1
|
Zlobin IE. Linking the growth patterns of coniferous species with their performance under climate aridization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154971. [PMID: 35367548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth is highly sensitive to water deficit. At the same time, growth processes substantially influence tree performance under water stress by changing the root-absorbing surface, leaf-transpiring surface, amount of conducting xylem, etc. Drought-induced growth suppression is often higher in conifers than in broadleaf species. This review is devoted to the relations between the growth of coniferous plants and their performance under increasing climate aridization in the temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere. For adult trees, available evidence suggests that increasing the frequency and severity of water deficit would be more detrimental to those plants that have higher growth in favorable conditions but decrease growth more prominently under water shortage, compared to trees whose growth is less sensitive to moisture availability. Not only the overall sensitivity of growth processes to water supply but also the asymmetry in response to lower-than-average and higher-than-average moisture conditions can be important for the performance of coniferous trees under upcoming adverse climate change. To fully understand the tree response under future climate change, the responses to both drier and wetter years need to be analyzed separately. In coniferous seedlings, more active growth is usually linked with better drought survival, although physiological reasons for such a link can be different. Growth stability under exacerbating summer water deficit in coniferous plants can be maintained by more active spring growth and/or by a bimodal growth pattern; each strategy has specific advantages and drawbacks. The optimal choice of growth strategy would be critical for future reforestation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Juan-Ovejero R, Castro J, Querejeta JI. Low acclimation potential compromises the performance of water-stressed pine saplings under Mediterranean xeric conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154797. [PMID: 35341843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicted hotter and drier climatic conditions in the Mediterranean Basin will probably hamper current afforestations and reforestations by negatively influencing tree performance. Understanding how saplings can adjust their physiology to shortages in water availability is essential to predict early-stage success of forest ecological restoration. Pines are common target species used in afforestations and reforestations; however, the capacity of their saplings for physiological plasticity to promote drought tolerance remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the demographical and resource-use consequences of short-term irrigation among four pine species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) growing under water-limiting conditions in a common garden experiment. Summer irrigation increased the survival rate of those pines that were suffering from hydric stress under the xeric conditions of the common garden (i.e. P. pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris). Moreover, short-term water supplementation slightly enhanced aboveground biomass production across species. However, leaf isotopic composition and nutrient concentrations did not change after summer irrigation. Independently of water supplementation, P. halepensis was the best adapted species to water scarcity and showed the best physiological and growth performance. By contrast, P. pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris saplings exhibited drought-induced reductions in stomatal conductance and low water-use efficiency, nutrient deficiency, and severe N:P and N:K stoichiometric imbalances, leading to impaired growth. We conclude that the lack of physiological plasticity of water-stressed pine saplings to withstand the impacts of climate aridification will likely cause severe impairment of their nutrient status, growth and survival, with dire implications for the successful establishment of Mediterranean afforestation and reforestation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José I Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castro J, Morales‐Rueda F, Alcaraz‐Segura D, Tabik S. Forest restoration is more than firing seeds from a drone. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology University of Granada. 18071 Granada Spain
| | | | - Domingo Alcaraz‐Segura
- Department of Botany and Inter‐university Institute for Earth System Research in Andalusia ‐IISTA University of Granada. 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Siham Tabik
