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Qiu R, Liu Y, Cai Z, Li J, Wu C, Wang G, Lin C, Peng Y, Deng Z, Tang W, Wu W, Duan Y. Glucan Synthase-like 2 is Required for Seed Initiation and Filling as Well as Pollen Fertility in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 37804355 PMCID: PMC10560172 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glucan synthase-like (GSL) genes are indispensable for some important highly-specialized developmental and cellular processes involving callose synthesis and deposition in plants. At present, the best-characterized reproductive functions of GSL genes are those for pollen formation and ovary expansion, but their role in seed initiation remains unknown. RESULTS We identified a rice seed mutant, watery seed 1-1 (ws1-1), which contained a mutation in the OsGSL2 gene. The mutant produced seeds lacking embryo and endosperm but filled with transparent and sucrose-rich liquid. In a ws1-1 spikelet, the ovule development was normal, but the microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development were compromised, resulting in the reduction of fertile pollen. After fertilization, while the seed coat normally developed, the embryo failed to differentiate normally. In addition, the divided endosperm-free nuclei did not migrate to the periphery of the embryo sac but aggregated so that their proliferation and cellularization were arrested. Moreover, the degeneration of nucellus cells was delayed in ws1-1. OsGSL2 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and developing seeds. Disrupting OsGSL2 reduced callose deposition on the outer walls of the microspores and impaired the formation of the annular callose sheath in developing caryopsis, leading to pollen defect and seed abortion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that OsGSL2 is essential for rice fertility and is required for embryo differentiation and endosperm-free nucleus positioning, indicating a distinct role of OsGSL2, a callose synthase gene, in seed initiation, which provides new insight into the regulation of seed development in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengzheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yulin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanlin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiren Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuanlin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Rojek J, Ohad N. The phenomenon of autonomous endosperm in sexual and apomictic plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4324-4348. [PMID: 37155961 PMCID: PMC10433939 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm is a key nutritive tissue that supports the developing embryo or seedling, and serves as a major nutritional source for human and livestock feed. In sexually-reproducing flowering plants, it generally develops after fertilization. However, autonomous endosperm (AE) formation (i.e. independent of fertilization) is also possible. Recent findings of AE loci/ genes and aberrant imprinting in native apomicts, together with a successful initiation of parthenogenesis in rice and lettuce, have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms bridging sexual and apomictic seed formation. However, the mechanisms driving AE development are not well understood. This review presents novel aspects related to AE development in sexual and asexual plants underlying stress conditions as the primary trigger for AE. Both application of hormones to unfertilized ovules and mutations that impair epigenetic regulation lead to AE development in sexual Arabidopsis thaliana, which may point to a common pathway for both phenomena. Apomictic-like AE development under experimental conditions can take place due to auxin-dependent gene expression and/or DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nir Ohad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Synthetic apomixis: the beginning of a new era. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102877. [PMID: 36628906 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis is a process of asexual reproduction that enables plants to bypass meiosis and fertilization to generate clonal seeds that are identical to the maternal genotype. Apomixis has tremendous potential for breeding plants with desired characteristics, given its ability to fix any elite genotype. However, little is known about the origin and dynamics of natural apomictic plant systems. The introgression of apomixis-related genes from natural apomicts has achieved limited success. Therefore, synthetic apomixis, engineered to include apomeiosis, autonomous embryo formation, and autonomous endosperm development, has been proposed as a promising platform to effectuate apomixis in any crop. In this study, we have summarized recent advances in the understanding of synthetic apomixis and discussed the limitations of current synthetic apomixis systems and ways to overcome them.
