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Ushiki A, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Nobuhara M, Murray E, Ruan X, Rios JJ, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113907. [PMID: 38461417 PMCID: PMC11005513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A genome-wide association study identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we use mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts, and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterize a sequence, PEC7, which overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and find it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, or deletion of both sequences lead to a kinky tail phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicates several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mai Nobuhara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Strong A, Behr M, Lott C, Clark AJ, Mentch F, Da Silva RP, Rux DR, Campbell R, Skraban C, Wang X, Anari JB, Sinder B, Cahill PJ, Sleiman P, Hakonarson H. Molecular diagnosis and novel genes and phenotypes in a pediatric thoracic insufficiency cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:991. [PMID: 36653407 PMCID: PMC9849333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic insufficiency syndromes are a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by congenital abnormalities or progressive deformation of the chest wall and/or vertebrae that result in restrictive lung disease and compromised respiratory capacity. We performed whole exome sequencing on a cohort of 42 children with thoracic insufficiency to elucidate the underlying molecular etiologies of syndromic and non-syndromic thoracic insufficiency and predict extra-skeletal manifestations and disease progression. Molecular diagnosis was established in 24/42 probands (57%), with 18/24 (75%) probands having definitive diagnoses as defined by laboratory and clinical criteria and 6/24 (25%) probands having strong candidate genes. Gene identified in cohort patients most commonly encoded components of the primary cilium, connective tissue, and extracellular matrix. A novel association between KIF7 and USP9X variants and thoracic insufficiency was identified. We report and expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of a cohort of children with thoracic insufficiency, reinforce the prevalence of extra-skeletal manifestations in thoracic insufficiency syndromes, and expand the phenotype of KIF7 and USP9X-related disease to include thoracic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Strong
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Meckenzie Behr
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carina Lott
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abigail J Clark
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Mentch
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renata Pellegrino Da Silva
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle R Rux
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Campbell
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cara Skraban
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason B Anari
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Sinder
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Cahill
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Endowed Chair in Genomic Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Shu L, Meng Y, Ma J, Gao R, Zhou X. A Genetic Variant of the ROBO3 Gene is Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Chinese Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2023; 48:E20-E24. [PMID: 36149840 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case-control association study. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to reveal whether mutations within roundabout receptor 3 ( ROBO3 ) gene were related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Chinese Han population and to investigate the functional role of ROBO3 in the pathogenesis and progression of AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA ROBO3 is essential for the regulation of hindbrain axonal cell migration and midline crossing. Studies have demonstrated that ROBO3 homozygous mutations are associated with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis. However, whether and how ROBO3 contributed to the development of scoliosis remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed in 135 AIS patients and 267 healthy controls to evaluate the differences of single nucleotide polymorphism variants within ROBO3 . Then the identified variant of ROBO3 was genotyped in another cohort included 1140 AIS patients and 1580 controls. Moreover, paraspinal muscles were collected from 39 AIS patients and 45 lumbar disk herniation patients for the measurement of ROBO3 mRNA expression. The χ 2 test, Fisher exact test or the Student t test were used to compare intergroup data. Pearson correlation was used to determine the association between ROBO3 expression and clinical phenotypes. RESULTS A significant association was identified between the gene variant (rs74787566) of ROBO3 and the development of AIS through exome sequencing. The genotyping cohort demonstrated a higher frequency of allele A in AIS patients compared to controls (7.89% vs . 4.30%, P <0.001, odds ratio=1.87). In addition, the expression of ROBO3 in paraspinal muscles was inversely correlated with the Cobb angle ( P =0.043, r2 =0.1059). CONCLUSION A significant association was identified between the gene variant (rs74787566) of ROBO3 and the development of AIS. The reduced expression of ROBO3 could result in the progression of curve magnitude in patients with AIS. Further studies are needed to verify the functional role of ROBO3 in the development of AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
| | - Zhanrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
| | - Lun Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hainan Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai
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Reactivation of Vertebral Growth Plate Function in Vertebral Body Tethering in an Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911596. [PMID: 36232897 PMCID: PMC9570152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible spine tethering is a relatively novel fusionless surgical technique that aims to correct scoliosis based on growth modulation due to the pressure exerted on the vertebral body epiphyseal growth plate. The correction occurs in two phases: immediate intraoperative and postoperative with growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reactivation of vertebral growth plate function after applying corrective forces. The rat tail model was used. Asymmetric compression and distraction of caudal growth plates were performed using a modified external fixation apparatus. Radiological and histopathological data were analysed. After three weeks of correction, the activity of the structures increased across the entire growth plate width, and the plate was thickened. The height of the hypertrophic layer and chondrocytes on the concave side doubled in height. The height of chondrocytes and the cartilage thickness on the concave and central sides after the correction did not differ statistically significantly from the control group. Initiation of the correction of scoliosis in the growing spine, with relief of the pressure on the growth plate, allows the return of the physiological activity of the growth cartilage and restoration of the deformed vertebral body.
