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Cease AJ. How Nutrients Mediate the Impacts of Global Change on Locust Outbreaks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:527-550. [PMID: 38270985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Locusts are grasshoppers that can migrate en masse and devastate food security. Plant nutrient content is a key variable influencing population dynamics, but the relationship is not straightforward. For an herbivore, plant quality depends not only on the balance of nutrients and antinutrients in plant tissues, which is influenced by land use and climate change, but also on the nutritional state and demands of the herbivore, as well as its capacity to extract nutrients from host plants. In contrast to the concept of a positive relationship between nitrogen or protein concentration and herbivore performance, a five-decade review of lab and field studies indicates that equating plant N to plant quality is misleading because grasshoppers respond negatively or neutrally to increasing plant N just as often as they respond positively. For locusts specifically, low-N environments are actually beneficial because they supply high energy rates that support migration. Therefore, intensive land use, such as continuous grazing or cropping, and elevated ambient CO2 levels that decrease the protein:carbohydrate ratios of plants are predicted to broadly promote locust outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, and Global Locust Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
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2
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Buchkowski RW, Schmitz OJ. Weak interactions between strong interactors in an old‐field ecosystem: Control of nitrogen cycling by coupled herbivores and detritivores. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Durso AM, Smith GD, Hudson SB, French SS. Stoichiometric and stable isotope ratios of wild lizards in an urban landscape vary with reproduction, physiology, space and time. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa001. [PMID: 32082575 PMCID: PMC7019090 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variation in stoichiometric and stable isotope ratios of animals contains ecological information that we are just beginning to understand. In both field and lab studies, stoichiometric or isotopic ratios are related to physiological mechanisms underlying nutrition or stress. Conservation and ecosystem ecology may be informed by isotopic data that can be rapidly and non-lethally collected from wild animals, especially where human activity leaves an isotopic signature (e.g. via introduction of chemical fertilizers, ornamental or other non-native plants or organic detritus). We examined spatial and temporal variation in stoichiometric and stable isotope ratios of the toes of Uta stansburiana (side-blotched lizards) living in urban and rural areas in and around St. George, Utah. We found substantial spatial and temporal variation as well as context-dependent co-variation with reproductive physiological parameters, although certain key predictions such as the relationship between δ15N and body condition were not supported. We suggest that landscape change through urbanization can have profound effects on wild animal physiology and that stoichiometric and stable isotope ratios can provide unique insights into the mechanisms underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Durso
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84321 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Fort Myers, FL 33965 USA
| | - Geoffrey D Smith
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84321 USA
- Biological Sciences Department, Dixie State University, 225 S. University Avenue, St. George, UT 84770 USA
| | - Spencer B Hudson
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84321 USA
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84321 USA
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4
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Li S, Huang X, McNeill MR, Liu W, Tu X, Ma J, Lv S, Zhang Z. Dietary Stress From Plant Secondary Metabolites Contributes to Grasshopper ( Oedaleus asiaticus) Migration or Plague by Regulating Insect Insulin-Like Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31130873 PMCID: PMC6509742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets essentially affect the ecological distribution of insects, and may contribute to or even accelerate pest plague outbreaks. The grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus B-Bienko (OA), is a persistent pest occurring in northern Asian grasslands. Migration and plague of this grasshopper is tightly related to two specific food plants, Stipa krylovii Roshev and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. However, how these diets regulate and contribute to plague is not clearly understood. Ecological studies have shown that L. chinensis is detrimental to OA growth due to the presence of high secondary metabolites, and that S. krylovii is beneficial because of the low levels of secondary metabolites. Moreover, in field habitats consisting mainly of these two grasses, OA density has negative correlation to high secondary metabolites and a positive correlation to nutrition content for high energy demand. These two grasses act as a 'push-pull,' thus enabling the grasshopper plague. Molecular analysis showed that gene expression and protein phosphorylation level of the IGF → FOXO cascade in the insulin-like signaling pathway (ILP) of OA negatively correlated to dietary secondary metabolites. High secondary metabolites in L. chinensis down-regulates the ILP pathway that generally is detrimental to insect survival and growth, and benefits insect detoxification with high energy cost. The changed ILP could explain the poor growth of grasshoppers and fewer distributions in the presence of L. chinensis. Plants can substantially affect grasshopper gene expression, protein function, growth, and ecological distribution. Down-regulation of grasshopper ILP due to diet stress caused by high secondary metabolites containing plants, such as L. chinensis, results in poor grasshopper growth and consequently drives grasshopper migration to preferable diet, such as S. krylovii, thus contributing to grasshopper plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Mark Richard McNeill
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
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5
