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Ullah H, Fordham DA, Goldenberg SU, Nagelkerken I. Combining mesocosms with models reveals effects of global warming and ocean acidification on a temperate marine ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2977. [PMID: 38706047 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ocean warming and species exploitation have already caused large-scale reorganization of biological communities across the world. Accurate projections of future biodiversity change require a comprehensive understanding of how entire communities respond to global change. We combined a time-dynamic integrated food web modeling approach (Ecosim) with previous data from community-level mesocosm experiments to determine the independent and combined effects of ocean warming, ocean acidification and fisheries exploitation on a well-managed temperate coastal ecosystem. The mesocosm parameters enabled important physiological and behavioral responses to climate stressors to be projected for trophic levels ranging from primary producers to top predators, including sharks. Through model simulations, we show that under sustainable rates of fisheries exploitation, near-future warming or ocean acidification in isolation could benefit species biomass at higher trophic levels (e.g., mammals, birds, and demersal finfish) in their current climate ranges, with the exception of small pelagic fishes. However, under warming and acidification combined, biomass increases at higher trophic levels will be lower or absent, while in the longer term reduced productivity of prey species is unlikely to support the increased biomass at the top of the food web. We also show that increases in exploitation will suppress any positive effects of human-driven climate change, causing individual species biomass to decrease at higher trophic levels. Nevertheless, total future potential biomass of some fisheries species in temperate areas might remain high, particularly under acidification, because unharvested opportunistic species will likely benefit from decreased competition and show an increase in biomass. Ecological indicators of species composition such as the Shannon diversity index decline under all climate change scenarios, suggesting a trade-off between biomass gain and functional diversity. By coupling parameters from multilevel mesocosm food web experiments with dynamic food web models, we were able to simulate the generative mechanisms that drive complex responses of temperate marine ecosystems to global change. This approach, which blends theory with experimental data, provides new prospects for forecasting climate-driven biodiversity change and its effects on ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadayet Ullah
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien A Fordham
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvan U Goldenberg
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Norin T, Rowsey LE, Houslay TM, Reeve C, Speers-Roesch B. Among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of fish metabolic rates causes profound variation in temperature-specific trait repeatability, but does not co-vary with behavioural plasticity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220488. [PMID: 38186278 PMCID: PMC10772605 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Conspecifics of the same age and size differ consistently in the pace with which they expend energy. This among-individual variation in metabolic rate is thought to influence behavioural variation, since differences in energy requirements should motivate behaviours that facilitate energy acquisition, such as being bold or active in foraging. While there is evidence for links between metabolic rate and behaviour in constant environments, we know little about whether metabolic rate and behaviour change together when the environment changes-that is, if metabolic and behavioural plasticity co-vary. We investigated this using a fish that becomes dormant in winter and strongly reduces its activity when the environment cools, the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). We found strong and predictable among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of metabolic rates, from resting to maximum levels, but no evidence for among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of movement activity, meaning that these key physiological and behavioural traits change independently when the environment changes. The strong among-individual variation in metabolic rate plasticity resulted in much higher repeatability (among-individual consistency) of metabolic rates at warm than cold temperatures, indicating that the potential for metabolic rate to evolve under selection is temperature-dependent, as repeatability can set the upper limit to heritability. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Lauren E. Rowsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Thomas M. Houslay
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Connor Reeve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
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3
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Middleton EK, Gilbert MJH, Landry T, Lamarre SG, Speers-Roesch B. Environmental variation associated with overwintering elicits marked metabolic plasticity in a temperate salmonid, Salvelinus fontinalis. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246743. [PMID: 38235572 PMCID: PMC10911287 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Poleward winters commonly expose animals, including fish, to frigid temperatures and low food availability. Fishes that remain active over winter must therefore balance trade-offs between conserving energy and maintaining physiological performance in the cold, yet the extent and underlying mechanisms of these trade-offs are not well understood. We investigated the metabolic plasticity of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), a temperate salmonid, from the biochemical to whole-animal level in response to cold and food deprivation. Acute cooling (1°C day-1) from 14°C to 2°C had no effect on food consumption but reduced activity by 77%. We then assessed metabolic performance and demand over 90 days with exposure to warm (8°C) or cold winter (2°C) temperatures while fish were fed or starved. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) decreased substantially during initial cooling from 8°C to 2°C (Q10=4.2-4.5) but brook char exhibited remarkable thermal compensation during acclimation (Q10=1.4-1.6). Conversely, RMR was substantially lower (40-48%) in starved fish, conserving energy. Thus, the absolute magnitude of thermal plasticity may be masked or modified under food restriction. This reduction in RMR was associated with atrophy and decreases in in vivo protein synthesis rates, primarily in non-essential tissues. Remarkably, food deprivation had no effect on maximum oxygen uptake rates and thus aerobic capacity, supporting the notion that metabolic capacity can be decoupled from RMR in certain contexts. Overall, our study highlights the multi-faceted energetic flexibility of Salvelinus spp. that likely contributes to their success in harsh and variable environments and may be emblematic of winter-active fishes more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K. Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Matthew J. H. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Thomas Landry