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, DaSCI University of Granada. 18071 Granada Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hajek P, Link RM, Nock CA, Bauhus J, Gebauer T, Gessler A, Kovach K, Messier C, Paquette A, Saurer M, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Rose L, Schuldt B. Mutually inclusive mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3365-3378. [PMID: 35246895 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented tree dieback across Central Europe caused by recent global change-type drought events highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding of drought-induced tree mortality. Although numerous physiological risk factors have been identified, the importance of two principal mechanisms, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, is still debated. It further remains largely unresolved how the local neighborhood composition affects individual mortality risk. We studied 9435 young trees of 12 temperate species planted in a diversity experiment in 2013 to assess how hydraulic traits, carbon dynamics, pest infestation, tree height and neighborhood competition influence individual mortality risk. Following the most extreme global change-type drought since record in 2018, one third of these trees died. Across species, hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) were negatively and a shift towards a higher sugar fraction in the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pool positively associated with mortality risk. Moreover, trees infested by bark beetles had a higher mortality risk, and taller trees a lower mortality risk. Most neighborhood interactions were beneficial, although neighborhood effects were highly species-specific. Species that suffered more from drought, especially Larix spp. and Betula spp., tended to increase the survival probability of their neighbors and vice versa. While severe tissue dehydration marks the final stage of drought-induced tree mortality, we show that hydraulic failure is interrelated with a series of other, mutually inclusive processes. These include shifts in NSC pools driven by osmotic adjustment and/or starch depletion as well as pest infestation and are modulated by the size and species identity of a tree and its neighbors. A more holistic view that accounts for multiple causes of drought-induced tree mortality is required to improve predictions of trends in global forest dynamics and to identify mutually beneficial species combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hajek
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman M Link
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Kovach
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christian Messier
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Quebec in Outaouais (UQO), Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Badea SL, Botoran OR, Ionete RE. Recent Progresses in Stable Isotope Analysis of Cellulose Extracted from Tree Rings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122743. [PMID: 34961215 PMCID: PMC8706557 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the challenges and progression in stable isotope investigation, from the analytical tools and technical sample preparation procedures to the dendroclimatological experiments, were reviewed in terms of their use to assess tree physiological responses to environmental changes. Since the isotope signature of whole wood is not always a reliable tool in studying the climate changes, cellulose is often preferred as the study material in paleoclimatic studies. Nevertheless, the isotope analysis of cellulose is challenging due to the difficulty to remove the other wood components (extractives, lignin, pectin, and hemicelluloses). Additionally, in the case of hydrogen isotope analysis, about 30% of the hydrogen atoms of cellulose are exchanged with the surrounding water, which complicates the isotope analysis. In recent years, more automated isotope analysis methods were developed based on high temperature pyrolysis of cellulose, followed by the chromatographic separation of H2 from CO and by their individual isotope analysis using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. When used to investigate climate factors, the combined isotope analysis δ13C and δ18O appears to be the most promising isotope tool. In contrast, the role of δ2H values is yet to be elucidated, together with the development of new methods for hydrogen isotope analysis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tracing plant–environment interactions from organismal to planetary scales using stable isotopes: a mini review. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:301-316. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural isotope variation forms a mosaic of isotopically distinct pools across the biosphere and flows between pools integrate plant ecology with global biogeochemical cycling. Carbon, nitrogen, and water isotopic ratios (among others) can be measured in plant tissues, at root and foliar interfaces, and in adjacent atmospheric, water, and soil environments. Natural abundance isotopes provide ecological insight to complement and enhance biogeochemical research, such as understanding the physiological conditions during photosynthetic assimilation (e.g. water stress) or the contribution of unusual plant water or nutrient sources (e.g. fog, foliar deposition). While foundational concepts and methods have endured through four decades of research, technological improvements that enable measurement at fine spatiotemporal scales, of multiple isotopes, and of isotopomers, are advancing the field of stable isotope ecology. For example, isotope studies now benefit from the maturation of field-portable infrared spectroscopy, which allows the exploration of plant–environment sensitivity at physiological timescales. Isotope ecology is also benefiting from, and contributing to, new understanding of the plant–soil–atmosphere system, such as improving the representation of soil carbon pools and turnover in land surface models. At larger Earth-system scales, a maturing global coverage of isotope data and new data from site networks offer exciting synthesis opportunities to merge the insights of single-or multi-isotope analysis with ecosystem and remote sensing data in a data-driven modeling framework, to create geospatial isotope products essential for studies of global environmental change.