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Blackwell DL, Fraser SD, Caluseriu O, Vivori C, Tyndall AV, Lamont RE, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM, Bernier FP, Childs SJ. Hnrnpul1 controls transcription, splicing, and modulates skeletal and limb development in vivo. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6553027. [PMID: 35325113 PMCID: PMC9073674 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RNA-binding proteins can lead to pleiotropic phenotypes including craniofacial, skeletal, limb, and neurological symptoms. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are involved in nucleic acid binding, transcription, and splicing through direct binding to DNA and RNA, or through interaction with other proteins in the spliceosome. We show a developmental role for Hnrnpul1 in zebrafish, resulting in reduced body and fin growth and missing bones. Defects in craniofacial tendon growth and adult-onset caudal scoliosis are also seen. We demonstrate a role for Hnrnpul1 in alternative splicing and transcriptional regulation using RNA-sequencing, particularly of genes involved in translation, ubiquitination, and DNA damage. Given its cross-species conservation and role in splicing, it would not be surprising if it had a role in human development. Whole-exome sequencing detected a homozygous frameshift variant in HNRNPUL1 in 2 siblings with congenital limb malformations, which is a candidate gene for their limb malformations. Zebrafish Hnrnpul1 mutants suggest an important developmental role of hnRNPUL1 and provide motivation for exploring the potential conservation of ancient regulatory circuits involving hnRNPUL1 in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Blackwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sherri D Fraser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Claudia Vivori
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Amanda V Tyndall
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ryan E Lamont
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jillian S Parboosingh
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - François P Bernier
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Jamison M, Glover M, Peterson K, DeGregorio M, King K, Danelson K, O'Gara T. Lumbopelvic postural differences in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A pilot study. Gait Posture 2022; 93:73-77. [PMID: 35093665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A primary etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is currently unknown, but poor postural control of the spinal extensor musculature has been identified as an AIS risk factor. Identifiable postural differences would aid in advancing the precise postural behaviors that should be modified during Physiotherapy Scoliosis Specific Exercise (PSSE) to help limit the progression of AIS. RESEARCH QUESTION Are there any determinable differences in lumbopelvic posture or range of motion between subjects with AIS and controls? METHODS This prospective cohort pilot study consisted of 53 subjects (27 AIS and 26 control) aged 11-17 years. Subjects had their lumbopelvic posture assessed and monitored using the ViMove DorsaVi sensor package. All subjects underwent a live assessment to obtain initial lumbopelvic (LP) range of motion (ROM) measurements. Subjects were then monitored while continuing with normal activities of daily living (ADLs) for 12 h. With an alpha level of 0.05, nonparametric analyses were performed for each variable via a Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS During the live assessment, controls exhibited a significantly greater anterior pelvic tilt ROM in the sitting position than the AIS group (p = 0.0433). When compared to female controls, females with AIS had a sitting pelvic tilt ROM that was significantly more retroverted (p = 0.0232) and less anteverted (p = 0.0010). During ADLs, female controls exhibited a higher total number of extension events than their female with AIS (p = 0.0263). These associations did not strengthen with greater spinal deformity. SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrates postural differences between patients with AIS and controls. Further study is necessary to determine why patients with AIS adopt these postures, and if PSSEs can be utilized to limit the progression of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jamison
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mark Glover
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Keyan Peterson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael DeGregorio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Grand Canyon University, 3300W Camelback Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85017, USA
| | - Kamryn King
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kerry Danelson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tadhg O'Gara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
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Induction of a representative idiopathic-like scoliosis in a porcine model using a multidirectional dynamic spring-based system. Spine J 2021; 21:1376-1386. [PMID: 33757871 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the spine in which vertebral rotation plays an important role. However, no treatment strategy currently exists that primarily applies a continuous rotational moment over a long period of time to the spine, while preserving its mobility. We developed a dynamic, torsional device that can be inserted with standard posterior instrumentation. The feasibility of this implant to rotate the spine and preserve motion was tested in growing mini-pigs. PURPOSE To test the quality and feasibility of the torsional device to induce the typical axial rotation of scoliosis while maintaining growth and mobility of the spine. STUDY DESIGN Preclinical animal study with 14 male, 7 month old Gottingen mini-pigs. Comparison of two scoliosis induction methods, with and without the torsional device, with respect to 3D deformity and maintenance of the scoliosis after removal of the implants. METHODS Fourteen mini-pigs received either a unilateral tether-only (n=6) or a tether combined with a contralateral torsional device (n=8). X-rays and CT-scans were made post-operative, at 8 weeks and at 12 weeks. Flexibility of the spine was assessed at 12 weeks. In 3 mini-pigs per condition, the implants were removed and the animals were followed until no further correction was expected. RESULTS At 12 weeks the tether-only group yielded a coronal Cobb angle of 16.8±3.3°For the tether combined with the torsional device this was 22.0±4.0°. The most prominent difference at 12 weeks was the axial rotation with 3.6±2.8° for the tether-only group compared to 18.1±4.6° for the tether-torsion group. Spinal growth and flexibility remained normal and comparable for both groups. After removal of the devices, the induced scoliosis reduced by 41% in both groups. There were no adverse tissue reactions, implant complications or infections. CONCLUSION The present study indicates the ability of the torsional device combined with a tether to induce a flexible idiopathic-like scoliosis in mini-pigs. The torsional device was necessary to induce the typical axial rotation found in human scoliosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The investigated torsional device could induce apical rotation in a flexible and growing spine. Whether this may be used to reduce a scoliotic deformity remains to be investigated.
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Abstract
Two new studies elegantly identify a missing link between idiopathic scoliosis and the Reissner fiber.
