1
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Power CC, Normand S, von Arx G, Elberling B, Corcoran D, Krog AB, Bouvin NK, Treier UA, Westergaard-Nielsen A, Liu Y, Prendin AL. No effect of snow on shrub xylem traits: Insights from a snow-manipulation experiment on Disko Island, Greenland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169896. [PMID: 38185160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Widespread shrubification across the Arctic has been generally attributed to increasing air temperatures, but responses vary across species and sites. Wood structures related to the plant hydraulic architecture may respond to local environmental conditions and potentially impact shrub growth, but these relationships remain understudied. Using methods of dendroanatomy, we analysed shrub ring width (RW) and xylem anatomical traits of 80 individuals of Salix glauca L. and Betula nana L. at a snow manipulation experiment in Western Greenland. We assessed how their responses differed between treatments (increased versus ambient snow depth) and soil moisture regimes (wet and dry). Despite an increase in snow depth due to snow fences (28-39 %), neither RW nor anatomical traits in either species showed significant responses to this increase. In contrast, irrespective of the snow treatment, the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and earlywood vessel size (LA95) for the study period were larger in S. glauca (p < 0.1, p < 0.01) and B. nana (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) at the wet than the dry site, while both species had larger vessel groups at the dry than the wet site (p < 0.01). RW of B. nana was higher at the wet site (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed for S. glauca. Additionally, B. nana Ks and LA95 showed different trends over the study period, with decreases observed at the dry site (p < 0.001), while for other responses no difference was observed. Our results indicate that, taking into account ontogenetic and allometric trends, hydraulic related xylem traits of both species, along with B. nana growth, were influenced by soil moisture. These findings suggest that soil moisture regime, but not snow cover, may determine xylem responses to future climate change and thus add to the heterogeneity of Arctic shrub dynamics, though more long-term species- and site- specific studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Power
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Derek Corcoran
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Amanda B Krog
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Urs Albert Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yijing Liu
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela L Prendin
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Liu YY, Chao L, Li ZG, Ma L, Hu BQ, Zhu SD, Cao KF. Water storage capacity is inversely associated with xylem embolism resistance in tropical karst tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae017. [PMID: 38281245 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Tropical karst habitats are characterized by limited and patchy soil, large rocky outcrops and porous substrates, resulting in high habitat heterogeneity and soil moisture fluctuations. Xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety can determine the drought adaptation and spatial distribution of woody plants growing in karst environments. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), vulnerability to embolism, wood density, saturated water content, and vessel and pit anatomical characteristics in the branch stems of 12 evergreen tree species in a tropical karst seasonal rainforest in southwestern China. We aimed to characterize the effects of structural characteristics on hydraulic efficiency and safety. Our results showed that there was no significant correlation between Ks and hydraulic safety across the tropical karst woody species. Ks was correlated with hydraulic vessel diameter (r = 0.80, P < 0.05) and vessel density (r = -0.60, P < 0.05), while the stem water potential at 50 and 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50 and P88) were both significantly correlated with wood density (P < 0.05) and saturated water content (P = 0.052 and P < 0.05, respectively). High stem water storage capacity was associated with low cavitation resistance possibly because of its buffering the moisture fluctuations in karst environments. However, both Ks and P50/P88 were decoupled from the anatomical traits of pit and pit membranes. This may explain the lack of tradeoff between hydraulic safety and efficiency in tropical karst evergreen tree species. Our results suggest that diverse hydraulic trait combination may facilitate species coexistence in karst environments with high spatial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Lin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang 532600, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Bao-Qing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Niccoli F, Kabala JP, Pacheco-Solana A, Battipaglia G. Impact of intra-annual wood density fluctuation on tree hydraulic function: insights from a continuous monitoring approach. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad145. [PMID: 38070187 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Climate change significantly impacts global forests, leading to tree decline and dieback. To cope with climate change, trees develop several functional traits, such as intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree rings. The formation of these traits facilitates trees to optimize resource allocation, allowing them to withstand periods of stress and eventually recover when the conditions become favourable again. This study focuses on a Pinus pinaster Aiton forest in a warm, drought-prone Mediterranean area, comparing two growing seasons with different weather patterns. The innovative continuous monitoring approach used in this study combines high-resolution monitoring of sap flow (SF), analysis of xylogenesis and quantitative wood anatomy. Our results revealed the high plasticity of P. pinaster in water use and wood formation, shedding light on the link between IADFs and tree conductance. Indeed, the capacity to form large cells in autumn (as IADFs) improves the total xylem hydraulic conductivity of this species. For the first time, a continuous SF measurement system captured the dynamics of bimodal SF during the 2022 growing season in conjunction with the bimodal growth pattern observed through xylogenesis monitoring. These results highlight the intricate interplay between environmental conditions, water use, wood formation and tree physiology, providing valuable insights into the acclimation mechanisms employed by P. pinaster to cope with weather fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Niccoli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Jerzy Piotr Kabala
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Arturo Pacheco-Solana
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
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Blackman CJ, Halliwell B, Hartill GE, Brodribb TJ. Petiole XLA (xylem to leaf area ratio) integrates hydraulic safety and efficiency across a diverse group of eucalypt leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:49-58. [PMID: 37680088 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical trade-off between the efficiency and safety of water transport systems in plants is used to explain diverse ecological patterns, from tree size to community structure. Despite its pervasive influence, this theory has marginal empirical support. This may be partially due to obfuscation of associations by wide phylogenetic sampling or non-standard sampling between studies. To address this, we examine the coordination of structural and anatomical traits linked to hydraulic safety and efficiency in the leaves of an ecologically diverse group of eucalypts. We introduce a new trait for characterising leaf water transport function measured as the cross-sectional XA at the petiole divided by the downstream leaf area (XLApetiole ). Variation in XLApetiole revealed support for a safety-efficiency trade-off in eucalypt leaves. XLApetiole was negatively correlated with theoretical petiole xylem conductivity (Ks_petiole ) and strongly negatively correlated with leaf cavitation vulnerability (Ψ50leaf ). Species with lower Ψ50leaf exhibited petiole xylem with narrower vessels and greater fibre wall area fractions. Our findings highlight XLApetiole as a novel integrative trait that provides insights into the evolution of leaf form and function in eucalypts and holds promise for wider use among diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Halliwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gabrielle E Hartill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Jacobsen AL. Growing whole-plant understanding through study of below-ground structural diversity. A commentary on 'Do root secondary xylem functional traits differ between growth forms in Fabaceae species in a seasonally dry Neotropical environment?'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:i-ii. [PMID: 37883502 PMCID: PMC10666998 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
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6
