seeds. The elagitannin punicalagin and its bioactive metabolites ellagic acid and urolithins are discussed to comprise a high potential for therapeutically or preventive medical application such as in intestinal diseases. The present study characterizes effects of punicalagin, ellagic acid and urolithin A on intestinal barrier function in the absence or presence of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Methods and Results: Transepithelial resistance (TER), fluorescein and ion permeability, tight junction protein expression and signalling pathways were examined in Caco-2 and HT-29/B6 intestinal epithelial cell models. Punicalagin had less or no effects on barrier function in both cell models. Ellagic acid was most effective in ileum-like Caco-2 cells, where it increased TER and reduced fluorescein and sodium permeabilities. This was paralleled by myosin light chain kinase two mediated expression down-regulation of claudin-4, -7 and -15. Urolithin A impeded the TNFα-induced barrier loss by inhibition of claudin-1 and -2 protein expression upregulation and claudin-1 delocalization in HT-29/B6. Conclusion: Ellagic acid and urolithin A affect intestinal barrier function in distinct ways. Ellagic acid acts preventive by strengthening the barrier per se, while urolithin A protects against inflammation-induced barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Hering
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germasny
| | - Julia Luettig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Jebautzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Butyrate Alleviates Cytokine-Induced Barrier Dysfunction by Modifying Claudin-2 Levels. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030205. [PMID: 33803334 PMCID: PMC8000923 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The influence of Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on barrier function under pathological conditions has not been assessed, and the regulation of the tight junction (TJ) proteins by SCFAs under pathological conditions has not been fully elucidated. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of SCFAs on intestinal barrier function under cytokine-stimulated conditions. Butyrate, but not acetate, propionate, or succinate, ameliorated the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased the protein level of claudin-2 and decreased the level of claudin-3. Butyrate significantly attenuated the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. Similarly, butyrate blocked the decrease in TEER and the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by interleukin-13, without changing the level of other TJ proteins. Our results suggested that butyrate is the main component of SCFAs to alleviate barrier dysfunction and that claudin-2 is the major target of this SCFA. It is hoped that these results will facilitate the development of treatments for diseases related to intestinal barrier impairment. Abstract Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are attributed to intestinal barrier disruption. Imbalance of cytokines has been reported in the intestinal epithelium of patients with GI disorders. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived from the fermentation of dietary fiber in the intestine, have been reported to benefit the intestinal barrier. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of specific SCFAs on intestinal barrier function under cytokine-stimulated conditions. Caco-2 cells were cultured on insert membranes to generate monolayers, which then were used to investigate the effects of SCFAs. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), or interleukin-13 (IL-13) was added to the basolateral side of the membrane while SCFAs were added to the apical side. After a 24 h stimulation, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured, and the protein levels of claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were evaluated by Western blot. Butyrate, but not acetate, propionate, or succinate, ameliorated the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced decrease in TEER. TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased the protein level of claudin-2 and decreased the level of claudin-3. Butyrate significantly attenuated the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. Butyrate blocked the decrease in TEER and the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by IL-13 without changing the level of other tight junction proteins. Our results suggested that butyrate is the main component of SCFAs to alleviate barrier dysfunction and that claudin-2 is the major target of this SCFA.
