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Stevanovic S, Dalmao-Fernandez A, Mohamed D, Nyman TA, Kostovski E, Iversen PO, Savikj M, Nikolic N, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Kase ET. Time-dependent reduction in oxidative capacity among cultured myotubes from spinal cord injured individuals. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14156. [PMID: 38711362 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle adapts in reaction to contractile activity to efficiently utilize energy substrates, primarily glucose and free fatty acids (FA). Inactivity leads to atrophy and a change in energy utilization in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study aimed to characterize possible inactivity-related differences in the energy metabolism between skeletal muscle cells cultured from satellite cells isolated 1- and 12-months post-SCI. METHODS To characterize inactivity-related disturbances in spinal cord injury, we studied skeletal muscle cells isolated from SCI subjects. Cell cultures were established from biopsy samples from musculus vastus lateralis from subjects with SCI 1 and 12 months after the injury. The myoblasts were proliferated and differentiated into myotubes before fatty acid and glucose metabolism were assessed and gene and protein expressions were measured. RESULTS The results showed that glucose uptake was increased, while oleic acid oxidation was reduced at 12 months compared to 1 month. mRNA expressions of PPARGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and MYH2, a determinant of muscle fiber type, were significantly reduced at 12 months. Proteomic analysis showed reduced expression of several mitochondrial proteins. CONCLUSION In conclusion, skeletal muscle cells isolated from immobilized subjects 12 months compared to 1 month after SCI showed reduced fatty acid metabolism and reduced expression of mitochondrial proteins, indicating an increased loss of oxidative capacity with time after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Stevanovic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Dalmao-Fernandez
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derya Mohamed
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emil Kostovski
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Manifestsenteret, Røyken, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Savikj
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Nikolic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili T Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Shao B, Killion M, Oliver A, Vang C, Zeleke F, Neikirk K, Vue Z, Garza-Lopez E, Shao JQ, Mungai M, Lam J, Williams Q, Altamura CT, Whiteside A, Kabugi K, McKenzie J, Ezedimma M, Le H, Koh A, Scudese E, Vang L, Marshall AG, Crabtree A, Tanghal JI, Stephens D, Koh HJ, Jenkins BC, Murray SA, Cooper AT, Williams C, Damo SM, McReynolds MR, Gaddy JA, Wanjalla CN, Beasley HK, Hinton A. Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in murine and human myotubes. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38770789 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) Complex is responsible for assembling β-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. Comprising three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, the SAM complex connects the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system complex. Sam50, in particular, stabilizes the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which is crucial for protein transport, respiratory chain complex assembly, and regulation of cristae integrity. While the role of Sam50 in mitochondrial structure and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unclear, this study aims to investigate its impact. Serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy and computer-assisted 3D renderings were employed to compare mitochondrial structure and networking in Sam50-deficient myotubes from mice and humans with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Furthermore, autophagosome 3D structure was assessed in human myotubes. Mitochondrial metabolic phenotypes were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics to explore differential changes in WT and Sam50-deficient myotubes. The results revealed increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation in Sam50-deficient myotubes compared to controls. Metabolomic analysis indicated elevated metabolism of propanoate and several amino acids, including ß-Alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, along with increased amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in Sam50-deficient myotubes. Furthermore, impairment of oxidative capacity was observed upon Sam50 ablation in both murine and human myotubes, as measured with the XF24 Seahorse Analyzer. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of Sam50 in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, cristae structure, and mitochondrial metabolism. By elucidating the impact of Sam50-deficiency, this study enhances our understanding of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mason Killion
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashton Oliver
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chia Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Faben Zeleke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edgar Garza-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jian-Qiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Margaret Mungai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Qiana Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher T Altamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aaron Whiteside
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Kinuthia Kabugi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica McKenzie
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Ezedimma
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Han Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alice Koh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Estevão Scudese
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brenita C Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthonya T Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clintoria Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Pavlin M, Škorja Milić N, Kandušer M, Pirkmajer S. Importance of the electrophoresis and pulse energy for siRNA-mediated gene silencing by electroporation in differentiated primary human myotubes. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:47. [PMID: 38750477 PMCID: PMC11097476 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrotransfection is based on application of high-voltage pulses that transiently increase membrane permeability, which enables delivery of DNA and RNA in vitro and in vivo. Its advantage in applications such as gene therapy and vaccination is that it does not use viral vectors. Skeletal muscles are among the most commonly used target tissues. While siRNA delivery into undifferentiated myoblasts is very efficient, electrotransfection of siRNA into differentiated myotubes presents a challenge. Our aim was to develop efficient protocol for electroporation-based siRNA delivery in cultured primary human myotubes and to identify crucial mechanisms and parameters that would enable faster optimization of electrotransfection in various cell lines. RESULTS We established optimal electroporation parameters for efficient siRNA delivery in cultured myotubes and achieved efficient knock-down of HIF-1α while preserving cells viability. The results show that electropermeabilization is a crucial step for siRNA electrotransfection in myotubes. Decrease in viability was observed for higher electric energy of the pulses, conversely lower pulse energy enabled higher electrotransfection silencing yield. Experimental data together with the theoretical analysis demonstrate that siRNA electrotransfer is a complex process where electropermeabilization, electrophoresis, siRNA translocation, and viability are all functions of pulsing parameters. However, despite this complexity, we demonstrated that pulse parameters for efficient delivery of small molecule such as PI, can be used as a starting point for optimization of electroporation parameters for siRNA delivery into cells in vitro if viability is preserved. CONCLUSIONS The optimized experimental protocol provides the basis for application of electrotransfer for silencing of various target genes in cultured human myotubes and more broadly for electrotransfection of various primary cell and cell lines. Together with the theoretical analysis our data offer new insights into mechanisms that underlie electroporation-based delivery of short RNA molecules, which can aid to faster optimisation of the pulse parameters in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nives Škorja Milić
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Kandušer
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Dreher SI, Grubba P, von Toerne C, Moruzzi A, Maurer J, Goj T, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Loskill P, Hauck SM, Weigert C. IGF1 promotes human myotube differentiation toward a mature metabolic and contractile phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1462-C1481. [PMID: 38690930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00654.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mediates the beneficial effects of exercise, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes. Current human skeletal muscle models in vitro are incapable of fully recapitulating its physiological functions especially muscle contractility. By supplementation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), a growth factor secreted by myofibers in vivo, we aimed to overcome these limitations. We monitored the differentiation process starting from primary human CD56-positive myoblasts in the presence/absence of IGF1 in serum-free medium in daily collected samples for 10 days. IGF1-supported differentiation formed thicker multinucleated myotubes showing physiological contraction upon electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) following day 6. Myotubes without IGF1 were almost incapable of contraction. IGF1 treatment shifted the proteome toward skeletal muscle-specific proteins that contribute to myofibril and sarcomere assembly, striated muscle contraction, and ATP production. Elevated PPARGC1A, MYH7, and reduced MYH1/2 suggest a more oxidative phenotype further demonstrated by higher abundance of proteins of the respiratory chain and elevated mitochondrial respiration. IGF1-treatment also upregulated glucose transporter (GLUT)4 and increased insulin-dependent glucose uptake compared with myotubes differentiated without IGF1. To conclude, addition of IGF1 to serum-free medium significantly improves the differentiation of human myotubes that showed enhanced myofibril formation, response to electrical pulse stimulation, oxidative respiratory capacity, and glucose metabolism overcoming limitations of previous standards. This novel protocol enables investigation of muscular exercise on a molecular level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human skeletal muscle models are highly valuable to study how exercise prevents type 2 diabetes without invasive biopsies. Current models did not fully recapitulate the function of skeletal muscle especially during exercise. By supplementing insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), the authors developed a functional human skeletal muscle model characterized by inducible contractility and increased oxidative and insulin-sensitive metabolism. The novel protocol overcomes the limitations of previous standards and enables investigation of exercise on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I Dreher
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Grubba
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Moruzzi
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Maurer
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Irshad Z, Lund J, Sillars A, Løvsletten NG, Gharanei S, Salt IP, Freeman DJ, Gill JMR, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Zammit VA. The roles of DGAT1 and DGAT2 in human myotubes are dependent on donor patho-physiological background. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23209. [PMID: 37779421 PMCID: PMC10947296 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300960rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The roles of DGAT1 and DGAT2 in lipid metabolism and insulin responsiveness of human skeletal muscle were studied using cryosections and myotubes prepared from muscle biopsies from control, athlete, and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) cohorts of men. The previously observed increases in intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) in athletes and IGR were shown to be related to an increase in lipid droplet (LD) area in type I fibers in athletes but, conversely, in type II fibers in IGR subjects. Specific inhibition of both diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 and 2 decreased fatty acid (FA) uptake by myotubes, whereas only DGAT2 inhibition also decreased fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acid uptake in myotubes was negatively correlated with the lactate thresholds of the respective donors. DGAT2 inhibition lowered acetate uptake and oxidation in myotubes from all cohorts whereas DGAT1 inhibition had no effect. A positive correlation between acetate oxidation in myotubes and resting metabolic rate (RMR) from fatty acid oxidation in vivo was observed. Myotubes from athletes and IGR had higher rates of de novo lipogenesis from acetate that were normalized by DGAT2 inhibition. Moreover, DGAT2 inhibition in myotubes also resulted in increased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. The differential effects of DGAT1 and DGAT2 inhibition suggest that the specialized role of DGAT2 in esterifying nascent diacylglycerols and de novo synthesized FA is associated with synthesis of a pool of triacylglycerol, which upon hydrolysis results in effectors that promote mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation but decrease insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Irshad
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anne Sillars
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Nils Gunnar Løvsletten
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Seley Gharanei