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Zumajo-Cardona C, Aguirre M, Castillo-Bravo R, Mizzotti C, Di Marzo M, Banfi C, Mendes MA, Spillane C, Colombo L, Ezquer I. Maternal control of triploid seed development by the TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (TT8) transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 36693864 PMCID: PMC9873634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between parental genome dosage is critical to offspring development in both animals and plants. In some angiosperm species, despite the imbalance between maternally and paternally inherited chromosome sets, crosses between parental lines of different ploidy may result in viable offspring. However, many plant species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, present a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, known as triploid block which results in the inability of crosses between individuals of different ploidy to generate viable seeds but also, in defective development of the seed. Several paternal regulators have been proposed as active players in establishing the triploid block. Maternal regulators known to be involved in this process are some flavonoid biosynthetic (FB) genes, expressed in the innermost layer of the seed coat. Here we explore the role of selected flavonoid pathway genes in triploid block, including TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4), TRANSPARENT TESTA 7 (TT7), SEEDSTICK (STK), TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (TT16), TT8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 13 (TT13). This approach allowed us to detect that TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, member of this FB pathway is required for the paternal genome dosage, as loss of function tt8, leads to complete rescue of the triploid block to seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Translational Plant & Microbial Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa Castillo-Bravo
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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de Oliveira PN, da Silva LFC, Eloy NB. The role of APC/C in cell cycle dynamics, growth and development in cereal crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987919. [PMID: 36247602 PMCID: PMC9558237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops can be considered the basis of human civilization. Thus, it is not surprising that these crops are grown in larger quantities worldwide than any other food supply and provide more energy to humankind than any other provision. Additionally, attempts to harness biomass consumption continue to increase to meet human energy needs. The high pressures for energy will determine the demand for crop plants as resources for biofuel, heat, and electricity. Thus, the search for plant traits associated with genetic increases in yield is mandatory. In multicellular organisms, including plants, growth and development are driven by cell division. These processes require a sequence of intricated events that are carried out by various protein complexes and molecules that act punctually throughout the cycle. Temporal controlled degradation of key cell division proteins ensures a correct onset of the different cell cycle phases and exit from the cell division program. Considering the cell cycle, the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is an important conserved multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, marking targets for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Studies on plant APC/C subunits and activators, mainly in the model plant Arabidopsis, revealed that they play a pivotal role in several developmental processes during growth. However, little is known about the role of APC/C in cereal crops. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the APC/C controlling cereal crop development.
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6
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Sharma V, Clark AJ, Kawashima T. Insights into the molecular evolution of fertilization mechanism in land plants. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:353-364. [PMID: 34061252 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genetics and genomics among green plants, including algae, provide deep insights into the evolution of land plant sexual reproduction. Land plants have evolved successive changes during their conquest of the land and innovations in sexual reproduction have played a major role in their terrestrialization. Recent years have seen many revealing dissections of the molecular mechanisms of sexual reproduction and much new genomics data from the land plant lineage, including early diverging land plants, as well as algae. This new knowledge is being integrated to further understand how sexual reproduction in land plants evolved, identifying highly conserved factors and pathways, but also molecular changes that underpinned the emergence of new modes of sexual reproduction. Here, we review recent advances in the knowledge of land plant sexual reproduction from an evolutionary perspective and also revisit the evolution of angiosperm double fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijyesh Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Anthony J Clark
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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7
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The Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Beta Subunit Is Essential for Embryo and Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157907. [PMID: 34360673 PMCID: PMC8347404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant development affecting the formation and maturation of reproductive structures. The apoplastic route of auxin transport engages influx and efflux facilitators from the PIN, AUX and ABCB families. The polar localization of these proteins and constant recycling from the plasma membrane to endosomes is dependent on Rab-mediated vesicular traffic. Rab proteins are anchored to membranes via posttranslational addition of two geranylgeranyl moieties by the Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase enzyme (RGT), which consists of RGTA, RGTB and REP subunits. Here, we present data showing that seed development in the rgtb1 mutant, with decreased vesicular transport capacity, is disturbed. Both pre- and post-fertilization events are affected, leading to a decrease in seed yield. Pollen tube recognition at the stigma and its guidance to the micropyle is compromised and the seed coat forms incorrectly. Excess auxin in the sporophytic tissues of the ovule in the rgtb1 plants leads to an increased tendency of autonomous endosperm formation in unfertilized ovules and influences embryo development in a maternal sporophytic manner. The results show the importance of vesicular traffic for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and highlight RGTB1 as a key component of sporophytic-filial signaling.