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
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4
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Social isolation does not alter the relationship between flexibility in metabolic rate and growth in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under changing food availability. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:95-108. [PMID: 36355208 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth and energy metabolism are highly flexible in fish species in response to food availability, and these two traits depend to some extent on the social rearing environment (e.g., isolated vs. group rearing). Currently, how social rearing environments influence flexibility in metabolic rate of fish and their ecological consequences (e.g., somatic growth) remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated how social isolation (i.e., group-reared vs. isolation-reared) and food availability (i.e., high vs. low) affect metabolic rates, growth and their correlations in a group-living fish, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), which were subjected to a 4-week growth experiment. The metabolic rates (e.g., standard metabolic rate, SMR; maximum metabolic rate, MMR; aerobic scope, AS = MMR-SMR) and morphology (e.g., body mass and length) of the fish in four treatments were measured at the beginning and end of the growth experiment, and then the growth parameters (e.g., food intake, FI; feeding efficiency, FE; and specific growth rate, SGR) were also obtained. We found that social isolation did impair growth of fish with individuals showing a lower SGR compared to those group-reared fish irrespective of food availability. However, the growth advantage of group-reared fish under two food availabilities did not result from their FIs or FEs. Metabolic rates (i.e., SMR) seemed to decrease in response to social isolation, but increased greater when fish were reared at high food ration. These shifts in metabolic rates were positively linked with individual differences in somatic growth; individuals who increased metabolic rates more grew faster, while those who increased their metabolic rates less or even reduced had a lower growth, but these links were independent on both social isolation and food ration. These results suggested that social isolation can inhibit the growth of individual fish, but not the AS. Flexibility in metabolic rates could confer a growth advantage under changing food availability, but the links between variation in energy metabolism and growth were not altered by social deprivation. Our study demonstrates the importance of metabolic plasticity accounting for inter-individual difference in growth performance under the challenges of changing food resource.
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Hu N, Bourdeau PE, Harlos C, Liu Y, Hollander J. Meta-analysis reveals variance in tolerance to climate change across marine trophic levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154244. [PMID: 35245550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are currently facing a variety of anthropogenic perturbations, including climate change. Trophic differences in response to climate change may disrupt ecological interactions and thereby threaten marine ecosystem function. Yet, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of how different trophic levels respond to climate change stressors in marine ecosystems. By including 1278 experiments, comprising 236 different marine species from 18 different phyla in a meta-analysis of studies measuring the direct effect of ocean acidification and ocean warming on marine organisms, we found that higher trophic level species display greater tolerance to ocean acidification but greater sensitivity to warming. In contrast, marine herbivores were the most vulnerable trophic level to both acidification and warming. Such imbalances in the community and a general reduction of biodiversity and biomass in lower trophic levels can significantly disrupt the system and could drive negative bottom-up effects. In conclusion, with ocean acidification and elevated temperatures, there is an alarming risk that trophic disparity may disrupt species interactions, and thereby drive community destabilization under ocean climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Biology- Aquatic ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul E Bourdeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Christian Harlos
- Department of Biology- Aquatic ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biology- Aquatic ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Johan Hollander
- Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden.
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6
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Nilsson-Örtman V, Brönmark C. The time course of metabolic plasticity and its consequences for growth performance under variable food supply in the northern pike. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220427. [PMID: 35611529 PMCID: PMC9130793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species up- or downregulate their resting metabolic rate (RMR) when they encounter favourable or unfavourable feeding conditions, respectively. This is thought to promote faster growth when food is abundant and conserve energy reserves when food is scarce. The time it takes to express metabolic plasticity remain little studied. Here, we develop a conceptual model showing how rapid or slow metabolic plasticity alter growth trajectories in response to changes in food supply. We test predictions from the model in a food manipulation experiment with young-of-the-year northern pike, Esox lucius, a species that experience drastic changes in food supply in nature. We find that metabolic plasticity is expressed gradually over several weeks in this species. Rapid changes in food supply thus caused apparent trait-environment mismatches that persisted for at least five weeks. Contrary to predictions, pike grew faster at high food levels when they had previously experienced low food levels and downregulated their RMR. This was not owing to increases in food intake but probably reflected that low RMRs increased the energetic scope for growth when feeding conditions improved. This highlights the important but complex effects of metabolic plasticity on growth dynamics under variable resource levels on ecologically relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Queiros Q, Saraux C, Dutto G, Gasset E, Marguerite A, Brosset P, Fromentin JM, McKenzie DJ. Is starvation a cause of overmortality of the Mediterranean sardine? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 170:105441. [PMID: 34411887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal mortality is difficult to observe in marine systems, preventing a mechanistic understanding of major drivers of fish population dynamics. In particular, starvation is known to be a major cause of mortality at larval stages, but adult mortality is often unknown. In this study, we used a laboratory food-deprivation experiment, on wild caught sardine Sardina pilchardus from the Gulf of Lions. This population is interesting because mean individual phenotype shifted around 2008, becoming dominated by small, young individuals in poor body condition, a phenomenon that may result from declines in energy availability. Continuous monitoring of body mass loss and metabolic rate in 78 captive food-deprived individuals revealed that sardines could survive for up to 57 days on body reserves. Sardines submitted to long-term caloric restriction prior to food-deprivation displayed adaptive phenotypic plasticity, reducing metabolic energy expenditure and enduring starvation for longer than sardines that had not been calorie-restricted. Overall, entry into critical fasting phase 3 occurred at a body condition of 0.72. Such a degree of leanness has rarely been observed over 34 years of wild population monitoring. Still, the proportion of sardines below this threshold has doubled since 2008 and is maximal in January and February (the peak of the reproductive season), now reaching almost 10 % of the population at that time. These results indicate that the demographic changes observed in the wild may result in part from starvation-related adult mortality at the end of the winter reproductive period, despite adaptive plastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Saraux
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France; IPHC UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, DEPE, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Gilbert Dutto
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Eric Gasset
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Amandine Marguerite
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France; MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Pablo Brosset
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Biologie Halieutique, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29 280, Plouzané, France; Université de Brest - UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin - IUEM, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
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8
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Twining CW, Bernhardt JR, Derry AM, Hudson CM, Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Kainz MJ, Kitano J, Kowarik C, Ladd SN, Leal MC, Scharnweber K, Shipley JR, Matthews B. The evolutionary ecology of fatty-acid variation: Implications for consumer adaptation and diversification. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1709-1731. [PMID: 34114320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional diversity of resources can affect the adaptive evolution of consumer metabolism and consumer diversification. The omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) have a high potential to affect consumer fitness, through their widespread effects on reproduction, growth and survival. However, few studies consider the evolution of fatty acid metabolism within an ecological context. In this review, we first document the extensive diversity in both primary producer and consumer fatty acid distributions amongst major ecosystems, between habitats and amongst species within habitats. We highlight some of the key nutritional contrasts that can shape behavioural and/or metabolic adaptation in consumers, discussing how consumers can evolve in response to the spatial, seasonal and community-level variation of resource quality. We propose a hierarchical trait-based approach for studying the evolution of consumers' metabolic networks and review the evolutionary genetic mechanisms underpinning consumer adaptation to EPA and DHA distributions. In doing so, we consider how the metabolic traits of consumers are hierarchically structured, from cell membrane function to maternal investment, and have strongly environment-dependent expression. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on how studying the metabolic adaptation of consumers within the context of nutritional landscapes can open up new opportunities for understanding evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W Twining
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz-Egg, Germany
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alison M Derry
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cameron M Hudson
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystems Research, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Carmen Kowarik
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel C Leal
- ECOMARE and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jeremy R Shipley
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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9
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Schuster L, White CR, Marshall DJ. Plastic but not adaptive: habitat‐driven differences in metabolic rate despite no differences in selection between habitats. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuster
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
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10
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Durtsche RD, Jonsson B, Greenberg LA. Thermal conditions during embryogenesis influence metabolic rates of juvenile brown trout
Salmo trutta. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Durtsche
- River Ecology and Management Group Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University KarlstadS‐651 88Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights Kentucky41099USA
| | - Bror Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Sognsveien 68 Oslo0855Norway
| | - Larry A. Greenberg
- River Ecology and Management Group Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University KarlstadS‐651 88Sweden
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11
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Auer SK, Solowey JR, Rajesh S, Rezende EL. Energetic mechanisms for coping with changes in resource availability. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200580. [PMID: 33142086 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given current anthropogenic alterations to many ecosystems and communities, it is becoming increasingly important to consider whether and how organisms can cope with changing resources. Metabolic rate, because it represents the rate of energy expenditure, may play a key role in mediating the link between resource conditions and performance and thereby how well organisms can persist in the face of environmental change. Here, we focus on the role that energy metabolism plays in determining organismal responses to changes in food availability over both short-term ecological and longer-term evolutionary timescales. Using a meta-analytical approach encompassing multiple species, we find that individuals with a higher metabolic rate grow faster under high food levels but slower once food levels decline, suggesting that the association between metabolism and life-history traits shifts along resource gradients. We also find that organisms can cope with changing resource availability through both phenotypic plasticity and genetically based evolutionary adaptation in their rates of energy metabolism. However, the metabolic rates of individuals within a population and of species within a lineage do not all respond in the same manner to changes in food availability. This diversity of responses suggests that there are benefits but also costs to changes in metabolic rate. It also underscores the need to examine not just the energy budgets of organisms within the context of metabolic rate but also how energy metabolism changes alongside other physiological and behavioural traits in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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12