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Huang X, Whitman DW, Ma J, McNeill MR, Zhang Z. Diet alters performance and transcription patterns in Oedaleus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) grasshoppers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186397. [PMID: 29023588 PMCID: PMC5638516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We reared Oedaleus asiaticus grasshoppers under four different single-plant diets to examine the relationships among diet, performance, stress, and transcription patterns. Grasshoppers fed only Artemisia frigida (Asteraceae) were stressed, as indicated by their lower growth, size, development, and survival, in comparison to grasshoppers fed on any of three grasses, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Leymus chinensis, or Stipa krylovii (all Poaceae). We then used transcriptome analysis to examine how gene expression levels in O. asiaticus were altered by feeding on these diets. Nymphs fed A. frigida had the largest variation in gene expression profiles with a total of 299 genes significantly up- or down-regulated compared to those feeding on the three grasses: down-regulated genes included those involved in cuticle biosynthesis, DNA replication, biosynthesis and metabolism of nutrition. The up-regulated genes included stress-resistant and detoxifying enzymes. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis also showed that feeding on A. frigida could down-regulate biosynthesis and metabolism related pathways, and up-regulate stress-resistant and detoxification terms and pathways. Our results show that diet significantly altered gene-expression, and that unfavorable, stressful diets induce more transcriptional changes than favorable diets. Altered gene-expression represents phenotypic plasticity, and many such changes appear to be evolved, adaptive responses. The ease and regularity by which individuals shift phenotypes via altered transcription suggests that populations consist not of similar, fixed phenotypes, but of a collection of ever-changing, divergent phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, P.R. China
| | - Douglas W. Whitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, P.R. China
| | | | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Lenhart PA. Using plant nutrient landscapes to assess Anthropocene effects on insect herbivores. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:51-58. [PMID: 29129282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change will dramatically affect insect herbivores through changes in plant quality. Linking how multiple climate factors affect plant macronutrient content may be the most accurate way to understand the response of insect herbivores. Studies should embrace the complexity of interacting climate factors in natural systems and characterize shifts in multidimensional plant nutrient landscapes. This nutrient landscape simplifies interpretation of climate effects, although selection of appropriate currencies, scale, and interactions with allelochemicals present challenges. By assessing climate change through the filter of nutrient landscapes we could gain an understanding of how complex interacting climate change drivers affect the 'buffet' available to different insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lenhart
- S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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7
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Huang X, McNeill MR, Ma J, Qin X, Tu X, Cao G, Wang G, Nong X, Zhang Z. Gut Transcriptome Analysis Shows Different Food Utilization Efficiency by the Grasshopper Oedaleous asiaticus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1831-1840. [PMID: 28525595 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oedaleus asiaticus B. Bienko is a persistent pest occurring in north Asian grasslands. We found that O. asiaticus feeding on Stipa krylovii Roshev. had higher approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), compared with cohorts feeding on Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel, Artemisia frigida Willd., or Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng. Although this indicated high food utilization efficiency for S. krylovii, the physiological processes and molecular mechanisms underlying these biological observations are not well understood. Transcriptome analysis was used to examine how gene expression levels in O. asiaticus gut are altered by feeding on the four plant species. Nymphs (fifth-instar female) that fed on S. krylovii had the largest variation in gene expression profiles, with a total of 88 genes significantly upregulated compared with those feeding on the other three plants, mainly including nutrition digestive genes of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid digestion. GO and KEGG enrichment also showed that feeding S. krylovii could upregulate the nutrition digestion-related molecular function, biological process, and pathways. These changes in transcripts levels indicate that the physiological processes of activating nutrition digestive enzymes and metabolism pathways can well explain the high food utilization of S. krylovii by O. asiaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | | | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guangchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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8
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Huang XB, McNeill MR, Ma JC, Qin XH, Tu XB, Cao GC, Wang GJ, Nong XQ, Zhang ZH. Biological and ecological evidences suggest Stipa krylovii (Pooideae), contributes to optimal growth performance and population distribution of the grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:401-409. [PMID: 28137319 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531600105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oedaleus asiaticus Bey. Bienko is a significant grasshopper pest species occurring in north Asian grasslands. Outbreaks often result in significant loss in grasses and economic losses. Interestingly, we found this grasshopper was mainly restricted to Stipa-dominated grassland. We suspected this may be related to the dominant grasses species, Stipa krylovii Roshev, and hypothesized that S. krylovii contributes to optimal growth performance and population distribution of O. asiaticus. A 4 year investigation showed that O. asiaticus density was positively correlated to the above-ground biomass of S. krylovii and O. asiaticus growth performance variables (survival rate, size, growth rate) were significantly higher in Stipa-dominated grassland. A feeding trial also showed that O. asiaticus had a higher growth performance when feeding exclusively on S. krylovii. In addition, the choice, consumption and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) by O. asiaticus was highest for S. krylovii compared with other plant species found in the Asian grasslands. These ecological and biological traits revealed why O. asiaticus is strongly associated with Stipa-dominated grasslands. We concluded that the existence of S. krylovii benefited the growth performance and explained the distribution of O. asiaticus. These results are useful for improved pest management strategies and developing guidelines for the monitoring of grasshopper population dynamics against the background of vegetation succession and changing plant communities in response to activities such as grazing, fire and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - M R McNeill
- AgResearch, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre,Lincoln,New Zealand