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Carrillo-Arizmendi L, Vargas-Hernández JJ, Rozenberg P, Pérez-Suárez M, Martínez-Campos AR. Phenotypic plasticity of growth ring traits in Pinus hartwegii at the ends of its elevational gradient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1072638. [PMID: 37799549 PMCID: PMC10548213 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1072638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Phenotypic plasticity (PP) could be an important short-term mechanism to modify physiological and morphological traits in response to climate change and global warming, particularly for high-mountain tree species. The objective was to evaluate PP response of growth ring traits to temperature and precipitation in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. populations located at the ends of its elevational gradient on two volcanic mountains in central Mexico (La Malinche and Nevado de Toluca). Methods Increment cores collected from 274 P. hartwegii trees were used to estimate their PP through reaction norms (RN), which relate the ring width and density traits with climate variables (temperature and precipitation). We estimated the trees' sensitivity (significant RN) to climatic variables, as well as the relative proportion of RN with positive and negative slope. We also estimated the relationship between the PP of ring width and density traits using correlation and Principal Component (PC) analyses. Results Over 70% of all trees showed significant RN to growing season and winter temperatures for at least one growth ring trait, with a similar proportion of significant RN at both ends of the gradient on both mountains. Ring width traits had mostly negative RN, while ring density traits tended to have positive RN. Frequency of negative RN decreased from lower to higher elevation for most traits. Average PP was higher at the lower end of the gradient, especially on LM, both for ring width and ring density traits, although high intrapopulation variation in PP was found on both mountains. Discussion Results indicate that P. hartwegii presents spatially differentiated plastic responses in width and density components of radial growth. PP was particularly strong at the lower elevation, which has higher temperature and water stress conditions, putting these populations at risk from the continuing global warming driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Carrillo-Arizmendi
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J. Jesús Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Forestry Sciences, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Marlin Pérez-Suárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
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7
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Belovitch MW, NeSmith JE, Nippert JB, Holdo RM. African savanna grasses outperform trees across the full spectrum of soil moisture availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:66-74. [PMID: 36967595 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Models of tree-grass coexistence in savannas make different assumptions about the relative performance of trees and grasses under wet vs dry conditions. We quantified transpiration and drought tolerance traits in 26 tree and 19 grass species from the African savanna biome across a gradient of soil water potentials to test for a trade-off between water use under wet conditions and drought tolerance. We measured whole-plant hourly transpiration in a growth chamber and quantified drought tolerance using leaf osmotic potential (Ψosm ). We also quantified whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUE) and relative growth rate (RGR) under well-watered conditions. Grasses transpired twice as much as trees on a leaf-mass basis across all soil water potentials. Grasses also had a lower Ψosm than trees, indicating higher drought tolerance in the former. Higher grass transpiration and WUE combined to largely explain the threefold RGR advantage in grasses. Our results suggest that grasses outperform trees under a wide range of conditions, and that there is no evidence for a trade-off in water-use patterns in wet vs dry soils. This work will help inform mechanistic models of water use in savanna ecosystems, providing much-needed whole-plant parameter estimates for African species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30601, USA
- School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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8
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Kerr KL, Fickle JC, Anderegg WRL. Decoupling of functional traits from intraspecific patterns of growth and drought stress resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37129078 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in functional traits may mediate tree species' drought resistance, yet whether trait variation is due to genotype (G), environment (E), or G×E interactions remains unknown. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific trait variation and whether variation mediates drought response can improve predictions of species' response to future drought. Using populations of quaking aspen spanning a climate gradient, we investigated intraspecific variation in functional traits in the field as well as the influence of G and E among propagules in a common garden. We also tested for trait-mediated trade-offs in growth and drought stress tolerance. We observed intraspecific trait variation among the populations, yet this variation did not necessarily translate to higher drought stress tolerance in hotter/drier populations. Additionally, plasticity in the common garden was low, especially in propagules derived from the hottest/driest population. We found no growth-drought stress tolerance trade-offs and few traits exhibited significant relationships with mortality in the natural populations, suggesting that intraspecific trait variation among the traits measured did not strongly mediate responses to drought stress. Our results highlight the limits of trait-mediated responses to drought stress and the complex G×E interactions that may underlie drought stress tolerance variation in forests in dry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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9
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Salvi AM, Gosetti SG, Smith DD, Adams MA, Givnish TJ, McCulloh KA. Hydroscapes, hydroscape plasticity and relationships to functional traits and mesophyll photosynthetic sensitivity to leaf water potential in Eucalyptus species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2573-2588. [PMID: 35706133 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The isohydric-anisohydric continuum describes the relative stringency of stomatal control of leaf water potential (ψleaf ) during drought. Hydroscape area (HA)-the water potential landscape over which stomata regulate ψleaf -has emerged as a useful metric of the iso/anisohydric continuum because it is strongly linked to several hydraulic, photosynthetic and structural traits. Previous research on HA focused on broad ecological patterns involving several plant clades. Here we investigate the relationships between HA and climatic conditions and functional traits across ecologically diverse but closely related species while accounting for phylogeny. Across a macroclimatic moisture gradient, defined by the ratio of mean annual precipitation to mean annual pan evaporation (P/Ep ), HA decreased with increased P/Ep across 10 Eucalyptus species. Greater anisohydry reflects lower turgor loss points and greater hydraulic safety, mirroring global patterns. Larger HA coincides with mesophyll photosynthetic capacity that is more sensitive to ψleaf . Hydroscapes exhibit little plasticity in response to variation in water supply, and the extent of plasticity does not vary with P/Ep of native habitats. These findings strengthen the case that HA is a useful metric for characterizing drought tolerance and water-status regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Salvi
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sophia G Gosetti
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Adams
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Cornelis S, Hazak O. Understanding the root xylem plasticity for designing resilient crops. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:664-676. [PMID: 34971462 PMCID: PMC9303747 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is the main route for transporting water, minerals and a myriad of signalling molecules within the plant. With its onset during early embryogenesis, the development of the xylem relies on hormone gradients, the activity of unique transcription factors, the distribution of mobile microRNAs, and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and together contribute to the plasticity of this water-conducting tissue. Environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, have a great impact on xylem patterning. A better understanding of how the structural properties of the xylem are regulated in normal and stress conditions will be instrumental in developing crops of the future. In addition, vascular wilt pathogens that attack the xylem are becoming increasingly problematic. Further knowledge of xylem development in response to these pathogens will bring new solutions against these diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation that largely come from Arabidopsis research with additional insights from tomato and monocot species. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and the urgent need to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the multidisciplinary approach to model xylem capacities in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salves Cornelis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ora Hazak
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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11
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Mayr S. Relevance of time and spatial scales in plant hydraulics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1781-1784. [PMID: 34296269 PMCID: PMC8498925 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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12
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Liu H, Ye Q, Gleason SM, He P, Yin D. Weak tradeoff between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety: climatic seasonality matters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1440-1452. [PMID: 33058227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A classic theory proposes that plant xylem cannot be both highly efficient in water transport and resistant to embolism, and therefore a hydraulic efficiency-safety trade-off should exist. However, the trade-off is weak, and many species exhibit both low efficiency and low safety, falling outside of the expected trade-off space. It remains unclear under what climatic conditions these species could maintain competitive fitness. We compiled hydraulic efficiency and safety traits for 682 observations of 499 woody species from 178 sites world-wide and measured the position of each observation within the proposed trade-off space. For both angiosperms and gymnosperms, observations from sites with high climatic seasonality, especially precipitation seasonality, tended to have higher hydraulic safety and efficiency than observations from sites with low seasonality. Specifically, high vapour pressure deficit, high solar radiation, and low precipitation during the wet season were driving factors. Strong climatic seasonality and drought in both dry and wet seasons appear to be ecological filters that select for species with co-optimized safety and efficiency, whereas the opposite environmental conditions may allow the existence of plants with low efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Haibin Road 1119, Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Deyi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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13