Collapse
|
7
|
Toca A, Villar-Salvador P, Oliet JA, Jacobs DF. Normalization criteria determine the interpretation of nitrogen effects on the root hydraulics of pine seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1381-1391. [PMID: 32483620 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulics is key for plant survival and growth because it is linked to gas exchange and drought resistance. Although the environment influences plant hydraulics, there is no clear consensus on the effect of nitrogen (N) supply, which may be, in part, due to different hydraulic conductance normalization criteria and studied species. The objective of this study was to compare the variation of root hydraulic properties using several normalization criteria in four pine species in response to three contrasting N fertilization regimes. We studied four closely related, yet ecologically distinct species: Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. Root hydraulic conductance (Kh) was measured with a high-pressure flow meter, and values were normalized by total leaf area (leaf specific conductance, Kl), xylem cross-section area (xylem specific conductance, Ks), total root area (root specific conductance, Kr) and the area of fine roots (fine root specific conductance, Kfr). Controlling for organ size differences allowed comparison of the hydraulic efficiency of roots to supply or absorb water among fertilization treatments and species. The effect of N on the root hydraulic efficiency depended on the normalization criteria. Increasing N availability reduced Kl and Ks, but increased Kh, Kr and especially Kfr. The positive effect of N on Kr and Kfr was positively related to seedling relative growth rate and was also consistent with published results at the interspecific level, whereby plant hydraulics is positively linked to photosynthesis and transpiration rate and fast growth. In contrast, normalization by leaf area and xylem cross-sectional area (Kl and Ks) reflected opposite responses to Kr and Kfr. This indicates that the normalization criteria determine the interpretation of the effect of N on plant hydraulics, which can limit species and treatment comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Toca
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Juan A Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madrigal‐González J, Ballesteros‐Cánovas JA, Zavala MA, Morales‐Molino C, Stoffel M. Forest stocks control long‐term climatic mortality risks in Scots pine dry‐edge forests. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Madrigal‐González
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C‐CIA) Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE) University of Geneva Boulevard Carl Vogt 66 Geneva1205Switzerland
| | - Juan A. Ballesteros‐Cánovas
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C‐CIA) Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE) University of Geneva Boulevard Carl Vogt 66 Geneva1205Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Geneva rue des Maraîchers 13 GenevaCH‐1205Switzerland
| | - Miguel A. Zavala
- Ecología Forestal y Restauración Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcalá, ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona km 33.4 Alcalá de Henares28005Spain
| | - César Morales‐Molino
- Paleoecology Section Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 Bern3013Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C‐CIA) Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE) University of Geneva Boulevard Carl Vogt 66 Geneva1205Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Geneva rue des Maraîchers 13 GenevaCH‐1205Switzerland
- Department F.‐A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences University of Geneva Boulevard Carl Vogt 66 Geneva1205Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Physiological and Growth Responses to Increasing Drought of an Endangered Tree Species in Southwest China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: We compared annually resolved records of tree-ring width and stable isotope of dead and surviving Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas trees. We provide new insights into the relationships and sensitivity of tree growth to past and current climate, and explored the underlying mechanism of drought-induced mortality in F. hodginsii. Background and Objectives: Drought-induced tree decline and mortality are increasing in many regions around the world. Despite the high number of studies that have explored drought-induced decline, species-specific responses to drought still makes it difficult to apply general responses to specific species. The endangered conifer species, Fokienia hodginsii, has experienced multiple drought-induced mortality events in recent years. Our objective was to investigate the historical and current responses to drought of this species. Materials and Methods: We used annually resolved ring-width and δ13C chronologies to investigate tree growth and stand physiological responses to climate change and elevated CO2 concentration (Ca) in both dead and living trees between 1960 and 2015. Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), Ci/Ca and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) were derived from δ13C. Results: δ13C were positively correlated with mean vapor pressure deficit and PDSI from previous October to current May, while ring widths were more sensitive to climatic conditions from previous June to September. Moreover, the relationships between iWUE, basal area increment (BAI), and Ci/Ca changed over time. From 1960s to early 1980s, BAI and iWUE maintained a constant relationship with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. After the mid-1980s, we observed a decrease in tree growth, increase in the frequency of missing rings, and an unprecedented increase in sensitivity of 13C and radial growth to drought, likely related to increasingly dry conditions. Conclusions: We show that the recent increase in water stress is likely the main trigger for the unprecedented decline in radial growth and spike in mortality of F. hodginsii, which may have resulted from diminished carbon fixation and water availability. Given that the drought severity and frequency in the region is expected to increase in the future, our results call for effective mitigation strategies to maintain this endangered tree species.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bachofen C, Wohlgemuth T, Moser B. Biomass partitioning in a future dry and