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8
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Yadav VK, Santos-González J, Köhler C. INT-Hi-C reveals distinct chromatin architecture in endosperm and leaf tissues of Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4371-4385. [PMID: 33744975 PMCID: PMC8096224 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order chromatin structure undergoes striking changes in response to various developmental and environmental signals, causing distinct cell types to adopt specific chromatin organization. High throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) allows studying higher-order chromatin structure; however, this technique requires substantial amounts of starting material, which has limited the establishment of cell type-specific higher-order chromatin structure in plants. To overcome this limitation, we established a protocol that is applicable to a limited amount of nuclei by combining the INTACT (isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell types) method and Hi-C (INT-Hi-C). Using this INT-Hi-C protocol, we generated Hi-C data from INTACT purified endosperm and leaf nuclei. Our INT-Hi-C data from leaf accurately reiterated chromatin interaction patterns derived from conventional leaf Hi-C data. We found that the higher-order chromatin organization of mixed leaf tissues and endosperm differs and that DNA methylation and repressive histone marks positively correlate with the chromatin compaction level. We furthermore found that self-looped interacting genes have increased expression in leaves and endosperm and that interacting intergenic regions negatively impact on gene expression in the endosperm. Last, we identified several imprinted genes involved in long-range and trans interactions exclusively in endosperm. Our study provides evidence that the endosperm adopts a distinct higher-order chromatin structure that differs from other cell types in plants and that chromatin interactions influence transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar Yadav
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Juan Santos-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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Tonosaki K, Ono A, Kunisada M, Nishino M, Nagata H, Sakamoto S, Kijima ST, Furuumi H, Nonomura KI, Sato Y, Ohme-Takagi M, Endo M, Comai L, Hatakeyama K, Kawakatsu T, Kinoshita T. Mutation of the imprinted gene OsEMF2a induces autonomous endosperm development and delayed cellularization in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:85-103. [PMID: 33751094 PMCID: PMC8136911 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, endosperm development comprises a series of developmental transitions controlled by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that are initiated after double fertilization. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a key component of these mechanisms that mediate histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3); the action of PRC2 is well described in Arabidopsis thaliana but remains uncertain in cereals. In this study, we demonstrate that mutation of the rice (Oryza sativa) gene EMBRYONIC FLOWER2a (OsEMF2a), encoding a zinc-finger containing component of PRC2, causes an autonomous endosperm phenotype involving proliferation of the central cell nuclei with separate cytoplasmic domains, even in the absence of fertilization. Detailed cytological and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the autonomous endosperm can produce storage compounds, starch granules, and protein bodies specific to the endosperm. These events have not been reported in Arabidopsis. After fertilization, we observed an abnormally delayed developmental transition in the endosperm. Transcriptome and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq analyses using endosperm from the emf2a mutant identified downstream targets of PRC2. These included >100 transcription factor genes such as type-I MADS-box genes, which are likely required for endosperm development. Our results demonstrate that OsEMF2a-containing PRC2 controls endosperm developmental programs before and after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tonosaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- Author for correspondence: (T.Ki.), (K.T.)
| | - Akemi Ono
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Megumi Kunisada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishino
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagata
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Saku T Kijima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Furuumi
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nonomura
- Plant Cytogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masaki Endo
- Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katsunori Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kinoshita
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
- Author for correspondence: (T.Ki.), (K.T.)