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Bornstein B, Konstantin N, Alessandro C, Tresch MC, Zelzer E. More than movement: the proprioceptive system as a new regulator of musculoskeletal biology. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Marie-Hardy L, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Pietton R, Slimani L, Pascal-Moussellard H. The orthopedic characterization of cfap298 tm304 mutants validate zebrafish to faithfully model human AIS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7392. [PMID: 33795825 PMCID: PMC8016992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation relies on the beating of motile cilia projecting in the lumen of the brain and spinal cord cavities Mutations in genes involved in cilia motility disturb cerebrospinal fluid circulation and result in scoliosis-like deformities of the spine in juvenile zebrafish. However, these defects in spine alignment have not been validated with clinical criteria used to diagnose adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The aim of this study was to describe, using orthopaedic criteria the spinal deformities of a zebrafish mutant model of AIS targeting a gene involved in cilia polarity and motility, cfap298tm304. The zebrafish mutant line cfap298tm304, exhibiting alteration of CSF flow due to defective cilia motility, was raised to the juvenile stage. The analysis of mutant animals was based on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which was conducted in a QUANTUM FX CALIPER, with a 59 µm-30 mm protocol. 63% of the cfap298tm304 zebrafish analyzed presented a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, that was evolutive during the juvenile phase, more frequent in females, with a right convexity, a rotational component and involving at least one dislocation. We confirm here that cfap298tm304 scoliotic individuals display a typical AIS phenotype, with orthopedic criteria mirroring patient's diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Pietton
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lotfi Slimani
- EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - Hugues Pascal-Moussellard
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
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12
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Lai J, Ji G, Zhou Y, Chen J, Zhou M, Mo J, Zheng T. Apoptosis of endplate chondrocytes in cervical kyphosis is associated with chronic forward flexed neck: an in vivo rat bipedal walking model. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:5. [PMID: 33397370 PMCID: PMC7784390 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-02124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to establish a rat bipedal walking model of cervical kyphosis (CK) associated with chronic forward flexed neck and assess the effects of chronic forward flexed neck on endplate chondrocytes. METHODS Forty-eight 1-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: forward flexed neck group (n = 16), bipedal group (n = 16), and normal group (n = 16). Cervical curves were analyzed on a lateral cervical spine X-ray using Harrison's posterior tangent method before the experiment and at 2-week intervals for a 6-week period. Histologic changes in cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. RESULTS Radiographic findings suggested a significantly decreased cervical physiological curvature in the forward flexed neck group over the 6-week follow-up; normal cervical curves were maintained in other groups. The average cervical curvature (C2-C7) was - 7.6 ± 0.9° in the forward flexed neck group before the experiment, - 3.9 ± 0.8° at 2 weeks post-experiment, 10.7 ± 1.0° at 4 weeks post-experiment, and 20.5 ± 2.1° at the last follow-up post-experiment. Histologically, results of H&E staining unveiled that cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes were arranged in an irregular fashion, with the decreased number at the observation period; the incidence of apoptotic cells in the forward flexed neck group was noticeably higher at the 6-week follow-up than that in other groups. CONCLUSIONS CK developed as the result of chronic forward flexed neck. Histologic changes suggested that chondrocyte apoptosis may play a critical role in the development of cervical kyphotic deformity associated with chronic forward flexed neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Lai
- Emergency Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guanglin Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jianwen Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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Zlatow AL, Wilson SS, Bouley DM, Tetens-Woodring J, Buchholz DR, Green SL. Axial Skeletal Malformations in Genetically Modified Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Comp Med 2020; 70:532-541. [PMID: 33203505 PMCID: PMC7754201 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal malformations in captive-bred, adult Xenopus spp., have not previously been reported. Here we describe 10 sexually mature, genetically modified laboratory frogs (6 Xenopus laevis and 4 Xenopus tropicalis) with axial skeletal abnormalities. The young adult frogs were described by veterinary staff as presenting with "hunchbacks," but were otherwise considered to be in good health. All affected frogs were genetically engineered using various techniques: transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) editing using thyroid hormone receptor α TALEN mRNA, restriction enzyme-mediated integration methods involving insertion of the inducible transgene pCAR/TRDN, or via I-SceI meganuclease transgenesis using either pDRTREdpTR-HS4 or pDPCrtTA-TREG-HS4 plasmid sequences. Radiographic findings (6 frogs) and gross necropsy (10 frogs) revealed vertebral column malformations and sacroiliac deformities that resulted in moderate to severe kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. These findings were confirmed and additional skeletal abnormalities were identified using computed tomography to create a 3D reconstruction of 4 frogs. Additional findings visible on the 3D reconstructions included incomplete vertebral segmentation, malformed transverse processes, and a short and/or curved urostyle. Histopathologic findings included misshapen intervertebral joints with nonconforming articular surfaces, narrowed joint cavities, flattened or irregularly-formed articular cartilage, irregular maturation lines and nonpolarized chondrocytes, excess fibrocartilage, and evidence of irregular bone resorption and growth. While the specific etiology of the vertebral skeletal abnormalities remains unclear, possibilities include: 1) egg/oocyte physical manipulation (dejellying, microinjection, fertilization, etc.), 2) induction and expression of the transgenes, 3) inactivation (knockout) of existing genes by insertional mutagenesis, or 4) a combination of the above. Furthermore, the possibility of undetected changes in the macro or microenvironment, or a feature of the genetic background of the affected frogs cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Zlatow
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sabrina S Wilson
- Diagnostic Imaging Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Donna M Bouley
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Daniel R Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sherril L Green
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;,
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Castel A, Doré V, Fazio C. Spinal stabilisation using a polyvinilidine (Lubra) plate in a pot‐bellied pig. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Castel
- Sciences CliniquesUniversité de MontréalFaculté de Médecine VétérinaireSaint‐HyacintheQuébecCanada
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Vincent Doré
- Sciences CliniquesUniversité de MontréalFaculté de Médecine VétérinaireSaint‐HyacintheQuébecCanada
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Connie Fazio
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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15