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Lobo de Sá FD, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Diarrheal Mechanisms and the Role of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Campylobacter Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:203-231. [PMID: 33620653 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter enteritis is the most common cause of foodborne bacterial diarrhea in humans. Although various studies have been performed to clarify the pathomechanism in Campylobacter infection, the mechanism itself and bacterial virulence factors are yet not completely understood. The purpose of this chapter is to (i) give an overview on Campylobacter-induced diarrheal mechanisms, (ii) illustrate underlying barrier defects, (iii) explain the role of the mucosal immune response and (iv) weigh preventive and therapeutic approaches. Our present knowledge of pathogenetic and diarrheal mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni is explained in the first part of this chapter. In the second part, the molecular basis for the Campylobacter-induced barrier dysfunction is compared with that of other species in the Campylobacter genus. The bacteria are capable of overcoming the intestinal epithelial barrier. The invasion into the intestinal mucosa is the initial step of the infection, followed by a second step, the epithelial barrier impairment. The extent of the impairment depends on various factors, including tight junction dysregulation and epithelial apoptosis. The disturbed intestinal epithelium leads to a loss of water and solutes, the leak flux type of diarrhea, and facilitates the uptake of harmful antigens, the leaky gut phenomenon. The barrier dysfunction is accompanied by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which is partially responsible for the dysfunction. Moreover, cytokines also mediate ion channel dysregulation (e.g., epithelial sodium channel, ENaC), leading to another diarrheal mechanism, which is sodium malabsorption. Future perspectives of Campylobacter research are the clarification of molecular pathomechanisms and the characterization of therapeutic and preventive compounds to combat and prevent Campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Daniela Lobo de Sá
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Nattramilarasu PK, Lobo de Sá FD, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Immune-Mediated Aggravation of the Campylobacter concisus-Induced Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042043. [PMID: 33669494 PMCID: PMC7922099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter concisus is a human-pathogenic bacterium of the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed at the contribution of the mucosal immune system in the context of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by C. concisus. As an experimental leaky gut model, we used in vitro co-cultures of colonic epithelial cell monolayers (HT-29/B6-GR/MR) with M1-macrophage-like THP-1 cells on the basal side. Forty-eight hours after C. concisus infection, the decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance in cell monolayers was more pronounced in co-culture condition and 22 ± 2% (p < 0.001) higher than the monoculture condition without THP-1 cells. Concomitantly, we observed a reduction in the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and tricellulin. We also detected a profound increase in 4 kDa FITC-dextran permeability in C. concisus-infected cell monolayers only in co-culture conditions. This is explained by loss of tricellulin from tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) after C. concisus infection. As an underlying mechanism, we observed an inflammatory response after C. concisus infection through pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) released from THP-1 cells in the co-culture condition. In conclusion, the activation of subepithelial immune cells exacerbates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction by C. concisus through tricellulin disruption in tTJs, leading to increased antigen permeability (leaky gut concept).
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Zhang Y, Duan S, Liu Y, Wang Y. The combined effect of food additive titanium dioxide and lipopolysaccharide on mouse intestinal barrier function after chronic exposure of titanium dioxide-contained feedstuffs. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:8. [PMID: 33596948 PMCID: PMC7887831 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to 44% of particulates of food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) are in nanoscale, while the effect and combined effect of which with other substances on intestinal barrier haven't been fully understood yet. This study is aimed to study the effect of two kinds of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs and TiO2 MPs) on intestinal barrier functions, to reveal the combined effect of TiO2 NPs and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on intestinal barrier. METHODS Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 18 groups (3 feed types * 3 exposure length * 2 LPS dosage) and were fed with normal or TiO2-mixed feed (containing 1% (mass fraction, w/w) TiO2 NPs or TiO2 MPs) for 1, 3, 6 months, followed by a single oral administration of 0 or 10 mg/(kg body weight) LPS. Four hours later, the transportation of TiO2, the intestinal barrier functions and the inflammatory response were evaluated. RESULTS Both TiO2 notably increased the intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios after 1 and 3 months of exposure, and increased the expression of ileal tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) after 1 month of exposure. After 6 months of exposure, TiO2 NPs led to reduced feed consumption, TiO2 MPs caused spare microvilli in small intestine and elevated Ti content in the blood cells. The intestinal permeability didn't change in both TiO2 exposed groups. After LPS administration, we observed altered intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios, lowered intestinal permeability (DAO) and upregulated expression of ileal ZO-1 in both (TiO2 +LPS) exposed groups. There are no significant changes of ileal or serum cytokines except for a higher serum TNF-α level in LPS treated group. The antagonistic effect was found between TiO2 NPs and LPS, but there are complicated interactions between TiO2 MPs and LPS. CONCLUSION Long-term intake of food additive TiO2 could alter the intestinal epithelial structure without influencing intestinal barrier function. Co-exposure of TiO2 and LPS would enhance intestinal barrier function without causing notable inflammatory responses, and there is antagonistic effect between TiO2 NPs and LPS. All the minor effects observed might associate with the gentle exposure method where TiO2 being ingested with feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020160. [PMID: 33499140 PMCID: PMC7911239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E, a fat-soluble compound, possesses both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. In this study we evaluated, in intestinal HT29 cells, the role of natural tocopherols, α-Toc and δ-Toc, and two semi-synthetic derivatives, namely bis-δ-Toc sulfide (δ-Toc)2S and bis-δ-Toc disulfide (δ-Toc)2S2, on TNFα-induced oxidative stress, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and claudin-2 (Cl-2) expression. The role of tocopherols was compared to that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione synthesis. The results show that all tocopherol containing derivatives used, prevented TNFα-induced oxidative stress and the increase of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 expression, and that (δ-Toc)2S and (δ-Toc)2S2 are more effective than δ-Toc and α-Toc. The beneficial effects demonstrated were due to tocopherol antioxidant properties, but suppression of TNFα-induced Cl-2 expression seems not only to be related with antioxidant ability. Indeed, while ICAM-1 expression is strongly related to the intracellular redox state, Cl-2 expression is TNFα-up-regulated by both redox and non-redox dependent mechanisms. Since ICAM-1 and Cl-2 increase intestinal bowel diseases, and cause excessive recruitment of immune cells and alteration of the intestinal barrier, natural and, above all, semi-synthetic tocopherols may have a potential role as a therapeutic support against intestinal chronic inflammation, in which TNFα represents an important proinflammatory mediator.