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM)University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS TrustCoventryUK
| | - Ian P. Salt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Dilys J. Freeman
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jason M. R. Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Victor A. Zammit
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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6
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Shao B, Killion M, Oliver A, Vang C, Zeleke F, Neikirk K, Vue Z, Garza-Lopez E, Shao JQ, Mungai M, Lam J, Williams Q, Altamura CT, Whiteside A, Kabugi K, McKenzie J, Koh A, Scudese E, Vang L, Marshall AG, Crabtree A, Tanghal JI, Stephens D, Koh HJ, Jenkins BC, Murray SA, Cooper AT, Williams C, Damo SM, McReynolds MR, Gaddy JA, Wanjalla CN, Beasley HK, Hinton A. Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in murine and human myotubes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.20.541602. [PMID: 37292887 PMCID: PMC10245823 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.20.541602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Sorting and Assembly Machinery (SAM) Complex is responsible for assembling β-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. Comprising three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, the SAM complex connects the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex. Sam50, in particular, stabilizes the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which is crucial for protein transport, respiratory chain complex assembly, and regulation of cristae integrity. While the role of Sam50 in mitochondrial structure and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unclear, this study aims to investigate its impact. Serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and computer-assisted 3D renderings were employed to compare mitochondrial structure and networking in Sam50-deficient myotubes from mice and humans with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Furthermore, autophagosome 3D structure was assessed in human myotubes. Mitochondrial metabolic phenotypes were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics to explore differential changes in WT and Sam50-deficient myotubes. The results revealed increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation in Sam50-deficient myotubes compared to controls. Metabolomic analysis indicated elevated metabolism of propanoate and several amino acids, including ß-Alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, along with increased amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in Sam50-deficient myotubes. Furthermore, impairment of oxidative capacity was observed upon Sam50 ablation in both murine and human myotubes, as measured with the XF24 Seahorse Analyzer. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of Sam50 in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, cristae structure, and mitochondrial metabolism. By elucidating the impact of Sam50-deficiency, this study enhances our understanding of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mason Killion
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashton Oliver
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chia Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Faben Zeleke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Edgar Garza-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jian-Qiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Margaret Mungai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jacob Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Qiana Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Christopher T Altamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron Whiteside
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Kinuthia Kabugi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jessica McKenzie
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alice Koh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Estevão Scudese
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Brenita C Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Anthonya T Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Clintoria Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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7
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Rico A, Valls A, Guembelzu G, Azpitarte M, Aiastui A, Zufiria M, Jaka O, López de Munain A, Sáenz A. Altered expression of proteins involved in metabolism in LGMDR1 muscle is lost in cell culture conditions. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:315. [PMID: 37817200 PMCID: PMC10565977 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R1 calpain 3-related (LGMDR1) is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy due to mutations in the CAPN3 gene. While the pathophysiology of this disease has not been clearly established yet, Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways impairment in LGMDR1 muscles has been reported. RESULTS A reduction in Akt phosphorylation ratio and upregulated expression of proteins implicated in glycolysis (HK-II) and in fructose and lactate transport (GLUT5 and MCT1) in LGMDR1 muscle was observed. In vitro analysis to establish mitochondrial and glycolytic functions of primary cultures were performed, however, no differences between control and patients were observed. Additionally, gene expression analysis showed a lack of correlation between primary myoblasts/myotubes and LGMDR1 muscle while skin fibroblasts and CD56- cells showed a slightly better correlation with muscle. FRZB gene was upregulated in all the analyzed cell types (except in myoblasts). CONCLUSIONS Proteins implicated in metabolism are deregulated in LGMDR1 patients' muscle. Obtained results evidence the limited usefulness of primary myoblasts/myotubes for LGMDR1 gene expression and metabolic studies. However, since FRZB is the only gene that showed upregulation in all the analyzed cell types it is suggested its role as a key regulator of the pathophysiology of the LGMDR1 muscle fiber. The Wnt signaling pathway inactivation, secondary to FRZB upregulation, and GLUT5 overexpression may participate in the impaired adipogenesis in LGMD1R patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Rico
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Valls
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Garazi Guembelzu
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Azpitarte
- Cell Culture, Histology and Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Aiastui
- Department of Neurology, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mónica Zufiria
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane Jaka
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amets Sáenz
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.
- CIBERNED, CIBER, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Lim JY, Kim E. The Role of Organokines in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Their Functions as Molecular Transducers of Nutrition and Exercise. Metabolites 2023; 13:979. [PMID: 37755259 PMCID: PMC10537761 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining systemic homeostasis requires the coordination of different organs and tissues in the body. Our bodies rely on complex inter-organ communications to adapt to perturbations or changes in metabolic homeostasis. Consequently, the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues produce and secrete specific organokines such as hepatokines, myokines, and adipokines in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the interplay of organokines between organs is associated with the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Strategies aimed at remodeling organokines may be effective therapeutic interventions. Diet modification and exercise have been established as the first-line therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on organokines secreted by the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues in obesity and T2D. Additionally, we highlighted the effects of diet/nutrition and exercise on the remodeling of organokines in obesity and T2D. Specifically, we investigated the ameliorative effects of caloric restriction, selective nutrients including ω3 PUFAs, selenium, vitamins, and metabolites of vitamins, and acute/chronic exercise on the dysregulation of organokines in obesity and T2D. Finally, this study dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms by which nutrition and exercise regulate the expression and secretion of organokines in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Tzimorotas D, Solberg NT, Andreassen RC, Moutsatsou P, Bodiou V, Pedersen ME, Rønning SB. Expansion of bovine skeletal muscle stem cells from spinner flasks to benchtop stirred-tank bioreactors for up to 38 days. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1192365. [PMID: 37609488 PMCID: PMC10442166 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1192365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Successful long-term expansion of skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) on a large scale is fundamental for cultivating animal cells for protein production. Prerequisites for efficient cell expansion include maintaining essential native cell activities such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation while ensuring consistent reproducibility. Method This study investigated the growth of bovine MuSC culture using low-volume spinner flasks and a benchtop stirred-tank bioreactor (STR). Results and discussion Our results showed for the first time the expansion of primary MuSCs for 38 days in a bench-top STR run with low initial seeding density and FBS reduction, supported by increased expression of the satellite cell marker PAX7 and reduced expression of differentiation-inducing genes like MYOG, even without adding p38-MAPK inhibitors. Moreover, the cells retained their ability to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate after enzymatic dissociation from the microcarriers. We also showed reproducible results in a separate biological benchtop STR run.
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10
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Lloyd EM, Pinniger GJ, Murphy RM, Grounds MD. Slow or fast: Implications of myofibre type and associated differences for manifestation of neuromuscular disorders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14012. [PMID: 37306196 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many neuromuscular disorders can have a differential impact on a specific myofibre type, forming the central premise of this review. The many different skeletal muscles in mammals contain a spectrum of slow- to fast-twitch myofibres with varying levels of protein isoforms that determine their distinctive contractile, metabolic, and other properties. The variations in functional properties across the range of classic 'slow' to 'fast' myofibres are outlined, combined with exemplars of the predominantly slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, species comparisons, and techniques used to study these properties. Other intrinsic and extrinsic differences are discussed in the context of slow and fast myofibres. These include inherent susceptibility to damage, myonecrosis, and regeneration, plus extrinsic nerves, extracellular matrix, and vasculature, examined in the context of growth, ageing, metabolic syndrome, and sexual dimorphism. These many differences emphasise the importance of carefully considering the influence of myofibre-type composition on manifestation of various neuromuscular disorders across the lifespan for both sexes. Equally, understanding the different responses of slow and fast myofibres due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can provide deep insight into the precise molecular mechanisms that initiate and exacerbate various neuromuscular disorders. This focus on the influence of different myofibre types is of fundamental importance to enhance translation for clinical management and therapies for many skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lloyd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin J Pinniger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Zandona A, Madunić J, Miš K, Maraković N, Dubois-Geoffroy P, Cavaco M, Mišetić P, Padovan J, Castanho M, Jean L, Renard PY, Pirkmajer S, Neves V, Katalinić M. Biological response and cell death signaling pathways modulated by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based aldoximes in human cells. Toxicology 2023:153588. [PMID: 37419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The uncharged 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with protonatable tertiary amines are studied as antidotes in toxic organophosphates (OP) poisoning. Due to some of their specific structural features, we hypothesize that these compounds could exert diverse biological activity beyond their main scope of application. To examine this further, we performed an extensive cell-based assessment to determine their effects on human cells (SH-SY5Y, HEK293, HepG2, HK-2, myoblasts and myotubes) and possible mechanism of action. As our results indicated, aldoxime having a piperidine moiety did not induce significant toxicity up to 300µM within 24hours, while those with a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, in the same concentration range, showed time-dependent effects and stimulated mitochondria-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK signaling and subsequent activation of initiator caspase 9 and executive caspase 3 accompanied with DNA damage as observed already after 4hour exposure. Mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism were also likely targets of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, due to increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In silico analysis predicted kinases as their most probable target class, while pharmacophores modeling additionally predicted the inhibition of a cytochrome P450cam. Overall, if the absence of significant toxicity for piperidine bearing aldoxime highlights the potential of its further studies in medical counter-measures, the observed biological activity of aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety could be indicative for future design of compounds either in a negative context in OP antidotes design, or in a positive one for design of compounds for the treatment of other phenomena like cell proliferating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Marco Cavaco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Miguel Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM (UMR 8038), F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Turner MC, Brett R, Saini A, Stewart CE, Renshaw D. Serum concentration impacts myosin heavy chain expression but not cellular respiration in human LHCN-M2 myoblasts undergoing differentiation. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:169-176. [PMID: 36621799 PMCID: PMC10103887 DOI: 10.1113/ep090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does the concentration of human serum affect skeletal muscle differentiation and cellular respiration of LHCN-M2 myoblasts? What is the main finding and its importance? The concentration of serum used to differentiate LHCN-M2 skeletal muscle cells impacts the coverage of myosin heavy chain, a marker of terminally differentiated myotubes. Normalisation of mitochondrial function data to total protein negates the differences observed in absolute values, which differ as a result of increased protein content when differentiation occurs with increasing concentration of serum. ABSTRACT The human LHCN-M2 myoblast cell line has the potential to be used to investigate skeletal muscle development and metabolism. Experiments were performed to determine how different concentrations of human serum affect myogenic differentiation and mitochondrial function of LHCN-M2 cells. LHCN-M2 myoblasts were differentiated in serum-free medium, 0.5% or 2% human serum for 5 and 10 days. Myotube formation was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and molecularly by mRNA expression of Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and Myoregulatory factor 5 (MYF5). Following differentiation, mitochondrial function was assessed to establish the impact of serum concentration on mitochondrial function. Time in differentiation increased mRNA expression of MYOD1 (day 5, 6.58 ± 1.33-fold; and day 10, 4.28 ± 1.71-fold) (P = 0.012), while suppressing the expression of MYF5 (day 5, 0.21 ± 0.11-fold; and day 10, 0.06 ± 0.03-fold) (P = 0.001), regardless of the serum concentration. Higher serum concentrations increased MHC area (serum free, 11.92 ± 0.85%; 0.5%, 23.10 ± 5.82%; 2%, 43.94 ± 8.92%) (P = 0.001). Absolute basal respiration approached significance (P = 0.06) with significant differences in baseline oxygen consumption rate (P = 0.025) and proton leak (P = 0.006) when differentiated in 2% human serum, but these were not different between conditions when normalised to total protein. Our findings show that increasing concentrations of serum of LHCN-M2 skeletal muscle cells into multinucleated myotubes, but this does not affect relative mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Turner
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life SciencesInstitute for Health and WellbeingCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Ryan Brett
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life SciencesInstitute for Health and WellbeingCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Amarjit Saini
- Division of Clinical PhysiologyDepartment of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska, InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Claire E. Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise ScienceLife Sciences BuildingLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life SciencesInstitute for Health and WellbeingCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
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13
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Dalmao-Fernandez A, Aizenshtadt A, Bakke HG, Krauss S, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Kase ET. Development of three-dimensional primary human myospheres as culture model of skeletal muscle cells for metabolic studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1130693. [PMID: 37034250 PMCID: PMC10076718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1130693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Skeletal muscle is a major contributor to whole-body energy homeostasis and the utilization of fatty acids and glucose. At present, 2D cell models have been the most used cellular models to study skeletal muscle energy metabolism. However, the transferability of the results to in vivo might be limited. This project aimed to develop and characterize a skeletal muscle 3D cell model (myospheres) as an easy and low-cost tool to study molecular mechanisms of energy metabolism. Methods and results: We demonstrated that human primary myoblasts form myospheres without external matrix support and carry structural and molecular characteristics of mature skeletal muscle after 10 days of differentiation. We found significant metabolic differences between the 2D myotubes model and myospheres. In particular, myospheres showed increased lipid oxidative metabolism than the 2D myotubes model, which oxidized relatively more glucose and accumulated more oleic acid. Discussion and conclusion: These analyses demonstrate model differences that can have an impact and should be taken into consideration for studying energy metabolism and metabolic disorders in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalmao-Fernandez
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Andrea Dalmao-Fernandez,
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege G. Bakke
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Miš K, Lulić AM, Marš T, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Insulin, dibutyryl-cAMP, and glucose modulate expression of patatin-like domain containing protein 7 in cultured human myotubes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139303. [PMID: 37033214 PMCID: PMC10073714 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 7 (PNPLA7), also known as neuropathy target esterase-related esterase (NRE), a lysophospholipase, increases with fasting and decreases with feeding in mouse skeletal muscle, indicating it is regulated by insulin, counterregulatory hormones, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, and/or nutrients. In cultured mouse adipocytes insulin reduces Pnpla7 expression, underscoring the possibility that insulin regulates PNPLA7 in skeletal muscle. The first aim of this study was to establish whether PNPLA7 is functionally expressed in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. The second aim was to determine whether PNPLA7 is regulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, and/or glucose. Cultured human skeletal muscle cells expressed PNPLA7 mRNA and protein. Gene silencing of PNPLA7 in myoblasts reduced the phosphorylation of 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6 as well as the abundance of α1-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, indirectly suggesting that PNPLA7 is functionally important. In myotubes, insulin suppressed PNPLA7 mRNA at 1 g/L glucose, but not at low (0.5 g/L) or high (4.5 g/L) concentrations. Treatment with synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and activator of adenylyl cyclase forskolin had no effect on PNPLA7 regardless of glucose concentration, while dibutyryl-cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analogue, suppressed PNPLA7 mRNA at 4.5 g/L glucose. The abundance of PNPLA7 protein correlated inversely with the glucose concentrations. Collectively, our results highlight that PNPLA7 in human myotubes is regulated by metabolic signals, implicating a role for PNPLA7 in skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana-Marija Lulić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomaž Marš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Sergej Pirkmajer, ; Maja Katalinić,
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Sergej Pirkmajer, ; Maja Katalinić,
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15
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Pirkmajer S, Garcia-Roves PM, Rustan AC, Chibalin AV. Editorial: Untangling energy metabolism in skeletal muscle: From physiology to pharmacology. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1113860. [PMID: 36589423 PMCID: PMC9795843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,*Correspondence: Sergej Pirkmajer,
| | - Pablo M. Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander V. Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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16
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Katare PB, Dalmao-Fernandez A, Mengeste AM, Hamarsland H, Ellefsen S, Bakke HG, Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC. Energy metabolism in skeletal muscle cells from donors with different body mass index. Front Physiol 2022; 13:982842. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.982842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and physical inactivity have a profound impact on skeletal muscle metabolism. In the present work, we have investigated differences in protein expression and energy metabolism in primary human skeletal muscle cells established from lean donors (BMI<25 kg/m2) and individuals with obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2). Furthermore, we have studied the effect of fatty acid pretreatment on energy metabolism in myotubes from these donor groups. Alterations in protein expression were investigated using proteomic analysis, and energy metabolism was studied using radiolabeled substrates. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that glycolytic, apoptotic, and hypoxia pathways were upregulated, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway was downregulated in myotubes from donors with obesity compared to myotubes from lean donors. Moreover, fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid uptake were increased in myotubes from individuals with obesity. However, fatty acid oxidation was reduced, glucose oxidation was increased in myotubes from subjects with obesity compared to cells from lean. Pretreatment of myotubes with palmitic acid (PA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for 24 h increased glucose oxidation and oleic acid uptake. EPA pretreatment increased the glucose and fatty acid uptake and reduced leucine fractional oxidation in myotubes from donors with obesity. In conclusion, these results suggest that myotubes from individuals with obesity showed increased fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid uptake compared to cells from lean donors. Furthermore, myotubes from individuals with obesity had reduced fatty acid oxidative capacity, increased glucose oxidation, and a higher glycolytic reserve capacity compared to cells from lean donors. Fatty acid pretreatment enhances glucose metabolism, and EPA reduces oleic acid and leucine fractional oxidation in myotubes from donor with obesity, suggesting increased metabolic flexibility after EPA treatment.
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17
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Mengeste AM, Nikolić N, Dalmao Fernandez A, Feng YZ, Nyman TA, Kersten S, Haugen F, Kase ET, Aas V, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH. Insight Into the Metabolic Adaptations of Electrically Pulse-Stimulated Human Myotubes Using Global Analysis of the Transcriptome and Proteome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:928195. [PMID: 35874526 PMCID: PMC9298736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) has proven to be a useful tool to interrogate cell-specific responses to muscle contraction. In the present study, we aimed to uncover networks of signaling pathways and regulatory molecules responsible for the metabolic effects of exercise in human skeletal muscle cells exposed to chronic EPS. Differentiated myotubes from young male subjects were exposed to EPS protocol 1 (i.e. 2 ms, 10 V, and 0.1 Hz for 24 h), whereas myotubes from middle-aged women and men were exposed to protocol 2 (i.e. 2 ms, 30 V, and 1 Hz for 48 h). Fuel handling as well as the transcriptome, cellular proteome, and secreted proteins of EPS-treated myotubes from young male subjects were analyzed using a combination of high-throughput RNA sequencing, high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, oxidation assay, and immunoblotting. The data showed that oxidative metabolism was enhanced in EPS-exposed myotubes from young male subjects. Moreover, a total of 81 differentially regulated proteins and 952 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in these cells after EPS protocol 1. We also found 61 overlapping genes while comparing the DEGs to mRNA expression in myotubes from the middle-aged group exposed to protocol 2, assessed by microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that significantly regulated proteins and genes were enriched in biological processes related to glycolytic pathways, positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as muscle contraction, autophagy/mitophagy, and oxidative stress. Additionally, proteomic identification of secreted proteins revealed extracellular levels of 137 proteins were changed in myotubes from young male subjects exposed to EPS protocol 1. Selected putative myokines were measured using ELISA or multiplex assay to validate the results. Collectively, our data provides new insight into the transcriptome, proteome and secreted proteins alterations following in vitro exercise and is a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms and regulatory molecules mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel M Mengeste
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Dalmao Fernandez
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuan Z Feng
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sander Kersten