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, Poole WR, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Metabolic traits in brown trout ( Salmo trutta) vary in response to food restriction and intrinsic factors. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa096. [PMID: 33093959 PMCID: PMC7566963 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rates vary hugely within and between populations, yet we know relatively little about factors causing intraspecific variation. Since metabolic rate determines the energetic cost of life, uncovering these sources of variation is important to understand and forecast responses to environmental change. Moreover, few studies have examined factors causing intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility. We explore how extrinsic environmental conditions and intrinsic factors contribute to variation in metabolic traits in brown trout, an iconic and polymorphic species that is threatened across much of its native range. We measured metabolic traits in offspring from two wild populations that naturally show life-history variation in migratory tactics (one anadromous, i.e. sea-migratory, one non-anadromous) that we reared under either optimal food or experimental conditions of long-term food restriction (lasting between 7 and 17 months). Both populations showed decreased standard metabolic rates (SMR-baseline energy requirements) under low food conditions. The anadromous population had higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) than the non-anadromous population, and marginally higher SMR. The MMR difference was greater than SMR and consequently aerobic scope (AS) was higher in the anadromous population. MMR and AS were both higher in males than females. The anadromous population also had higher AS under low food compared to optimal food conditions, consistent with population-specific effects of food restriction on AS. Our results suggest different components of metabolic rate can vary in their response to environmental conditions, and according to intrinsic (population-background/sex) effects. Populations might further differ in their flexibility of metabolic traits, potentially due to intrinsic factors related to life history (e.g. migratory tactics). More comparisons of populations/individuals with divergent life histories will help to reveal this. Overall, our study suggests that incorporating an understanding of metabolic trait variation and flexibility and linking this to life history and demography will improve our ability to conserve populations experiencing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Stephen A Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - W Russell Poole
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo F28 PF65, Ireland
| | - Patrick Gargan
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin D24 Y265, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo F28 PF65, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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13
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Tan H, Polverino G, Martin JM, Bertram MG, Wiles SC, Palacios MM, Bywater CL, White CR, Wong BBM. Chronic exposure to a pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant erodes among-individual phenotypic variation in a fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114450. [PMID: 32283454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollution is now recognised as a major emerging agent of global change. Increasingly, pharmaceutical pollutants are documented to disrupt ecologically important physiological and behavioural traits in exposed wildlife. However, little is known about potential impacts of pharmaceutical exposure on among-individual variation in these traits, despite phenotypic diversity being critical for population resilience to environmental change. Furthermore, although wildlife commonly experience multiple stressors contemporaneously, potential interactive effects between pharmaceuticals and biological stressors-such as predation threat-remain poorly understood. To redress this, we investigated the impacts of long-term exposure to the pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine (Prozac®) on among-individual variation in metabolic and behavioural traits, and the combined impacts of fluoxetine exposure and predation threat on mean metabolic and behavioural traits in a freshwater fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Using a mesocosm system, guppy populations were exposed for 15 months to one of two field-realistic levels of fluoxetine (nominal concentrations: 30 and 300 ng/L) or a solvent control. Fish from these populations were then tested for metabolic rate (oxygen uptake) and behaviour (activity), both before and after experiencing one of three levels of a predation treatment: an empty tank, a non-predatory fish (Melanotaenia splendida) or a predatory fish (Leiopotherapon unicolor). Guppies from both fluoxetine treatments had ∼70% lower among-individual variation in their activity levels, compared to unexposed fish. Similarly, fluoxetine exposure at the higher dosage was associated with a significant (26%) reduction in individual-level variation in oxygen uptake relative to unexposed fish. In addition, mean baseline metabolic rate was disrupted in low-fluoxetine exposed fish, although mean metabolic and behavioural responses to predation threat were not affected. Overall, our study demonstrates that long-term exposure to a pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant alters ecologically relevant traits in fish and erodes among-individual variability, which may be detrimental to the stability of contaminated populations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Giovanni Polverino
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Wiles
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria M Palacios
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Candice L Bywater