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Schlegel N, Boerner K, Waschke J. Targeting desmosomal adhesion and signalling for intestinal barrier stabilization in inflammatory bowel diseases-Lessons from experimental models and patients. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13492. [PMID: 32419327 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) have a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis which is incompletely understood. A typical feature closely associated with clinical symptoms is impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. Mounting evidence suggests that desmosomes, which together with tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) form the intestinal epithelial barrier, play a distinct role in IBD pathogenesis. This is based on the finding that desmoglein (Dsg) 2, a cadherin-type adhesion molecule of desmosomes, is required for maintenance of intestinal barrier properties both in vitro and in vivo, presumably via Dsg2-mediated regulation of TJ. Mice deficient for intestinal Dsg2 show increased basal permeability and are highly susceptible to experimental colitis. In several cohorts of IBD patients, intestinal protein levels of Dsg2 are reduced and desmosome ultrastructure is altered suggesting that Dsg2 is involved in IBD pathogenesis. In addition to its adhesive function, Dsg2 contributes to enterocyte cohesion and intestinal barrier function. Dsg2 is also involved in enterocyte proliferation, barrier differentiation and induction of apoptosis, in part by regulation of p38MAPK and EGFR signalling. In IBD, the function of Dsg2 appears to be compromised via p38MAPK activation, which is a critical pathway for regulation of desmosomes and is associated with keratin phosphorylation in IBD patients. In this review, the current findings on the role of Dsg2 as a novel promising target to prevent loss of intestinal barrier function in IBD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Germany
| | - Kevin Boerner
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany
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Roberts JL, Liu G, Darby TM, Fernandes LM, Diaz-Hernandez ME, Jones RM, Drissi H. Bifidobacterium adolescentis supplementation attenuates fracture-induced systemic sequelae. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110831. [PMID: 33022534 PMCID: PMC9979243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is an important contributor to both health and disease. While previous studies have reported on the beneficial influences of the gut microbiota and probiotic supplementation on bone health, their role in recovery from skeletal injury and resultant systemic sequelae remains unexplored. This study aimed to determine the extent to which probiotics could modulate bone repair by dampening fracture-induced systemic inflammation. Our findings demonstrate that femur fracture induced an increase in gut permeability lasting up to 7 days after trauma before returning to basal levels. Strikingly, dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium adolescentis augmented the tightening of the intestinal barrier, dampened the systemic inflammatory response to fracture, accelerated fracture callus cartilage remodeling, and elicited enhanced protection of the intact skeleton following fracture. Together, these data outline a mechanism whereby dietary supplementation with beneficial bacteria can be therapeutically targeted to prevent the systemic pathologies induced by femur fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Roberts
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guanglu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trevor M. Darby
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lorenzo M. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Rheinallt M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Isaacs‐Ten A, Echeandia M, Moreno‐Gonzalez M, Brion A, Goldson A, Philo M, Patterson AM, Parker A, Galduroz M, Baker D, Rushbrook SM, Hildebrand F, Beraza N. Intestinal Microbiome-Macrophage Crosstalk Contributes to Cholestatic Liver Disease by Promoting Intestinal Permeability in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 72:2090-2108. [PMID: 32168395 PMCID: PMC7839474 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mounting evidence supports an association between cholestatic liver disease and changes in the composition of the microbiome. Still, the role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of this condition remains largely undefined. APPROACH AND RESULTS To address this, we have used two experimental models, administering alpha-naphtylisocyanate or feeding a 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet, to induce cholestatic liver disease in germ-free mice and germ-free mice conventionalized with the microbiome from wild-type, specific pathogen-free animals. Next, we have inhibited macrophage activation by depleting these cells using clodronate liposomes and inhibiting the inflammasome with a specific inhibitor of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3. Our results demonstrate that cholestasis, the accumulation of bile acids in the liver, fails to promote liver injury in the absence of the microbiome in vivo. Additional in vitro studies supported that endotoxin sensitizes hepatocytes to bile-acid-induced cell death. We also demonstrate that during cholestasis, macrophages contribute to promoting intestinal permeability and to altered microbiome composition through activation of the inflammasome, overall leading to increased endotoxin flux into the cholestatic liver. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the intestinal microbiome contributes to cholestasis-mediated cell death and inflammation through mechanisms involving activation of the inflammasome in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Isaacs‐Ten
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Marta Echeandia
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mar Moreno‐Gonzalez
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Arlaine Brion
- Analytical Science UnitQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew Goldson
- Analytical Science UnitQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Philo
- Analytical Science UnitQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Patterson
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Aimee Parker