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, STAMI-The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Yeo RX, Dijkstra PJ, De Carvalho FG, Yi F, Pino MF, Smith SR, Sparks LM. Aerobic training increases mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human skeletal muscle stem cells from sedentary individuals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C606-C616. [PMID: 35785986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00146.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of aerobic training on human skeletal muscle cell (HSkMC) mitochondrial metabolism is a significant research gap, critical to understanding the mechanisms by which exercise augments skeletal muscle metabolism. We therefore assessed mitochondrial content and capacity in fully differentiated CD56+ HSkMCs from lean active (LA) and sedentary individuals with obesity (OS) at baseline, as well as lean/overweight sedentary individuals (LOS) at baseline and following an 18-day aerobic training intervention. Participants had in vivo skeletal muscle PCr recovery rate by 31P-MRS (mitochondrial oxidative kinetics) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) assessed at baseline. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed for the isolation of skeletal muscle stem cells. LOS individuals repeated all assessments post-training. HSkMCs were evaluated for mitochondrial respiratory capacity by high resolution respirometry. Data were normalized to two indices of mitochondrial content (CS activity and OXPHOS protein expression) and a marker of total cell count (quantity of DNA).LA individuals had significantly higher VO2max than OS and LOS-Pre training; however, no differences were observed in skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, nor in carbohydrate- or fatty acid-supported HSkMC respiratory capacity. Aerobic training robustly increased in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity of LOS individuals, as well as carbohydrate-supported HSkMC respiratory capacity. Indices of mitochondrial content and total cell count were similar among the groups and did not change with aerobic training.Our findings demonstrate that bioenergetic changes induced with aerobic training in skeletal muscle in vivo are retained in HSkMCs in vitro without impacting mitochondrial content, suggesting that training improves intrinsic skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reichelle X Yeo
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Pieter J Dijkstra
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | | | - Fanchao Yi
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Maria F Pino
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Steven R Smith
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
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19
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Mengeste AM, Katare P, Dalmao Fernandez A, Lund J, Bakke HG, Baker D, Bartesaghi S, Peng XR, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Kase ET. Knockdown of sarcolipin (SLN) impairs substrate utilization in human skeletal muscle cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6005-6017. [PMID: 35364719 PMCID: PMC9270280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have highlighted that uncoupling of sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) by sarcolipin (SLN) increases ATP consumption and contributes to heat liberation. Exploiting this thermogenic mechanism in skeletal muscle may provide an attractive strategy to counteract obesity and associated metabolic disorders. In the present study, we have investigated the role of SLN on substrate metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells. METHODS AND RESULTS After generation of skeletal muscle cells with stable SLN knockdown (SLN-KD), cell viability, glucose and oleic acid (OA) metabolism, mitochondrial function, as well as gene expressions were determined. Depletion of SLN did not influence cell viability. However, glucose and OA oxidation were diminished in SLN-KD cells compared to control myotubes. Basal respiration measured by respirometry was also observed to be reduced in cells with SLN-KD. The metabolic perturbation in SLN-KD cells was reflected by reduced gene expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Furthermore, accumulation of OA was increased in cells with SLN-KD compared to control cells. These effects were accompanied by increased lipid formation and incorporation of OA into complex lipids. Additionally, formation of complex lipids and free fatty acid from de novo lipogenesis with acetate as substrate was enhanced in SLN-KD cells. Detection of lipid droplets using Oil red O staining also showed increased lipid accumulation in SLN-KD cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of SLN in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in human skeletal muscle. Findings from the current study suggest that therapeutic strategies involving SLN-mediated futile cycling of SERCA might have significant implications in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel M Mengeste
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Parmeshwar Katare
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Dalmao Fernandez
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege G Bakke
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Baker
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Bartesaghi
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Skeletal Muscle Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Platform for Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061428. [PMID: 35740450 PMCID: PMC9220148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD), caused by mutations in 29 different genes, are the fourth most prevalent group of genetic muscle diseases. Although the link between LGMD and its genetic origins has been determined, LGMD still represent an unmet medical need. Here, we describe a platform for modeling LGMD based on the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Thanks to the self-renewing and pluripotency properties of hiPSC, this platform provides a renewable and an alternative source of skeletal muscle cells (skMC) to primary, immortalized, or overexpressing cells. We report that skMC derived from hiPSC express the majority of the genes and proteins that cause LGMD. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the importance of this cellular model for studying LGMDR9 by evaluating disease-specific phenotypes in skMC derived from hiPSC obtained from four patients.
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Kang H, Lin CY, Fan Y. Applying exercise-mimetic engineered skeletal muscle model to interrogate the adaptive response of irisin to mechanical force. iScience 2022; 25:104135. [PMID: 35434556 PMCID: PMC9010619 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise induces the secretion of irisin from contractile muscle into circulation; however, the adaptive response of irisin to mechanical stimulus in skeletal muscle in vitro remains numerously unknown. In an effort to investigate whether irisin is inducible in vitro, we developed a bioreactor consisting of a retractable mechanical force controller and a conditional tissue culture system. Upon this model, a distinguished surge of irisin was detected in stretched myotubes as cyclic strain initiated, and the surge was able to be stalled by knocking out FNDC5. Intriguingly, increased irisin secretory is associated with the shifts of MyHC isoforms from anaerobic type to aerobic type in myotubes. We further revealed that PGC-1α1 and PGC-1α4 mRNAs expression, rather than PGC-1α2 and PGC-1α3, contributed to the generation of irisin in myotubes during cyclic strain. Lastly, combined with co-culturing MC3T3 osteoblasts, we demonstrated the bioactivity of generated irisin, promoting the osteogenic differentiation. Irisin is producible in an exercise-mimetic engineered skeletal muscle model Enhanced irisin production in response to a long-term cyclic stretch PGC-1α1 and PGC-1α4 mRNAs expression contributed to the generation of irisin Demonstration that induced irisin in our model regulating osteoblasts as native ways
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongyan Kang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.,Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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22
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The Evolution of Complex Muscle Cell In Vitro Models to Study Pathomechanisms and Drug Development of Neuromuscular Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071233. [PMID: 35406795 PMCID: PMC8997482 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuromuscular disease entities possess a significant disease burden and therapeutic options remain limited. Innovative human preclinical models may help to uncover relevant disease mechanisms and enhance the translation of therapeutic findings to strengthen neuromuscular disease precision medicine. By concentrating on idiopathic inflammatory muscle disorders, we summarize the recent evolution of the novel in vitro models to study disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. A particular focus is laid on the integration and simulation of multicellular interactions of muscle tissue in disease phenotypes in vitro. Finally, the requirements of a neuromuscular disease drug development workflow are discussed with a particular emphasis on cell sources, co-culture systems (including organoids), functionality, and throughput.
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23
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Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Ji Kim M, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115014. [PMID: 35393121 PMCID: PMC9050906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a role for environmental contaminants in disrupting metabolic health in both humans and animals. Despite a growing need for well-understood models for evaluating adipogenic and potential obesogenic contaminants, there has been a reliance on decades-old in vitro models that have not been appropriately managed by cell line providers. There has been a quick rise in available in vitro models in the last ten years, including commercial availability of human mesenchymal stem cell and preadipocyte models; these models require more comprehensive validation but demonstrate real promise in improved translation to human metabolic health. There is also progress in developing three-dimensional and co-culture techniques that allow for the interrogation of a more physiologically relevant state. While diverse rodent models exist for evaluating putative obesogenic and/or adipogenic chemicals in a physiologically relevant context, increasing capabilities have been identified for alternative model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and medaka in metabolic health testing. These models have several appreciable advantages, including most notably their size, rapid development, large brood sizes, and ease of high-resolution lipid accumulation imaging throughout the organisms. They are anticipated to expand the capabilities of metabolic health research, particularly when coupled with emerging obesogen evaluation techniques as described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
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24
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Skagen C, Nyman TA, Peng XR, O'Mahony G, Kase ET, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH. Chronic treatment with terbutaline increases glucose and oleic acid oxidation and protein synthesis in cultured human myotubes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100039. [PMID: 34909668 PMCID: PMC8663959 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In vivo studies have reported several beneficial metabolic effects of β-adrenergic receptor agonist administration in skeletal muscle, including increased glucose uptake, fatty acid metabolism, lipolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these effects have been widely studied in vivo, the in vitro data are limited to mouse and rat cell lines. Therefore, we sought to discover the effects of the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline on metabolism and protein synthesis in human primary skeletal muscle cells. Methods Human cultured myotubes were exposed to terbutaline in various concentrations (0.01–30 μM) for 4 or 96 h. Thereafter uptake of [14C]deoxy-D-glucose, oxydation of [14C]glucose and [14C]oleic acid were measured. Incorporation of [14C]leucine, gene expression by qPCR and proteomics analyses by mass spectrometry by the STAGE-TIP method were performed after 96 h exposure to 1 and 10 μM of terbutaline. Results The results showed that 4 h treatment with terbutaline in concentrations up to 1 μM increased glucose uptake in human myotubes, but also decreased both glucose and oleic acid oxidation along with oleic acid uptake in concentrations of 10–30 μM. Moreover, administration of terbutaline for 96 h increased glucose uptake (in terbutaline concentrations up to 1 μM) and oxidation (1 μM), as well as oleic acid oxidation (0.1–30 μM), leucine incorporation into cellular protein (1–10 μM) and upregulated several pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism (1 μM). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024063. Conclusion These results suggest that β2-adrenergic receptor have direct effects in human skeletal muscle affecting fuel metabolism and net protein synthesis, effects that might be favourable for both type 2 diabetes and muscle wasting disorders. The metabolic effects of terbutaline were studied in human primary myotubes. Acute treatment with terbutaline increased glucose uptake. Chronic treatment with terbutaline increased glucose and oleic acid oxidation. Chronic treatment with terbutaline increased protein synthesis. Proteomics analysis revealed an increase in mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Skagen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Medicinal Chemsitry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Chr Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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25