CO
2
enriched climate: Shading aggravates drought effects in Scots pine but not European black pine seedlings. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bachofen
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fernández-Pérez L, Villar-Salvador P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Toca A, Zavala MA. Distribution of pines in the Iberian Peninsula agrees with species differences in foliage frost tolerance, not with vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:507-516. [PMID: 29325114 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought and frosts are major determinants of plant functioning and distribution. Both stresses can cause xylem embolism and foliage damage. The objective of this study was to analyse if the distribution of six common pine species along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in Europe is related to their interspecific differences in frost tolerance and to the physiological mechanisms underlying species-specific frost tolerance. We also evaluate if frost tolerance depends on plant water status. We studied survival to a range of freezing temperatures in 2-year-old plants and assessed the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) due xylem embolism formation and foliage damage determined by needle electrolyte leakage (EL) after a single frost cycle to -15 °C and over a range of predawn water potential (ψpd) values. Species experiencing cold winters in their range (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus uncinata Raymond ex A. DC.) had the highest frost survival rates and lowest needle EL and soluble sugar (SS) concentration. In contrast, the pines inhabiting mild or cool winter locations (especially Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L. and, to a lesser extent, Pinus pinaster Ait.) had the lowest frost survival and highest needle EL and SS values. Freezing-induced PLC was very low and differences among species were not related to frost damage. Reduction in ψpd decreased leaf frost damage in P. pinea and P. sylvestris, increased it in P. uncinata and had a neutral effect on the rest of the species. This study demonstrates that freezing temperatures are a major environmental driver for pine distribution and suggests that interspecific differences in leaf frost sensitivity rather than vulnerability to freezing-induced embolism or SS explain pine juvenile frost survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Pérez
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus UAB, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrei Toca
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moran E, Lauder J, Musser C, Stathos A, Shu M. The genetics of drought tolerance in conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1034-1048. [PMID: 28895167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1034 I. 1034 II. 1035 III. 1037 IV. 1038 V. 1042 VI. 1043 VII. 1045 References 1045 SUMMARY: As temperatures warm and precipitation patterns shift as a result of climate change, interest in the identification of tree genotypes that will thrive under more arid conditions has grown. In this review, we discuss the multiple definitions of 'drought tolerance' and the biological processes involved in drought responses. We describe the three major approaches taken in the study of genetic variation in drought responses, the advantages and shortcomings of each, and what each of these approaches has revealed about the genetic basis of adaptation to drought in conifers. Finally, we discuss how a greater knowledge of the genetics of drought tolerance may aid forest management, and provide recommendations for how future studies may overcome the limitations of past approaches. In particular, we urge a more direct focus on survival, growth and the traits that directly predict them (rather than on proxies, such as water use efficiency), combining research approaches with complementary strengths and weaknesses, and the inclusion of a wider range of taxa and life stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moran
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | | | - Cameron Musser
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Mengjun Shu
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of Drought on Xylem Anatomy and Water-Use Efficiency of Two Co-Occurring Pine Species. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Timofeeva G, Treydte K, Bugmann H, Rigling A, Schaub M, Siegwolf R, Saurer M. Long-term effects of drought on tree-ring growth and carbon isotope variability in Scots pine in a dry environment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1028-1041. [PMID: 28444356 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought frequency is increasing in many parts of the world and may enhance tree decline and mortality. The underlying physiological mechanisms are poorly understood, however, particularly regarding chronic effects of long-term drought and the response to increasing temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We combined analyses of radial growth and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in tree rings in a mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest over the 20th century to elucidate causes of tree mortality in one of the driest parts of the European Alps (Pfynwald, Switzerland). We further compared trees that have recently died with living trees in a 10-year irrigation experiment, where annual precipitation was doubled. We found a sustained growth increase and immediate depletion of δ13C values for irrigated trees, indicating higher stomatal conductance and thus indeed demonstrating that water is a key limiting factor for growth. Growth of the now-dead trees started declining in the mid-1980s, when both mean temperature and VPD increased strongly. But growth of these trees was reduced to some extent already several decades earlier, while intrinsic water-use efficiency derived from δ13C values was higher. This indicates a more conservative water-use strategy compared with surviving trees, possibly at the cost of low carbon uptake and long-term reduction of the needle mass. We observed reduced climatic sensitivity of raw tree-ring δ13C for the now-dead in contrast to surviving trees, indicating impaired stomatal regulation, although this difference between the tree groups was smaller after detrending the data. Higher autocorrelation and a lower inter-annual δ13C variability of the now-dead trees further indicates a strong dependence on (low) carbon reserves. We conclude that the recent increase in atmospheric moisture demand in combination with insufficient soil water supply was the main trigger for mortality of those trees that were weakened by long-term reduced carbon uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Timofeeva