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mikel Galduroz
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Science OperationsQuadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Rushbrook
- Department of GastroenterologyNorfolk and Norwich University HospitalNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom,Digital BiologyEarlham InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom,Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Yao Y, Feng Q, Shen J. Myosin light chain kinase regulates intestinal permeability of mucosal homeostasis in Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:1127-1141. [PMID: 33183108 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1850269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Researchers have investigated the potential role of intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. Intestinal permeability is usually mediated by cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions. The myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is an enzyme that activates the myosin light chain to exert its function related to cytoskeleton contraction and tight junction regulation. The correlation between MLCK and Crohn's disease pathogenesis has been consistently proven. Areas covered: This study aims to expand the understanding of the regulation and function of MLCK in Crohn's disease. An extensive literature search in the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) has been performed up to Oct. 2020. The roles of MLCK in tight junction activation, intestinal permeability enhancement, and cell signal regulation are comprehensively discussed. Expert opinion: Targeting the MLCK-related pathways such as TNF-α in CD treatment has been put into clinical use. More accurate targeting such as MLCK and TNFR2 has been proposed to reduce side effects. MLCK may also have the potential to become biomarkers in fields like CD activity. With the application of cutting age research methods and tools, the MLCK research could be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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Ruan W, Engevik MA, Chang-Graham AL, Danhof HA, Goodwin A, Engevik KA, Shi Z, Hall A, Rienzi SCD, Venable S, Britton RA, Hyser J, Versalovic J. Enhancing responsiveness of human jejunal enteroids to host and microbial stimuli. J Physiol 2020; 598:3085-3105. [PMID: 32428244 PMCID: PMC7674265 DOI: 10.1113/jp279423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Enteroids are a physiologically relevant model to examine the human intestine and its functions. Previously, the measurable cytokine response of human intestinal enteroids has been limited following exposure to host or microbial pro-inflammatory stimuli. Modifications to enteroid culture conditions facilitated robust human cytokine responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli. This new human enteroid culture methodology refines the ability to study microbiome:human intestinal epithelium interactions in the laboratory. ABSTRACT The intestinal epithelium is the primary interface between the host, the gut microbiome and its external environment. Since the intestinal epithelium contributes to innate immunity as a first line of defence, understanding how the epithelium responds to microbial and host stimuli is an important consideration in promoting homeostasis. Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) are primary epithelial cell cultures that can provide insights into the biology of the intestinal epithelium and innate immune responses. One potential limitation of using HIEs for innate immune studies is the relative lack of responsiveness to factors that stimulate epithelial cytokine production. We report technical refinements, including removal of extracellular antioxidants, to facilitate enhanced cytokine responses in HIEs. Using this new method, we demonstrate that HIEs have distinct cytokine profiles in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli derived from host and microbial sources. Overall, we found that host-derived cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1α stimulated reactive oxygen species and a large repertoire of cytokines. In contrast, microbial lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and flagellin stimulated a limited number of cytokines and histamine did not stimulate the release of any cytokines. Importantly, HIE-secreted cytokines were functionally active, as denoted by the ability of human blood-derived neutrophil to migrate towards HIE supernatant containing interleukin-8. These findings establish that the immune responsiveness of HIEs depends on medium composition and stimuli. By refining the experimental culture medium and creating an environment conducive to epithelial cytokine responses by human enteroids, HIEs can facilitate exploration of many experimental questions pertaining to the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Heather A Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annie Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne Hall
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara C Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Han SJ, Kim M, Novitsky E, D'Agati V, Lee HT. Intestinal TLR9 deficiency exacerbates hepatic IR injury via altered intestinal inflammation and short-chain fatty acid synthesis. FASEB J 2020; 34:12083-12099. [PMID: 32738096 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000314r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in intestinal epithelial TLR9 develop small intestinal Paneth cell hyperplasia and higher Paneth cell IL-17A levels. Since small intestinal Paneth cells and IL-17A play critical roles in hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, we tested whether mice lacking intestinal TLR9 have increased hepatic IR injury. Mice lacking intestinal TLR9 had profoundly increased liver injury after hepatic IR compared to WT mice with exacerbated hepatocyte necrosis, apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine generation. Moreover, we observed increased small intestinal inflammation and apoptosis after hepatic IR in intestinal TLR9 deficient mice. As a potential explanation for increased hepatic IR injury, fecal short-chain fatty acids butyrate and propionate levels were lower in intestinal TLR9 deficient mice. Suggesting a potential therapy for hepatic IR, exogenous administration of butyrate or propionate protected against hepatic IR injury in intestinal TLR9 deficient mice. Mechanistically, butyrate induced small intestinal IL-10 expression and downregulated the claudin-2 expression. Finally, IL-10 neutralization abolished the protective effects of butyrate against hepatic IR injury. Our studies show intestinal TLR9 deficiency results in exacerbated hepatic IR injury with increased small intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids butyrate and propionate protect against hepatic IR injury and intestinal apoptosis/inflammation in intestinal TLR9 deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ella Novitsky