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Moreno-Asso A, Altıntaş A, McIlvenna LC, Patten RK, Botella J, McAinch AJ, Rodgers RJ, Barrès R, Stepto NK. Non-cell autonomous mechanisms control mitochondrial gene dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol 2021; 68:63-76. [PMID: 34752415 PMCID: PMC8679849 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance and impaired energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, the aetiology of which is currently unclear. Here, we mapped the gene expression profile of skeletal muscle from women with PCOS and determined if cultured primary myotubes retain the gene expression signature of PCOS in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis of vastus lateralis biopsies collected from PCOS women showed lower expression of genes associated with mitochondrial function, while the expression of genes associated with the extracellular matrix was higher compared to controls. Altered skeletal muscle mRNA expression of mitochondrial-associated genes in PCOS was associated with lower protein expression of mitochondrial complex II-V, but not complex I, with no difference in mitochondrial DNA content. Transcriptomic analysis of primary myotube cultures established from biopsies did not display any differentially expressed genes between controls and PCOS. Comparison of gene expression profiles in skeletal muscle biopsies and primary myotube cultures showed lower expression of mitochondrial and energy metabolism-related genes in vitro, irrespective of the group. Together, our results show that the altered mitochondrial-associated gene expression in skeletal muscle in PCOS is not preserved in cultured myotubes, indicating that the in vivo extracellular milieu, rather than genetic or epigenetic factors, may drive this alteration. Dysregulation of mitochondrial-associated genes in skeletal muscle by extracellular factors may contribute to the impaired energy metabolism associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Moreno-Asso or R Barrès: or
| | - Ali Altıntaş
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke C McIlvenna
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Moreno-Asso or R Barrès: or
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Mengeste AM, Rustan AC, Lund J. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1582-1595. [PMID: 34464025 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Comparing energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle and primary skeletal muscle cells in obesity, while focusing on glucose and fatty acid metabolism, shows many common changes. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes is decreased by obesity, whereas differences in basal glucose metabolism are inconsistent among studies. With respect to fatty acid metabolism, there is an increased uptake and storage of fatty acids and a reduced complete lipolysis, suggesting alterations in lipid turnover. In addition, fatty acid oxidation is decreased, probably at the level of complete oxidation, as β -oxidation may be enhanced in obesity, which indicates mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolic changes in skeletal muscle with obesity promote metabolic inflexibility, ectopic lipid accumulation, and formation of toxic lipid intermediates. Skeletal muscle also acts as an endocrine organ, secreting myokines that participate in interorgan cross talk. This review highlights interventions and some possible targets for treatment through action on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Effects of exercise in vivo on obesity have been compared with simulation of endurance exercise in vitro on myotubes (electrical pulse stimulation). Possible pharmaceutical targets, including signaling pathways and drug candidates that could modify lipid storage and turnover or increase mitochondrial function or cellular energy expenditure through adaptive thermogenic mechanisms, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel M Mengeste
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Ren D, Song J, Liu R, Zeng X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Yuan X. Molecular and Biomechanical Adaptations to Mechanical Stretch in Cultured Myotubes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689492. [PMID: 34408658 PMCID: PMC8365838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotubes are mature muscle cells that form the basic structural element of skeletal muscle. When stretching skeletal muscles, myotubes are subjected to passive tension as well. This lead to alterations in myotube cytophysiology, which could be related with muscular biomechanics. During the past decades, much progresses have been made in exploring biomechanical properties of myotubes in vitro. In this review, we integrated the studies focusing on cultured myotubes being mechanically stretched, and classified these studies into several categories: amino acid and glucose uptake, protein turnover, myotube hypertrophy and atrophy, maturation, alignment, secretion of cytokines, cytoskeleton adaption, myotube damage, ion channel activation, and oxidative stress in myotubes. These biomechanical adaptions do not occur independently, but interconnect with each other as part of the systematic mechanoresponse of myotubes. The purpose of this review is to broaden our comprehensions of stretch-induced muscular alterations in cellular and molecular scales, and to point out future challenges and directions in investigating myotube biomechanical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zandona A, Maraković N, Mišetić P, Madunić J, Miš K, Padovan J, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Activation of (un)regulated cell death as a new perspective for bispyridinium and imidazolium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2737-2754. [PMID: 34173857 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oximes, investigated as antidotes against organophosphates (OP) poisoning, are known to display toxic effects on a cellular level, which could be explained beyond action on acetylcholinesterase as their main target. To investigate this further, we performed an in vitro cell-based evaluation of effects of two structurally diverse oxime groups at concentrations of up to 800 μM, on several cell models: skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and neural cells. As indicated by our results, compounds with an imidazolium core induced necrosis, unregulated cell death characterized by a cell burst, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of antioxidant scavenging. On the other hand, oximes with a pyridinium core activated apoptosis through specific caspases 3, 8, and/or 9. Interestingly, some of the compounds exhibited a synergistic effect. Moreover, we generated a pharmacophore model for each oxime series and identified ligands from public databases that map to generated pharmacophores. Several interesting hits were obtained including chemotherapeutics and specific inhibitors. We were able to define the possible structural features of tested oximes triggering toxic effects: chlorine atoms in combination with but-2(E)-en-1,4-diyl linker and adding a second benzene ring with substituents such as chlorine and/or methyl on the imidazolium core. Such oximes could not be used in further OP antidote development research, but could be introduced in other research studies on new specific targets. This could undoubtedly result in an overall improved wider use of unexplored oxime database created so far in OP antidotes field of research in a completely new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zhou Q, Yang H, Pan H, Pan H, Zhou J. Exosomes isolated from the miR-215-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect H 2O 2-induced rat myoblasts via the miR-215/FABP3 pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 119:104608. [PMID: 33503452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of miR-215, with exosomes as carriers, against skeletal muscle injury. Exosomes were isolated from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) or rBMSCs overexpressing miR-215. Subsequently, rat myoblasts (L6) were treated with different exosomes and mimics, then exposed to H2O2. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis assay kits, respectively. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the expression of related genes. Transmission electron microscopy, Nanosight, and western blotting showed that the exosomes were successfully isolated. PKH67 staining revealed that both exosomes and miR-215-modified exosomes were taken up by L6 cells. FABP3 was found to be the target gene of miR-215 via a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. In the L6 cells treated with H2O2, cell viability was significantly inhibited, whereas apoptosis significantly increased (P < 0.05). Exosomes significantly enhanced the viability of H2O2-induced cells and inhibited their apoptosis (P < 0.05). In addition, RT-qPCR showed that in the H2O2-induced L6 cells, FABP3, CDKN1A, and TP53 were significantly upregulated, while CCNB1 was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). However, their expression levels were significantly reversed after treatment with miR-215-modified exosomes (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the miR-215-modified exosomes may exert protective effects against skeletal muscle injury through the miR-215/FABP3 pathway and regulate the expression of CDKN1A, CCNB1, and TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- Physical Education Department, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Hongchang Yang
- Physical Education Department, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China.
| | - Hongchi Pan
- Department of food and drug, college of material and chemical engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Hongyao Pan
- Physical Education Department, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of clinical medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
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Marš T, Miš K, Meznarič M, Prpar Mihevc S, Jan V, Haugen F, Rogelj B, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Pirkmajer S, Nikolić N. Innervation and electrical pulse stimulation — in vitro effects on human skeletal muscle cells. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:299-308. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Contraction-induced adaptations in skeletal muscles are well characterized in vivo, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Cultured human myotubes represent an essential model system for human skeletal muscle that can be modulated ex vivo, but they are quiescent and do not contract unless being stimulated. Stimulation can be achieved by innervation of human myotubes in vitro by co-culturing with embryonic rat spinal cord, or by replacing motor neuron activation by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Effects of these two in vitro approaches, innervation and EPS, were characterized with respects to the expression of myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) and metabolism of glucose and oleic acid in cultured human myotubes. Adherent human myotubes were either innervated with rat spinal cord segments or exposed to EPS. The expression pattern of MyHCs was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence, while the metabolism of glucose and oleic acid were studied using radiolabelled substrates. Innervation and EPS promoted differentiation towards different fiber types in human myotubes. Expression of the slow MyHC-1 isoform was reduced in innervated myotubes, whereas it remained unaltered in EPS-treated cells. Expression of both fast isoforms (MyHC-2A and MyHC-2X) tended to decrease in EPS-treated cells. Both approaches induced a more oxidative phenotype, reflected in increased CO2 production from both glucose and oleic acid. Novelty: Innervation and EPS favour differentiation into different fiber types in human myotubes. Both innervation and EPS promote a metabolically more oxidative phenotype in human myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Marš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Meznarič
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Jan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, STAMI - The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute (BRIS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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31
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Jan V, Miš K, Nikolic N, Dolinar K, Petrič M, Bone A, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Marš T, Chibalin AV, Pirkmajer S. Effect of differentiation, de novo innervation, and electrical pulse stimulation on mRNA and protein expression of Na+,K+-ATPase, FXYD1, and FXYD5 in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247377. [PMID: 33635930 PMCID: PMC7909653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Denervation reduces the abundance of Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) in skeletal muscle, while reinnervation increases it. Primary human skeletal muscle cells, the most widely used model to study human skeletal muscle in vitro, are usually cultured as myoblasts or myotubes without neurons and typically do not contract spontaneously, which might affect their ability to express and regulate NKA. We determined how differentiation, de novo innervation, and electrical pulse stimulation affect expression of NKA (α and β) subunits and NKA regulators FXYD1 (phospholemman) and FXYD5 (dysadherin). Differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes under low serum conditions increased expression of myogenic markers CD56 (NCAM1), desmin, myosin heavy chains, dihydropyridine receptor subunit α1S, and SERCA2 as well as NKAα2 and FXYD1, while it decreased expression of FXYD5 mRNA. Myotubes, which were innervated de novo by motor neurons in co-culture with the embryonic rat spinal cord explants, started to contract spontaneously within 7–10 days. A short-term co-culture (10–11 days) promoted mRNA expression of myokines, such as IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-15, but did not affect mRNA expression of NKA, FXYDs, or myokines, such as musclin, cathepsin B, meteorin-like protein, or SPARC. A long-term co-culture (21 days) increased the protein abundance of NKAα1, NKAα2, FXYD1, and phospho-FXYD1Ser68 without attendant changes in mRNA levels. Suppression of neuromuscular transmission with α-bungarotoxin or tubocurarine for 24 h did not alter NKA or FXYD mRNA expression. Electrical pulse stimulation (48 h) of non-innervated myotubes promoted mRNA expression of NKAβ2, NKAβ3, FXYD1, and FXYD5. In conclusion, low serum concentration promotes NKAα2 and FXYD1 expression, while de novo innervation is not essential for upregulation of NKAα2 and FXYD1 mRNA in cultured myotubes. Finally, although innervation and EPS both stimulate contractions of myotubes, they exert distinct effects on the expression of NKA and FXYDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Jan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Nikolic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Petrič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Bone