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Colesie C, Stangl ZR, Hurry V. Differences in growth-economics of fast vs. slow growing grass species in response to temperature and nitrogen limitation individually, and in combination. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:63. [PMID: 33234143 PMCID: PMC7684899 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fast growing invasive alien species are highly efficient with little investment in their tissues. They often outcompete slower growing species with severe consequences for diversity and community composition. The plant economics trait-based approach provides a theoretical framework, allowing the classification of plants with different performance characteristics. However, in multifaceted background, this approach needs testing. The evaluation and prediction of plant performance outcomes in ecologically relevant settings is among the most pressing topics to understand and predict ecosystem functioning, especially in a quickly changing environment. Temperature and nutrient availability are major components of the global environmental change and this study examines the response of growth economic traits, photosynthesis and respiration to such changes for an invasive fast-growing (Bromus hordaceus) and a slow-growing perennial (Bromus erectus) grass species. Results The fully controlled growth chamber experiment simulated temperature—and changes in nitrogen availability individually and in combination. We therefore provide maximum control and monitoring of growth responses allowing general growth trait response patterns to be tested. Under optimal nitrogen availability the slow growing B. erectus was better able to handle the lower temperatures (7 °C) whilst both species had problems at higher temperatures (30 °C). Stresses produced by a combination of heat and nutrient availability were identified to be less limiting for the slow growing species but the combination of chilling with low nutrient availability was most detrimental to both species. Conclusions For the fast-growing invader B. hordeaceus a reduction of nitrogen availability in combination with a temperature increase, leads to limited growth performance in comparison to the slow-growing perennial species B.erectus and this may explain why nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colesie
- Edinburgh Global Change Institute, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zsofia Reka Stangl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
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14
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De Roo L, Salomón RL, Oleksyn J, Steppe K. Woody tissue photosynthesis delays drought stress in Populus tremula trees and maintains starch reserves in branch xylem tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:70-81. [PMID: 32416019 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in woody tissues (Pwt ) is less sensitive to water shortage than in leaves, hence, Pwt might be a crucial carbon source to alleviate drought stress. To evaluate the impact of Pwt on tree drought tolerance, woody tissues of 4-m-tall drought-stressed Populus tremula trees were subjected to a light-exclusion treatment across the entire plant to inhibit Pwt . Xylem water potential (Ψxylem ), sap flow ( FH2O ), leaf net photosynthesis (Pn,l ), stem diameter variations (ΔD), in vivo acoustic emissions in stems (AEs) and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations ([NSC]) were monitored to comprehensively assess water and carbon relations at whole-tree level. Under well-watered conditions, Pwt kept Ψxylem at a higher level, lowered FH2O and had no effect on [NSC]. Under drought, Ψxylem , FH2O and Pn,l in light-excluded trees rapidly decreased in concert with reductions in branch xylem starch concentration. Moreover, sub-daily patterns of ΔD, FH2O and AEs were strongly related, suggesting that in vivo AEs may inform not only about embolism events, but also about capacitive release and replenishment of stem water pools. Results highlight the importance of Pwt in maintaining xylem hydraulic integrity under drought conditions and in sustaining NSC pools to potentially limit increases in xylem tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Luis Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Pathare VS, Sonawane BV, Koteyeva N, Cousins AB. C 4 grasses adapted to low precipitation habitats show traits related to greater mesophyll conductance and lower leaf hydraulic conductance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1897-1910. [PMID: 32449181 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In habitats with low water availability, a fundamental challenge for plants will be to maximize photosynthetic C-gain while minimizing transpirational water-loss. This trade-off between C-gain and water-loss can in part be achieved through the coordination of leaf-level photosynthetic and hydraulic traits. To test the relationship of photosynthetic C-gain and transpirational water-loss, we grew, under common growth conditions, 18 C4 grasses adapted to habitats with different mean annual precipitation (MAP) and measured leaf-level structural and anatomical traits associated with mesophyll conductance (gm ) and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ). The C4 grasses adapted to lower MAP showed greater mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular air spaces (Smes ) and adaxial stomatal density (SDada ) which supported greater gm . These grasses also showed greater leaf thickness and vein-to-epidermis distance, which may lead to lower Kleaf . Additionally, grasses with greater gm and lower Kleaf also showed greater photosynthetic rates (Anet ) and leaf-level water-use efficiency (WUE). In summary, we identify a suite of leaf-level traits that appear important for adaptation of C4 grasses to habitats with low MAP and may be useful to identify C4 species showing greater Anet and WUE in drier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha S Pathare
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nouria Koteyeva
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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16
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Soriano D, Echeverría A, Anfodillo T, Rosell JA, Olson ME. Hydraulic traits vary as the result of tip-to-base conduit widening in vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4232-4242. [PMID: 32219309 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits are essential metrics for characterizing variation in plant function, but they vary markedly with plant size and position in a plant. We explore the potential effect of conduit widening on variation in hydraulic traits along the stem. We examined three species that differ in conduit diameter at the stem base for a given height (Moringa oleifera, Casimiroa edulis, and Pinus ayacahuite). We made anatomical and hydraulic measurements at different distances from the stem tip, constructed vulnerability curves, and examined the safety-efficiency trade-off with height-standardized data. Our results showed that segment-specific hydraulic resistance varied predictably along the stem, paralleling changes in mean conduit diameter and total number of conduits. The Huber value and leaf specific conductivity also varied depending on the sampling point. Vulnerability curves were markedly less noisy with height standardization, making the vulnerability-efficiency trade-off clearer. Because conduits widen predictably along the stem, taking height and distance from the tip into account provides a way of enhancing comparability and interpretation of hydraulic traits. Our results suggest the need for rethinking hydraulic sampling for comparing plant functional differences and strategies across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
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17
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Grossiord C, Ulrich DEM, Vilagrosa A. Controls of the hydraulic safety-efficiency trade-off. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:573-576. [PMID: 32050013 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle E M Ulrich
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 1156-1174 S 11th Ave, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Dept Ecology, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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18
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Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in climatic conditions during the growing season are recorded in Mediterranean tree-rings and often result in intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). Dendroecology and quantitative wood anatomy analyses were used to characterize the relations between the variability of IADF traits and climatic drivers in Pinus pinaster Aiton and Quercus ilex L. growing at sites with different water availability on the Elba island in Central Italy. Our results showed that both species present high xylem plasticity resulting in the formation of L-type IADFs (L-IADFs), consisting of earlywood-like cells in latewood. The occurrence of such IADFs was linked to rain events following periods of summer drought. The formation of L-IADFs in both species increased the hydraulic conductivity late in the growing season, due to their larger lumen area in comparison to “true latewood”. The two species expressed greater similarity under arid conditions, as unfavorable climates constrained trait variation. Wood density, measured as the percentage of cell walls over total xylem area, IADF frequency, as well as conduit lumen area and vessel frequency, specifically in the hardwood species, proved to be efficient proxies to encode climate signals recorded in the xylem. The response of these anatomical traits to climatic variations was found to be species- and site-specific.