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Lalande V, Villemure I, Parent S, Aubin CÉ. Induced pressures on the epiphyseal growth plate with non segmental anterior spine tethering. Spine Deform 2020; 8:585-589. [PMID: 32096137 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-020-00070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental biomechanical study of pressures exerted on the epiphyseal growth plates (GP) in tethered porcine cadaveric spines. OBJECTIVES To experimentally measure the pressure exerted on the vertebral end plates of a tethered porcine spine model. Flexible spine tethering is a novel fusionless surgical technique that aims to correct scoliotic deformities based on growth modulation due to the pressure exerted on vertebral body epiphyseal GP. The applied pressure resulting from spine tethering remains not well documented. METHODS The ligamentous thoracic segment (T1-T14) of four 3-months old Duroc Landrace pigs (female; 22 kg, range: 18-27 kg) was positioned in lateral decubitus in a custom-made stand. Vertebra T14 was clamped but the remaining spine was free to slide horizontally. For every specimen, six configurations were tested: three or five instrumented motion segments (T5-T10 or T7-T10) with applied compression of 22, 44 or 66 N. The pressure generated on the GPs in the tethered side was measured with a thin force sensor slid either at the proximal, apex or distal levels. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA. RESULTS The pressure was significantly different between three and five instrumented motion segments (averages of 0.76 MPa ± 0.03 and 0.60 MPa ± 0.03, respectively; p < 0.05), but the pressure exerted on each GP along the instrumented spine was not significantly different for a given number of instrumented levels. The pressure was linearly correlated to the tether tension. CONCLUSIONS Non segmental anterior spine tethering induced similar pressures on every instrumented level regardless of the number of instrumented levels, with 21% lesser pressures with 5 motion segments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Lalande
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada.,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carl-Éric Aubin
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada. .,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada. .,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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16
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Marie-Hardy L, Khalifé M, Slimani L, Pascal-Moussellard H. Computed tomography method for characterising the zebrafish spine. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019; 105:361-367. [PMID: 30799173 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish is widely used in research due in part to its readily manipulable genome. Zebrafish models of spinal deformities including scoliosis were developed recently. However, the methods used to assess the spine in these models vary across studies. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and modalities of local and regional spine structure evaluation by micro-CT in the normal zebrafish. The secondary objectives were to assess the feasibility of spinal angle measurements in normal zebrafish subjected to external stresses designed to mimic spinal deformities, to determine normal angle values in the coronal and sagittal planes, and to detail the micro-CT features of the zebrafish spine. HYPOTHESIS Micro-CT is an effective and reproducible tool for determining orthopaedic parameters to characterise the zebrafish spine. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two observers conducted preliminary analyses on 15 zebrafish including 12 adults (aged 18 months) and 3 juveniles (aged 12 weeks). For the analyses, 6 of the animals were placed in an artificial position to mimic a scoliosis spinal deformity. Micro-CT (Quantum FX Caliper™) was used with 59μm resolution and a 30-mm field of view. Image processing was with RadiAnt DICOM Viewer™ software. RESULTS We defined several assessment planes on the 3D micro-CT reconstructions to measure orthopaedic parameters in the sagittal plane (thoracic and maximal kyphotic curves with their apices, length of the various spinal segments, and sagittal index) and coronal plane (Cobb angles, apices, end-vertebrae, coronal alignment, and side of the convexity). Mean thoracic kyphosis was 20.5°±5.0° in the adults and 8.7° in the juveniles. No curvature was apparent in the coronal plane in the zebrafish left in the neutral position. In the zebrafish with artificially induced curves, micro-CT was effective in determining the Cobb angles and apical vertebrae. DISCUSSION This work defines a standardised micro-CT method for assessing the zebrafish spine. In addition, spinal parameter values that can be considered normal were determined, namely, less than 30° of thoracic kyphosis in the sagittal plane and less than 10° in the coronal plane. Our method was effective in assessing induced spinal deformities on micro-CT reconstructions. We hope it will prove of value in future studies of the zebrafish model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Marc Khalifé
- Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lofti Slimani
- EA2496, pathologie, imagerie & biothérapies orofaciales, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Maurice-Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Hugues Pascal-Moussellard
- Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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17
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Wen J, Wang D, Fang K, Xiao S, Ma R, Liu H. Effect of neurocentral cartilage destruction on spinal growth in immature rabbits. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:951-961. [PMID: 30616424 PMCID: PMC6381499 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518820198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to observe the effect of neurocentral cartilage (NCC) destruction on spinal growth in immature rabbits. Methods The NCC of the lumbar vertebrae of 24 4-week-old female rabbits was destroyed through posterolateral and anterior approaches, and three-dimensional computed tomography examinations were performed 3 months after the procedure. Results Scoliosis was successfully induced in all rabbits of both the anterior and posterolateral approach groups. The scoliosis exceeded 10 degrees in three rabbits, which exhibited coronal scoliosis of the spine, unequal length and thickness of the bilateral pedicles, and rotation of the vertebrae. Scoliosis was not observed in the control group. Conclusions Destruction of the unilateral NCC in immature rabbits can induce structural scoliosis, similar to the pathological features of human scoliosis. The Cobb angles are similar after NCC destruction by a posterolateral approach and under direct vision via the anterior approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Fang
- 2 Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- 2 Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- 2 Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Wang X, Wang S, Yan P, Bian Z, Li M, Hou C, Tian J, Zhu L. Paravertebral injection of botulinum toxin-A reduces lumbar vertebral bone quality. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2664-2670. [PMID: 29687610 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with decreases in muscle strength and bone quality. In older patients, paravertebral muscle atrophy tends to coincide with vertebral osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a paravertebral injection of botulinum toxin-A (BTX) on paravertebral muscle atrophy and lumbar vertebral bone quality. Forty 16-week-old female SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control group (CNT); (2) a resection of erector spinae muscles group (RESM); (3) a botulinum toxin-A group (BTX), treated with 5U BTX by local injection into the paravertebral muscles bilaterally; and (4) a positive control group (OVX), treated by bilateral ovariectomy. Rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks post-surgery, and the lumbar vertebrae (L3-L6) were collected. Micro-CT scans showed that rats in the three experimental groups-particularly the OVX rats-had fewer trabeculae and trabecular connections than rats in the CNT group. BMD was significantly lower in rats in the OVX, RESM, and BTX groups than in the CNT group (p < 0.01). Vertebral compression testing revealed significantly lower maximum load, energy absorption, maximum stress, and elastic modulus values in the three experimental groups compared with the CNT group (p < 0.01); these parameters were lowest in the OVX group (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that local BTX injection causes sufficient muscle atrophy and dysfunction to result in local lumbar vertebral bone loss and quality deterioration in a model of paravertebral muscle atrophy. Clinical Significance: The muscular tissues surrounding the lumbar vertebrae should be preserved during clinical surgery to avoid loss of bone quality and mass in the adjacent bone. Maintaining paravertebral muscle strength is an important consideration for patients with early osteoporosis. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2664-2670, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Bian