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomaž Marš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexander V. Chibalin
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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32
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Valero-Breton M, Warnier G, Castro-Sepulveda M, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H. Acute and Chronic Effects of High Frequency Electric Pulse Stimulation on the Akt/mTOR Pathway in Human Primary Myotubes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:565679. [PMID: 33224929 PMCID: PMC7674644 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.565679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) has been suggested to be a useful method to investigate the mechanisms underlying the adaptations of human skeletal muscle to both endurance and resistance exercise. Although different myotube stimulation protocols mimicking acute and chronic endurance exercise have been developed, no convincing protocol mimicking resistance exercise exists. Adaptations to resistance exercise mainly ensue via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a high frequency EPS protocol mimicking resistance exercise both acutely (100 Hz, 15 V, 0.4 ms with 4 s rest between each contraction for 30 min) and chronically (acute EPS protocol repeated on three consecutive days) on human myotubes. Compared to control conditions, the acute EPS protocol increased the phosphorylation of AktSer473 at 0 h (+91%, p = 0.02) and 3 h (+95%, p = 0.01), and mTORSer2448 at 0 h (+93%, p = 0.03), 1 h (+129%, p = 0.01), and 3 h (+104%, p = 0.0250) post-stimulation. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was increased at 0 h (+69%, p = 0.02) and 3 h (+117%, p = 0.003) post-stimulation compared to control conditions. In addition, both S6K1Thr389 (+157%, p = 0.009) and S6Ser240/244 (+153%, p = 0.003) phosphorylation increased 1 h after EPS compared to control conditions. Chronic EPS protocol increased the phosphorylation of S6K1Thr389 1 h (+105%, p = 0.03) and 3 h (+126%, p = 0.02) and the phosphorylation of S6Ser240/244 1 h (+32%, p = 0.02) after the end of the last stimulation. In conclusion, the present work shows that human muscle cells subjected to EPS can be used as an in vitro model of acute and chronic resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayalen Valero-Breton
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Aas V, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Lund J. Substrate oxidation in primary human skeletal muscle cells is influenced by donor age. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:599-608. [PMID: 32897419 PMCID: PMC7683494 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary human myotubes represent an alternative system to intact skeletal muscle for the study of human diseases related to changes in muscle energy metabolism. This work aimed to study if fatty acid and glucose metabolism in human myotubes in vitro were related to muscle of origin, donor gender, age, or body mass index (BMI). Myotubes from a total of 82 donors were established from three different skeletal muscles, i.e., musculus vastus lateralis, musculus obliquus internus abdominis, and musculi interspinales, and cellular energy metabolism was evaluated. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that donor age had a significant effect on glucose and oleic acid oxidation after correcting for gender, BMI, and muscle of origin. Donor BMI was the only significant contributor to cellular oleic acid uptake, whereas cellular glucose uptake did not rely on any of the variables examined. Despite the effect of age on substrate oxidation, cellular mRNA expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) did not correlate with donor age. In conclusion, donor age significantly impacts substrate oxidation in cultured human myotubes, whereas donor BMI affects cellular oleic acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. C2C12 cell model: its role in understanding of insulin resistance at the molecular level and pharmaceutical development at the preclinical stage. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1667-1693. [PMID: 32812252 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The myoblast cell line, C2C12, has been utilised extensively in vitro as an examination model in understanding metabolic disease progression. Although it is indispensable in both preclinical and pharmaceutical research, a comprehensive review of its use in the investigation of insulin resistance progression and pharmaceutical development is not available. KEY FINDINGS C2C12 is a well-documented model, which can facilitate our understanding in glucose metabolism, insulin signalling mechanism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species and glucose transporters at cellular and molecular levels. With the aid of the C2C12 model, recent studies revealed that insulin resistance has close relationship with various metabolic diseases in terms of disease progression, pathogenesis and therapeutic management. A holistic, safe and effective disease management is highly of interest. Therefore, significant efforts have been paid to explore novel drug compounds and natural herbs that can elicit therapeutic effects in the targeted sites at both cellular (e.g. mitochondria, glucose transporter) and molecular level (e.g. genes, signalling pathway). SUMMARY The use of C2C12 myoblast cell line is meaningful in pharmaceutical and biomedical research due to their expression of GLUT-4 and other features that are representative to human skeletal muscle cells. With the use of the C2C12 cell model, the impact of drug delivery systems (nanoparticles and quantum dots) on skeletal muscle, as well as the relationship between exercise, pancreatic β-cells and endothelial cells, was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
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35
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Mankhong S, Kim S, Moon S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Kang JH. Experimental Models of Sarcopenia: Bridging Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategy. Cells 2020; 9:E1385. [PMID: 32498474 PMCID: PMC7348939 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has been defined as a progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and functions in elderly people. It is accompanied by physical frailty, functional disability, falls, hospitalization, and mortality, and is becoming a major geriatric disorder owing to the increasing life expectancy and growing older population worldwide. Experimental models are critical to understand the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and develop therapeutic strategies. Although its etiologies remain to be further elucidated, several mechanisms of sarcopenia have been identified, including cellular senescence, proteostasis imbalance, oxidative stress, and "inflammaging." In this article, we address three main aspects. First, we describe the fundamental aging mechanisms. Next, we discuss both in vitro and in vivo experimental models based on molecular mechanisms that have the potential to elucidate the biochemical processes integral to sarcopenia. The use of appropriate models to reflect sarcopenia and/or its underlying pathways will enable researchers to understand sarcopenia and develop novel therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia. Lastly, we discuss the possible molecular targets and the current status of drug candidates for sarcopenia treatment. In conclusion, the development of experimental models for sarcopenia is essential to discover molecular targets that are valuable as biochemical biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakulrat Mankhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sohee Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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36
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Laurens C, Parmar A, Murphy E, Carper D, Lair B, Maes P, Vion J, Boulet N, Fontaine C, Marquès M, Larrouy D, Harant I, Thalamas C, Montastier E, Caspar-Bauguil S, Bourlier V, Tavernier G, Grolleau JL, Bouloumié A, Langin D, Viguerie N, Bertile F, Blanc S, de Glisezinski I, O'Gorman D, Moro C. Growth and differentiation factor 15 is secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise and promotes lipolysis in humans. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131870. [PMID: 32106110 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that skeletal muscle contraction produces a cellular stress signal, triggering adipose tissue lipolysis to sustain fuel availability during exercise. The present study aimed at identifying exercise-regulated myokines, also known as exerkines, able to promote lipolysis. Human primary myotubes from lean healthy volunteers were submitted to electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) to mimic either acute intense or chronic moderate exercise. Conditioned media (CM) experiments with human adipocytes were performed. CM and human plasma samples were analyzed using unbiased proteomic screening and/or ELISA. Real-time qPCR was performed in cultured myotubes and muscle biopsy samples. CM from both acute intense and chronic moderate exercise increased basal lipolysis in human adipocytes. Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) gene expression and secretion increased rapidly upon skeletal muscle contraction. GDF15 protein was upregulated in CM from both acute and chronic exercise-stimulated myotubes. We further showed that physiological concentrations of recombinant GDF15 protein increased lipolysis in human adipose tissue, while blocking GDF15 with a neutralizing antibody abrogated EPS CM-mediated lipolysis. We herein provide the first evidence to our knowledge that GDF15 is a potentially novel exerkine produced by skeletal muscle contraction and able to target human adipose tissue to promote lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anisha Parmar
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Enda Murphy
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah Carper
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Lair
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Maes
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Vion
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Marquès
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Larrouy
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Harant
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Thalamas
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Inserm, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Montastier
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Bourlier
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Grolleau
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Physiology, Plastic Surgery and Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Donal O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cedric Moro
- Inserm, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
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Ryan AJ, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR. Myokine Regulation of Insulin Secretion: Impact of Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1608. [PMID: 32038288 PMCID: PMC6987462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) secretes protein factors (myokines) that can exert multiple actions. To study the control of myokine regulation of β-cell function, SkM biopsies were taken from non-diabetic (ND) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects and satellite cells cultured to myotubes (MT). MT were also treated with lipopolysaccharide (infectious inflammation – II) or a combination of glucose (10 mM), insulin (120 pM), and palmitate (0.4 mM) (metabolic inflammation – MI) to model the inflammatory and metabolic conditions seen in vivo with T2D. Conditioned media (CM) was collected from MT after 24 h and used to treat INS-1 cells for 24 h. Cell viability, total insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and maximal (IBMX-stimulated) IS (ISmax) were monitored. Under baseline conditions, CM from ND and T2D MT had no effects on INS-1 cell viability, insulin content, GSIS, or ISmax. After exposure to II, CM from ND-MT augmented GSIS in INS-1 cells by 100 ± 25% over control (p < 0.05); T2D-CM had no effect. After exposure to MI, T2D-CM suppressed GSIS by 35 ± 5% (p < 0.05); ND-CM was without effect. Under either of these conditions cell viability, total insulin content and ISmax were unaffected. Effects of CM on GSIS were lost after CM was boiled. Both augmentation of GSIS by ND-CM from II-treated MT, and suppression by T2D-CM from MI-treated MT, were inhibited by wortmannin, Ro 31-8220, and SB203580. In summary: (1) ND-MT are able to augment GSIS when stressed, (2) T2D-MT responding to a diabetic-like environment secrete myokines that suppress GSIS, (3) Unknown protein factors exert effects specifically on GSIS, possibly through PI-3K, PKC, and/or p38 MAPK. In T2D, both insulin resistance and a suppression of adaptive increased insulin secretion are intrinsic properties of SkM that can contribute to the full T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ryan
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert R Henry
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
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38