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Temperature and food availability alters the physiology and aerobic capacity of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Cornwell TO, McCarthy ID, Biro PA. Integration of physiology, behaviour and life history traits: personality and pace of life in a marine gastropod. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, McCormick SD, O'Grady MN, Kerry JP, Poole WR, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Food and temperature stressors have opposing effects in determining flexible migration decisions in brown trout (Salmo trutta). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2878-2896. [PMID: 32103581 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With rapid global change, organisms in natural systems are exposed to a multitude of stressors that likely co-occur, with uncertain impacts. We explored individual and cumulative effects of co-occurring environmental stressors on the striking, yet poorly understood, phenomenon of facultative migration. We reared offspring of a brown trout population that naturally demonstrates facultative anadromy (sea migration), under different environmental stressor treatments and measured life history responses in terms of migratory tactics and freshwater maturation rates. Juvenile fish were exposed to reduced food availability, temperatures elevated to 1.8°C above natural conditions or both treatments in combination over 18 months of experimental tank rearing. When considered in isolation, reduced food had negative effects on the size, mass and condition of fish across the experiment. We detected variable effects of warm temperatures (negative effects on size and mass, but positive effect on lipids). When combined with food restriction, temperature effects on these traits were less pronounced, implying antagonistic stressor effects on morphological traits. Stressors combined additively, but had opposing effects on life history tactics: migration increased and maturation rates decreased under low food conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in the warm temperature treatment. Not all fish had expressed maturation or migration tactics by the end of the study, and the frequency of these 'unassigned' fish was higher in food deprivation treatments, but lower in warm treatments. Fish showing migration tactics were smaller and in poorer condition than fish showing maturation tactics, but were similar in size to unassigned fish. We further detected effects of food restriction on hypo-osmoregulatory function of migrants that may influence the fitness benefits of the migratory tactic at sea. We also highlight that responses to multiple stressors may vary depending on the response considered. Collectively, our results indicate contrasting effects of environmental stressors on life history trajectories in a facultatively migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- Leetown Science Centre, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Turners Falls, MA, USA
| | - Michael N O'Grady
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph P Kerry
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Norin T, Metcalfe NB. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of metabolic rate plasticity in response to environmental change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180180. [PMID: 30966964 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal or standard metabolic rate reflects the minimum amount of energy required to maintain body processes, while the maximum metabolic rate sets the ceiling for aerobic work. There is typically up to three-fold intraspecific variation in both minimal and maximal rates of metabolism, even after controlling for size, sex and age; these differences are consistent over time within a given context, but both minimal and maximal metabolic rates are plastic and can vary in response to changing environments. Here we explore the causes of intraspecific and phenotypic variation at the organ, tissue and mitochondrial levels. We highlight the growing evidence that individuals differ predictably in the flexibility of their metabolic rates and in the extent to which they can suppress minimal metabolism when food is limiting but increase the capacity for aerobic metabolism when a high work rate is beneficial. It is unclear why this intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility persists-possibly because of trade-offs with the flexibility of other traits-but it has consequences for the ability of populations to respond to a changing world. It is clear that metabolic rates are targets of selection, but more research is needed on the fitness consequences of rates of metabolism and their plasticity at different life stages, especially in natural conditions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, MVLS, University of Glasgow , Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK.,2 DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, MVLS, University of Glasgow , Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
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18
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Stawski C, Geiser F. Growing Up in a Changing Climate: How Temperature Affects the Development of Morphological, Behavioral and Physiological Traits of a Marsupial Mammal. Front Physiol 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32116761 PMCID: PMC7028820 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is likely to affect many mammalian phenotypes, yet little is known whether and how phenotypic plasticity is involved in responding to thermal challenges during mammalian development. We investigated the effect of continuous cold or warm exposure during development on morphological, behavioral, and functional variables of yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), a semelparous Australian marsupial mammal. Captive-bred young were exposed to two ambient temperatures (T a ), cold (17°C) or warm (25°C), once weaned. Treatments were reversed and metabolic rate (MR) measurements repeated after 2 months. We measured body mass weekly, activity continuously, and MRs over a range of T a once they were adults. Growth rate was similar in both groups, but was faster in males. Antechinus in the warm group were initially more active than the cold group and decreased activity when exposed to cold, whereas the cold group increased activity when exposed to warm. Interestingly, females changed their night-time activity when T a was changed, whereas males changed their daytime activity. MRs were originally lower in the warm group in comparison to the cold group for both sexes and increased slightly for females, but not for males, after being exposed to cold. After exposure to warm T a , the MRs of the cold group decreased significantly over the entire T a -range for both sexes. Our results reveal that temperatures experienced during development can influence behavioral and physiological traits in antechinus. Such phenotypic plasticity is vital for a species that within 1 year is dependent on a single breeding event and experiences a complete population turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Stawski
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fritz Geiser
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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19