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19
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McCulloh KA, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Smith DD, Meinzer FC. A dynamic yet vulnerable pipeline: Integration and coordination of hydraulic traits across whole plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2789-2807. [PMID: 31273812 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of measurements in the field of plant hydraulics have been on small-diameter branches from woody species. These measurements have provided considerable insight into plant functioning, but our understanding of plant physiology and ecology would benefit from a broader view, because branch hydraulic properties are influenced by many factors. Here, we discuss the influence that other components of the hydraulic network have on branch vulnerability to embolism propagation. We also modelled the impact of changes in the ratio of root-to-leaf areas and soil texture on vulnerability to hydraulic failure along the soil-to-leaf continuum and showed that hydraulic function is better maintained through changes in root vulnerability and root-to-leaf area ratio than in branch vulnerability. Differences among species in the stringency with which they regulate leaf water potential and in reliance on stored water to buffer changes in water potential also affect the need to construct embolism resistant branches. Many approaches, such as measurements on fine roots, small individuals, combining sap flow and psychrometry techniques, and modelling efforts, could vastly improve our understanding of whole-plant hydraulic functioning. A better understanding of how traits are coordinated across the whole plant will improve predictions for plant function under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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20
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Smith MS, Centinari M. Young grapevines exhibit interspecific differences in hydraulic response to freeze stress but not in recovery. PLANTA 2019; 250:495-505. [PMID: 31089803 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that freeze-induced hydraulic failure varies between two Vitis species that have different xylem vessel frequency and grouping. However, seasonal recovery of young grapevines was similar between the species. Sub-freezing temperatures after budburst represent a major threat for the cultivation of fruit crops in temperate regions. Freeze stress might disrupt xylem hydraulic functionality and plant growth; however, it is unclear if hydraulic traits influence the ability of woody plants to cope with freeze stress. We investigated if a grapevine species (Vitis hybrid) with earlier budburst had anatomical traits that cause higher freeze-induced hydraulic failure but also confer a greater ability for seasonal recovery compared to a Vitis vinifera species. Two-year-old Vitis hybrid and vinifera grapevines were container-grown outdoors, assigned to either a control (n = 40) or a freeze-stressed (n = 40) treatment and exposed to a controlled-temperature (- 4 °C) freeze stress shortly after budburst. We found that the Vitis hybrid had greater stem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and was more vulnerable to freeze-induced embolism compared to the V. vinifera species, which exhibited a less efficient but safer water transport strategy. Seventy-two hours after the freeze stress, Ks of freeze-stressed V. vinifera was 77.8% higher than that of the control, indicating hydraulic recovery. While the two species did not differ in xylem vessel diameter, Vitis hybrid exhibited higher vessel frequency and percentage of vessel grouping, which could explain its higher Ks and greater freeze-induced Ks loss compared to the V. vinifera vines. While the two species varied in the short-term hydraulic response, they exhibited similar and full hydraulic and vegetative recovery by midseason, including bud freeze tolerance during the following fall and mid-winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Smith
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Michela Centinari
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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21
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Physiological and Growth Responses to Increasing Drought of an Endangered Tree Species in Southwest China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: We compared annually resolved records of tree-ring width and stable isotope of dead and surviving Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas trees. We provide new insights into the relationships and sensitivity of tree growth to past and current climate, and explored the underlying mechanism of drought-induced mortality in F. hodginsii. Background and Objectives: Drought-induced tree decline and mortality are increasing in many regions around the world. Despite the high number of studies that have explored drought-induced decline, species-specific responses to drought still makes it difficult to apply general responses to specific species. The endangered conifer species, Fokienia hodginsii, has experienced multiple drought-induced mortality events in recent years. Our objective was to investigate the historical and current responses to drought of this species. Materials and Methods: We used annually resolved ring-width and δ13C chronologies to investigate tree growth and stand physiological responses to climate change and elevated CO2 concentration (Ca) in both dead and living trees between 1960 and 2015. Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), Ci/Ca and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) were derived from δ13C. Results: δ13C were positively correlated with mean vapor pressure deficit and PDSI from previous October to current May, while ring widths were more sensitive to climatic conditions from previous June to September. Moreover, the relationships between iWUE, basal area increment (BAI), and Ci/Ca changed over time. From 1960s to early 1980s, BAI and iWUE maintained a constant relationship with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. After the mid-1980s, we observed a decrease in tree growth, increase in the frequency of missing rings, and an unprecedented increase in sensitivity of 13C and radial growth to drought, likely related to increasingly dry conditions. Conclusions: We show that the recent increase in water stress is likely the main trigger for the unprecedented decline in radial growth and spike in mortality of F. hodginsii, which may have resulted from diminished carbon fixation and water availability. Given that the drought severity and frequency in the region is expected to increase in the future, our results call for effective mitigation strategies to maintain this endangered tree species.
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22
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Li X, Blackman CJ, Peters JMR, Choat B, Rymer PD, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. More than iso/anisohydry: Hydroscapes integrate plant water use and drought tolerance traits in 10 eucalypt species from contrasting climates. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Chris J. Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jennifer M. R. Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Paul D. Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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23
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Azuma W, Ishii HR, Masaki T. Height-related variations of leaf traits reflect strategies for maintaining photosynthetic and hydraulic homeostasis in mature and old Pinus densiflora trees. Oecologia 2019; 189:317-328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Thoma DP, Munson SM, Witwicki DL. Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest US. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Thoma
- National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program Bozeman Montana
- National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program Moab Utah
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff Arizona
| | - Dana L. Witwicki
- National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program Moab Utah
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25
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Griffin‐Nolan RJ, Bushey JA, Carroll CJW, Challis A, Chieppa J, Garbowski M, Hoffman AM, Post AK, Slette IJ, Spitzer D, Zambonini D, Ocheltree TW, Tissue DT, Knapp AK. Trait selection and community weighting are key to understanding ecosystem responses to changing precipitation regimes. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Griffin‐Nolan
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Julie A. Bushey
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Charles J. W. Carroll
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Anthea Challis
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Magda Garbowski
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Department of Bio‐agricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Ava M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Alison K. Post
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Ingrid J. Slette
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Daniel Spitzer
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Università degli studi di Trieste, TS Trieste Italy
| | - Troy W. Ocheltree
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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26
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Zhu SD, Chen YJ, Ye Q, He PC, Liu H, Li RH, Fu PL, Jiang GF, Cao KF. Leaf turgor loss point is correlated with drought tolerance and leaf carbon economics traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:658-663. [PMID: 29474684 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf turgor loss point (πtlp) indicates the capacity of a plant to maintain cell turgor pressure during dehydration, which has been proven to be strongly predictive of the plant response to drought. In this study, we compiled a data set of πtlp for 1752 woody plant individuals belonging to 389 species from nine major woody biomes in China, along with reduced sample size of hydraulic and leaf carbon economics data. We aimed to investigate the variation of πtlp across biomes varying in water availability. We also tested two hypotheses: (i) πtlp predicts leaf hydraulic safety margins and (ii) it is correlated with leaf carbon economics traits. Our results showed that there was a positive relationship between πtlp and aridity index: biomes from humid regions had less negative values than those from arid regions. This supports the idea that πtlp may reflect drought tolerance at the scale of woody biomes. As expected, πtlp was significantly positively correlated with leaf hydraulic safety margins that varied significantly across biomes, indicating that this trait may be useful in modelling changes of forest components in response to increasing drought. Moreover, πtlp was correlated with a suite of coordinated hydraulic and economics traits; therefore, it can be used to predict the position of a given species along the 'fast-slow' whole-plant economics spectrum. This study expands our understanding of the biological significance of πtlp not only in drought tolerance, but also in the plant economics spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Dan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Peng-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Rong-Hua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Guo-Feng Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Pfautsch S, Aspinwall MJ, Drake JE, Chacon-Doria L, Langelaan RJA, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG, Lens