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Ghosh S. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvz039. [PMID: 32099951 PMCID: PMC7033038 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is complex and consists of multiple layers, and it provides a physical and functional barrier to the transport of luminal contents to systemic circulation. While the epithelial cell layer and the outer/inner mucin layer constitute the physical barrier and are often referred to as the intestinal barrier, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) produced by epithelial cells and antibacterial proteins secreted by Panneth cells represent the functional barrier. While antibacterial proteins play an important role in the host defense against gut microbes, IAP detoxifies bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of the active/toxic Lipid A moiety, preventing local inflammation as well as the translocation of active LPS into systemic circulation. The causal relationship between circulating LPS levels and the development of multiple diseases underscores the importance of detailed examination of changes in the “layers” of the intestinal barrier associated with disease development and how this dysfunction can be attenuated by targeted interventions. To develop targeted therapies for improving intestinal barrier function, it is imperative to have a deeper understanding of the intestinal barrier itself, the mechanisms underlying the development of diseases due to barrier dysfunction (eg, high circulating LPS levels), the assessment of intestinal barrier function under diseased conditions, and of how individual layers of the intestinal barrier can be beneficially modulated to potentially attenuate the development of associated diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the composition of the intestinal barrier and its assessment and modulation for the development of potential therapies for barrier dysfunction-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Liu P, Bian Y, Fan Y, Zhong J, Liu Z. Protective Effect of Naringin on In Vitro Gut-Vascular Barrier Disruption of Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Induced by TNF-α. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:168-175. [PMID: 31850758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Naringin is a polymethoxylated flavonoid commonly found in citrus species and has therapeutic potential in intestinal disorders. However, the effect and mechanism of naringin on gut-vascular barrier disruption has not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the distinguishing and selectively protective effects of naringin on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced gut-vascular barrier disruption and elucidate the potential mechanism. In the present study, an in vitro gut-vascular barrier model composed of rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMVECs) was studied. Evans blue-albumin efflux assay showed that naringin (50 μM) evidently protected the integrity of RIMVEC monolayer barriers against TNF-α-induced disruption. Naringin maintained the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins including zona occludin-1, occludin, claudin-1, and claudin-2. Additionally, naringin protected RIMVECs from TNF-α-induced apoptosis and cell migration suppression (41.1 ± 2.2 vs 51.1 ± 3.5%; 61.0 ± 5.1 vs 72.2 ± 6.2%). Our results indicate that naringin effectively ameliorates gut-vascular barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yingsai Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine , Hebei Agricultural University , No. 289 Lingyusi Street , Baoding , Heibei 071001 , People's Republic of China
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Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 alleviates liver injury by modulating gut microbiome and metabolome in D-galactosamine-treated rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9673-9686. [PMID: 31713675 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an important digestive gland, and acute liver failure results in high mortality. Probiotics are considered potential adjuvant therapies for liver disease. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 on acute liver injury and the underlying mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with L. helveticus R0052 suspensions (3 × 109 CFU) for 1 week. Subsequently, acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal D-galactosamine injection on the eighth day. After 24 h, samples (blood, liver, ileum, faeces) were collected and assessed for histological injury, inflammation, intestinal barrier, gut microbiome and metabolome. L. helveticus R0052 alleviated aminotransferase, bilirubin and total bile acid elevation and histological hepatic injuries. Additionally, L. helveticus R0052 exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating Toll-like receptors, tumour necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κb transcription in liver samples and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine plasma concentrations. Additionally, L. helveticus R0052 ameliorated intestinal abnormalities and regulated Toll-like receptors, claudin2 and mucin3 gene transcription in the intestine. These effects were associated with gut microbiome and metabolome modulation by L. helveticus R0052. Probiotic pretreatment enriched Lactobacillus and Bacteroides and depleted Flavonifractor and Acetatifactor in the gut microbiome. Meanwhile, L. helveticus R0052 improved carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism and reduced lithocholic acid levels. These results indicate that L. helveticus R0052 is promising for alleviating acute liver injury and provide new insights regarding the correlations among the microbiome, the metabolome, the intestinal barrier and liver disease.