| | - J C Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - X H Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - X B Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - G C Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - G J Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - X Q Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
| | - Z H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing,China
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9
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Hayes CL, Talbot WA, Wolf BO. Abiotic limitation and the
C
3
hypothesis: isotopic evidence from
G
unnison's prairie dog during persistent drought. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Hayes
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- New Mexico Department of Game and Fish One Wildlife Way Santa Fe New Mexico 87507 USA
| | - William A. Talbot
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Blair O. Wolf
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
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10
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Benítez S, Duarte C, López J, Manríquez PH, Navarro JM, Bonta CC, Torres R, Quijón PA. Ontogenetic variability in the feeding behavior of a marine amphipod in response to ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:375-379. [PMID: 27436354 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global stressors like ocean acidification (OA) are expected to influence the quality or palatability of primary producers like algae. Such changes can trigger a response on algal consumers' feeding strategies, and this response may not necessarily be the same for the consumers during the ontogeny. We used a mesocosm's system to expose algae to current and projected OA conditions (390 and 1000ppm, respectively) and then compared the feeding behavior and absorption efficiency of juvenile and adult stages of the amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata. Specifically, we measured consumption rates (with and without a choice) and absorption efficiency on algae exposed and not exposed to OA. Our results show that OA affect the amphipod's consumption and feeding preferences, and that these effects were related with the analyzed ontogenetic stage (juveniles versus adults). These results support the existence of an ontogenetic change in the response of this species and others similar marine invertebrates to OA, which highlight the need to incorporate different life stages in the study of OA or others global stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Benítez
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CIICC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Jorge López
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Avenida Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cesar C Bonta
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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11
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Removal of Low-Molecular Weight Aldehydes by Selected Houseplants under Different Light Intensities and CO2 Concentrations. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Murray IW, Lease HM, Hetem RS, Mitchell D, Fuller A, Woodborne S. Stable isotope analysis of diet confirms niche separation of two sympatric species of Namib Desert lizard. Integr Zool 2016; 11:60-75. [PMID: 26817923 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to study the trophic niche of two species of insectivorous lizards, the Husab sand lizard Pedioplanis husabensis and Bradfield's Namib day gecko living sympatrically in the Namib Desert. We measured the δ(13) C and δ(15) N ratios in lizard blood tissues with different turnover times (whole blood, red blood cells and plasma) to investigate lizard diet in different seasons. We also measured the δ(13) C and δ(15) N ratios in available arthropod prey and plant tissues on the site, to identify the avenues of nutrient movement between lizards and their prey. Through the use of stable isotope mixing models, we found that the two lizard species relied on a largely non-overlapping but seasonally variable array of arthropods: P. husabensis primarily fed on termites, beetles and wasps, while R. bradfieldi fed mainly on ants, wasps and hemipterans. Nutrients originating from C3 plants were proportionally higher for R. bradfieldi than for P. husabensis during autumn and late autumn/early winter, although not summer. Contrary to the few available data estimating the trophic transfer of nutrients in ectotherms in mixed C3 and C4 /crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant landscapes, we found that our lizard species primarily acquired nutrients that originated from C4 /CAM plants. This work adds an important dimension to the general lack of studies using stable isotope analyses to estimate lizard niche partitioning and resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Murray
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hilary M Lease
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, USA
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephan Woodborne
- iThemba Laboratories, Gauteng, South Africa.,Stable Isotope Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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13
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Quantitative analysis of diet structure by real-time PCR, reveals different feeding patterns by two dominant grasshopper species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32166. [PMID: 27562455 PMCID: PMC4999873 DOI: 10.1038/srep32166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on grasshopper diets have historically employed a range of methodologies, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. For example, some methodologies are qualitative instead of quantitative. Others require long experimental periods or examine population-level effects, only. In this study, we used real-time PCR to examine diets of individual grasshoppers. The method has the advantage of being both fast and quantitative. Using two grasshopper species, Oedaleus asiaticus and Dasyhippus barbipes, we designed ITS primer sequences for their three main host plants, Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa and used real-time PCR method to test diet structure both qualitatively and quantitatively. The lowest detection efficiency of the three grass species was ~80% with a strong correlation between actual and PCR-measured food intake. We found that Oedaleus asiaticus maintained an unchanged diet structure across grasslands with different grass communities. By comparison, Dasyhippus barbipes changed its diet structure. These results revealed why O. asiaticus distribution is mainly confined to Stipa-dominated grassland, and D. barbipes is more widely distributed across Inner Mongolia. Overall, real-time PCR was shown to be a useful tool for investigating grasshopper diets, which in turn offers some insight into grasshopper distributions and improved pest management.