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10
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Van Dijk PJ, Op den Camp R, Schauer SE. Genetic Dissection of Apomixis in Dandelions Identifies a Dominant Parthenogenesis Locus and Highlights the Complexity of Autonomous Endosperm Formation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090961. [PMID: 32825294 PMCID: PMC7565526 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apomixis in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) consists of three developmental components: diplospory (apomeiosis), parthenogenesis, and autonomous endosperm development. The genetic basis of diplospory, which is inherited as a single dominant factor, has been previously elucidated. To uncover the genetic basis of the remaining components, a cross between a diploid sexual seed parent and a triploid apomictic pollen donor was made. The resulting 95 triploid progeny plants were genotyped with co-dominant simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers and phenotyped for apomixis as a whole and for the individual apomixis components using Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy of cleared ovules and seed flow cytometry. From this, a new SSR marker allele was discovered that was closely linked to parthenogenesis and unlinked to diplospory. The segregation of apomixis as a whole does not differ significantly from a three-locus model, with diplospory and parthenogenesis segregating as unlinked dominant loci. Autonomous endosperm is regularly present without parthenogenesis, suggesting that the parthenogenesis locus does not also control endosperm formation. However, the high recovery of autonomous endosperm is inconsistent with this phenotype segregating as the third dominant locus. These results highlight the genetic complexity underlying apomixis in the dandelion and underline the challenge of introducing autonomous apomixis into sexual crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Van Dijk
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317-466-866
| | - Rik Op den Camp
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Scheben A, Hojsgaard D. Can We Use Gene-Editing to Induce Apomixis in Sexual Plants? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E781. [PMID: 32664641 PMCID: PMC7397034 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomixis, the asexual formation of seeds, is a potentially valuable agricultural trait. Inducing apomixis in sexual crop plants would, for example, allow breeders to fix heterosis in hybrid seeds and rapidly generate doubled haploid crop lines. Molecular models explain the emergence of functional apomixis, i.e., apomeiosis + parthenogenesis + endosperm development, as resulting from a combination of genetic or epigenetic changes that coordinate altered molecular and developmental steps to form clonal seeds. Apomixis-like features and synthetic clonal seeds have been induced with limited success in the sexual plants rice and maize by using gene editing to mutate genes related to meiosis and fertility or via egg-cell specific expression of embryogenesis genes. Inducing functional apomixis and increasing the penetrance of apomictic seed production will be important for commercial deployment of the trait. Optimizing the induction of apomixis with gene editing strategies that use known targets as well as identifying alternative targets will be possible by better understanding natural genetic variation in apomictic species. With the growing availability of genomic data and precise gene editing tools, we are making substantial progress towards engineering apomictic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Scheben
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA;
| | - Diego Hojsgaard
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Shin JM, Yuan L, Ohme-Takagi M, Kawashima T. Cellular dynamics of double fertilization and early embryogenesis in flowering plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:642-651. [PMID: 32638525 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flowering plants (angiosperms) perform a unique double fertilization in which two sperm cells fuse with two female gamete cells in the embryo sac to develop a seed. Furthermore, during land plant evolution, the mode of sexual reproduction has been modified dramatically from motile sperm in the early-diverging land plants, such as mosses and ferns as well as some gymnosperms (Ginkgo and cycads) to nonmotile sperm that are delivered to female gametes by the pollen tube in flowering plants. Recent studies have revealed the cellular dynamics and molecular mechanisms for the complex series of double fertilization processes and elucidated differences and similarities between animals and plants. Here, together with a brief comparison with animals, we review the current understanding of flowering plant zygote dynamics, covering from gamete nuclear migration, karyogamy, and polyspermy block, to zygotic genome activation as well as asymmetrical division of the zygote. Further analyses of the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of flowering plant fertilization should shed light on the evolution of the unique sexual reproduction of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Shin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan.,Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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13
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Kordyum EL, Mosyakin SL. Endosperm of Angiosperms and Genomic Imprinting. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E104. [PMID: 32635326 PMCID: PMC7400472 DOI: 10.3390/life10070104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern ideas about the role of epigenetic systems in the regulation of gene expression allow us to understand the mechanisms of vital activities in plants, such as genomic imprinting. It is important that genomic imprinting is known first and foremost for the endosperm, which not only provides an embryo with necessary nutrients, but also plays a special biological role in the formation of seeds and fruits. Available data on genomic imprinting in the endosperm have been obtained only for the triploid endosperm in model plants, which develops after double fertilization in a Polygonum-type embryo sac, the most common type among angiosperms. Here we provide a brief overview of a wide diversity of embryo sacs and endosperm types and ploidy levels, as well as their distribution in the angiosperm families, positioned according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) phylogenetic classification. Addition of the new, non-model taxa to study gene imprinting in seed development will extend our knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms underlying angiosperm fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Kordyum