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Venugopal S, Anwer S, Szászi K. Claudin-2: Roles beyond Permeability Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225655. [PMID: 31726679 PMCID: PMC6888627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-2 is expressed in the tight junctions of leaky epithelia, where it forms cation-selective and water permeable paracellular channels. Its abundance is under fine control by a complex signaling network that affects both its synthesis and turnover in response to various environmental inputs. Claudin-2 expression is dysregulated in many pathologies including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. Claudin-2 has a key role in energy-efficient ion and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and in the gut. Importantly, strong evidence now also supports a role for this protein as a modulator of vital cellular events relevant to diseases. Signaling pathways that are overactivated in diseases can alter claudin-2 expression, and a good correlation exists between disease stage and claudin-2 abundance. Further, loss- and gain-of-function studies showed that primary changes in claudin-2 expression impact vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and cell fate determination. These effects appear to be mediated by alterations in key signaling pathways. The specific mechanisms linking claudin-2 to these changes remain poorly understood, but adapters binding to the intracellular portion of claudin-2 may play a key role. Thus, dysregulation of claudin-2 may contribute to the generation, maintenance, and/or progression of diseases through both permeability-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the properties, regulation, and functions of claudin-2, with a special emphasis on its signal-modulating effects and possible role in diseases.
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Han X, Zhang E, Shi Y, Song B, Du H, Cao Z. Biomaterial-tight junction interaction and potential impacts. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6310-6320. [PMID: 31364678 PMCID: PMC6812605 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have to cross the natural barriers and get into the blood to impart the pharmacological effects. The tight junctions (TJs) between the epithelial cells serve as the major selectively permeable barriers and control the paracellular transport of the majority of hydrophilic drugs, in particular, peptides and proteins. TJs perfectly balance the targeted transport and the exclusion of other unexpected pathogens under the normal conditions. Many biomaterials have shown the capability to open the TJs and improve the oral bioavailability and targeting efficacy of the APIs. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the biomaterial-TJ interactions. The opening of the TJs further poses the risk of autoimmune diseases and infections. This review article summarizes the most updated literature and presents insights into the TJ structure, the biomaterial-TJ interaction mechanism, the benefits and drawbacks of TJ disruption, and methods for evaluating such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Ershuai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Yuanjie Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Boyi Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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C/EBPδ protects from radiation-induced intestinal injury and sepsis by suppression of inflammatory and nitrosative stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13953. [PMID: 31562350 PMCID: PMC6764943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal damage is characterized by a loss of intestinal crypt cells, intestinal barrier disruption and translocation of intestinal microflora resulting in sepsis-mediated lethality. We have shown that mice lacking C/EBPδ display IR-induced intestinal and hematopoietic injury and lethality. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased IR-induced inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress promote intestinal injury and sepsis-mediated lethality in Cebpd−/− mice. We found that irradiated Cebpd−/− mice show decreased villous height, crypt depth, crypt to villi ratio and expression of the proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, indicative of intestinal injury. Cebpd−/− mice show increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Tnf-α) and chemokines (Cxcl1, Mcp-1, Mif-1α) and Nos2 in the intestinal tissues compared to Cebpd+/+ mice after exposure to TBI. Cebpd−/− mice show decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, increased S-nitrosoglutathione and 3-nitrotyrosine in the intestine indicative of basal oxidative and nitrosative stress, which was exacerbated by IR. Irradiated Cebpd-deficient mice showed upregulation of Claudin-2 that correlated with increased intestinal permeability, presence of plasma endotoxin and bacterial translocation to the liver. Overall these results uncover a novel role for C/EBPδ in protection against IR-induced intestinal injury by suppressing inflammation and nitrosative stress and underlying sepsis-induced lethality.