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McKenzie SW, Johnson SN, Jones TH, Ostle NJ, Hails RS, Vanbergen AJ. Root Herbivores Drive Changes to Plant Primary Chemistry, but Root Loss Is Mitigated under Elevated Atmospheric CO2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:837. [PMID: 27379129 PMCID: PMC4906026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Above- and belowground herbivory represents a major challenge to crop productivity and sustainable agriculture worldwide. How this threat from multiple herbivore pests will change under anthropogenic climate change, via altered trophic interactions and plant response traits, is key to understanding future crop resistance to herbivory. In this study, we hypothesized that atmospheric carbon enrichment would increase the amount (biomass) and quality (C:N ratio) of crop plant resources for above- and belowground herbivore species. In a controlled environment facility, we conducted a microcosm experiment using the large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora idaei), the root feeding larvae of the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), and the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) host-plant. There were four herbivore treatments (control, aphid only, weevil only and a combination of both herbivores) and an ambient (aCO2) or elevated (eCO2) CO2 treatment (390 versus 650 ± 50 μmol/mol) assigned to two raspberry cultivars (cv Glen Ample or Glen Clova) varying in resistance to aphid herbivory. Contrary to our predictions, eCO2 did not increase crop biomass or the C:N ratio of the plant tissues, nor affect herbivore abundance either directly or via the host-plant. Root herbivory reduced belowground crop biomass under aCO2 but not eCO2, suggesting that crops could tolerate attack in a CO2 enriched environment. Root herbivory also increased the C:N ratio in leaf tissue at eCO2, potentially due to decreased N uptake indicated by lower N concentrations found in the roots. Root herbivory greatly increased root C concentrations under both CO2 treatments. Our findings confirm that responses of crop biomass and biochemistry to climate change need examining within the context of herbivory, as biotic interactions appear as important as direct effects of eCO2 on crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. McKenzie
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, EdinburghUK
- The James Hutton Institute, DundeeUK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, WallingfordUK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffUK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSWAustralia
| | | | - Nick J. Ostle
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LancasterUK
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Roy A, Walker WB, Vogel H, Chattington S, Larsson MC, Anderson P, Heckel DG, Schlyter F. Diet dependent metabolic responses in three generalist insect herbivores Spodoptera spp. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:91-105. [PMID: 26908076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaption to dietary changes is critical in the evolution of host plant ranges in polyphagous insects. We compared three taxa of lepidopteran herbivores from the predominantly generalist genus Spodoptera showing different degrees of polyphagy: Spodoptera littoralis, with a broad host range including both mono- and dicotyledonous plants, and two Spodoptera frugiperda strains [Corn (i.e. maize) (C) and Rice (R)] adapted primarily to different grass species. When feeding on maize we show a lower performance in the broad generalist taxon compared to the grass adapted taxa. Among these taxa, the maize adapted S. frugiperda C-strain generally performed better than the R-strain on maize leaves. On artificial pinto diet, all taxa performed well. Our RNA-Seq analysis of midgut transcriptomes from 3rd instar larvae feeding on maize showed broader transcriptional readjustments in the generalist S. littoralis compared to grass adapted S. frugiperda strains. Substantial alteration in the expression levels of midgut physiological function related transcripts, such as digestive and detoxifying enzymes, transporters, immunity, and peritrophic membrane associated transcripts, existed in all taxa. We found high background expression of UDP-glucosyl transferases, which are known to neutralize maize leaf toxins, in the maize adapted S. frugiperda C-strain, contributing to its fitness on maize compared to the R-strain. Our findings provide evidence for divergent diet specific response of digestive physiology within these Spodoptera taxa. Unexpectedly, the C- and R-strains of S. frugiperda fed on the same diet showed large differences in expression patterns between these two closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - W B Walker
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden; Department of Neuroethology and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Chattington
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - M C Larsson
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - P Anderson
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - D G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - F Schlyter
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Huang X, McNeill M, Zhang Z. Quantitative Analysis of Plant Consumption and Preference by Oedaleus asiaticus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) in Changed Plant Communities Consisting of Three Grass Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:163-170. [PMID: 26577863 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) as a model species to examine how plant community composition influenced grasshopper population densities and feeding habits. Our results show that in the Xinli Gol Grassland ecosystem, both plant community composition and grasshopper density vary considerably over fairly small distances, and that O. asiaticus density was directly related to the proportional abundance of specific plant species. A 60-d field-cage study showed that O. asiaticus food preference and consumption differed when the ratios of three dominant grass species (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel, Stipa krylovii Roshev, and Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng) differed. The consumption of both S. krylovii and C. squarrosa increased with a corresponding increase in their respective biomass availability. Although O. asiaticus preferred S. krylovii and ate only small amounts of L. chinensis, a specific amount of L. chinensis was always consumed. Feeding of these three plant species could be divided into three levels based on diet selectivity index (SI), with O. asiaticus showing a strong preference for S. krylovii (SI > 1), over that for C. squarrosa (0.5 < SI ≤ 1), and a low acceptance for L. chinensis (0 < SI ≤ 0.5). Plant consumption and preference by O. asiaticus was in decreasing order S. krylovii>C. squarrosa>L. chinensis. This study shows that small-scale changes in plant community composition can have large affects on grasshopper diets and populations. As such, this study is useful for developing guidelines for the monitoring of O. asiaticus impacts against the background of vegetation succession and changing plant communities in response to grazing or human activities.