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01004 Kyiv, Ukraine; or
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14
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Matilla AJ. Auxin: Hormonal Signal Required for Seed Development and Dormancy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E705. [PMID: 32492815 PMCID: PMC7356396 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of viable seeds is a key event in the life cycle of higher plants. Historically, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GAs) were considered the main hormones that regulate seed formation. However, auxin has recently emerged as an essential player that modulates, in conjunction with ABA, different cellular processes involved in seed development as well as the induction, regulation and maintenance of primary dormancy (PD). This review examines and discusses the key role of auxin as a signaling molecule that coordinates seed life. The cellular machinery involved in the synthesis and transport of auxin, as well as their cellular and tissue compartmentalization, is crucial for the development of the endosperm and seed-coat. Thus, auxin is an essential compound involved in integuments development, and its transport from endosperm is regulated by AGAMOUS-LIKE62 (AGL62) whose transcript is specifically expressed in the endosperm. In addition, recent biochemical and genetic evidence supports the involvement of auxins in PD. In this process, the participation of the transcriptional regulator ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) is critical, revealing a cross-talk between auxin and ABA signaling. Future experimental aimed at advancing knowledge of the role of auxins in seed development and PD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Hojsgaard D. Apomixis Technology: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E411. [PMID: 32290084 PMCID: PMC7231277 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Projections indicate that current plant breeding approaches will be unable to incorporate the global crop yields needed to deliver global food security. Apomixis is a disruptive innovation by which a plant produces clonal seeds capturing heterosis and gene combinations of elite phenotypes. Introducing apomixis into hybrid cultivars is a game-changing development in the current plant breeding paradigm that will accelerate the generation of high-yield cultivars. However, apomixis is a developmentally complex and genetically multifaceted trait. The central problem behind current constraints to apomixis breeding is that the genomic configuration and molecular mechanism that initiate apomixis and guide the formation of a clonal seed are still unknown. Today, not a single explanation about the origin of apomixis offer full empirical coverage, and synthesizing apomixis by manipulating individual genes has failed or produced little success. Overall evidence suggests apomixis arise from a still unknown single event molecular mechanism with multigenic effects. Disentangling the genomic basis and complex genetics behind the emergence of apomixis in plants will require the use of novel experimental approaches benefiting from Next Generation Sequencing technologies and targeting not only reproductive genes, but also the epigenetic and genomic configurations associated with reproductive phenotypes in homoploid sexual and apomictic carriers. A comprehensive picture of most regulatory changes guiding apomixis emergence will be central for successfully installing apomixis into the target species by exploiting genetic modification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hojsgaard
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073-1 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Controlling Apomixis: Shared Features and Distinct Characteristics of Gene Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030329. [PMID: 32245021 PMCID: PMC7140868 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, sexual and asexual reproduction through seeds (apomixis) have evolved as alternative strategies. As apomixis leads to the formation of clonal offspring, its great potential for agricultural applications has long been recognized. However, the genetic basis and the molecular control underlying apomixis and its evolutionary origin are to date not fully understood. Both in sexual and apomictic plants, reproduction is tightly controlled by versatile mechanisms regulating gene expression, translation, and protein abundance and activity. Increasing evidence suggests that interrelated pathways including epigenetic regulation, cell-cycle control, hormonal pathways, and signal transduction processes are relevant for apomixis. Additional molecular mechanisms are being identified that involve the activity of DNA- and RNA-binding proteins, such as RNA helicases which are increasingly recognized as important regulators of reproduction. Together with other factors including non-coding RNAs, their association with ribosomes is likely to be relevant for the formation and specification of the apomictic reproductive lineage. Subsequent seed formation appears to involve an interplay of transcriptional activation and repression of developmental programs by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In this review, insights into the genetic basis and molecular control of apomixis are presented, also taking into account potential relations to environmental stress, and considering aspects of evolution.