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Løvsletten NG, Rustan AC, Laurens C, Thoresen GH, Moro C, Nikolić N. Primary defects in lipid handling and resistance to exercise in myotubes from obese donors with and without type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:169-179. [PMID: 31276628 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that human primary myotubes retain the metabolic characteristic of their donors in vitro. We have demonstrated, along with other researchers, a reduced lipid turnover and fat oxidation rate in myotubes derived from obese donors with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because exercise is known to increase fat oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle, we investigated if in vitro exercise could restore primary defects in lipid handling in myotubes of obese individuals with and without T2D compared with lean nondiabetic donors. Primary myotubes cultures were derived from biopsies of lean, obese, and T2D subjects. One single bout of long-duration exercise was mimicked in vitro by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for 24 h. Lipid handling was measured using radiolabeled palmitate, metabolic gene expression by real-time qPCR, and proteins by Western blot. We first showed that myotubes from obese and T2D donors had increased uptake and incomplete oxidation of palmitate. This was associated with reduced mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, III, and IV protein expression in myotubes from obese and T2D subjects. EPS stimulated palmitate oxidation in lean donors, while myotubes from obese and T2D donors were refractory to this effect. Interestingly, EPS increased total palmitate uptake in myotubes from lean donors while myotubes from T2D donors had a reduced rate of palmitate uptake into complex lipids and triacylglycerols. Novelty Myotubes from obese and T2D donors are characterized by primary defects in palmitic acid handling. Both obese and T2D myotubes are partially refractory to the beneficial effect of exercise on lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Gunnar Løvsletten
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Claire Laurens
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Cedric Moro
- Inserm 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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Abdelmoez AM, Sardón Puig L, Smith JAB, Gabriel BM, Savikj M, Dollet L, Chibalin AV, Krook A, Zierath JR, Pillon NJ. Comparative profiling of skeletal muscle models reveals heterogeneity of transcriptome and metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C615-C626. [PMID: 31825657 PMCID: PMC7099524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rat L6, mouse C2C12, and primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs) are commonly used to study biological processes in skeletal muscle, and experimental data on these models are abundant. However, consistently matched experimental data are scarce, and comparisons between the different cell types and adult tissue are problematic. We hypothesized that metabolic differences between these cellular models may be reflected at the mRNA level. Publicly available data sets were used to profile mRNA levels in myotubes and skeletal muscle tissues. L6, C2C12, and HSMC myotubes were assessed for proliferation, glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, mitochondrial activity, and substrate oxidation, as well as the response to in vitro contraction. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that mRNA of genes coding for actin and myosin was enriched in C2C12, whereas L6 myotubes had the highest levels of genes encoding glucose transporters and the five complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Consistently, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidative capacity were greatest in L6 myotubes. Insulin-induced glycogen synthesis was highest in HSMCs, but C2C12 myotubes had higher baseline glucose oxidation. All models responded to electrical pulse stimulation-induced glucose uptake and gene expression but in a slightly different manner. Our analysis reveals a great degree of heterogeneity in the transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of L6, C2C12, or primary human myotubes. Based on these distinct signatures, we provide recommendations for the appropriate use of these models depending on scientific hypotheses and biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdelmoez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Sardón Puig
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mladen Savikj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery restores insulin-mediated glucose partitioning and mitochondrial dynamics in primary myotubes from severely obese humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:684-696. [PMID: 31624314 PMCID: PMC7050434 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Impaired insulin-mediated glucose partitioning is an intrinsic metabolic defect in skeletal muscle from severely obese humans (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has been shown to improve glucose metabolism in severely obese humans. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of RYGB surgery on glucose partitioning, mitochondrial network morphology, and markers of mitochondrial dynamics skeletal muscle from severely obese humans. Subject/Methods: Human skeletal muscle cells were isolated from muscle biopsies obtained from RYGB patients (BMI = 48.0 ± 2.1, n=7) prior to, 1-month and 7-months following surgery and lean control subjects (BMI = 22.4 ± 1.1, n=7). Complete glucose oxidation, non-oxidized glycolysis rates, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial network morphology and regulatory proteins of mitochondrial dynamics were determined in differentiated human myotubes. Results: Myotubes derived from severely obese humans exhibited enhanced glucose oxidation (13.5%; 95%CI [7.6, 19.4], P = 0.043) and reduced non-oxidized glycolysis (−1.3%; 95%CI [−11.1, 8.6]) in response to insulin stimulation at 7-months after RYGB when compared to the pre-surgery state (−0.6%; 95%CI [−5.2, 4.0] and 19.5%; 95%CI [4.0, 35.0], P =0.006), and were not different from the lean controls (16.7%; 95%CI [11.8, 21.5] and 1.9%; 95%CI [−1.6, 5.4], respectively). Further, number of fragmented mitochondria and Drp1(Ser616) phosphorylation and were trended to reduced/reduced (0.0104, 95%CI [0.0085, 0.0126], P = 0.091 and 0.0085, 95%CI [0.0068, 0.0102], P = 0.05) in myotubes derived from severely obese humans at 7-months after RYGB surgery in comparison to the pre-surgery state. Finally, Drp1(Ser616) phosphorylation was negatively correlated with insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation (r = −0.49, P = 0.037). Conclusion/Interpretation: These data indicate that an intrinsic metabolic defect of glucose partitioning in skeletal muscle from severely obese humans is restored by RYGB surgery. The restoration of glucose partitioning may be regulated through reduced mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylation.
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Gundersen AE, Kugler BA, McDonald PM, Veraksa A, Houmard JA, Zou K. Altered mitochondrial network morphology and regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control in myotubes from severely obese humans with or without type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:283-293. [PMID: 31356754 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy mitochondrial networks are maintained via balanced integration of mitochondrial quality control processes (biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on mitochondrial network morphology and expression of proteins regulating mitochondrial quality control processes in cultured human myotubes. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were isolated from biopsies from lean, severely obese nondiabetic individuals and severely obese type 2 diabetic individuals (n = 8-9/group) and were differentiated to myotubes. Mitochondrial network morphology was determined in live cells via confocal microscopy and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control were measured by immunoblotting. Myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans exhibited fragmented mitochondrial networks (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation was higher in myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic humans when compared with the lean controls (P < 0.05), while mitophagy protein Parkin expression was lower in myotubes from severely obese individuals with T2D in comparison to the other groups (P < 0.05). These data suggest that regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control processes, specifically mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation and mitophagy protein Parkin, are intrinsically dysregulated at cellular level in skeletal muscle from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans, respectively. These differentially expressed mitochondrial quality control proteins may play a role in mitochondrial fragmentation evident in skeletal muscle from severely obese and type 2 diabetic humans. Novelty Mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial quality control proteins are intrinsically dysregulated in skeletal muscle cells from severely obese humans with or without T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Gundersen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Paul M McDonald
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Abstract
Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) is an in vitro method of inducing contractions in cultured skeletal muscle cells of human and animal origin. Motor neuron activation of muscle fibers can be replaced by applying EPS on differentiated skeletal muscle cells (myotubes) in culture (Thelen et al. Biochemical J 321:845-848, 1997, Fujita et al. Exp Cell Res 313:1853-1865, 2007).Here we describe two protocols for EPS of human myotubes in 6-well plates: acute, high-frequency (single bipolar pulses of 2 ms, 100 Hz for 200 ms every fifth second for 5-60 min, 10-30 V) and chronic, low-frequency (single bipolar pulses of 2 ms, 1 Hz 10-30 V for 48 h) at the end of a 7 days long differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Park S, Turner KD, Zheng D, Brault JJ, Zou K, Chaves AB, Nielsen TS, Tanner CJ, Treebak JT, Houmard JA. Electrical pulse stimulation induces differential responses in insulin action in myotubes from severely obese individuals. J Physiol 2018; 597:449-466. [PMID: 30414190 DOI: 10.1113/jp276990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Exercise/exercise training can enhance insulin sensitivity through adaptations in skeletal muscle, the primary site of insulin-mediated glucose disposal; however, in humans the range of improvement can vary substantially. The purpose of this study was to determine if obesity influences the magnitude of the exercise response in relation to improving insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle. Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS; 24 h) of primary human skeletal muscle myotubes improved insulin action in tissue from both lean and severely obese individuals, but responses to EPS were blunted with obesity. EPS improved insulin signal transduction in myotubes from lean but not severely obese subjects and increased AMP accumulation and AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, but to a lesser degree in myotubes from the severely obese. These data reveal that myotubes of severely obese individuals enhance insulin action and stimulate exercise-responsive molecules with contraction, but in a manner and magnitude that differs from lean subjects. ABSTRACT Exercise/muscle contraction can enhance whole-body insulin sensitivity; however, in humans the range of improvements can vary substantially. In order, to determine if obesity influences the magnitude of the exercise response, this study compared the effects of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS)-induced contractile activity upon primary myotubes derived from lean and severely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 ) women. Prior to muscle contraction, insulin action was compromised in myotubes from the severely obese as was evident from reduced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, glucose uptake, insulin signal transduction (IRS1, Akt, TBC1D4), and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. EPS (24 h) increased AMP, IMP, AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, PGC1α content, and insulin action in myotubes of both the lean and severely obese subjects. However, despite normalizing indices of insulin action to levels seen in the lean control (non-EPS) condition, responses to EPS were blunted with obesity. EPS improved insulin signal transduction in myotubes from lean but not severely obese subjects and EPS increased AMP accumulation and AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, but to a lesser degree in myotubes from the severely obese. These data reveal that myotubes of severely obese individuals enhance insulin action and stimulate exercise-responsive molecules with contraction, but in a manner and magnitude that differs from lean subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kristen D Turner
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alec B Chaves
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Thomas S Nielsen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles J Tanner
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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44
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In vitro experimental models for examining the skeletal muscle cell biology of exercise: the possibilities, challenges and future developments. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:413-429. [PMID: 30291430 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise provides a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases. The use of in vivo exercise models alone cannot fully establish the skeletal muscle-specific mechanisms involved in such health-promoting effects. As such, models that replicate exercise-like effects in vitro provide useful tools to allow investigations that are not otherwise possible in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of experimental models currently used to induce exercise-like effects in skeletal muscle in vitro. In particular, the appropriateness of electrical pulse stimulation and several pharmacological compounds to resemble exercise, as well as important technical considerations, are addressed. Each model covered herein provides a useful tool to investigate different aspects of exercise with a level of abstraction not possible in vivo. That said, none of these models are perfect under all circumstances, and the choice of model (and terminology) used should be informed by the specific research question whilst accounting for the several inherent limitations of each model. Further work is required to develop and optimise the current experimental models used, such as combination with complementary techniques during treatment, and thereby improve their overall utility and impact within muscle biology research.