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Potential for Tight Junction Protein-Directed Drug Development Using Claudin Binders and Angubindin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164016. [PMID: 31426497 PMCID: PMC6719960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) is an intercellular sealing component found in epithelial and endothelial tissues that regulates the passage of solutes across the paracellular space. Research examining the biology of TJs has revealed that they are complex biochemical structures constructed from a range of proteins including claudins, occludin, tricellulin, angulins and junctional adhesion molecules. The transient disruption of the barrier function of TJs to open the paracellular space is one means of enhancing mucosal and transdermal drug absorption and to deliver drugs across the blood–brain barrier. However, the disruption of TJs can also open the paracellular space to harmful xenobiotics and pathogens. To address this issue, the strategies targeting TJ proteins have been developed to loosen TJs in a size- or tissue-dependent manner rather than to disrupt them. As several TJ proteins are overexpressed in malignant tumors and in the inflamed intestinal tract, and are present in cells and epithelia conjoined with the mucosa-associated lymphoid immune tissue, these TJ-protein-targeted strategies may also provide platforms for the development of novel therapies and vaccines. Here, this paper reviews two TJ-protein-targeted technologies, claudin binders and an angulin binder, and their applications in drug development.
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Maurer LH, Cazarin CBB, Quatrin A, Minuzzi NM, Costa EL, Morari J, Velloso LA, Leal RF, Rodrigues E, Bochi VC, Júnior MRM, Emanuelli T. Grape peel powder promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis in acute TNBS-colitis: A major role for dietary fiber and fiber-bound polyphenols. Food Res Int 2019; 123:425-439. [PMID: 31284994 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by impaired intestinal barrier function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grape peel powder (GPP) and its bioactive rich-fractions on the barrier function and colonic injury in a model of colitis induced by 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Wistar rats received diets supplemented with either GPP (8%), extractable polyphenols (EP), non-extractable polyphenols-rich fraction (NEP-F), or polyphenols-poor, fiber-rich fraction (F) from grapes at amounts equivalent to the GPP group during 15 days before and for 7 days after colitis induction. NEP-F has decreased the extension of colonic lesion but the other grape peel bioactive fractions did not protect against macroscopic or microscopic colonic damage, EP diet increased macroscopic colonic damage. GPP, EP, and NEP-F reduced claudin-2 mRNA expression, whereas GPP and F fraction increased occludin and ZO-1 mRNA expression. All experimental diets reduced the colitis-triggered increase of MMP-9 mRNA expression. Colitis reduced by 30% the production of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). GPP and NEP-F completely protected against this effect, whereas F fraction was ineffective. Only GPP and NEP-F were able to decrease the upregulation of GRP94 mRNA triggered by colitis. Dietary fiber seems to reestablish the intestinal barrier function, whereas fiber-bound phenolics were able to restore cecal metabolism to produce beneficial metabolites like SCFA and to reduce the activation of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Haselein Maurer
- Graduate Program on Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology Farroupilha, 97555-000 Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Baú Betim Cazarin
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Andréia Quatrin
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology Farroupilha, 97555-000 Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natália Machado Minuzzi
- Integrated Center for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Lasch Costa
- Integrated Center for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Lício Augusto Velloso
- School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Franco Leal
- School of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Food Science and Technology, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vivian Caetano Bochi
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Department of Nutrition, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica Júnior
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Graduate Program on Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Integrated Center for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Wang F, Cui Y, Shen X, Wang S, Yang GB. IL-17A and IL-17F repair HIV-1 gp140 damaged Caco-2 cell barriers by upregulating tight junction genes. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:393-400. [PMID: 30951887 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier from HIV/AIDS contributes significantly to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. Such factors present potential targets for novel treatments aimed toward a functional cure. However, the extracellular mechanisms of intestinal barrier repair are poorly understood. In the current study, we investigated the abilities of IL-17A and IL-17F to repair the damaged barrier caused by HIV-1 gp140 using Caco-2 monolayers. It was found that HIV-1 gp140 downregulated the expression of tight junction-associated genes and disrupted the barrier integrity of Caco-2 monolayers. However, IL-17A and IL-17F treatment reversed the HIV-1 gp140-induced barrier dysfunction by upregulating the expression of tight junction-associated genes, the combination of which resulted in a stronger induction of barrier repair. Furthermore, the effects of IL-17A and IL-17F were reduced by downregulation of Act1 with siRNA and inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways with BAY11-7082 and U0126, respectively. These data indicated that the NF-κB and MAPK pathways are involved in the repair of barrier integrity mediated by IL-17A and IL-17F, and IL-17 pathways are potential targets for gut barrier restoration therapies during HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfang Cui
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiuli Shen
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing, PR China.