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17
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Olsen OA. The Modular Control of Cereal Endosperm Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:279-290. [PMID: 31956036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of the human population demands a significant increase in cereal production. The main component of cereal grains is endosperm, a body of starchy endosperm (SE) cells surrounded by aleurone (AL) cells with transfer cells (TC) at the base and embryo surrounding (ESR) cells adjacent to the embryo. The data reviewed here emphasize the modular nature of endosperm by first suggesting that sucrose promotes development of the fertilized triploid endosperm cell. Next, that the basal syncytial endosperm responds to glucose by turning on TC development. The default endosperm cell fate is SE and ESR differentiation is likely activated by signaling from the embryo. Cells on the exterior surface of the endosperm are specified as AL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odd-Arne Olsen
- Department of Plant Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1434, Ås, Norway.
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18
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Kono M, Kawaguchi H, Mizusawa N, Yamori W, Suzuki Y, Terashima I. Far-Red Light Accelerates Photosynthesis in the Low-Light Phases of Fluctuating Light. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1-2. [PMID: 31617558 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that far-red light (FR; >700 nm) drives PSI photochemistry, but its effect on photosynthetic performance has received little attention. In this study, the effects of the addition of FR to red fluctuating light (FL) have on photosynthesis were examined in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Light-activated leaves were illuminated with FL [alternating high light/low light (HL/LL) at 800/30 μmol m-2 s-1] for 10-15 min without or with FR at intensities that reflected natural conditions. The CO2 assimilation rates upon the transition from HL to LL were significantly greater with FR than without FR. The enhancement of photosynthesis by FR was small under the steady-state conditions and in the HL phases of FL. Proton conductivity through the thylakoid membrane (gH+) in the LL phases of FL, estimated from the dark relaxation kinetics of the electrochromic absorbance shift, was greater with FR than without FR. The relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the PSII antenna system and the increase in PSII photochemistry in the LL phases accelerated in the presence of FR. Similar FR-effects in FL were confirmed in typical sun and shade plants. On the basis of these results, we concluded that FR exerted beneficial effects on photosynthesis in FL by exciting PSI and accelerating NPQ relaxation and PSII-yield increase. This was probably because of the increased gH+, which would reflect faster ΔpH dissipation and ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kono
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hikaru Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1293 Japan
| | - Naoki Mizusawa
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584 Japan
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0003 Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1293 Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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19
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Yang Y, Zheng W, Xiao K, Wu L, Zeng J, Zhou S. Transcriptome analysis reveals the different compatibility between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL in Lilium. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:297-307. [PMID: 31481839 PMCID: PMC6711731 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To unveil the mechanism of the compatibility of odd-allotetraploid lily (LAAA) as female with diploid male lily, the differences of expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The results showed the fruits of LAAA × AA well developed, while those of LAAA × LL aborted. The number of differentially expressed genes was less in the ovaries of LAAA × AA than those of LAAA × LL, but it showed opposite trend in those of leaves. The unigenes related with auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, antioxidants, expansins, chlorophylls, carbohydrates, transport proteins were usually up-expressed in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA but not in LAAA × LL; while those of abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were increased in the ovaries or leaves of LAAA × LL but not in LAAA × AA. The up-expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA played positive roles in its fruit development because the products of the genes, like phytohormones and antioxidants, had functions protecting leaves from senescence or scavenging ROS, and thus LAAA was compatible with AA, while those of LAAA × LL played negative roles and caused its fruits aborted, and hence LAAA was incompatible with LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Kongzhong Xiao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Like Wu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
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20