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoqiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changju Hou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Tian
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Liulong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Blecher R, Heinemann-Yerushalmi L, Assaraf E, Konstantin N, Chapman JR, Cope TC, Bewick GS, Banks RW, Zelzer E. New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170327. [PMID: 30249776 PMCID: PMC6158198 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are two types of sensory receptors that respond to changes in length or tension of skeletal muscles. These mechanosensors have long been known to participate in both proprioception and stretch reflex. Here, we present recent findings implicating these organs in maintenance of spine alignment as well as in realignment of fractured bones. These discoveries have been made in several mouse lines lacking functional mechanosensors in part or completely. In both studies, the absence of functional spindles and GTOs produced a more severe phenotype than that of spindles alone. Interestingly, the spinal curve phenotype, which appeared during peripubertal development, bears resemblance to the human condition adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This similarity may contribute to the study of the disease by offering both an animal model and a clue as to its aetiology. Moreover, it raises the possibility that impaired proprioceptive signalling may be involved in the aetiology of other conditions. Overall, these new findings expand considerably the scope of involvement of proprioception in musculoskeletal development and function.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Blecher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Zerrifin 70300, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | | | - Eran Assaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Zerrifin 70300, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nitzan Konstantin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Timothy C Cope
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Guy S Bewick
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Robert W Banks
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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20
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Evans KM, Savage AM, Albert JS. Spinal Abnormalities in a Specimen of the Panamanian Knifefish Apteronotus rostratus (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes) with Comments on Gymnotiform Locomotion. COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-17-598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Rudrapatna S, Peterson D, Missiuna P, Aditya I, Drew B, Sahar N, Thabane L, Samaan MC. Understanding muscle-immune interactions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2017; 3:50. [PMID: 29225911 PMCID: PMC5715623 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-017-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis in children, and its cause remains unknown. The Immune-metabolic CONnections to Scoliosis (ICONS) Study was designed to elucidate the potential mechanisms by which immune system-paraspinal muscle crosstalk contributes to the development of AIS. In this report, we document the evaluation of ICONS Study feasibility. Methods This study was conducted at a tertiary pediatric academic center in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We included boys and girls, aged 10–17 years with a diagnosis of AIS requiring corrective spinal surgery. Exclusion criteria included patients on high-dose steroids, immunosuppressive therapy, anti-thrombotic medications, those with an active infection for 15 days before participation, autoimmune disease, pregnancy, and patients who were unwilling to consent. Pre-determined feasibility criteria included permission to approach participants and recruitment rates of 80%, consenting of at least 80% of participants to provide biological samples, 90% or higher case report form and questionnaire completion, resources to be sufficient in at least 80% of recruitments, and the ability to successfully collect and process 80% or more of the biological samples needed for this study. Results Between August 2013 and October 2014, we identified 32 potential participants with AIS, but had the resources to approach only 16, of which 12 (75%) agreed to be approached by the research team, and all consented to participate. Of the 12 participants recruited, 11 questionnaire packages and muscle biopsies (91.7% for each objective) were collected, while other biological samples (serum, plasma, whole blood for DNA and RNA processing, urine) were collected from all participants. Conclusions The ICONS study protocols and procedures are feasible. However, recruitment rates were less than predicted. For the full study, we plan on prolonging the recruitment phase and the inclusion of additional centers to achieve recruitment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikesh Rudrapatna
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3A57, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Ishan Aditya
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3A57, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Brian Drew
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Nicola Sahar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3A57, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3A57, Hamilton, Ontario Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3A57, Hamilton, Ontario Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON Canada
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Blecher R, Krief S, Galili T, Biton IE, Stern T, Assaraf E, Levanon D, Appel E, Anekstein Y, Agar G, Groner Y, Zelzer E. The Proprioceptive System Masterminds Spinal Alignment: Insight into the Mechanism of Scoliosis. Dev Cell 2017; 42:388-399.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Friocourt F, Chédotal A. The Robo3 receptor, a key player in the development, evolution, and function of commissural systems. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:876-890. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Friocourt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision; 17 Rue Moreau Paris 75012 France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision; 17 Rue Moreau Paris 75012 France
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Risk of Implant Loosening After Cyclic Loading of Fusionless Growth Modulation Techniques: Nitinol Staples Versus Flexible Tether. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:443-449. [PMID: 27454539 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical evaluation using porcine spines. OBJECTIVE Compare the fixation strength of two currently used fusionless adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction techniques following cyclic loading using porcine spines. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The ability of fusionless implants to control or correct scoliosis in a growing patient requires such implants to maintain spinal fixation. Because they cross the disc, motion may weaken fixation over time. METHODS Eight pig spines were divided into cycled segments (T10-T13) and uncycled segments (T7-T8, L2-L3). Initial range of motion (ROM) was determined in torsion, flexion-extension, and lateral bending (0.5°/s to 1.75 N·m).Staple group (n = 4): 6 mm parallel staples were inserted on the right anterolateral spine across each intervertebral disc. Cycled segments received six staples (three adjacent discs) and uncycled segments received four staples (two separate discs).Tether group (n = 4): 5.35 × 35 mm right anterolateral vertebral body screws were placed into each vertebra. Cycled segments received four screws and uncycled segments received four screws. Screws in cycled segments were connected with a flexible tether tensioned to straight alignment.ROM of instrumented cycled segments was measured, and then segments were loaded to the measured ROM in flexion-extension (2000 cycles), lateral bending (1000 cycles), and axial rotation (2000 cycles). Implants were axially loaded to failure. Parametric tests compared pre- to postimplant ROM; nonparametric tests compared staple to screw pullout strength; P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS There were no differences in ROM before instrumentation between groups. ROM was not changed except tethers decreased left lateral bending (-6.2°). Although staple pullout was less than screw pullout for cycled and uncycled segments (P < 0.05 and P = 0.057, respectively), there was no difference in pullout strength with and without cyclic loading for either group (P = 0.4). CONCLUSION Tethers decreased lateral bending away from the tether. Screws had almost five times greater load to failure than staples. Five thousand cycles did not result in loosening of either staple or tether screws. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Bogie R, Roth AK, Willems PC, Weegen W, Arts JJ, van Rhijn LW. The Development of a Representative Porcine Early-Onset Scoliosis Model With a Standalone Posterior Spinal Tether. Spine Deform 2017; 5:2-10. [PMID: 28038690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vivo analysis in a porcine model. OBJECTIVES To develop a porcine experimental scoliosis model representative of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) with the use of a radiopaque ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) posterior spinal tether. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Large animal experimental scoliosis models with substantial growth potential are needed to test new fusionless scoliosis correction techniques. Previously described scoliosis models involve rib procedures, which violate the thoracic cage and affect subsequent corrective procedures. Models omitting these rib procedures have experienced difficulties in producing persistent three-dimensional structural deformities representative of EOS. METHODS Scoliosis was induced in 14 immature pigs using an asymmetric posterior radiopaque UHMWPE spinal tether fixated to an offset device at lumbar and thoracic levels. Radiographs were taken at 2-week intervals, and frontal and sagittal Cobb angles were measured. A tether release was performed at the 10-week follow-up, and the animals were observed for another 10 weeks. RESULTS Four animals had complications (infections and/or screw breakout) and were excluded from the study. Eight animals developed progressive curves with a mean frontal Cobb angle of 62°. A thoracic lordosis (34°) and a thoracolumbar kyphosis (22°) formed. CT analysis, acquired prior to tether release, showed a mean vertebral rotation of 37° at the apex with a mean vertebral wedge angle of 10°. After tether release, the frontal Cobb angles decreased to 46° at the 20-week follow-up. Sagittal curvature was not substantially affected after tether release. CONCLUSIONS We describe a large animal scoliosis model, which exhibits a substantial deformity in three planes without the use of rib procedures additional to a posterior spinal tether. The created deformities showed persistence after tether release. With the management of infection and enhancement of instrumentation stability, the creation of a valid model for testing new devices in fusionless scoliosis surgery seems feasible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bogie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, the Netherlands.
| | - A K Roth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P C Willems
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - W Weegen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, the Netherlands
| | - J J Arts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - L W van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Balasubramanian S, Peters JR, Robinson LF, Singh A, Kent RW. Thoracic spine morphology of a pseudo-biped animal model (kangaroo) and comparisons with human and quadruped animals. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 25:4140-4154. [PMID: 27704284 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the structural anatomy, loading condition and range of motion (ROM), no quadruped animal has been shown to accurately mimic the structure and biomechanical function of the human spine. The objective of this study is to quantify the thoracic vertebrae geometry of the kangaroo, and compare with adult human, pig, sheep, and deer. METHODS The thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) from whole body CT scans of ten juvenile kangaroos (ages 11-14 months) were digitally reconstructed and geometric dimensions of the vertebral bodies, endplates, pedicles, spinal canal, processes, facets and intervertebral discs were recorded. Similar data available in the literature on the adult human, pig, sheep, and deer were compared to the kangaroo. A non-parametric trend analysis was performed. RESULTS Thoracic vertebral dimensions of the juvenile kangaroo were found to be generally smaller than those of the adult human and quadruped animals. The most significant (p < 0.001) correlations (Rho) found between the human and kangaroo were in vertebrae and endplate dimensions (0.951 ≤ Rho ≤ 0.963), pedicles (0.851 ≤ Rho ≤ 0.951), and inter-facet heights (0.891 ≤ Rho ≤ 0.967). The deer displayed the least similar trends across vertebral levels. CONCLUSIONS Similarities in thoracic spine vertebral geometry, particularly of the vertebrae, pedicles and facets may render the kangaroo a more clinically relevant human surrogate for testing spinal implants. The pseudo-biped kangaroo may also be a more suitable model for the human thoracic spine for simulating spine deformities, based on previously published similarities in biomechanical loading, posture and ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 718, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - James R Peters
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 718, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lucy F Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA, 19013, USA
| | - Richard W Kent
- Mechanical and Aerospace Department, University of Virginia, 122 Engineer's Way, P.O. Box 400746, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4746, USA
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Kamaludin AA, Smolarchuk C, Bischof JM, Eggert R, Greer JJ, Ren J, Lee JJ, Yokota T, Berry FB, Wevrick R. Muscle dysfunction caused by loss of Magel2 in a mouse model of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3798-3809. [PMID: 27436578 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by severe hypotonia in infancy, with decreased lean mass and increased fat mass in childhood followed by severe hyperphagia and consequent obesity. Scoliosis and other orthopaedic manifestations of hypotonia are common in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and cause significant morbidity. The relationships among hypotonia, reduced muscle mass and scoliosis have been difficult to establish. Inactivating mutations in one Prader-Willi syndrome candidate gene, MAGEL2, cause a Prader-Willi-like syndrome called Schaaf-Yang syndrome, highlighting the importance of loss of MAGEL2 in Prader-Willi syndrome phenotypes. Gene-targeted mice lacking Magel2 have excess fat and decreased muscle, recapitulating altered body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome. We now demonstrate that Magel2 is expressed in the developing musculoskeletal system, and that loss of Magel2 causes muscle-related phenotypes in mice consistent with atrophy caused by altered autophagy. Magel2-null mice serve as a preclinical model for therapies targeting muscle structure and function in children lacking MAGEL2 diagnosed with Prader-Willi or Schaaf-Yang syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John J Greer
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Fred B Berry
- Department of Medical Genetics
- Department of Surgery and