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Kergoat GJ, Toussaint EFA, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Clamens AL, Ong'amo G, Conlong D, van Den Berg J, Cugala D, Pallangyo B, Mubenga O, Chipabika G, Ndemah R, Sezonlin M, Bani G, Molo R, Ali A, Calatayud PA, Kaiser L, Silvain JF, Le Ru B. Integrative taxonomy reveals six new species related to the Mediterranean corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides(Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Sesamiina). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gael J. Kergoat
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis 34988 Montferrier/Lez France
| | | | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation; Avenue de la terrasse BP 1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis 34988 Montferrier/Lez France
| | - George Ong'amo
- School of Biological Science, College of Physical and Biological Sciences (Chiromo Campus); University of Nairobi; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Desmond Conlong
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute; Private Bag X02 Mount Edgecombe 4300 South Africa
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 - Scottsville Pietermaritzburg Republic of South Africa
| | - Johnnie van Den Berg
- School of Environmental Sciences and Development; North West University (Potchefstroom Campus); Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 Republic of South Africa
| | - Domingos Cugala
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering; Eduardo Mondlane University; Av. J. Nyerere, Campus Universitario 1 Maputo Republic of Mozambique
| | | | - Onesime Mubenga
- Faculté des Sciences agronomiques; Université de Kisangani; Kisangani Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gilson Chipabika
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute; Mount Maluku Central Research Station; PO Box 8 Chilanga Zambia
| | - Rose Ndemah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; PO Box 2008 - Messa Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Michel Sezonlin
- Département de Zoologie et de Génétique; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; Université d'Abomey-Calavi; 01 BP 526 Cotonou Bénin
| | - Gregoire Bani
- Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Loudima (CRAL); BP 28 Loudima Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Molo
- Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute (NAARI); PO Box 7084 Kampala Uganda
| | - Abdalla Ali
- Plant Protection Division; PO Box 1062 Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - Paul-Andre Calatayud
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation; Avenue de la terrasse BP 1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072; African Insect Science for Food and Health (icipe); PO Box 30772 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Laure Kaiser
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation; Avenue de la terrasse BP 1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Jean-Francois Silvain
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation; Avenue de la terrasse BP 1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation; Avenue de la terrasse BP 1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072; African Insect Science for Food and Health (icipe); PO Box 30772 Nairobi Kenya
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Augusto FG, Tassoni Filho M, Ferreira A, Pereira AL, Camargo PBD, Martinelli LA. Land use change in the Atlantic Forest affects carbon and nitrogen sources of streams as revealed by the isotopic composition of terrestrial invertebrates. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-06032015018814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial invertebrates link terrestrial systems to aquatic ones, making vegetal material produced in the watershed available to aquatic food webs. In this study, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, we evaluated the importance of introduced C4 grasses as a source of carbon in aquatic food webs of headwater streams of the coastal Atlantic Forest located on the north coast of the State of São Paulo, in the southeastern region of Brazil. Terrestrial invertebrates were collected in two streams: one where the main land cover was pristine montane Atlantic Forest (forest stream) and another where the main land cover was introduced C4 forage grasses for livestock (pasture stream). The average δ13C of terrestrial invertebrates collected in the forest stream (−26.3±2.1‰) was significantly (p<0.01) smaller than the average δ13C of terrestrial invertebrates collected in the pasture stream (−15.7±4.7‰), denoting a larger contribution of C4grasses to terrestrial invertebrates of the pasture stream. The average δ15N of terrestrial invertebrates of the forest stream (4.1±2.4‰) was significantly (p<0.01) lower than the average δ15N of terrestrial invertebrates of the pasture stream (9.5±2.7‰). The relative contribution of C3 and C4 plants to terrestrial invertebrates was estimated using SIAR. In the forest stream, the C3 contribution was on average 0.75 (0.72 minimum to 0.79 maximum), and the C4 contribution was on average 0.25 (0.21 minimum to 0.28 maximum). In the pasture stream, the C3contribution decreased to 0.20 (0.14 minimum to 0.26 maximum), and the C4 contribution increased to 0.80 (0.74 minimum to 0.86 maximum). These results have several implications for the ecosystem functioning as well as for recent changes in environmental policies of Brazil. The lower nutritional value of C4 grasses may not only decrease invertebrate performance, but also alter the stoichiometry of several components of the aquatic food webs with potential consequence for the whole ecosystem functioning. On the public policy side, recent changes in the Brazilian Forest Act, a series of laws that regulate land cover at the property level, reduced the width of the forested riparian area with potentially dangerous consequences for aquatic ecosystems.