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León-Martínez G, Vielle-Calzada JP. Apomixis in flowering plants: Developmental and evolutionary considerations. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 131:565-604. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Baroux C, Grossniklaus U. Seeds-An evolutionary innovation underlying reproductive success in flowering plants. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 131:605-642. [PMID: 30612632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
"Seeds nourish, seeds unite, seeds endure, seeds defend, seeds travel," explains the science writer Thor Hanson in his book The Triumph of Seeds (2015). The seed is an ultimate product of land plant evolution. The nursing and protective organization of the seed enable a unique parental care of the progeny that has fueled seed plant radiation. Seeds promote dispersal and optimize offspring production and thus reproductive fitness through biological adaptations that integrate environmental and developmental cues. The composite structure of seeds, uniting tissues that originate from three distinct organisms, enables the partitioning of tasks during development, maturation, and storage, while a sophisticated interplay between the compartments allows the fine-tuning of embryonic growth, as well as seed maturation, dormancy, and germination. In this review, we will highlight peculiarities in the development and evolution of the different seed compartments and focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Baroux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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van Nocker S. Hybrids without hybridization-can it revolutionize horticulture? HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:76. [PMID: 30588321 PMCID: PMC6303291 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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23
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Clearance of maternal barriers by paternal miR159 to initiate endosperm nuclear division in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5011. [PMID: 30479343 PMCID: PMC6258693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm entry triggers central cell division during seed development, but what factors besides the genome are inherited from sperm, and the mechanism by which paternal factors regulate early division events, are not understood. Here we show that sperm-transmitted miR159 promotes endosperm nuclear division by repressing central cell-transmitted miR159 targets. Disruption of paternal miR159 causes approximately half of the seeds to abort as a result of defective endosperm nuclear divisions. In wild-type plants, MYB33 and MYB65, two miR159 targets, are highly expressed in the central cell before fertilization, but both are rapidly abolished after fertilization. In contrast, loss of paternal miR159 leads to retention of MYB33 and MYB65 in the central cell after fertilization. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a miR159-resistant version of MYB33 (mMYB33) in the endosperm significantly inhibits initiation of endosperm nuclear division. Collectively, these results show that paternal miR159 inhibits its maternal targets to promote endosperm nuclear division, thus uncovering a previously unknown paternal effect on seed development. Seed development in plants is triggered by entry of sperm to the ovule. Here, Zhao et al. uncover miR159 as a paternal-trigger of seed development that is transmitted to the central cell where it represses expression of maternal targets to promote nuclear division in the endosperm.
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24
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Chen M, Lin JY, Hur J, Pelletier JM, Baden R, Pellegrini M, Harada JJ, Goldberg RB. Seed genome hypomethylated regions are enriched in transcription factor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8315-E8322. [PMID: 30104383 PMCID: PMC6126732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811017115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms that control gene activity during seed development remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that several genes essential for seed development, including those encoding storage proteins, fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes, and transcriptional regulators (e.g., ABI3, FUS3) are located within hypomethylated regions of the soybean genome. These hypomethylated regions are similar to the DNA methylation valleys (DMVs), or canyons, found in mammalian cells. Here, we address the question of the extent to which DMVs are present within seed genomes and what role they might play in seed development. We scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes from postfertilization through dormancy and germination for regions that contain <5% or <0.4% bulk methylation in CG, CHG, and CHH contexts over all developmental stages. We found that DMVs represent extensive portions of seed genomes, range in size from 5-76 kb, are scattered throughout all chromosomes, and are hypomethylated throughout the plant life cycle. Significantly, DMVs are enriched greatly in transcription factor (TF) genes and other developmental genes that play critical roles in seed formation. Many DMV genes are regulated with respect to seed stage, region, and tissue, and contain H3K4me3, H3K27me3, or bivalent marks that fluctuate during development. Our results indicate that DMVs are a unique regulatory feature of both plant and animal genomes, and that a large number of seed genes are regulated in the absence of methylation changes during development, probably by the action of specific TFs and epigenetic events at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jer-Young Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jungim Hur