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Bhat AA, Uppada S, Achkar IW, Hashem S, Yadav SK, Shanmugakonar M, Al-Naemi HA, Haris M, Uddin S. Tight Junction Proteins and Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Inflammation: A Functional Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1942. [PMID: 30728783 PMCID: PMC6351700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial cells to organize through cell–cell adhesion into a functioning epithelium serves the purpose of a tight epithelial protective barrier. Contacts between adjacent cells are made up of tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes with unique cellular functions and a complex molecular composition. These proteins mediate firm mechanical stability, serves as a gatekeeper for the paracellular pathway, and helps in preserving tissue homeostasis. TJ proteins are involved in maintaining cell polarity, in establishing organ-specific apical domains and also in recruiting signaling proteins involved in the regulation of various important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. As a vital component of the epithelial barrier, TJs are under a constant threat from proinflammatory mediators, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding inflammation and the development of disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients reveal loss of TJ barrier function, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and immune dysregulation; yet, the relationship between these events is partly understood. Although TJ barrier defects are inadequate to cause experimental IBD, mucosal immune activation is changed in response to augmented epithelial permeability. Thus, the current studies suggest that altered barrier function may predispose or increase disease progression and therapies targeted to specifically restore the barrier function may provide a substitute or supplement to immunologic-based therapies. This review provides a brief introduction about the TJs, AJs, structure and function of TJ proteins. The link between TJ proteins and key signaling pathways in cell proliferation, transformation, and metastasis is discussed thoroughly. We also discuss the compromised intestinal TJ integrity under inflammatory conditions, and the signaling mechanisms involved that bridge inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Srijayaprakash Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamda A Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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50
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Zhang YG, Lu R, Xia Y, Zhou D, Petrof E, Claud EC, Sun J. Lack of Vitamin D Receptor Leads to Hyperfunction of Claudin-2 in Intestinal Inflammatory Responses. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:97-110. [PMID: 30289450 PMCID: PMC6290786 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D3 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bacterial infection. Claudin-2 is a junction protein that mediates paracellular water transport in epithelia. Elevation of Claudin-2 is associated with active IBD. However, VDR involved in epithelial junctions under inflammation and infection remains largely unknown. We investigated the mechanisms on how VDR and Claudin-2 are related in inflamed states. METHODS Using cultured VDR-/- enteroids, human intestinal epithelial cells, VDR-/- mice with Salmonella- or DSS-colitis, and human IBD samples, we investigated the mechanisms how VDR and Claudin-2 are related in inflamed states. RESULTS After Salmonella infection had taken place, we observed significantly enhanced Claudin-2 and an increased bacterial invasion and translocation. A lack of VDR regulation led to a robust increase of Claudin-2 at the mRNA and protein levels post-infection. In DSS-treated VDR-/- mice, Claudin-2 was significantly increased. Location and quantification of Claudin-2 protein in the mouse colons treated with DSS also confirmed these results. Inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the serum and mRNA levels in intestine, which are known to increase Claudin-2. Furthermore, in inflamed intestine of ulcerative colitis patients, VDR expression was low and Claudin-2 was enhanced. Mechanistically, we identified the enhanced Claudin-2 promoter activity through the binding sites of NF-κB and STAT in inflamed VDR-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies have identified a new role for intestinal epithelial VDR in regulating barrier functions in the context of infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-guo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elaine Petrof
- Department of Medicine, GI Diseases Research Unit and Division of Infectious Diseases, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika C Claud
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Address correspondence to: Jun Sun, PhD, AGA Fellow, Professor Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 840 S. Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716 Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. E-mail:
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