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Simpson SJ, Clissold FJ, Lihoreau M, Ponton F, Wilder SM, Raubenheimer D. Recent advances in the integrative nutrition of arthropods. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:293-311. [PMID: 25341097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight recent advances in four areas in which nutrition shapes the relationships between organisms: between plants and herbivores, between hosts and their microbiota, between individuals within groups and societies, and between species within food webs. We demonstrate that taking an explicitly multidimensional view of nutrition and employing the logic of the geometric framework for nutrition provide novel insights and offer a means of integration across different levels of organization, from individuals to ecosystems.
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20
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Johnson SN, Lopaticki G, Hartley SE. Elevated atmospheric CO2 triggers compensatory feeding by root herbivores on a C3 but not a C4 grass. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90251. [PMID: 24651855 PMCID: PMC3961222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations often reduce nutritional quality for herbivores by increasing the C∶N ratio of plant tissue. This frequently triggers compensatory feeding by aboveground herbivores, whereby they consume more shoot material in an attempt to meet their nutritional needs. Little, however, is known about how root herbivores respond to such changes. Grasslands are particularly vulnerable to root herbivores, which can collectively exceed the mass of mammals grazing aboveground. Here we provide novel evidence for compensatory feeding by a grass root herbivore, Sericesthis nigrolineata, under elevated atmospheric CO2 (600 µmol mol−1) on a C3 (Microlaena stipoides) but not a C4 (Cymbopogon refractus) grass species. At ambient CO2 (400 µmol mol−1) M. stipoides roots were 44% higher in nitrogen (N) and 7% lower in carbon (C) concentrations than C. refractus, with insects performing better on M. stipoides. Elevated CO2 decreased N and increased C∶N in M. stipoides roots, but had no impact on C. refractus roots. Root-feeders displayed compensatory feeding on M. stipoides at elevated CO2, consuming 118% more tissue than at ambient atmospheric CO2. Despite this, root feeder biomass remained depressed by 24%. These results suggest that compensatory feeding under elevated atmospheric CO2 may make some grass species particularly vulnerable to attack, potentially leading to future shifts in the community composition of grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Goran Lopaticki
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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21
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Stiling P, Moon D, Rossi A, Forkner R, Hungate BA, Day FP, Schroeder RE, Drake B. Direct and legacy effects of long-term elevated CO₂ on fine root growth and plant-insect interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:788-795. [PMID: 23638943 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations alter leaf physiology, with effects that cascade to communities and ecosystems. Yet, responses over cycles of disturbance and recovery are not well known, because most experiments span limited ecological time. We examined the effects of CO₂ on root growth, herbivory and arthropod biodiversity in a woodland from 1996 to 2006, and the legacy of CO₂ enrichment on these processes during the year after the CO₂ treatment ceased. We used minirhizotrons to study root growth, leaf censuses to study herbivory and pitfall traps to determine the effects of elevated CO₂ on arthropod biodiversity. Elevated CO₂ increased fine root biomass, but decreased foliar nitrogen and herbivory on all plant species. Insect biodiversity was unchanged in elevated CO₂. Legacy effects of elevated CO₂ disappeared quickly as fine root growth, foliar nitrogen and herbivory levels recovered in the next growing season following the cessation of elevated CO₂. Although the effects of elevated CO₂ cascade through plants to herbivores, they do not reach other trophic levels, and biodiversity remains unchanged. The legacy of 10 yr of elevated CO₂ on plant-herbivore interactions in this system appear to be minimal, indicating that the effects of elevated CO₂ may not accumulate over cycles of disturbance and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stiling
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Daniel Moon
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 33224, USA
| | - Anthony Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 33224, USA
| | - Rebecca Forkner
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Frank P Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Rachel E Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Bert Drake
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
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McKenzie SW, Hentley WT, Hails RS, Jones TH, Vanbergen AJ, Johnson SN. Global climate change and above- belowground insect herbivore interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:412. [PMID: 24155750 PMCID: PMC3804764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicted changes to the Earth's climate are likely to affect above-belowground interactions. Our understanding is limited, however, by past focus on two-species aboveground interactions mostly ignoring belowground influences. Despite their importance to ecosystem processes, there remains a dearth of empirical evidence showing how climate change will affect above-belowground interactions. The responses of above- and belowground organisms to climate change are likely to differ given the fundamentally different niches they inhabit. Yet there are few studies that address the biological and ecological reactions of belowground herbivores to environmental conditions in current and future climates. Even fewer studies investigate the consequences of climate change for above-belowground interactions between herbivores and other organisms; those that do provide no evidence of a directed response. This paper highlights the importance of considering the belowground fauna when making predictions on the effects of climate change on plant-mediated interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. McKenzie
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
- The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyPenicuik, Midlothian, UK
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - William T. Hentley
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
- The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyPenicuik, Midlothian, UK
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | | | - T. Hefin Jones