F. Traits and trade-offs in whole-tree hydraulic architecture along the vertical axis of Eucalyptus grandis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:129-141. [PMID: 29325002 PMCID: PMC5786253 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sapwood traits like vessel diameter and intervessel pit characteristics play key roles in maintaining hydraulic integrity of trees. Surprisingly little is known about how sapwood traits covary with tree height and how such trait-based variation could affect the efficiency of water transport in tall trees. This study presents a detailed analysis of structural and functional traits along the vertical axes of tall Eucalyptus grandis trees. METHODS To assess a wide range of anatomical and physiological traits, light and electron microscopy was used, as well as field measurements of tree architecture, water use, stem water potential and leaf area distribution. KEY RESULTS Strong apical dominance of water transport resulted in increased volumetric water supply per unit leaf area with tree height. This was realized by continued narrowing (from 250 to 20 µm) and an exponential increase in frequency (from 600 to 13 000 cm-2) of vessels towards the apex. The widest vessels were detected at least 4 m above the stem base, where they were associated with the thickest intervessel pit membranes. In addition, this study established the lower limit of pit membrane thickness in tall E. grandis at ~375 nm. This minimum thickness was maintained over a large distance in the upper stem, where vessel diameters continued to narrow. CONCLUSIONS The analyses of xylem ultrastructure revealed complex, synchronized trait covariation and trade-offs with increasing height in E. grandis. Anatomical traits related to xylem vessels and those related to architecture of pit membranes were found to increase efficiency and apical dominance of water transport. This study underlines the importance of studying tree hydraulic functioning at organismal scale. Results presented here will improve understanding height-dependent structure-function patterns in tall trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Rob J A Langelaan
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Sellin A, Alber M, Kupper P. Increasing air humidity influences hydraulic efficiency but not functional vulnerability of xylem in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:28-36. [PMID: 28985513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict greater increases in the frequency than in the amount of precipitation and a consequent rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes by the end of the century. We investigated the responses of hydraulic and relevant anatomical traits of xylem to elevated relative humidity of air on a 1-yr-old coppice of hybrid aspen (Populus×wettsteinii) growing in the experimental stand at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation site in Eastern Estonia. The hydraulic conductivity of stems was measured with a high pressure flow meter; artificial cavitation in the stem segments was induced by the air injection method. Specific conductivity of xylem decreased from 4.42 in the control to 3.94kgm-1s-1MPa-1 in the humidification treatment, while the trend was well correlated with increasing wood density. Humidified trees exhibited smaller leaf area at the same xylem cross-sectional area, resulting in 34% higher average Huber values compared to the control. Control and humidity-treated trees differed by neither native embolism level nor susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation. Increasing atmospheric humidity reduces the hydraulic efficiency of hybrid aspen trees expressed on a xylem area basis and causes substantial changes in resource allocation between photosynthetic and water transport tissues. This climate trend does not influence stem vulnerability to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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29
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Ishii HR, Cavaleri MA. Canopy ecophysiology: exploring the terrestrial ecosystem frontier. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1263-1268. [PMID: 28981895 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Roaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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30
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Timofeeva G, Treydte K, Bugmann H, Rigling A, Schaub M, Siegwolf R, Saurer M. Long-term effects of drought on tree-ring growth and carbon isotope variability in Scots pine in a dry environment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1028-1041. [PMID: 28444356 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought frequency is increasing in many parts of the world and may enhance tree decline and mortality. The underlying physiological mechanisms are poorly understood, however, particularly regarding chronic effects of long-term drought and the response to increasing temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We combined analyses of radial growth and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in tree rings in a mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest over the 20th century to elucidate causes of tree mortality in one of the driest parts of the European Alps (Pfynwald, Switzerland). We further compared trees that have recently died with living trees in a 10-year irrigation experiment, where annual precipitation was doubled. We found a sustained growth increase and immediate depletion of δ13C values for irrigated trees, indicating higher stomatal conductance and thus indeed demonstrating that water is a key limiting factor for growth. Growth of the now-dead trees started declining in the mid-1980s, when both mean temperature and VPD increased strongly. But growth of these trees was reduced to some extent already several decades earlier, while intrinsic water-use efficiency derived from δ13C values was higher. This indicates a more conservative water-use strategy compared with surviving trees, possibly at the cost of low carbon uptake and long-term reduction of the needle mass. We observed reduced climatic sensitivity of raw tree-ring δ13C for the now-dead in contrast to surviving trees, indicating impaired stomatal regulation, although this difference between the tree groups was smaller after detrending the data. Higher autocorrelation and a lower inter-annual δ13C variability of the now-dead trees further indicates a strong dependence on (low) carbon reserves. We conclude that the recent increase in atmospheric moisture demand in combination with insufficient soil water supply was the main trigger for mortality of those trees that were weakened by long-term reduced carbon uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Timofeeva
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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31
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Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Conflicting demands on angiosperm xylem: Tradeoffs among storage, transport and biomechanics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:897-913. [PMID: 27861981 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem of woody plants transports water mechanically supports the plant body and stores resources. These three functions are interdependent giving rise to tradeoffs in function. Understanding the relationships among these functions and their structural basis forms the context in which to interpret xylem evolution. The tradeoff between xylem transport efficiency and safety from cavitation has been carefully examined with less focus on other functions, particularly storage. Here, we synthesize data on all three xylem functions in angiosperm branch xylem in the context of tradeoffs. Species that have low safety and efficiency, examined from a resource economics perspective, are predicted to be adapted for slow resource acquisition and turnover as characterizes some environments. Tradeoffs with water storage primarily arise because of differences in fibre traits, while tradeoffs in carbohydrate storage are driven by parenchyma content of tissue. We find support for a tradeoff between safety from cavitation and storage of both water and starch in branch xylem tissue and between water storage capacity and mechanical strength. Living fibres may facilitate carbohydrate storage without compromising mechanical strength. The division of labour between different xylem cell types allows for considerable functional and structural diversity at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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32
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Garcia-Forner N. Water potential regulation, stomatal behaviour and hydraulic transport under drought: deconstructing the iso/anisohydric concept. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:962-976. [PMID: 27739594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the relationship between stomatal behaviour, water potential regulation and hydraulic transport in plants, focusing on the implications for the iso/anisohydric classification of plant drought responses at seasonal timescales. We first revise the history of the isohydric concept and its possible definitions. Then, we use published data to answer two main questions: (1) is greater stomatal control in response to decreasing water availability associated with a tighter regulation of leaf water potential (ΨL ) across species? and (2) is there an association between tighter ΨL regulation (~isohydric behaviour) and lower leaf conductance over time during a drought event? These two questions are addressed at two levels: across species growing in different sites and comparing only species coexisting at a given site. Our analyses show that, across species, a tight regulation of ΨL is not necessarily associated with greater stomatal control or with more constrained assimilation during drought. Therefore, iso/anisohydry defined in terms of ΨL regulation cannot be used as an indicator of a specific mechanism of drought-induced mortality or as a proxy for overall plant vulnerability to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
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33
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Johnson DM, Wortemann R, McCulloh KA, Jordan-Meille L, Ward E, Warren JM, Palmroth S, Domec JC. A test of the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis in angiosperm and conifer tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:983-93. [PMID: 27146334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water transport from soils to the atmosphere is critical for plant growth and survival. However, we have a limited understanding about many portions of the whole-tree hydraulic pathway, because the vast majority of published information is on terminal branches. Our understanding of mature tree trunk hydraulic physiology, in particular, is limited. The hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis (HVSH) stipulates that distal portions of the plant (leaves, branches and roots) should be more vulnerable to embolism than trunks, which are nonredundant organs that require a massive carbon investment. In the current study, we compared vulnerability to loss of hydraulic function, leaf and xylem water potentials and the resulting hydraulic safety margins (in relation to the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) in leaves, branches, trunks and roots of four angiosperms and four conifer tree species. Across all species, our results supported strongly the HVSH as leaves and roots were less resistant to embolism than branches or trunks. However, branches were consistently more resistant to embolism than any other portion of the plant, including trunks. Also, calculated whole-tree vulnerability to hydraulic dysfunction was much greater than vulnerability in branches. This was due to hydraulic dysfunction in roots and leaves at less negative water potentials than those causing branch or trunk dysfunction. Leaves and roots had narrow or negative hydraulic safety margins, but trunks and branches maintained positive safety margins. By using branch-based hydraulic information as a proxy for entire plants, much research has potentially overestimated embolism resistance, and possibly drought tolerance, for many species. This study highlights the necessity to reconsider past conclusions made about plant resistance to drought based on branch xylem only. This study also highlights the necessity for more research of whole-plant hydraulic physiology to better understand strategies of plant drought tolerance and the critical control points within the hydraulic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS1133, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Remi Wortemann