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Huryn AD, Benstead JP. Seasonal changes in light availability modify the temperature dependence of secondary production in an Arctic stream. Ecology 2019; 100:e02690. [PMID: 30854634 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Light and temperature are key drivers of ecosystem productivity, but synchrony of their annual cycles typically obscures their relative influence. The coupling of annual light-temperature regimes also drives complementary seasonal cycles of energy supply (primary production) and demand (metabolism), perhaps promoting temporal stability in carbon (C) storage and food web production that may be difficult to discern in most ecosystems. Spring-fed streams in the Arctic are subject to extreme annual fluctuations in light availability but have relatively stable water temperatures, which allows assessment of the independent effects of light and temperature. We used the unusual annual light and temperature regimes of Ivishak Spring, Alaska, USA (latitude 69° N, annual water temperature range ~4-7°C) to test predictions about the effect of light availability on consumer productivity with minimally confounding effects of temperature. We predicted that (1) annual patterns of secondary production would follow patterns of primary production, rather than temperature, due to organic C limitation during winter darkness when photosynthesis is effectively halted, (2) C limitation would propagate from primary producers upward through several trophic levels, (3) the lack of temperature dependence during winter darkness would be expressed as anomalous Arrhenius plots of growth rates indicating decoupled production-temperature relationships, and (4) consumer diets would reflect C limitation during winter. As predicted, we found (1) lowest production by macroinvertebrates and Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden char) at the lowest light levels rather than the lowest temperatures, (2) apparent winter C limitation propagated upward through three trophic levels, (3) anomalous Arrhenius plots indicating lack of temperature dependence of consumer growth rates during winter, and (4) lowest consumption of diatoms (by macroinvertebrates) and invertebrate prey (by S. malma) during winter. Together, these results indicate that light drives annual patterns of animal production in Ivishak Spring, with stable annual temperatures likely exacerbating C limitation of ectotherm metabolism during winter. The timing and severity of winter C limitation in this unusual Arctic-spring food web highlight a fundamental role for light-temperature synchrony in matching energy supply with demand in most other ecosystem types, thereby conferring a measure of stability in the metabolism of their food webs over annual time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487-0344, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487-0344, USA
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20
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Burow S, Fontaine R, von Krogh K, Mayer I, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Hollander-Cohen L, Cohen Y, Shpilman M, Levavi-Sivan B, Weltzien FA. Medaka follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh): Developmental profiles of pituitary protein and gene expression levels. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 272:93-108. [PMID: 30576646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The two gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) are of particular importance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of vertebrates. In the current study, we demonstrate the production and validation of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) recombinant (md) gonadotropins Fshβ (mdFshβ), Lhβ (mdLhβ), Fshβα (mdFshβα), and Lhβα (mdLhβα) by Pichia pastoris, the generation of specific rabbit antibodies against their respective β subunits, and their use within the development and validation of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for quantification of medaka Fsh and Lh. mdFsh and mdLh were produced as single-chain polypeptides by linking the α subunit with mdFshβ or mdLhβ mature protein coding sequences to produce a "tethered" polypeptide with the β-chain at the N-terminal and the α-chain at the C-terminal. The specificity of the antibodies raised against mdFshβ and mdLhβ was determined by immunofluorescence (IF) for Fshβ and Lhβ on medaka pituitary tissue, while comparison with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for fshb and lhb mRNA was used for validation. Competitive ELISAs were developed using antibodies against mdFshβ or mdLhβ, and the tethered proteins mdFshβα or mdLhβα for standard curves. The standard curve for the Fsh ELISA ranged from 97.6 pg/ml to 50 ng/ml, and for the Lh ELISA from 12.21 pg/ml to 6.25 ng/ml. The sensitivity of the assays for Fsh and Lh was 44.7 and 70.8 pg/ml, respectively. A profile of pituitary protein levels of medaka Fsh and Lh comparing juveniles with adults showed significant increase of protein amount from juvenile group (body length from 12 mm to 16.5 mm) to adult group (body length from 21 mm to 26.5 mm) for both hormones in male medaka. Comparing these data to a developmental profile of pituitary mRNA expression of medaka fshb and lhb, the mRNA expression of lhb also increased during male maturation and a linear regression analysis revealed a significant increase of lhb expression with increased body length that proposes a linear model. However, fshb mRNA expression did not change significantly during male development and therefore was not correlated with body length. In summary, we have developed and validated homologous ELISA assays for medaka Fsh and Lh based on proteins produced in P. pastoris, assays that will be used to study the functions and regulations of Fsh and Lh in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Burow
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine von Krogh
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lian Hollander-Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yaron Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Shpilman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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WEN J, TAN S, WANG D, ZHAO Z. Variation of food availability affects male striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis
) with different levels of metabolic rate. Integr Zool 2018; 13:769-782. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing WEN
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Song TAN
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
| | - Dehua WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhijun ZHAO
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
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22