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Greenwood S, Ruiz-Benito P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Kitzberger T, Allen CD, Fensham R, Laughlin DC, Kattge J, Bönisch G, Kraft NJB, Jump AS. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:539-553. [PMID: 28220612 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drought events are increasing globally, and reports of consequent forest mortality are widespread. However, due to a lack of a quantitative global synthesis, it is still not clear whether drought-induced mortality rates differ among global biomes and whether functional traits influence the risk of drought-induced mortality. To address these uncertainties, we performed a global meta-analysis of 58 studies of drought-induced forest mortality. Mortality rates were modelled as a function of drought, temperature, biomes, phylogenetic and functional groups and functional traits. We identified a consistent global-scale response, where mortality increased with drought severity [log mortality (trees trees-1 year-1 ) increased 0.46 (95% CI = 0.2-0.7) with one SPEI unit drought intensity]. We found no significant differences in the magnitude of the response depending on forest biomes or between angiosperms and gymnosperms or evergreen and deciduous tree species. Functional traits explained some of the variation in drought responses between species (i.e. increased from 30 to 37% when wood density and specific leaf area were included). Tree species with denser wood and lower specific leaf area showed lower mortality responses. Our results illustrate the value of functional traits for understanding patterns of drought-induced tree mortality and suggest that mortality could become increasingly widespread in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Life Sciences Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Science Building, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bönisch
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of salt water immersion caused by a tsunami on δ13C and δ18O values of Pinus thunbergii tree-ring cellulose. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Garcia-Forner N, Sala A, Biel C, Savé R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Individual traits as determinants of time to death under extreme drought in Pinus sylvestris L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1196-1209. [PMID: 27217530 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a variety of drought responses involving multiple interacting traits and processes, which makes predictions of drought survival challenging. Careful evaluation of responses within species, where individuals share broadly similar drought resistance strategies, can provide insight into the relative importance of different traits and processes. We subjected Pinus sylvestris L. saplings to extreme drought (no watering) leading to death in a greenhouse to (i) determine the relative effect of predisposing factors and responses to drought on survival time, (ii) identify and rank the importance of key predictors of time to death and (iii) compare individual characteristics of dead and surviving trees sampled concurrently. Time until death varied over 3 months among individual trees (from 29 to 147 days). Survival time was best predicted (higher explained variance and impact on the median survival time) by variables related to carbon uptake and carbon/water economy before and during drought. Trees with higher concentrations of monosaccharides before the beginning of the drought treatment and with higher assimilation rates prior to and during the treatment survived longer (median survival time increased 25-70 days), even at the expense of higher water loss. Dead trees exhibited less than half the amount of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in branches, stem and relative to surviving trees sampled concurrently. Overall, our results indicate that the maintenance of carbon assimilation to prevent acute depletion of NSC content above some critical level appears to be the main factor explaining survival time of P. sylvestris trees under extreme drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Forner
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Carme Biel
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Robert Savé
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Billings SA, Boone AS, Stephen FM. Tree-ring δ13C and δ18O, leaf δ13C and wood and leaf N status demonstrate tree growth strategies and predict susceptibility to disturbance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:576-88. [PMID: 26960389 PMCID: PMC4886288 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how tree growth strategies may influence tree susceptibility to disturbance is an important goal, especially given projected increases in diverse ecological disturbances this century. We use growth responses of tree rings to climate, relationships between tree-ring stable isotopic signatures of carbon (δ(13)C) and oxygen (δ(18)O), wood nitrogen concentration [N], and contemporary leaf [N] and δ(13)C values to assess potential historic drivers of tree photosynthesis in dying and apparently healthy co-occurring northern red oak (Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae)) during a region-wide oak decline event in Arkansas, USA. Bole growth of both healthy and dying trees responded negatively to drought severity (Palmer Drought Severity Index) and temperature; healthy trees exhibited a positive, but small, response to growing season precipitation. Contrary to expectations, tree-ring δ(13)C did not increase with drought severity. A significantly positive relationship between tree-ring δ(13)C and δ(18)O was evident in dying trees (P < 0.05) but not in healthy trees. Healthy trees' wood exhibited lower [N] than that of dying trees throughout most of their lives (P < 0.05), and we observed a significant, positive relationship (P < 0.05) in healthy trees between contemporary leaf δ(13)C and leaf N (by mass), but not in dying trees. Our work provides evidence that for plants in which strong relationships between δ(13)C and δ(18)O are not evident, δ(13)C may be governed by plant N status. The data further imply that historic photosynthesis in healthy trees was linked to N status and, perhaps, C sink strength to a greater extent than in dying trees, in which tree-ring stable isotopes suggest that historic photosynthesis was governed primarily by stomatal regulation. This, in turn, suggests that assessing the relative dominance of photosynthetic capacity vs stomatal regulation as drivers of trees' C accrual may be a feasible means of predicting tree responses to some disturbance events. Our work demonstrates that a dual isotope, tree-ring approach can be integrated with tree N status to begin to unravel a fundamental question in forest ecology: why do some trees die during a disturbance, while other conspecifics with apparently similar access to resources remain healthy?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Billings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - A S Boone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - F M Stephen
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gaylord ML, Kolb TE, McDowell NG. Mechanisms of piñon pine mortality after severe drought: a retrospective study of mature trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:806-816. [PMID: 26048753 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conifers have incurred high mortality during recent global-change-type drought(s) in the western USA. Mechanisms of drought-related tree mortality need to be resolved to support predictions of the impacts of future increases in aridity on vegetation. Hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and lethal biotic agents are three potentially interrelated mechanisms of tree mortality during drought. Our study compared a suite of measurements related to these mechanisms between 49 mature piñon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) trees that survived severe drought in 2002 (live trees) and 49 trees that died during the drought (dead trees) over three sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Results were consistent over all sites indicating common mortality mechanisms over a wide region rather than site-specific mechanisms. We found evidence for an interactive role of hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and biotic agents in tree death. For the decade prior to the mortality event, dead trees had twofold greater sapwood cavitation based on frequency of aspirated tracheid pits observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), smaller inter-tracheid pit diameter measured by SEM, greater diffusional constraints to photosynthesis based on higher wood δ(13)C, smaller xylem resin ducts, lower radial growth and more bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacks than live trees. Results suggest that sapwood cavitation, low carbon assimilation and low resin defense predispose piñon pine trees to bark beetle attacks and mortality during severe drought. Our novel approach is an important step forward to yield new insights into how trees die via retrospective analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Gaylord
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA Present address: Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Thomas E Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Limousin J, Yepez EA, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Marc Limousin
- Department of Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131‐0001 USA
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier Université Paul‐Valéry EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier 5 France
| | - Enrico A. Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora Ciudad Obregon Sonora 85000 Mexico
| | - Nate G. McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - William T. Pockman
- Department of Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131‐0001 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Herrero A, Zamora R. Plant responses to extreme climatic events: a field test of resilience capacity at the southern range edge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87842. [PMID: 24489971 PMCID: PMC3905046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expected and already observed increment in frequency of extreme climatic events may result in severe vegetation shifts. However, stabilizing mechanisms promoting community resilience can buffer the lasting impact of extreme events. The present work analyzes the resilience of a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem after an extreme drought in 2005, examining shoot-growth and needle-length resistance and resilience of dominant tree and shrub species (Pinus sylvestris vs Juniperus communis, and P. nigra vs J. oxycedrus) in two contrasting altitudinal ranges. Recorded high vegetative-resilience values indicate great tolerance to extreme droughts for the dominant species of pine-juniper woodlands. Observed tolerance could act as a stabilizing mechanism in rear range edges, such as the Mediterranean basin, where extreme events are predicted to be more detrimental and recurrent. However, resistance and resilience components vary across species, sites, and ontogenetic states: adult Pinus showed higher growth resistance than did adult Juniperus; saplings displayed higher recovery rates than did conspecific adults; and P. nigra saplings displayed higher resilience than did P. sylvestris saplings where the two species coexist. P. nigra and J. oxycedrus saplings at high and low elevations, respectively, were the most resilient at all the locations studied. Under recurrent extreme droughts, these species-specific differences in resistance and resilience could promote changes in vegetation structure and composition, even in areas with high tolerance to dry conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Herrero
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain ; Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regino Zamora
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|