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Ward
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA-ISPA 1391, 33195 Gradignan, France
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34
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Primo-Millo E, Forner-Giner MÁ. An Integrated View of Whole-Tree Hydraulic Architecture. Does Stomatal or Hydraulic Conductance Determine Whole Tree Transpiration? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155246. [PMID: 27223695 PMCID: PMC4880183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance exerts a strong influence on many aspects of plant physiology, namely: transpiration, CO2 assimilation, growth, productivity or stress response. However we lack full understanding of the contribution of root or shoot water transport capacity to the total water balance, something which is difficult to study in trees. Here we tested the hypothesis that whole plant hydraulic conductance modulates plant transpiration using two different seedlings of citrus rootstocks, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.). The two genotypes presented important differences in their root or shoot hydraulic conductance contribution to whole plant hydraulic conductance but, even so, water balance proved highly dependent on whole plant conductance. Further, we propose there is a possible equilibrium between root and shoot hydraulic conductance, similar to that between shoot and root biomass production, which could be related with xylem anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Forner-Giner
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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35
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Ocheltree TW, Nippert JB, Prasad PVV. A safety vs efficiency trade-off identified in the hydraulic pathway of grass leaves is decoupled from photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and precipitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:97-107. [PMID: 26680276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A common theme in plant physiological research is the trade-off between stress tolerance and growth; an example of this trade-off at the tissue level is the safety vs efficiency hypothesis, which suggests that plants with the greatest resistance to hydraulic failure should have low maximum hydraulic conductance. Here, we quantified the leaf-level drought tolerance of nine C4 grasses as the leaf water potential at which plants lost 50% (P50 × RR ) of maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Ksat ), and compared this trait with other leaf-level and whole-plant functions. We found a clear trade-off between Ksat and P50 × RR when Ksat was normalized by leaf area and mass (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). However, no trade-off existed between P50 × RR and gas-exchange rates; rather, there was a positive relationship between P50 × RR and photosynthesis (P = 0.08). P50 × RR was not correlated with species distributions based on precipitation (P = 0.70), but was correlated with temperature during the wettest quarter of the year (P < 0.01). These results suggest a trade-off between safety and efficiency in the hydraulic system of grass leaves, which can be decoupled from other leaf-level functions. The unique physiology of C4 plants and adaptations to pulse-driven systems may provide mechanisms that could decouple hydraulic conductance from other plant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy W Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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36
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Pineda-García F, Paz H, Meinzer FC, Angeles G. Exploiting water versus tolerating drought: water-use strategies of trees in a secondary successional tropical dry forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:208-217. [PMID: 26687176 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In seasonal plant communities where water availability changes dramatically both between and within seasons, understanding the mechanisms that enable plants to exploit water pulses and to survive drought periods is crucial. By measuring rates of physiological processes, we examined the trade-off between water exploitation and drought tolerance among seedlings of trees of a tropical dry forest, and identified biophysical traits most closely associated with plant water-use strategies. We also explored whether early and late secondary successional species occupy different portions of trade-off axes. As predicted, species that maintained carbon capture, hydraulic function and leaf area at higher plant water deficits during drought had low photosynthetic rates, xylem hydraulic conductivity and growth rate under non-limiting water supply. Drought tolerance was associated with more dense leaf, stem and root tissues, whereas rapid resource acquisition was associated with greater stem water storage, larger vessel diameter and larger leaf area per mass invested. We offer evidence that the water exploitation versus drought tolerance trade-off drives species differentiation in the ability of tropical dry forest trees to deal with alternating water-drought pulses. However, we detected no evidence of strong functional differentiation between early and late successional species along the proposed trade-off axes, suggesting that the environmental gradient of water availability across secondary successional habitats in the dry tropics does not filter out physiological strategies of water use among species, at least at the seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pineda-García
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Unidad Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, CP 58190, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, 58190 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Guillermo Angeles
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C., 91070 Xalapa, Mexico
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37
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Pfautsch S, Harbusch M, Wesolowski A, Smith R, Macfarlane C, Tjoelker MG, Reich PB, Adams MA. Climate determines vascular traits in the ecologically diverse genusEucalyptus. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:240-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Marco Harbusch
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment; University of Sydney; 1 Central Avenue Eveleigh NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Anita Wesolowski
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Renee Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | | | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
- Department of Forest Resources; College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Mark A. Adams
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment; University of Sydney; 1 Central Avenue Eveleigh NSW 2015 Australia
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38
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Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Hacke UG, Pratt RB, Bhaskar R, Brodribb TJ, Bucci SJ, Cao KF, Cochard H, Delzon S, Domec JC, Fan ZX, Feild TS, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Morris H, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Plavcová L, Schreiber SG, Sperry JS, Wright IJ, Zanne AE. Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:123-36. [PMID: 26378984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of lignified xylem allowed for the efficient transport of water under tension, but also exposed the vascular network to the risk of gas emboli and the spread of gas between xylem conduits, thus impeding sap transport to the leaves. A well-known hypothesis proposes that the safety of xylem (its ability to resist embolism formation and spread) should trade off against xylem efficiency (its capacity to transport water). We tested this safety-efficiency hypothesis in branch xylem across 335 angiosperm and 89 gymnosperm species. Safety was considered at three levels: the xylem water potentials where 12%, 50% and 88% of maximal conductivity are lost. Although correlations between safety and efficiency were weak (r(2) < 0.086), no species had high efficiency and high safety, supporting the idea for a safety-efficiency tradeoff. However, many species had low efficiency and low safety. Species with low efficiency and low safety were weakly associated (r(2) < 0.02 in most cases) with higher wood density, lower leaf- to sapwood-area and shorter stature. There appears to be no persuasive explanation for the considerable number of species with both low efficiency and low safety. These species represent a real challenge for understanding the evolution of xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management Research, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Robert B Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Radika Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Taylor S Feild
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | | | - Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Berdanier AB, Clark JS. Multiyear drought-induced morbidity preceding tree death in southeastern U.S. forests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:17-23. [PMID: 27039506 DOI: 10.1890/15-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent forest diebacks, combined with threats of future drought, focus attention on the extent to which tree death is caused by catastrophic events as opposed to chronic declines in health that accumulate over years. While recent attention has focused on large-scale diebacks, there is concern that increasing drought stress and chronic morbidity may have pervasive impacts on forest composition in many regions. Here we use long-term, whole-stand inventory data from southeastern U.S. forests to show that trees exposed to drought experience multiyear declines in growth prior to mortality. Following a severe, multiyear drought, 72% of trees that did not recover their pre-drought growth rates died within 10 yr. This pattern was mediated by local moisture availability. As an index of morbidity prior to death, we calculated the difference in cumulative growth after drought relative to surviving conspecifics. The strength of drought-induced morbidity varied among species and was correlated with drought tolerance. These findings support the ability of trees to avoid death during drought events but indicate shifts that could occur over decades. Tree mortality following drought is predictable in these ecosystems based on growth declines, highlighting an opportunity to address multiyear drought-induced morbidity in models, experiments, and management decisions.