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Salin K, Villasevil EM, Anderson GJ, Auer SK, Selman C, Hartley RC, Mullen W, Chinopoulos C, Metcalfe NB, Williams C. Decreased mitochondrial metabolic requirements in fasting animals carry an oxidative cost. Funct Ecol 2018; 32:2149-2157. [PMID: 30333678 PMCID: PMC6175143 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many animals experience periods of food shortage in their natural environment. It has been hypothesised that the metabolic responses of animals to naturally-occurring periods of food deprivation may have long-term negative impacts on their subsequent life-history.In particular, reductions in energy requirements in response to fasting may help preserve limited resources but potentially come at a cost of increased oxidative stress. However, little is known about this trade-off since studies of energy metabolism are generally conducted separately from those of oxidative stress.Using a novel approach that combines measurements of mitochondrial function with in vivo levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in brown trout (Salmo trutta), we show here that fasting induces energy savings in a highly metabolically active organ (the liver) but at the cost of a significant increase in H2O2, an important form of reactive oxygen species (ROS).After a 2-week period of fasting, brown trout reduced their whole-liver mitochondrial respiratory capacities (state 3, state 4 and cytochrome c oxidase activity), mainly due to reductions in liver size (and hence the total mitochondrial content). This was compensated for at the level of the mitochondrion, with an increase in state 3 respiration combined with a decrease in state 4 respiration, suggesting a selective increase in the capacity to produce ATP without a concomitant increase in energy dissipated through proton leakage. However, the reduction in total hepatic metabolic capacity in fasted fish was associated with an almost two-fold increase in in vivo mitochondrial H2O2 levels (as measured by the MitoB probe).The resulting increase in mitochondrial ROS, and hence potential risk of oxidative damage, provides mechanistic insight into the trade-off between the short-term energetic benefits of reducing metabolism in response to fasting and the potential long-term costs to subsequent life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Eugenia M. Villasevil
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Graeme J. Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sonya K. Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - William Mullen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical BiochemistrySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- MTA‐SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research GroupBudapestHungary
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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23
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Fortes-Silva R, Valle SVD, Lopéz-Olmeda JF. Daily rhythms of swimming activity, synchronization to different feeding times and effects on anesthesia practice in an Amazon fish species (Colossoma macropomum). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1713-1722. [PMID: 30141973 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1509078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the existence of day-night differences in the time for anesthesia and recovery in tambaqui exposed to the anesthetic eugenol and the influence of feeding time. Thus, we evaluated: (1) swimming activity; (2) food anticipatory activity (FAA) as a synchronizer of swimming activity and change to susceptibility to anesthetic; and (3) the effects of diurnal/nocturnal anesthesia exposure of fish feeding in the mid-light phase: 12:00 h (ML) and fish feeding in the mid-dark phase: 00:00 h (MD). Our findings revealed strictly nocturnal activity for tambaqui (94.2%), known as diurnal fish to date. Moreover, FAA was observed in tambaqui fed at MD, which showed a sustained increase in activity that began 2 h before feeding time and lasted until feeding. In contrast, no FAA was observed in fish fed at ML. Regarding anesthesia by day or night, the tambaqui treated with eugenol exhibited no difference in induction time. However, differences were observed in recovery times, with fish anesthetized at day recovering in 1-2 min and fish anesthetized at night recovering in 5-7 min. In short, our findings revealed for the first time the nocturnal behavior of tambaqui. These results indicated that recovery by day/night by eugenol in tambaqui has a strong dependence of behavioral patterns and the time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- a Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological(CCAAB) , Federal University of Bahia (UFRB) , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Silvan Vianna Do Valle
- a Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological(CCAAB) , Federal University of Bahia (UFRB) , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Jose Fernando Lopéz-Olmeda
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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24
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Pettersen AK, Marshall DJ, White CR. Understanding variation in metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/1/jeb166876. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Metabolic rate reflects an organism's capacity for growth, maintenance and reproduction, and is likely to be a target of selection. Physiologists have long sought to understand the causes and consequences of within-individual to among-species variation in metabolic rates – how metabolic rates relate to performance and how they should evolve. Traditionally, this has been viewed from a mechanistic perspective, relying primarily on hypothesis-driven approaches. A more agnostic, but ultimately more powerful tool for understanding the dynamics of phenotypic variation is through use of the breeder's equation, because variation in metabolic rate is likely to be a consequence of underlying microevolutionary processes. Here we show that metabolic rates are often significantly heritable, and are therefore free to evolve under selection. We note, however, that ‘metabolic rate’ is not a single trait: in addition to the obvious differences between metabolic levels (e.g. basal, resting, free-living, maximal), metabolic rate changes through ontogeny and in response to a range of extrinsic factors, and is therefore subject to multivariate constraint and selection. We emphasize three key advantages of studying metabolic rate within a quantitative genetics framework: its formalism, and its predictive and comparative power. We make several recommendations when applying a quantitative genetics framework: (i) measuring selection based on actual fitness, rather than proxies for fitness; (ii) considering the genetic covariances between metabolic rates throughout ontogeny; and (iii) estimating genetic covariances between metabolic rates and other traits. A quantitative genetics framework provides the means for quantifying the evolutionary potential of metabolic rate and why variance in metabolic rates within populations might be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Pettersen
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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25