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | | | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Murray IW, Wolf BO. Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) dietary specialization decreases across a precipitation gradient. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66505. [PMID: 23840495 PMCID: PMC3696026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the plant resource use between and within populations of desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) across a precipitation gradient in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values in animal tissues are a reflection of the carbon and nitrogen isotope values in diet, and consequently represent a powerful tool to study animal feeding ecology. We measured the δ13C and δ15N values in the growth rings on the shells of tortoises in different populations to characterize dietary specialization and track tortoise use of isotopically distinct C4/CAM versus C3 plant resources. Plants using C3 photosynthesis are generally more nutritious than C4 plants and these trait differences can have important growth and fitness consequences for consumers. We found that dietary specialization decreases in successively drier and less vegetated sites, and that broader population niche widths are accompanied by an increase in the dietary variability between individuals. Our results highlight how individual consumer plant resource use is bounded under a varying regime of precipitation and plant productivity, lending insight into how intra-individual dietary specialization varies over a spatial scale of environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Murray
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
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Wei H, Gou J, Yordanov Y, Zhang H, Thakur R, Jones W, Burton A. Global transcriptomic profiling of aspen trees under elevated [CO2] to identify potential molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced radial growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:305-20. [PMID: 23065025 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees growing under elevated [CO(2)] at a free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) site produced significantly more biomass than control trees. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed increase in biomass by producing transcriptomic profiles of the vascular cambium zone (VCZ) and leaves, and then performed a comparative study to identify significantly changed genes and pathways after 12 years exposure to elevated [CO(2)]. In leaves, elevated [CO(2)] enhanced expression of genes related to Calvin cycle activity and linked pathways. In the VCZ, the pathways involved in cell growth, cell division, hormone metabolism, and secondary cell wall formation were altered while auxin conjugation, ABA synthesis, and cytokinin glucosylation and degradation were inhibited. Similarly, the genes involved in hemicellulose and pectin biosynthesis were enhanced, but some genes that catalyze important steps in lignin biosynthesis pathway were inhibited. Evidence from systemic analysis supported the functioning of multiple molecular mechanisms that underpin the enhanced radial growth in response to elevated [CO(2)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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Zavala JA, Nabity PD, DeLucia EH. An emerging understanding of mechanisms governing insect herbivory under elevated CO2. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:79-97. [PMID: 22974069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By changing the chemical composition of foliage, the increase in atmospheric CO(2) is fundamentally altering insect herbivory. The responses of folivorous insects to these changes is, however, highly variable. In this review we highlight emerging mechanisms by which increasing CO(2) alters the defense chemistry and signaling of plants. The response of allelochemicals affecting insect performance varies under elevated CO(2), and results suggest this is driven by changes in plant hormones. Increasing CO(2) suppresses the production of jasmonates and ethylene and increases the production of salicylic acid, and these differential responses of plant hormones affect specific secondary chemical pathways. In addition to changes in secondary chemistry, elevated CO(2) decreases rates of water loss from leaves, increases temperature and feeding rates, and alters nutritional content. New insights into the mechanistic responses of secondary chemistry to elevated CO(2) increase our ability to predict the ecological and evolutionary responses of plants attacked by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/INBA, Facultad de Agronomía, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina.
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Willis JD, Klingeman WE, Oppert C, Oppert B, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Characterization of cellulolytic activity from digestive fluids of Dissosteira carolina (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Warne RW, Pershall AD, Wolf BO. Linking precipitation and C3-C4 plant production to resource dynamics in higher-trophic-level consumers. Ecology 2010; 91:1628-38. [PMID: 20583705 DOI: 10.1890/08-1471.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In many ecosystems, seasonal shifts in temperature and precipitation induce pulses of primary productivity that vary in phenology, abundance, and nutritional quality. Variation in these resource pulses could strongly influence community composition and ecosystem function, because these pervasive bottom-up forces play a primary role in determining the biomass, life cycles, and interactions of organisms across trophic levels. The focus of this research is to understand how consumers across trophic levels alter resource use and assimilation over seasonal and interannual timescales in response to climatically driven changes in pulses of primary productivity. We measured the carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of plant, arthropod, and lizard tissues in the northern Chihuahuan Desert to quantify the relative importance of primary production from plants using C3 and C4 photosynthesis for consumers. Summer monsoonal rains on the Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in New Mexico support a pulse of C4 plant production that has tissue delta(13)C values distinct from C3 plants. During a year when precipitation patterns were relatively normal, delta(13)C measurements showed that consumers used and assimilated significantly more C4-derived carbon over the course of a summer, tracking the seasonal increase in abundance of C4 plants. In the following spring, after a failure in winter precipitation and the associated failure of spring C3 plant growth, consumers showed elevated assimilation of C4-derived carbon relative to a normal rainfall regime. These findings provide insight into how climate, pulsed resources, and temporal trophic dynamics may interact to shape semiarid grasslands such as the Chihuahuan Desert in the present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Warne
- University of New Mexico, Biology Department, MSCO3 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA.