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Liu YY, Song J, Wang M, Li N, Niu CY, Hao GY. Coordination of xylem hydraulics and stomatal regulation in keeping the integrity of xylem water transport in shoots of two compound-leaved tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209618 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic segmentation between proximal and distal organs has been hypothesized to be an important protective mechanism for plants to minimize the detrimental effects of drought-induced hydraulic failure. Uncertainties still exist regarding the degree of segmentation and the role of stomatal regulation in keeping hydraulic integrity of organs at different hierarchies. In the present study, we measured hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability in stems, compound leaf petioles and leaflet laminas of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. and Juglans mandshurica Maxim. growing in Changbai Mountain of Northeast China to identify the main locality where hydraulic segmentation occurs along the shoot water transport pathway. Stomatal conductance in response to leaf water potential change was also measured to investigate the role of stomatal regulation in avoiding extensive transpiration-induced embolism. No major contrasts were found between stems and compound leaf petioles in either hydraulic conductivity or vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, whereas a large difference in hydraulic vulnerability exists between compound leaf petioles and leaflet laminas. Furthermore, in contrast to the relatively large safety margins in stems (4.13 and 2.04 MPa) and compound leaf petioles (1.33 and 1.93 MPa), leaflet lamina hydraulic systems have substantially smaller or even negative safety margins (-0.17 and 0.47 MPa) in F. mandshurica and J. mandshurica. Under unstressed water conditions, gas exchange may be better optimized by allowing leaflet vascular system function with small safety margins. In the meantime, hydraulic safety of compound leaf petioles and stems are guaranteed by their large safety margins. In facing severe drought stress, larger safety margins in stems than in compound leaf petioles would allow plants to minimize the risk of catastrophic embolism in stems by sacrificing the whole compound leaves. A strong coordination between hydraulic and stomatal regulation appears to play a critical role in balancing the competing efficiency and safety requirements for xylem water transport and use in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Cun-Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
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Liu H, Xu Q, He P, Santiago LS, Yang K, Ye Q. Strong phylogenetic signals and phylogenetic niche conservatism in ecophysiological traits across divergent lineages of Magnoliaceae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12246. [PMID: 26179320 PMCID: PMC4503962 DOI: 10.1038/srep12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diverged Magnoliaceae shows a historical temperate-tropical distribution among lineages indicating divergent evolution, yet which ecophysiological traits are phylogenetically conserved, and whether these traits are involved in correlated evolution remain unclear. Integrating phylogeny and 20 ecophysiological traits of 27 species, from the four largest sections of Magnoliaceae, we tested the phylogenetic signals of these traits and the correlated evolution between trait pairs. Phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in water-conducting and nutrient-use related traits was identified, and correlated evolution of several key functional traits was demonstrated. Among the three evergreen sections of tropical origin, Gwillimia had the lowest hydraulic-photosynthetic capacity and the highest drought tolerance compared with Manglietia and Michelia. Contrastingly, the temperate centred deciduous section, Yulania, showed high rates of hydraulic conductivity and photosynthesis at the cost of drought tolerance. This study elucidated the regulation of hydraulic and photosynthetic processes in the temperate-tropical adaptations for Magnoliaceae species, which led to strong phylogenetic signals and PNC in ecophysiological traits across divergent lineages of Magnoliaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qiuyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Louis S. Santiago
- Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Keming Yang
- Horticulture Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianyuan Road 1190, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
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McCulloh KA, Meinzer FC. Further evidence that some plants can lose and regain hydraulic function daily. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:691-3. [PMID: 26163489 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Steppe K, Sterck F, Deslauriers A. Diel growth dynamics in tree stems: linking anatomy and ecophysiology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:335-43. [PMID: 25911419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of climate on stem growth in trees are studied in anatomical, ecophysiological, and ecological disciplines, but an integrative framework to assess those impacts remains lacking. In this opinion article, we argue that three research efforts are required to provide that integration. First, we need to identify the missing links in diel patterns in stem diameter and stem growth and relate those patterns to the underlying mechanisms that control water and carbon balance. Second, we should focus on the understudied mechanisms responsible for seasonal impacts on such diel patterns. Third, information on stem anatomy and ecophysiology should be integrated in the same experiments and mechanistic plant growth models to capture both diel and seasonal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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45
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Kerr KL, Meinzer FC, McCulloh KA, Woodruff DR, Marias DE. Expression of functional traits during seedling establishment in two populations of Pinus ponderosa from contrasting climates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:535-548. [PMID: 25934987 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
First-year tree seedlings represent a particularly vulnerable life stage and successful seedling establishment is crucial for forest regeneration. We investigated the extent to which Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson populations from different climate zones exhibit differential expression of functional traits that may facilitate their establishment. Seeds from two populations from sites with contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes east (PIPO dry) and west (PIPO mesic) of the Oregon Cascade mountains were sown in a common garden experiment and grown under two water availability treatments (control and drought). Aboveground biomass accumulation, vegetative phenology, xylem anatomy, plant hydraulic architecture, foliar stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C), gas exchange and leaf water relations characteristics were measured. No treatment or population-related differences in leaf water potential were detected. At the end of the first growing season, aboveground biomass was 74 and 44% greater in PIPO mesic in the control and drought treatments, respectively. By early October, 73% of PIPO dry seedlings had formed dormant buds compared with only 15% of PIPO mesic seedlings. Stem theoretical specific conductivity, calculated from tracheid dimensions and packing density, declined from June through September and was nearly twice as high in PIPO mesic during most of the growing season, consistent with measured values of specific conductivity. Intrinsic water-use efficiency based on δ(13)C values was higher in PIPO dry seedlings for both treatments across all sampling dates. There was a negative relationship between values of δ(13)C and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity across populations and treatments, consistent with greater stomatal constraints on gas exchange with declining seedling hydraulic capacity. Integrated growing season assimilation and stomatal conductance estimated from foliar δ(13)C values and photosynthetic CO2-response curves were 6 and 28% lower, respectively, in PIPO dry seedlings. Leaf water potential at the turgor loss point was 0.33 MPa more negative in PIPO dry, independent of treatment. Overall, PIPO dry seedlings exhibited more conservative behavior, suggesting reduced growth is traded off for increased resistance to drought and extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Danielle E Marias