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Samaan MC, Missiuna P, Peterson D, Thabane L. Understanding the role of the immune system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis (ICONS) study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011812. [PMID: 27401365 PMCID: PMC4947809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of children around the world. There is limited knowledge of AIS aetiopathogenesis, and this evidence is needed to develop new management strategies. Paraspinal muscle in AIS demonstrates evidence of differential fibrosis based on curve sidedness. Fibrosis is the hallmark of macrophage-driven inflammation and tissue remodelling, yet the mechanisms of fibrosis in paraspinal muscle in AIS are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of curve sidedness on paraspinal muscle inflammation. Secondary objectives include defining the mechanisms of macrophage homing to muscle, and determining muscle-macrophage crosstalk in muscle fibrosis in AIS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary paediatric centre in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We will recruit boys and girls, 10-17 years of age, who are having surgery to correct AIS. We will exclude children who have an active infection or are on immunosuppressive therapies within 2 weeks of surgery, smokers and pregnant girls. Paraspinal muscle biopsies will be obtained at the start of surgery. Also, blood and urine samples will be collected from participants, who will fill questionnaires about their lifestyle. Anthropometric measures will also be collected including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethics authorisation by the institutional review board. This work will be published in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented in oral and poster formats at scientific meetings. DISCUSSION This study will explore the mechanisms of paraspinal muscle inflammation, remodelling and fibrosis in AIS. This will help identify pathways and molecules as potential therapeutic targets to treat and prevent AIS. It may also yield markers that predict scoliosis progression and response to treatment in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Guo L, Yamashita H, Kou I, Takimoto A, Meguro-Horike M, Horike SI, Sakuma T, Miura S, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Ikegawa S, Hiraki Y, Shukunami C. Functional Investigation of a Non-coding Variant Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Zebrafish: Elevated Expression of the Ladybird Homeobox Gene Causes Body Axis Deformation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005802. [PMID: 26820155 PMCID: PMC4731154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility locus near human ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) and FLJ41350 by a genome-wide association study. Here, we characterized the associated non-coding variant and investigated the function of these genes. A chromosome conformation capture assay revealed that the genome region with the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (rs11190870) physically interacted with the promoter region of LBX1-FLJ41350. The promoter in the direction of LBX1, combined with a 590-bp region including rs11190870, had higher transcriptional activity with the risk allele than that with the non-risk allele in HEK 293T cells. The ubiquitous overexpression of human LBX1 or either of the zebrafish lbx genes (lbx1a, lbx1b, and lbx2), but not FLJ41350, in zebrafish embryos caused body curvature followed by death prior to vertebral column formation. Such body axis deformation was not observed in transcription activator-like effector nucleases mediated knockout zebrafish of lbx1b or lbx2. Mosaic expression of lbx1b driven by the GATA2 minimal promoter and the lbx1b enhancer in zebrafish significantly alleviated the embryonic lethal phenotype to allow observation of the later onset of the spinal curvature with or without vertebral malformation. Deformation of the embryonic body axis by lbx1b overexpression was associated with defects in convergent extension, which is a component of the main axis-elongation machinery in gastrulating embryos. In embryos overexpressing lbx1b, wnt5b, a ligand of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, was significantly downregulated. Injection of mRNA for wnt5b or RhoA, a key downstream effector of Wnt/PCP signaling, rescued the defective convergent extension phenotype and attenuated the lbx1b-induced curvature of the body axis. Thus, our study presents a novel pathological feature of LBX1 and its zebrafish homologs in body axis deformation at various stages of embryonic and subsequent growth in zebrafish. Scoliosis is the most common type of spinal deformity with a lateral spinal curvature of at least 10 degrees, affecting 2–4% of the population. Scoliosis caused by a primary problem related to the spine itself is classified into congenital scoliosis (CS) and idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Among these, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common form of scoliosis, is known as a common polygenic disease. Severe curving of the spine in scoliosis leads to profound psychological and social impacts, but etiology-based therapies have not been established since the precise pathological mechanisms of both IS and CS remain undefined. Previously, we identified an AIS susceptibility locus near human ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) by a genome-wide association study. Here, we report the functional characterization of the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs11190870 and LBX1 as well as its zebrafish homologues. Overexpression of LBX1 and zebrafish lbx genes caused lateral body curvature in association with the impairment of non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling. Thus, our study presents a novel pathological feature of LBX1 in body axis deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Takimoto
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigenori Miura
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Biomechanics, Research Center for Nano Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiraki
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kaspiris A, Chronopoulos E, Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Khaldi L, Lamprou M, Lelovas PP, Papaioannou N, Dontas IA, Papadimitriou E. Effects of mechanical loading on the expression of pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta in a rat spinal deformity model. Cytokine 2015; 78:7-15. [PMID: 26615567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading of the spine is a major causative factor of degenerative changes and causes molecular and structural changes in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and the vertebrae end plate (EP). Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a growth factor with a putative role in bone remodeling through its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ). The present study investigates the effects of strain on PTN and RPTPβ/ζ protein expression in vivo. Tails of eight weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to mechanical loading using a mini Ilizarov external apparatus. Rat tails untreated (control) or after 0 degrees of compression and 10°, 30° and 50° of angulation (groups 0, I, II and III respectively) were studied. PTN and RPTPβ/ζ expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In the control group, PTN was mostly expressed by the EP hypertrophic chondrocytes. In groups 0 to II, PTN expression was increased in the chondrocytes of hypertrophic and proliferating zones, as well as in osteocytes and osteoblast-like cells of the ossification zone. In group III, only limited PTN expression was observed in osteocytes. RPTPβ/ζ expression was increased mainly in group 0, but also in group I, in all types of cells. Low intensity RPTPβ/ζ immunostaining was observed in groups II and III. Collectively, PTN and RPTPβ/ζ are expressed in spinal deformities caused by mechanical loading, and their expression depends on the type and severity of the applied strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Kaspiris
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece; Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Efstathios Chronopoulos
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece; Second Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konstantopoulio General Hospital and Medical School, University of Athens, Athens 14233, Greece
| | - Theodoros B Grivas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tzanio General Hospital of Piraeus-NHS, Piraeus 18536, Greece
| | - Elias Vasiliadis
- Third Department of Orthopaedics, KAT General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Lubna Khaldi
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Margarita Lamprou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Pavlos P Lelovas