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Zeng LQ, Zhang AJ, Killen SS, Cao ZD, Wang YX, Fu SJ. Standard metabolic rate predicts growth trajectory of juvenile Chinese crucian carp ( Carassius auratus) under changing food availability. Biol Open 2017; 6:1305-1309. [PMID: 28751310 PMCID: PMC5612233 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic traits vary greatly within populations and can have a significant influence on aspects of performance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of individual variation in standard metabolic rate (SMR) on growth rate and tolerance to food deprivation in juvenile Chinese crucian carp (Carassius auratus) under varying levels of food availability. To address this issue, 19 high and 16 low SMR individuals were randomly assigned to a satiation diet for 3 weeks, whereas another 20 high and 16 low SMR individuals were assigned to a restricted diet (approximately 50% of satiation) for the same period. Then, all fish were completely food-deprived for another 3 weeks. High SMR individuals showed a higher growth rate when fed to satiation, but this advantage of SMR did not exist in food-restricted fish. This result was related to improved feeding efficiency with decreased food intake in low SMR individuals, due to their low food processing capacity and maintenance costs. High SMR individuals experienced more mass loss during food deprivation as compared to low SMR individuals. Our results here illustrate context-dependent costs and benefits of intraspecific variation in SMR whereby high SMR individuals show increased growth performance under high food availability but had a cost under stressful environments (i.e. food shortage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - An-Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Zhen-Dong Cao
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China.,Department of Biology, Queen's University, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
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Zeng LQ, Wang L, Wang GN, Zeng Y, Fu SJ. The relationship between growth performance and metabolic rate flexibility varies with food availability in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:56-63. [PMID: 28723584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic flexibility in traits can allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. However, the ecological consequences (e.g., growth) of SMR flexibility in fish are poorly understood. Juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) were reared individually with two levels of food resources (satiation or limited) with either continuous feeding (CF) or starvation-refeeding (SR). In the CF experiment, SMR increased when individuals were fed either the satiation or limited diets, but no difference was found in average specific growth rate somatic growth (SGR) between the two food availabilities. The relationship between flexibility in SMR and SGR, feeding efficiency (FE) and food intake (FI) was positive in the satiation group but not in the limited food group. In the SR experiment, the initial SMR of individuals was negatively correlated with the SGR during starvation. During refeeding, the starved individuals increased both body mass and SMR under both food availabilities. Individuals with a greater increase in SMR were fed more and also had greater SGR and FE under the satiation diet, but these results were not observed under the limited diet. The average FE under the limited diet was greater than that under the satiation diet, causing there to be no significant difference in final body mass between the diet treatments at the end of refeeding. Our study suggested that SMR flexibility can allow individuals to maximize their potential growth performance in an environment with changing food availability, and the benefits from greater flexibility in SMR could be offset by their maintenance metabolism under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Brijs J, Sandblom E, Sundh H, Gräns A, Hinchcliffe J, Ekström A, Sundell K, Olsson C, Axelsson M, Pichaud N. Increased mitochondrial coupling and anaerobic capacity minimizes aerobic costs of trout in the sea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45778. [PMID: 28361996 PMCID: PMC5374462 DOI: 10.1038/srep45778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anadromy is a distinctive life-history strategy in fishes that has evolved independently many times. In an evolutionary context, the benefits of anadromy for a species or population must outweigh the costs and risks associated with the habitat switch. The migration of fish across the freshwater-ocean boundary coincides with potentially energetically costly osmoregulatory modifications occurring at numerous levels of biological organization. By integrating whole animal and sub-cellular metabolic measurements, this study presents significant findings demonstrating how an anadromous salmonid (i.e. rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) is able to transform from a hyper- to hypo-osmoregulatory state without incurring significant increases in whole animal oxygen consumption rate. Instead, underlying metabolic mechanisms that fuel the osmoregulatory machinery at the organ level (i.e. intestine) are modulated, as mitochondrial coupling and anaerobic metabolism are increased to satisfy the elevated energetic demands. This may have positive implications for the relative fitness of the migrating individual, as aerobic capacity may be maintained for locomotion (i.e. foraging and predator avoidance) and growth. Furthermore, the ability to modulate mitochondrial metabolism in order to maintain osmotic balance suggests that mitochondria of anadromous fish may have been a key target for natural selection, driving species adaptations to different aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Brijs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albin Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - James Hinchcliffe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Liu S, Fu SJ. Effects of food availability on metabolism, behaviour, growth and their relationships in a triploid carp. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4711-4719. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism, behaviour and growth are highly flexible in fish species, and inter-individual variation in these traits is evolutionarily and ecologically significant. It has long been suggested that these traits co-vary, although their relationships are debated. In the present study, we investigated whether metabolism, behaviour, growth and the potential relationships among them vary with food availability in sterile triploid carp. In this experimental animal model, we investigated the standard metabolic rate (SMR), growth performance and personality traits (i.e., activity, exploration and boldness) of juvenile individuals before and after 25 days of rearing in which fish were fed either once or twice a day to satiation. Inter-individual differences in SMR in each group showed high repeatability across the experimental period, and twice-fed fish showed higher SMRs than did once-fed fish after 25 days of rearing. Compared with the once-fed group, the twice-fed group showed higher feeding rates (FRs) and lower feeding efficiencies (FEs) but similar specific growth rates (SGRs). None of the personality traits were affected by food availability. Furthermore, both boldness and exploration were highly repeatable throughout the experiment in the group fed twice a day, whereas only exploration showed repeatability in the group fed once a day. In the once-fed group, SMR and the personality traits were positively correlated with FR and negatively correlated with FE and (or) SGR; however, these relationships did not exist in the twice-fed group due to the surplus of food. These results suggest that food availability significantly affects physiological, behavioural and ecological processes in these fish by altering the trade-off between metabolism and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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