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Julie M Pelletier
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Russell Baden
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - John J Harada
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert B Goldberg
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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25
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Qian J, Chen Y, Hu Y, Deng Y, Liu Y, Li G, Zou W, Zhao J. Arabidopsis replication factor C4 is critical for DNA replication during the mitotic cell cycle. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:288-303. [PMID: 29406597 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Replication factor C (RFC) is a conserved eukaryotic complex consisting of RFC1/2/3/4/5. It plays important roles in DNA replication and the cell cycle in yeast and fruit fly. However, it is not very clear how RFC subunits function in higher plants, except for the Arabidopsis (At) subunits AtRFC1 and AtRFC3. In this study, we investigated the functions of AtRFC4 and found that loss of function of AtRFC4 led to an early sporophyte lethality that initiated as early as the elongated zygote stage, all defective embryos arrested at the two- to four-cell embryo proper stage, and the endosperm possessed six to eight free nuclei. Complementation of rfc4-1/+ with AtRFC4 expression driven through the embryo-specific DD45pro and ABI3pro or the endosperm-specific FIS2pro could not completely restore the defective embryo or endosperm, whereas a combination of these three promoters in rfc4-1/+ enabled the aborted ovules to develop into viable seeds. This suggests that AtRFC4 functions simultaneously in endosperm and embryo and that the proliferation of endosperm is critical for embryo maturation. Assays of DNA content in rfc4-1/+ verified that DNA replication was disrupted in endosperm and embryo, resulting in blocked mitosis. Moreover, we observed a decreased proportion of late S-phase and M-phase cells in the rfc4-1/-FIS2;DD45;ABI3pro::AtRFC4 seedlings, suggesting that incomplete DNA replication triggered cell cycle arrest in cells of the root apical meristem. Therefore, we conclude that AtRFC4 is a crucial gene for DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingtian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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26
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Joldersma D, Liu Z. The making of virgin fruit: the molecular and genetic basis of parthenocarpy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:955-962. [PMID: 29325151 PMCID: PMC6018997 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set-the commitment of an angiosperm plant to develop fruit-is a key developmental process that normally occurs following successful fertilization. Parthenocarpy arises when fruit automatically develop in the absence of fertilization. This review uses parthenocarpic fruit development as a focal device through which to recapitulate and understand the molecular effectors that mediate and regulate fruit set. The review demonstrates that studies of parthenocarpy are providing vital insight into plant development, signaling and, potentially, high-value agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Joldersma
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Wan L, Li B, Lei Y, Yan L, Ren X, Chen Y, Dai X, Jiang H, Zhang J, Guo W, Chen A, Liao B. Mutant Transcriptome Sequencing Provides Insights into Pod Development in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1900. [PMID: 29170673 PMCID: PMC5684126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pod size is the major yield component and a key target trait that is selected for in peanut breeding. However, although numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for peanut pod size have been described, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of this characteristic remain elusive. A peanut mutant with a narrower pod was developed in this study using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and designated as the "pod width" mutant line (pw). The fresh pod weight of pw was only about 40% of that seen in the wild-type (WT) Zhonghua16, while the hull and seed filling of the mutant both also developed at earlier stages. Pods from both pw and WT lines were sampled 20, 40, and 60 days after flowering (DAF) and used for RNA-Seq analysis; the results revealed highly differentially expressed lignin metabolic pathway genes at all three stages, but especially at DAF 20 and DAF 40. At the same time, expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction was found to be significantly repressed during the pw early pod developmental stage. A genome-wide comparative analysis of expression profiles revealed 260 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across all three stages, and two candidate genes, c26901_g1 (CAD) and c37339_g1 (ACS), responsible for pod width were identified by integrating expression patterns and function annotation of the common DEGs within the three stages. Taken together, the information provided in this study illuminates the processes underlying peanut pod development, and will facilitate further identification of causal genes and the development of improved peanut varieties with higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Zhanjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Boshou Liao
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