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45
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Riddle ES, Bender EL, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Expansion capacity of human muscle progenitor cells differs by age, sex, and metabolic fuel preference. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C643-C652. [PMID: 30110562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of satellite cells and expansion of the muscle progenitor cell (MPC) population are essential to generate a sufficient number of cells to repair damaged skeletal muscle. Proliferating MPCs have high energetic and biosynthetic material requirements, and the ability to utilize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and/or glycolysis may affect expansion capacity of MPCs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of donor age and sex on human (h)MPC expansion capacity and metabolic fuel preference. hMPCs from young and old male and female donors were grown for 408 h (17 days). Percent confluence, live nuclei count, and dead cell count were measured every 24 h. Metabolic phenotype was assessed by glucose uptake, expression of genes related to glycolysis and OXPHOS, and the Seahorse XF24 Phenotype Test Kit during the exponential phase of growth. hMPCs from old male donors had impaired expansion capacity secondary to heightened cell death early in expansion compared with hMPCs from young male donors, an effect not observed in female hMPCs. Age-related differences in metabolism were also sex dependent; markers of OXPHOS were altered in old (vs. young) male hMPCs, whereas markers of metabolism were largely unaffected by age in female hMPCs. For the first time, we identify sex-specific differences in cell death and OXPHOS that contribute to impaired expansion capacity of hMPC cell populations with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Riddle
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Erica L Bender
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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46
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Riddle ES, Bender EL, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Transcript profile distinguishes variability in human myogenic progenitor cell expansion capacity. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:817-827. [PMID: 30004837 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) are commonly used to understand skeletal muscle biology, including the regenerative process. Variability from unknown origin in hMPC expansion capacity occurs independently of disease, age, or sex of the donor. We sought to determine the transcript profile that distinguishes hMPC cultures with greater expansion capacity and to identify biological underpinnings of these transcriptome profile differences. Sorted (CD56+/CD29+) hMPC cultures were clustered by unbiased, K-means cluster analysis into FAST and SLOW based on growth parameters (saturation density and population doubling time). FAST had greater expansion capacity indicated by significantly reduced population doubling time (-60%) and greater saturation density (+200%), nuclei area under the curve (AUC, +250%), and confluence AUC (+120%). Additionally, FAST had fewer % dead cells AUC (-44%, P < 0.05). RNA sequencing was conducted on RNA extracted during the expansion phase. Principal component analysis distinguished FAST and SLOW based on the transcript profiles. There were 2,205 differentially expressed genes (DEgenes) between FAST and SLOW (q value ≤ 0.05); 362 DEgenes met a more stringent cut-off (q value ≤ 0.001 and 2.0 fold-change). DEgene enrichment suggested FAST (vs. SLOW) had promotion of the cell cycle, reduced apoptosis and cellular senescence, and enhanced DNA replication. Novel (RABL6, IRGM1, and AREG) and known (FOXM1, CDKN1A, Rb) genes emerged as regulators of identified functional pathways. Collectively the data suggest that variation in hMPC expansion capacity occurs independently of age and sex and is driven, in part, by intrinsic mechanisms that support the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Riddle
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Erica L Bender
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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Lund J, Aas V, Tingstad RH, Van Hees A, Nikolić N. Utilization of lactic acid in human myotubes and interplay with glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9814. [PMID: 29959350 PMCID: PMC6026123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Once assumed only to be a waste product of anaerobe glycolytic activity, lactate is now recognized as an energy source in skeletal muscles. While lactate metabolism has been extensively studied in vivo, underlying cellular processes are poorly described. This study aimed to examine lactate metabolism in cultured human myotubes and to investigate effects of lactate exposure on metabolism of oleic acid and glucose. Lactic acid, fatty acid and glucose metabolism were studied in myotubes using [14C(U)]lactic acid, [14C]oleic acid and [14C(U)]glucose, respectively. Myotubes expressed both the MCT1, MCT2, MCT3 and MCT4 lactate transporters, and lactic acid was found to be a substrate for both glycogen synthesis and lipid storage. Pyruvate and palmitic acid inhibited lactic acid oxidation, whilst glucose and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid inhibited lactic acid uptake. Acute addition of lactic acid inhibited glucose and oleic acid oxidation, whereas oleic acid uptake was increased. Pretreatment with lactic acid for 24 h did not affect glucose or oleic acid metabolism. By replacing glucose with lactic acid during the whole culturing period, glucose uptake and oxidation were increased by 2.8-fold and 3-fold, respectively, and oleic acid oxidation was increased 1.4-fold. Thus, lactic acid has an important role in energy metabolism of human myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna H Tingstad
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfons Van Hees
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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48
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Breuker C, Amouzou C, Fabre O, Lambert K, Seyer P, Bourret A, Salehzada T, Mercier J, Sultan A, Bisbal C. Decreased RNF41 expression leads to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese women. Metabolism 2018; 83:81-91. [PMID: 29410345 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance in skeletal muscles (SM). TLR4 signaling involves two pathways: the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) leading to inflammatory cytokines production and the toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon (IFN) I (TRIF)-dependent pathways leading to type 1 interferon (IFNI) and interferon stimulated genes (ISG) expression. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF41 allows the preferential activation of the TRIF-IFNI pathway; however, its role in insulin response has not been reported. METHODS We measured RNF41 level and IFNI pathway activation (ISG expression) in SM biopsies of obese insulin sensitive (OIS) and obese insulin resistant (OIR) women. Then we isolated and differentiated in myotubes, primary human SM cell progenitors from OIS and OIR SM biopsies. We modulated RNF41 and ISG expression in these myotubes and investigated their effects on insulin response. RESULTS RNF41 expression is down-regulated in vivo in OIR SM and myotubes compared to OIS SM and myotubes. TLR4 activation with palmitate induces TRIF-IFNI pathway and ISG in OIS myotubes but not in OIR myotubes. Inhibition of RNF41 expression with siRNF41 in OIS myotubes treated with palmitate attenuates insulin response, IFNI pathway activation and ISG induction, mimicking OIR phenotype. Further, overexpression of RNF41 in OIR myotubes increases insulin response and ISG expression. Exposure to IFNI or to its inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, restores ISG expression and insulin sensitivity in OIR myotubes and OIS myotubes transfected with siRNF41. CONCLUSION Our results identify RNF41 as essential to IFNI pathway activation in order to maintain muscle insulin sensitivity during human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Breuker
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Cacylde Amouzou
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Odile Fabre
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Seyer
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Annick Bourret
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Tamim Salehzada
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jacques Mercier
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Ariane Sultan
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Bisbal
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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49
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Lund J, S Tangen D, Wiig H, Stadheim HK, Helle SA, B Birk J, Ingemann-Hansen T, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Wojtaszewski JFP, T Kase E, Jensen J. Glucose metabolism and metabolic flexibility in cultured skeletal muscle cells is related to exercise status in young male subjects. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:119-130. [PMID: 28862046 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1369547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that skeletal muscles of healthy young people have a large variation in oxidative capacity and fibre-type composition, and aimed therefore to investigate glucose metabolism in biopsies and myotubes isolated from musculus vastus lateralis from healthy males with varying degrees of maximal oxygen uptake. Trained and intermediary trained subjects showed higher carbohydrate oxidation in vivo. Fibre-type distribution in biopsies and myotubes did not differ between groups. There was no correlation between fibre-type I expression in biopsies and myotubes. Myotubes from trained had higher deoxyglucose accumulation and fractional glucose oxidation (glucose oxidation relative to glucose uptake), and were also more sensitive to the suppressive action of acutely added oleic acid to the cells. Despite lack of correlation of fibre types between skeletal muscle biopsies and cultured cells, myotubes from trained subjects retained some of their phenotypes in vitro with respect to enhanced glucose metabolism and metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lund
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Daniel S Tangen
- b Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Håvard Wiig
- b Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hans K Stadheim
- b Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Siw A Helle
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jesper B Birk
- c Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Arild C Rustan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- e Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- c Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Eili T Kase
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- b Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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50
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Perrin L, Loizides-Mangold U, Chanon S, Gobet C, Hulo N, Isenegger L, Weger BD, Migliavacca E, Charpagne A, Betts JA, Walhin JP, Templeman I, Stokes K, Thompson D, Tsintzas K, Robert M, Howald C, Riezman H, Feige JN, Karagounis LG, Johnston JD, Dermitzakis ET, Gachon F, Lefai E, Dibner C. Transcriptomic analyses reveal rhythmic and CLOCK-driven pathways in human skeletal muscle. eLife 2018; 7:34114. [PMID: 29658882 PMCID: PMC5902165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian regulation of transcriptional processes has a broad impact on cell metabolism. Here, we compared the diurnal transcriptome of human skeletal muscle conducted on serial muscle biopsies in vivo with profiles of human skeletal myotubes synchronized in vitro. More extensive rhythmic transcription was observed in human skeletal muscle compared to in vitro cell culture as a large part of the in vivo mRNA rhythmicity was lost in vitro. siRNA-mediated clock disruption in primary myotubes significantly affected the expression of ~8% of all genes, with impact on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Genes involved in GLUT4 expression, translocation and recycling were negatively affected, whereas lipid metabolic genes were altered to promote activation of lipid utilization. Moreover, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were significantly reduced upon CLOCK depletion. Our findings suggest an essential role for the circadian coordination of skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Perrin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric Gobet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Hulo
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Isenegger
- Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Templeman
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Cedric Howald
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Experimental Myology and Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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