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Ismene A Dontas
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
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Buchan JG, Gray RS, Gansner JM, Alvarado DM, Burgert L, Gitlin JD, Gurnett CA, Goldsmith MI. Kinesin family member 6 (kif6) is necessary for spine development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1646-57. [PMID: 25283277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic scoliosis is a form of spinal deformity that affects 2-3% of children and results in curvature of the spine without structural defects of the vertebral units. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack of a relevant animal model. RESULTS We performed a forward mutagenesis screen in zebrafish to identify new models for idiopathic scoliosis. We isolated a recessive zebrafish mutant, called skolios, which develops isolated spinal curvature that arises independent of vertebral malformations. Using meiotic mapping and whole genome sequencing, we identified a nonsense mutation in kinesin family member 6 (kif6(gw326) ) unique to skolios mutants. Three additional kif6 frameshift alleles (gw327, gw328, gw329) were generated with transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Zebrafish homozygous or compound heterozygous for kif6 frameshift mutations developed a scoliosis phenotype indistinguishable from skolios mutants, confirming that skolios is caused by the loss of kif6. Although kif6 may play a role in cilia, no evidence for cilia dysfunction was seen in kif6(gw326) mutants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings demonstrate a novel role for kif6 in spinal development and identify a new candidate gene for human idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Buchan
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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ptk7 mutant zebrafish models of congenital and idiopathic scoliosis implicate dysregulated Wnt signalling in disease. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4777. [PMID: 25182715 PMCID: PMC4155517 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder of the musculoskeletal system, characterized by three-dimensional rotation of the spine. Curvatures caused by malformed vertebrae (congenital scoliosis (CS)) are apparent at birth. Spinal curvatures with no underlying vertebral abnormality (idiopathic scoliosis (IS)) most commonly manifest during adolescence. The genetic and biological mechanisms responsible for IS remain poorly understood due largely to limited experimental models. Here we describe zygotic ptk7 (Zptk7) mutant zebrafish, deficient in a critical regulator of Wnt signalling, as the first genetically defined developmental model of IS. We identify a novel sequence variant within a single IS patient that disrupts PTK7 function, consistent with a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that embryonic loss-of-gene function in maternal-zygotic ptk7 mutants (MZptk7) leads to vertebral anomalies associated with CS. Our data suggest novel molecular origins of, and genetic links between, congenital and idiopathic forms of disease. Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder characterized by spinal curvature. Here, the authors present experimental zebrafish models of idiopathic and congenital scoliosis and suggest a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in scoliosis aetiology.
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Schlösser TPC, van der Heijden GJMG, Versteeg AL, Castelein RM. How 'idiopathic' is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A systematic review on associated abnormalities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97461. [PMID: 24820478 PMCID: PMC4018432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite more than a century of dedicated research, the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remain unclear. By definition, ‘idiopathic’ implies an unknown cause. Nevertheless, many abnormalities concomitant to AIS have been described, often with the suggestion that these abnormalities are related to etio-pathogenesis. Insight in the concomitant abnormalities may assist in improving the understanding of the etiological pathways of AIS. We aimed to systematically review and synthesize available studies on abnormalities concomitant to AIS. Methods Original studies comparing untreated AIS patients with healthy adolescents on abnormalities other than the deformity of the spine were retrieved from PubMed and Embase. We followed PRISMA guidelines and to quantify the relationship between each abnormality and AIS we used a best-evidence-syntheses for relating risk-of-bias to consistency of effect sizes. Results We identified 88 relevant citations, forty-seven carried high risk-of-bias and twenty studies did not report quantitative data in a sufficient manner. The remaining twenty-one publications failed to report data from before initiation of the deformity and blind assessments. These cross-sectional studies provided data on fourteen abnormalities concomitant to AIS. With our best-evidence-syntheses we were unable to find both strong evidence and a consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and any of these abnormalities. From moderate risk-of-bias studies a relatively consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and impaired gait control (4 studies; 155 subjects; Cohen’s d = 1.00) and decreased bone mineral density (2 studies; 954 subjects; Cohen’s d = −0.83) was found. For nine abnormalities a consistent pattern of occurrence with AIS was found, but the evidence for these was weak. Conclusions Based on the available literature, strong evidence is lacking for a consistent pattern of occurrence of AIS and any abnormality. The relevance for understanding the multifactorial etiology of AIS is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P. C. Schlösser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J. M. G. van der Heijden
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L. Versteeg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René M. Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Guirro RRDJ, Arruda EJ, Silva CAD. Disuse induced by the spine rectification vest: experimental study. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/323210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine is the main support and movement axis of the locomotor system, and numberless clinical conditions may require that this structure be submitted to functional restriction. Among the non-invasive treatments used in spinal or appendicular skeleton injuries, the immobilization of the spine is used as a rehabilitation strategy. Because of the functional restrictions generated by restraining devices used on the spine, the proposal of this study was to adapt a spinal orthosis on rats, thus mimicking the immobilization of corrective vests and assessing the energetic conditions of thoracic muscles after 12 weeks of application. Wistar rats that were 42 days old were used in this study (post-weaning period), followed-up for 12 weeks in 2 groups called control (C) and rectification vests (R), which were made of PVC to immobilize the spine. The following concentrations were evaluated: glycogen (GLY) of the paravertebral muscle and the thorax; total proteins and DNA (TP/DNA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for statistical analysis, followed by the Tukey test. A 5% level was established for all of the calculations. It was observed that group R presented 12% less body mass and GLY stores 21% lower; the ratio between TP/DNA was in average 6.6% lower; IL-6 concentrations were in average 25% higher. The study shows that the movement restriction in the spine leads to energetic crisis and compromised muscular development. More studies should be conducted with this model to generate physical therapy strategies that could reduce muscle compromise after spine immobilization.
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Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Reveals Different Donor-Site Deformities in Adult and Growing Microtia Patients Despite Total Subperichondrial Costal Cartilage Harvest and Donor-Site Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133:640-651. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000438052.14011.0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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