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Woodruff DR, Meinzer FC, Marias DE, Sevanto S, Jenkins MW, McDowell NG. Linking nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics to gas exchange and leaf hydraulic behavior in Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:411-421. [PMID: 25412472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon storage in Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma, two tree species on opposite ends of the isohydry-anisohydry spectrum, were analyzed to examine relationships between hydraulic function and carbohydrate dynamics. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability, leaf water potential (Ψl ), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content were analyzed throughout the growing season. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability was significantly lower in the relatively anisohydric J. monosperma than in the more isohydric P. edulis. In P. edulis, Ψl dropped and stayed below 50% loss of leaf hydraulic conductance (P₅₀) early in the day during May, August and around midday in September, leading to sustained reductions in Kleaf . In J. monosperma, Ψl dropped below P₅₀ only during August, resulting in the maintenance of Kleaf during much of the growing season. Mean A and gs during September were significantly lower in P. edulis than in J. monosperma. Foliar total NSC was two to three times greater in J. monosperma than in P. edulis in June, August and September. Consistently lower levels of total NSC in P. edulis suggest that its isohydric strategy pushes it towards the exhaustion of carbon reserves during much of the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Danielle E Marias
- College for Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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Oliva Carrasco L, Bucci SJ, Di Francescantonio D, Lezcano OA, Campanello PI, Scholz FG, Rodríguez S, Madanes N, Cristiano PM, Hao GY, Holbrook NM, Goldstein G. Water storage dynamics in the main stem of subtropical tree species differing in wood density, growth rate and life history traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:354-65. [PMID: 25428825 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wood biophysical properties and the dynamics of water storage discharge and refilling were studied in the trunk of canopy tree species with diverse life history and functional traits in subtropical forests of northeast Argentina. Multiple techniques assessing capacitance and storage capacity were used simultaneously to improve our understanding of the functional significance of internal water sources in trunks of large trees. Sapwood capacitances of 10 tree species were characterized using pressure-volume relationships of sapwood samples obtained from the trunk. Frequency domain reflectometry was used to continuously monitor the volumetric water content in the main stems. Simultaneous sap flow measurements on branches and at the base of the tree trunk, as well as diurnal variations in trunk contraction and expansion, were used as additional measures of stem water storage use and refilling dynamics. All evidence indicates that tree trunk internal water storage contributes from 6 to 28% of the daily water budget of large trees depending on the species. The contribution of stored water in stems of trees to total daily transpiration was greater for deciduous species, which exhibited higher capacitance and lower sapwood density. A linear relationship across species was observed between wood density and growth rates with the higher wood density species (mostly evergreen) associated with lower growth rates and the lower wood density species (mostly deciduous) associated with higher growth rates. The large sapwood capacitance in deciduous species may help to avoid catastrophic embolism in xylem conduits. This may be a low-cost adaptation to avoid water deficits during peak water use at midday and under temporary drought periods and will contribute to higher growth rates in deciduous tree species compared with evergreen ones. Large capacitance appears to have a central role in the rapid growth patterns of deciduous species facilitating rapid canopy access as these species are less shade tolerant than evergreen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano Oliva Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FCF), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Débora Di Francescantonio
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FCF), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar A Lezcano
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FCF), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Paula I Campanello
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FCF), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián G Scholz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FCF), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Madanes
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Piedad M Cristiano
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guang-You Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
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Liu H, Osborne CP. Water relations traits of C4 grasses depend on phylogenetic lineage, photosynthetic pathway, and habitat water availability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:761-73. [PMID: 25504656 PMCID: PMC4321540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The repeated evolution of C4 photosynthesis in independent lineages has resulted in distinct biogeographical distributions in different phylogenetic lineages and the variants of C4 photosynthesis. However, most previous studies have only considered C3/C4 differences without considering phylogeny, C4 subtype, or habitat characteristics. We hypothesized that independent lineages of C4 grasses have structural and physiological traits that adapt them to environments with differing water availability. We measured 40 traits of 33 species from two major C4 grass lineages in a common glasshouse environment. Chloridoideae species were shorter, with narrower and longer leaves, smaller but denser stomata, and faster curling leaves than Panicoideae species, but overall differences in leaf hydraulic and gas exchange traits between the two lineages were weak. Chloridoideae species had two different ways to reach higher drought resistance potential than Panicoideae; NAD-ME species used water saving, whereas PCK species used osmotic adjustment. These patterns could be explained by the interactions of lineage×C4 subtype and lineage×habitat water availability in affected traits. Specifically, phylogeny tended to have a stronger influence on structural traits, and C4 subtype had more important effects on physiological traits. Although hydraulic traits did not differ consistently between lineages, they showed strong covariation and relationships with leaf structure. Thus, phylogenetic lineage, photosynthetic pathway, and adaptation to habitat water availability act together to influence the leaf water relations traits of C4 grasses. This work expands our understanding of ecophysiology in major C4 grass lineages, with implications for explaining their regional and global distributions in relation to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Lintunen A, Hölttä T, Kulmala M. Anatomical regulation of ice nucleation and cavitation helps trees to survive freezing and drought stress. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2031. [PMID: 23778457 PMCID: PMC3686780 DOI: 10.1038/srep02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Water in the xylem, the water transport system of plants, is vulnerable to freezing and cavitation, i.e. to phase change from liquid to ice or gaseous phase. The former is a threat in cold and the latter in dry environmental conditions. Here we show that a small xylem conduit diameter, which has previously been shown to be associated with lower cavitation pressure thus making a plant more drought resistant, is also associated with a decrease in the temperature required for ice nucleation in the xylem. Thus the susceptibility of freezing and cavitation are linked together in the xylem of plants. We explain this linkage by the regulation of the sizes of the nuclei catalysing freezing and drought cavitation. Our results offer better understanding of the similarities of adaption of plants to cold and drought stress, and offer new insights into the ability of plants to adapt to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Ishii HR, Azuma W, Kuroda K, Sillett SC. Pushing the limits to tree height: could foliar water storage compensate for hydraulic constraints inSequoia sempervirens? Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Roaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources; Humboldt State University; Arcata CA USA
| | - Wakana Azuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Keiko Kuroda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Stephen C. Sillett
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources; Humboldt State University; Arcata CA USA
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