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Borer ET, Adams VT, Engler GA, Adams AL, Schumann CB, Seabloom EW. Aphid fecundity and grassland invasion: invader life history is the key. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 19:1187-1196. [PMID: 19688926 DOI: 10.1890/08-1205.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss or gain of pathogens can determine the trajectory of biological invasions, and invasion by novel hosts also can alter pathogen dynamics to facilitate invasion. Recent empirical and theoretical work has implicated infection by barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDV), a group of generalist pathogens of the Poaceae family (grasses), as a necessary precursor to the invasion of over 9 million hectares of California's perennial grasslands by exotic annual grasses. The mechanism underlying this pathogen-mediated invasion hypothesis is elevated vector fecundity on exotic annual grasses. While empirical evidence supports this hypothesis, the links between aphid fecundity, host identity, and host resource supply have not been thoroughly assessed. We performed field and laboratory experiments to examine the fecundity and preference responses of three of the most common aphid vectors of B/CYDV, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), R. maidis (Fitch), and Sitobion avenae (Fab.), to a combination of host life history (annual and perennial), host provenance (native and exotic), and nutrient supply (mineral N and P fertilization), controlling for host phylogenetic lineage. Aphids consistently had higher fecundity on annual grasses than perennials, regardless of host provenance, age, or nutrient fertilization. In addition, aphids preferentially colonized annual hosts when offered a choice among host species. Multi-generation studies have found that nutrient addition affects both host quality and composition in natural communities; our experimental results indicate that the indirect effects of nutrient fertilization in determining host community composition are of more importance than are the direct effects on host quality to aphid population dynamics. To summarize the applications of our results, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the current focus on the qualitative differences between invaders and natives, the impact of invasive exotic grasses is not due to host provenance, per se, but arises because the annual invaders differ qualitatively from the native species in interactions with shared pathogen vectors. More generally, our work demonstrates the importance of isolating whether the fate and impacts of an invader are, at their root, due to the provenance of the invader, or due to other characteristics that determine its functional uniqueness in the context of the native community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Bidart-Bouzat MG, Imeh-Nathaniel A. Global change effects on plant chemical defenses against insect herbivores. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1339-54. [PMID: 19017122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Bidart-Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, USA.
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High plant species diversity indirectly mitigates CO2- and N-induced effects on grasshopper growth. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Asshoff R, Hättenschwiler S. Growth and reproduction of the alpine grasshopper Miramella alpina feeding on CO2-enriched dwarf shrubs at treeline. Oecologia 2004; 142:191-201. [PMID: 15480804 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The consequences for plant-insect interactions of atmospheric changes in alpine ecosystems are not well understood. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO(2) on leaf quality in two dwarf shrub species (Vaccinium myrtillus and V. uliginosum) and the response of the alpine grasshopper (Miramella alpina) feeding on these plants in a field experiment at the alpine treeline (2,180 m a.s.l.) in Davos, Switzerland. Relative growth rates (RGR) of M. alpina nymphs were lower when they were feeding on V. myrtillus compared to V. uliginosum, and were affected by elevated CO(2) depending on plant species and nymph developmental stage. Changes in RGR correlated with CO(2)-induced changes in leaf water, nitrogen, and starch concentrations. Elevated CO(2) resulted in reduced female adult weight irrespective of plant species, and prolonged development time on V. uliginosum only, but there were no significant differences in nymphal mortality. Newly molted adults of M. alpina produced lighter eggs and less secretion (serving as egg protection) under elevated CO(2). When grasshoppers had a choice among four different plant species grown either under ambient or elevated CO(2), V. myrtillus and V. uliginosum consumption increased under elevated CO(2) in females while it decreased in males compared to ambient CO(2)-grown leaves. Our findings suggest that rising atmospheric CO(2) distinctly affects leaf chemistry in two important dwarf shrub species at the alpine treeline, leading to changes in feeding behavior, growth, and reproduction of the most important insect herbivore in this system. Changes in plant-grasshopper interactions might have significant long-term impacts on herbivore pressure, community dynamics and ecosystem stability in the alpine treeline ecotone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Asshoff
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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